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Les Liens Entre Densite Et Transports Publics LES LIENS ENTRE DENSITE ET TRANSPORTS PUBLICS Intérêt et limites de la notion de densité pour expliquer les pratiques de mobilité et le choix d’un système de TCSP Aline GILLETTE Master 2 TURP Transports urbains et régionaux de personnes 2013/2014 Mémoire soutenu le 11/09/2014 Stage de fin d’études réalisé à Membres du Jury : 11 septembre 2014 Maria KOUVIELOU – SAFEGE TVT Louafi BOUZOUINA – LET Pascal POCHET – LET SAFEGE Territoires Villes et Transports Fiche bibliographique FICHE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE [Intitulé du diplôme] Master Professionnel Transports Urbains et Régionaux de Personnes (TURP) [Tutelles] o Université Lumière Lyon 2 o Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE) [Titre] Les liens entre densité et transports publics [Sous-titre] Intérêt et limites de la notion de densité pour expliquer les pratiques de mobilité et le choix d’ [Auteur] Aline GILLETTE [Membres du Jury (nom et affiliation)] o Maria KOUVIELOU (SAFEGE Territoires Villes et Transports) o Pascal POCHET (LET) o Louafi Bouzouina (LET) [Nom et adresse du lieu du stage] SAFEGE TVT − Territoires Villes et Transports 26 rue de la Gare 69009 LYON [Résumé] L’impact des formes urbaines sur mobilité a toujours préoccupé les urbanistes et spécialistes du transport. Dans cette étude, nous mesurons l’impact de divers indicateurs de densité sur d’une part les pratiques de mobilité (niveau de motorisation des individus, parts modales des transports collectifs et de la voiture) et d’autre part sur le choix d’un système de TCSP par les autorités organisatrices de transport. Les résultats sont construits grâce à des tests de corrélation entre variables, mais aussi alimentés par les précédents travaux de recherche sur les liens entre densité et mobilité. La mise en relief de l’influence de la densité mais aussi de ses limites pour expliquer ces phénomènes est l’occasion de souligner les autres facteurs déterminant les pratiques de mobilité et la complexité de l’environnement de choix pour les AOT lorsqu’elles se dotent d’un TCSP. L’ensemble des résultats abonde dans le sens d’une plus grande articulation entre politiques d’urbanisme et de déplacements. [Mots clés] Diffusion : Transports urbains, TCSP, Densité, Formes o papier : [oui/non]* urbaines, Pratiques de mobilité, Choix d’un o électronique : [oui/non]* système de transport (* : Rayer la mention inutile) Confidentiel jusqu'au : Non confidentiel. [Date de publication] [Nombre de pages] [Bibliographie (nombre)] 31 août 2014 76 (sans annexes) 56 Publication data form PUBLICATION DATA FORM [Entitled of Diploma] Master Degree Diploma in Urban and Regional Passenger Transport Studies [Supervision by authorities] o Université Lumière Lyon 2 o Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE) [Title] The relationships between density and public transportation systems [Subtitle] To what extent can the concept of urban density account for travel practices and the choice of a public transport system? [Author] Aline GILLETTE [Members of the Jury (name and affiliation)] o Maria KOUVIELOU (SAFEGE Territoires Villes et Transports) o Pascal POCHET (LET) o Louafi Bouzouina (LET) [Place of training] SAFEGE TVT − Territoires Villes et Transports 26 rue de la Gare 69009 LYON [Summary] The relationships between urban forms and travel practices have always interested urban planners and transit specialists. In our study, we try to measure the specific impact of density on both travel practices and on the choice of public transport systems (and in particular reserved-lanes transport systems). The method of the study consists in testing several indicators of density and mobility and to assess the strength of the various correlations. At the same time, we rely on previous research works on the same topic so as to both guide and enrich our findings. The results show that the variable of density cannot entirely take account for travel practices or for the choice of a public transport system. Therefore, we will also present the main other variables that influence travel practices, and the main issues at stake when choosing for a reserved-laned transport system. The overall conclusions call the urge for a closer integration between urban and transport policies. [Key Words] Distribution statement : Public transport systems, Reserved-lane o Paper : [yes / no]* transport systems, Urban forms, Density, o Electronic : [yes / no]* Travel practices, Transport mode choice, (* Scratch the useless mention) Transport system choice Declassification date : Not confidential. [Publication date] [Nb of pages] [Bibliography] August, 31st, 2014 76 (without appendices) 56 Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Maria KOUVIELOU, chargée d’études à Safege Territoires Villes et Transports et tutrice du stage, pour la qualité de ses conseils tout au long de la réflexion et de l’élaboration du mémoire. Ses remarques constructives et régulières m’ont notamment aidé à clarifier et à mieux cibler mon propos. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Emeric CHINCHOLLE, ancien élève du master TURP aujourd’hui chargé d’études à Safege TVT, dont le dynamisme, l’intérêt pour le sujet mais aussi la grande curiosité m’ont régulièrement permis de trouver de nouvelles données et angles d’attaque pour approfondir la réflexion. Au sein du pôle socio-économie, je remercie également Vincent LICHERE, pour m’avoir accueillie au sein de l’équipe et avoir partagé son regard enrichissant sur les problématiques abordées. Ces remerciements seraient incomplets sans mentionner l’ensemble de l’équipe, et notamment Valérie DUBOUCHET, Claudia DIAS et Valentine JARDOT, avec lesquelles nous avons travaillé à l’étude de préfaisabilité pour le BHNS de Bourges, et Corinne DUPONT, assistante de direction, pour son soutien technique et sa bonne humeur. Je salue également la disponibilité du directeur de SAFEGE TVT, Denis FUENTES, avec qui nous avons pu t échanger sur le positionnement du bureau d’études SAFEGE TVT. Je salue et remercie enfin M. Pascal POCHET, enseignant-chercheur au LET/ENTPE et tuteur académique du stage, pour ses commentaires et conseils bibliographiques précieux lors des premiers pas de ma réflexion. Sans oublier Patrick BONNEL, responsable du Master TURP, dont la réactivité et le dévouement sans faille envers les étudiants contribue à faire du Master non seulement une formation de qualité, mais aussi un environnement où il est agréable d’étudier. Sommaire 1 SOMMAIRE Sommaire……………………. ........................................................................................... 1 Introduction : Pourquoi lier densité et transport ....................................................... 3 PARTIE I – La notion de densité en lien avec l’étude des mobilités ......................... 7 I.A. La densité : une multiplicité de définitions ...............................................................................7 I.B. Densité et pratiques de mobilité : des liens déjà établis dans la recherche.......................... 15 PARTIE II – Les liens entre densité et pratiques de déplacements ......................... 19 II.A. Nos observations de communes françaises ........................................................................... 19 II.B. Discussion : la densité parmi d’autres déterminants des pratiques de mobilité .................. 39 III.C. Les effets de la densité sur l’offre et la fréquentation des réseaux de TC ............................ 41 II.D. Premières conclusions en matière de planification des transports et de l’urbanisme ......... 45 PARTIE III – Les liens entre densité et choix d’un système de transport.................. 47 III.A. Caractéristiques des agglomérations ayant fait le choix de TCSP – Echelle des PTU ............ 48 III.B. Densités locales autour de lignes de TCSP – Echelle des quartiers et communes ................ 55 II.C. Discussion: la densité parmi d’autres critères de choix du système et du tracé .................. 65 Conclusion…………….. ............................................................................................... 73 Références bibliographiques ................................................................................... 77 Annexes………………. ................................................................................................. 81 Table des matières .................................................................................................. 96 Table des tableaux .................................................................................................100 Liste des sigles et acronymes ..................................................................................101 Définitions…………… ................................................................................................102 Sommaire 2 Introduction : Pourquoi lier densité et transport 3 INTRODUCTION : POURQUOI LIER DENSITE ET TRANSPORT CONTEXTE : UNE RELATION ENTRE DENSITE ET PRA TIQUES DE DEPLACEMEN TS QUI CONDUIT A PROMOUVOIR DES VILLES DENSES A la fin des années 1980, une relation décroissante a été démontrée entre la consommation énergétique par habitant liée aux déplacements et la densité, sur une trentaine de villes dans le monde1. Les chercheurs australiens P. Newman et J. Kenworthy ont montré que moins les villes étaient denses, plus leur consommation d’énergie pour les déplacements était élevée, ceci s’expliquant par un usage accru de la voiture, plus consommatrice en énergie, dans les situations de faibles densité. De là, de nombreux chercheurs en ont tiré des conclusions sur les avantages de la ville « compacte » (de
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