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PDF File Generated From OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] Dis tr. LIMITED UNID0/10.626 31 January 198b UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION ENGLISH l .539 9 TRAINING COURSE ON COCONUT \l)()D BUILDING UC/RAS/84/267 Preservation of coconut stem and lumber products* Prepared by Felino R. Siriban Senior Science Research Specialist** * This document has been reproduced without formal editing. ** Forest Products Research and Development Institute, Los Baftos, Laguna, Philippines. V.86 51134 .. - ii - Table of Contents Page Introduction 1 .. 1. Reasons for Treating Timber and Other Ligno- cellulosic Materials 1 2. Evaluation and Performance of Preservatives 4 and Treat"'lent Pr~cesses 3. Properties and Types of Wood Preservatives 7 4. Preparing Timber Prior to Treatment 8 5. Preserving Processes 10 Literature Cited 13 - iii - 1/ PRESERVATION OF COCONUT STEM AND LUMBER PRODUCTS :' By Felino R.Siriban ~/ ABSTRACT Coconut wood like many other forest produ~ts is very susceptible to attack by stainin~ and decay fungi and wood boring insects and fire. Its maximum and efficient utilization for housing, poles and posts largely depends on its effcctive preservation and protection from wood destroying organisms and the elements. Comprehensive research and development in these fields started in 1970 and is being vigorously pursued by the Forest Products Research and Development Institute, NSTA, (Philippines), Philippine Coconut Authority Reseacch Center, Zamboanga City; N~w Zealand Forest Service; and other countries like Tonga; Fiji, Samoa and Indonesia. Following conventional preservation standards of evaluation, field "grav£yard" and service tests were established to assess the effectiveness of the wood preservatives and treatment methods used. This included the performance of the hard and soft portions of the coconut wood. Indi­ cations are that for materials tested in service above the ground, a life of 20 years can be expected while rounds and quarters in contact with the ground should have an anticipated service life of 15 years. The types of preservatives and treatment methods appropriate for the protection and preservation of coconut lumber are discussed. _l/ Paper presented in the International 3eminar on Technology of Coconut Wood Processing and Utilization of Coconut Wood as Building Material organized by the Government of Quezon Province, Philippines in coope­ ration with the United Architects of the Philippines, Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Philippine Constructors Association, United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Industrial Development Organization held in Lucena City, Quezon Province on February 20 - 22, 1985. 'l:_/ Senior Science Research SpeciaUst and Programme Coordinator, Utiliti~s Construction Materials Programme, Housing and Materials Research and Dev~lopment Center, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, National Science and Technology Authority College, Laguna, Philippines. I N T R 0 D U C T I 0 N 'nle utilization of coconut wood as a ~onstruction material has been the subject of studies by the Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission now Forest Products Resear~h and Development Institute (FPRDI), National Science and Technology Authorities since 1970. Local experience has shown that untreated coconut timber is very suscep­ tible to decay, termites and other wood borers, and that it is not generally accepted as a material for housing and other constructions. Like any non­ durable timber species now widely utilized, the field of application of coconut wood can be expanded through proper preservative treatment methnds. Coconut wood like any timber species that is above or in contact with ground or water would, therefore, require preservative treatment if it is to last more than twenty years in service. The preservation required may be governed by existing standards or by the length of life required under d specified service condition. The greatest need for preservative treatment is when the timber is in ground contact or in other high decay hazard situ~tions. Economics and length of service life desired often dictate the type or kind of preserva­ tive treatments applied to coconut timber. Finally, it is the cost of preservation treatments for specific service life that makes it necessary to consider when treatment is advantageous rather than important. It is recognized, however, that different preservatives and treatment methods provide varying degrees of protection when exposed to the same service condition. Present conventional pressure methods are definitely more effective than non-pressure methods. Likewise, wood preservatives of different types and origin, ~.g., water-borne or oil-borne typ~, organic or inorganic, vary in their mechanisms of protecting wood substrates. Coconut woo1 substrate being a monocot compared to most timher species which are dicots may behave otherwise. 1. Reasons for Treating Timber and Other L_!lno-cellulosic Materials. 'nle following are valid reaaons for treating lumber and other ligno­ cellulosic materials and the order of their importance depends on several factors, such as, abundance and propertiea of available timbers, availabi­ lity of finance, climate and the major ha~· a rd-; to untreated ~·ood in the locality. 1. Safety -· To prevent injury or death due to premature timber failure of wooden structure or any part of it, deterioration is visible before it becomes dangerous. Progressive deflections and ~resence of fruiting bodleA are some of the signs ui imminent failure. It is not uncommon that people continuP. to use shaky stairce.se¥ or bridges even though they know they are unsafe. Decav in electric poles may be undetected until they are hit by a strong wind or a passing vehicle. The cons~que .. c powe1 interruption can have far flung effects. Herace, the probabiH ty of any of these events hav­ p~ning wi!l be greatty reduced by the us~ of treated wood. - 2 - 2. To Improve the Quality of Life - Next to foorl, man's greatest n~ed is shelter. Inadequate shelter lowers his resistance to disease, affects his health and well being and reduces his efficiency as a pro­ vider and a producer. Proper preservative treatment can change this by extending the useful service life of availabla housing materials that will last long enough to justify putting up better houses with increased comfott, spaciousness, better light and ventilation an<l free from decay and insect pests. Hence, houses should be built to reduce the frequency • of maintenance, thus giving the dwellers more time and energy for other productive endea~ours. 3. To SecurE a Loan or Mortgage to Build a House - As one's standard of living improves, the cost of building houses increases corres­ pondingly. An average wage earner cannot save enough from his wages to buy or build a house outright. Thus, he will obtain a loan -usually a big: amount amortizised over a number of years. The lending institution must be assured that the house on which they hold the mortgage does not collapse before it is paid for, otherwise the money will be lent to other more viable ventures. This means that the mortgaged property must be secured. Wood preservation is one of the besc ways of assuri~g that the structcre will last longer than the term of the loan. 4. '!'o Economize in Construction - In the past many structures, par­ ticularly those in ground c~ntact such as electric and telecommunications poles and bridges were designed with P.•1 allowance for decay and termite attack. When the possibility of these hazards is removed by treatment of the sap- wood with a fixed preservative no such allowances need be made and savings result from the shorter growing period (plantation grown speci~s) and lower transport and handling costs on the smaller materials. In general, the sapwood of most hardwood timber species is susceptible to dec~y and insect attack. Through preservative treatment, which is not difficult or expensive, this ~art of the timber which is not as resistant as the heartwood can be rendered as durable as the heartwood. Without treatment this is usually rejected and wasted during timber conversion. Many species composing majority of our forests are never used for the reason of non-durability. 5. To Simplify Construction - Assuming all parts of a house or struc­ ture are made of w~od, there wculd be no need of a specialized group other than carpenters, j~iners and perhaps painters. Timber is available from local sources whi!e cement, steel an~ aluminum may have to come from major commercial centers and traneported to remote places.
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