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List of Figures V List of Tables VI List of Authors VII
1 Introduction 1XUL 2 Graduate Geography Education in the United States ñOKDQ.D\DDQG 3 Meeting Diverse Needs: Postgraduate Geography Programmes in the UK .DUO'RQHUW 4 Postgraduate Education in Geography in Australia &ROLQ$UURZVPLWK&KULV%HOOPDQDQG$OL'HPLUFL 5 Master, Doctorate and Habilitation: Academic Qualification in Germany 'DQLHOD6FKPHLQFN 6 Postgraduate Geography Education in Sweden <òOPD]$UòDQG$OSHU8]XQ 7 Postgraduate Education in Geography in Romania 0LKDL9RGD 8 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey 1XUL 9 Conclusion ñOKDQ.D\DDQG1XUL IV 3RVWJUDGXDWH*HRJUDSK\(GXFDWLRQLQ 7XUNH\ 8 1XUL Introduction *OREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVKDVGHHSO\LQIOXHQFHGWKHXQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQ LQWKHODVWGHFDGH1RWRQO\JOREDOL]DWLRQEXWDOVRQHROLEHUDOLVPZKLFK IRUPVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSKLORVRSKLFDODQGLGHRORJLFDOEDVHVRILWKDV EURXJKW DERXW VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJHV LQ WKH KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ V\VWHP 2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGWKH%RORJQDSURFHVVZKLFKKDVHPHUJHGLQ(XURSHKDV VWDUWHGDQLPSRUWDQWUHIRUPSURFHVVLQWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPRI 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JHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQLQ7XUNH\E\ 7DEOH 121 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Total Total number of people 108513 47411 14 11 4 15 1912 511 5 24 11 17 6511 527 617 404 729 ƅƅ ƅƅ ƅ ƅ ƅ ƅ ƅƅ MA PhD Facultyƅƅ Staff** ƅƅ ƅƅ ƅƅ ƅƅƅ MA in GIS Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty Faculty of Letters of Letters Faculty Faculty of Letters of Letters Faculty of Human And Social Faculty Sciences ŁDQOòXUID ñVWDQEXO %DOòNHVòU .0DUDł ñ]PLU ñVWDQEXO (OD]òà City Geography Department 19921992 Çanakkale 1992 of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1992 Van 1992 of Letters Faculty Isparta of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1915 1978 Year of Year Establishment - List of Graduate Programs, Number of Faculty and Staff in Geography and Geography Education Department in Turkish Department in Turkish Education and Geography in Geography and Staff Number of Faculty List of Graduate Programs, Mart University %DOòNHVòU8QLYHUVLW\ <½]½QF½<òO8QL versity .0DUDł6½W¨½ ñPDP8QLYHUVLW\ 6½OH\PDQ'HPñUHO University ñVWDQEXO8QLYHUVLW\ )òUDW8QLYHUVLW\ 6 Çanakkale Onsekiz 7 8 9 10 Harran University11 1992 12 University Fatih 1996 5 University Ege 1979 1 23 Ankara University 19354 University Atatürk 1974 Ankara Erzurum of Letters Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty No University 7DEOH Universities 122 Nuri Yavan Total Total number of people 639 617 718 8513 5510 549 ƅ ƅ ƅ MA PhD Facultyƅƅ Staff** ƅƅ ƅ MA in GIS Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty 3 2 5 Faculty of Letters of Letters Faculty 4 4 8 $GDSD]DUò ñVWDQEXO 8łDN .òUłHKLU City Geography Department DQNòUò 19962000 Afyon 2001 of Arts And Sciences Faculty Samsun of Arts And Sciences Faculty 2002 20092009 Hatay of Arts And Sciences Faculty 5 4 9 Year of Year Establishment 2009 University 2QGRNX]0D\òV University sity 8łDN8QLYHUVLW\ University sity DQNòUò.DUDWHNLQ University 13 Kocatepe Afyon 14 15 Marmara Univer- 16 University Sakarya 17 2001 18 University Giresun 19 2008 Mustafa Kemal Giresun of Arts And Sciences Faculty 3 3 6 20 Univer- Ahi Evran 21 Bilecik University 2009 Bilecik of Arts And Sciences Faculty No University 22 23 Karabük University 2009 Karabük of Letters Faculty 6 1 7 123 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Total Total number of people MA PhD Faculty Staff** MA in GIS Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1 1 2 $Gò\DPDQ Manisa of Arts And Sciences Faculty Erzincan of Arts And Sciences Faculty Gaziantep of Arts And Sciences Faculty Kastamonu of Arts And Sciences Faculty Burdur 1 of Arts And Sciences Faculty 0Xł 7HNLUGDà 1 3 1 1 1 1 City Geography Department 2009 Kilis of Arts And Sciences Faculty 2 3 5 Year of Year Establishment - - .LOLV$UDOòN8QL versity $Gò\DPDQ8QLYHU sity* sity* sity* ty* versity* University* 0Xł$OSDUVODQ University* 1DPòN.HPDO University* 24 25 26 Univer- Bayar Celal 27 university* Erciyes 28 Erzincan Univer- 29 Gaziantep Universi- 30 Kayseri Kastamonu Uni- 31 of Letters Faculty Mehmet Akif Ersoy 32 33 No University 124 Nuri Yavan Total Total number of people MA PhD Faculty Staff** 1 1 MA in GIS Total 2Total 18 9 173 80 254 Faculty of Arts And Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty Sciences of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1 of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1 Ardahan of Human And Social Faculty $àUò City Geography Department Year of Year Establishment 1LàGH8QLYHUVLW\ sity* $àUòñEUDKLPH¨HQ University* 1LàGH ,àGòU8QLYHUVLW\ ,àGòU 34 35 Univer- Ardahan 36 37 Batman University*38 Bingöl University*39 Siirt University*40 Batman of Arts And Sciences Faculty Bingöl Siirt of Arts And Sciences Faculty of Arts And Sciences Faculty 1 1 2 3 2 3 No University 125 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Total Total number of people 415 516 527 718 448 415 516 426 ƅƅ ƅ ƅ ƅ ƅƅ ƅƅ ƅƅ ƅƅ MA PhD Faculty Staff** MA in GIS Necatibey Faculty of Education Faculty Necatibey of EducationFaculty 1 1 2 2 1 3 Atatürk Faculty of Education Faculty Atatürk Faculty of EducationFaculty 6HO¨XN)DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQ Buca Faculty of Education Buca Faculty .D]òP.DUDEHNLU)DFXOW\RI Education Samsun of Education Faculty %DOòNHVòU 2 2 ñVWDQEXO 'L\DUEDNòU ñ]PLU City Geography Department 1982 Trabzon of Education Faculty Fatih 19941994 Çanakkale of Education Faculty 1982 Konya 1982 Year of Year Establishment - University 2QGRNX]0D\òV University %DOòNHVLU8QLYHU sity* 0XàOD8QLYHUVLW\ 0XàOD Mart University sity 6HO¨XN8QLYHUVLW\ versity 8 Karadeniz Teknik 9 10 11 6 Çanakkale Onsekiz 7 Marmara Univer- 5 Dicle University 1985 4 23 Gazi University Uni- Dokuz Eylül 1982 Ankara of Education Gazi Faculty 1 University Atatürk 1982 Erzurum No University 126 Nuri Yavan Total Total number of people MA PhD Faculty Staff** MA in GIS Total 0Total 8 5 47 16 63 Faculty of EducationFaculty 1 1 6<06WDWLVWLFVDQG]H\ DGPLWVWXGHQWVDVWKH\DUHLQDFWLYH Denizli of Education Faculty $\GòQ Afyon of Education Faculty 1 1 1 1 2 City Geography Department Year of Year Establishment sity* University* University* 12 Ankara University*13 Pamukkale Univer- 14 Menderes Adnan 15 Ankara Kocatepe Afyon of Education Faculty 1 1 No University 7KHVHGHSDUWPHQWVDOWKRXJKWKH\DUHRIILFLDOO\H[LVWGRQRW 6WDIILQFOXGHVUHVHDUFKDVVLVWDQWVDQGLQVWUXFWRUV 6RXUFH $XWKRUşVRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGHSDUWPHQWVşZHEVLWH 127 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey The period of spread across Anatolia and new searches (2003-2012) $IWHU $.3 7KH -XVWLFH DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 3DUW\ FDPH WR SRZHU LQ XQLYHUVLWLHV FDPH WR WKH IRUHIURQW ERWK DV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI GDLO\SROLWLFVDQGDVDQLQVWUXPHQWRIHGXFDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWSROL F\LPSOHPHQWHGE\$.3$OWKRXJKDFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHIRUPDWXQLYHUVL WLHVEHFDPHDFXUUHQWLVVXHLQWKHILUVWSHULRGRI$.3JRYHUQPHQW LQWKH SHULRG WKLVDWWHPSWIDLOHGGXHWRVHYHUDOUHDVRQV7KHVHF RQGDWWHPSWRI$.3JRYHUQPHQWZDVšRQHXQLYHUVLW\LQHYHU\FLW\Ţ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ş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uri Yavan 7KHUHIRUHWKLVLPSRUWDQWRSSRUWXQLW\WRUHEXLOGWKHJHRJUDSK\LQDPRG HUQZD\LVDERXWWREHPLVVHG Present condition and institutional structure of geography in Turkey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igure 8.2: Institutional Organization of Geography in Turkish Universities 6RXUFH $XWKRUUHYLVHGIURP]J½¨ 7KHUHLVDJHRJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWDW)DWLK8QLYHUVLW\ZKLFKLVDSULYDWHIRXQGDWLRQXQL YHUVLW\ 129 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Figure 8.3: Active and Inactive Geography Departments in Turkish Universities 6RXUFH $XWKRU 7KHUH DUH 10 DFDGHPLFV LQ WKH ILHOG RI JHRJUDSK\ :KLOH RI 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Departments in Turkish Universities Staff Gender 2000 2005 2011 Geog. Geog. Total Geog. Geog. Total Geog. Geog. To- Dpt. (GX Dpt. (GX Dpt. (GX tal Dpt. Dpt. Dpt. Total 16 6 22 18 6 24 42 5 47 Full Pro- Female 2 2 2 2 11 1 12 fessor Male 14 6 20 16 6 22 31 4 35 Total 18 5 23 18 5 23 28 6 34 Associate Female 4 4 5 2 7 7 7 Professor Male 14 5 19 13 3 16 21 6 27 Total 45 18 63 60 23 83 80 29 109 Associate Female 14 2 16 14 1 15 12 2 14 Professor Male 31 16 47 46 22 68 68 27 95 Total 47 18 65 38 10 48 50 5 55 Research Female 9 3 12 9 4 13 16 2 18 Assistant Male 38 15 53 19 6 25 34 3 37 Total 6 17 23 4 10 14 9 6 15 Instruc- tor/spe- Female 3 4 7 2 4 6 5 4 9 cialist Male 3 13 16 2 6 8 4 2 6 Total 132 64 196 138 54 192 209 51 260 Total Female 32 9 41 32 11 43 51 9 60 Male 100 55 155 106 43 149 158 42 200 6RXUFH 6<0 131 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Figure 8.4: The Numbers of Faculty and Staff in Geography in Turkey (2011) 6RXUFH 6<0 7XUNLVKXQLYHUVLWLHVHYHU\\HDU,QWRWDODYHUDJHO\XQGHU JUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV VWXG\ DW JHRJUDSK\ GHSDUWPHQWV DQQXDOO\ 'HSDUW PHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQDGPLWDYHUDJHO\XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWVHYHU\\HDU7KHVHGHSDUWPHQWVWUDLQDYHUDJHO\JH RJUDSK\WHDFKHUVDQQXDOO\$SSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJ JHRJUDSK\ GHSDUWPHQWV DUH PHQ DQG DUH ZRPHQ 6<0 2012). 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HGFRPELQHG GRFWRUDOŢ SURJUDPV WKDW FRPELQH PDVWHUşV SURJUDP DQG GRFWRUDOSURJUDPKDYHEHHQRSHQHGEHVLGHVšQRUPDOVWDQGDUGGRFWRUDOŢ SURJUDPV Figure 8.5: Postgraduate Programs in Geography in Turkey 6RXUFH $XWKRU ,WJRHVZLWKRXWVD\LQJWKDWWKHVHJURZWKDQGFKDQJHG\QDPLFVWKDW KDYHFRPHDERXWLQSRVWJUDGXDWHJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQLQWKHODVWWR \HDUSHULRGKDYHFHUWDLQFDXVHVDQGHIIHFWV/HWş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uri Yavan Figure 8.6: PhD Offering Geography and Geography Education Departments and Their Number of Faculty 6RXUFH $XWKRUşVRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGHSDUWPHQWVşZHEVLWH &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJSRVWJUDGXDWHSUR JUDPVDQGWKHQXPEHURIGHJUHHVUHFHLYHGKDYHFRQVLGHUDEO\LQFUHDVHGLQ WKHODVWGHFDGH)RULQVWDQFHWKHUHZHUHMXVWSRVWJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV DWJHRJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWVLQ7XUNH\LQ7KLVQXPEHULQFUHDVHGWR LQ7KHQXPEHURIPDVWHUşVVWXGHQWVDQGGRFWRUDOVWXGHQWV KDVGRXEOHGDVRI LQSDUWLFXODU )LJXUH$ $VLPLODUVLWXDWLRQLV REVHUYHGLQSRVWJUDGXDWHSURJUDPVDWGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGX FDWLRQWRR$VDPDWWHURIIDFWWKHQXPEHURIPDVWHUşVVWXGHQWVDQGGRF WRUDOVWXGHQWVDWGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQZDVLQ EXWWKLVQXPEHUURVHWRLQ +RZHYHUDYHU\VKDUSGHFUHDVHRF FXUUHGLQWKLVQXPEHUODWHU$OOLQDOOXSWRWLPHVLQFUHDVHKDVWDNHQSODFH LQWKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVGRLQJPDVWHUşVGHJUHHLQWKHILHOGRIJHRJUDSK\ HGXFDWLRQLQWKHODVWGHFDGHDVRILQSDUWLFXODU )LJXUH% 135 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Figure 8.7: The Number of Postgraduate Geography Students Studying in Turkey $ *HRJUDSK\'HSDUWPHQW %*HRJUDSK\(GXFDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW 6RXUFH 6<0 :KHQ FKDQJH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI SRVWJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV HQUROOLQJ LQ JHRJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWVDQGGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQLQWKH ODVWGHFDGHLVH[DPLQHGLWLVFOHDUO\VHHQWKDWDFRQVLGHUDEOHLQFUHDVHKDV RFFXUUHGLQGHPDQGIRUPDVWHUşVSURJUDPVDQGGRFWRUDOSURJUDPVLQWKH ODVWGHFDGH)RULQVWDQFHZKLOHDYHUDJHO\SHRSOHHQUROOHGLQGRFWRUDO SURJUDPVEHWZHHQDQGWKLVQXPEHUURVHWRDYHUDJHO\ EHWZHHQDQG )LJXUH$ $VLPLODUWHQGHQF\ZDVREVHUYHG LQPDVWHUşVSURJUDPVWRR7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGQXPEHULQFUHDVHGIURP WR 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHPDUNDEOHSRLQWDWGHSDUWPHQWVRI JHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQLVRYHUWLPHVLQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURISRVWJUDG XDWHVEHWZHHQDQG DVVWDWHGSUHYLRXVO\ )LJXUH% 7KH URRWFDXVHRIWKLVVLWXDWLRQZDVRSHQLQJRI6HFRQGDU\(GXFDWLRQ)LHOG 7HDFKLQJ1RQ7KHVLV0DVWHUşV3URJUDPVLQSODFHRI3HGDJRJLFDO)RUPD WLRQSURJUDPVZKLFKWUDLQHGWHDFKHUVIRUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQDVQHZ WHDFKHUWUDLQLQJV\VWHPFDPHLQWRHIIHFWLQ ,PSOHPHQWHGEHWZHHQ DQG 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LQFUHDVHGRYHUWLPHVDYHUDJHO\GRFWRUDOGHJUHHVDUHJUDQWHGDWJH RJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWVDQQXDOO\7KLVVLWXDWLRQLQGLFDWHVWKDWQRLQFUHDVH KDVWDNHQSODFHLQWKHQXPEHURIJUDGXDWHVLQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHQXPEHU RIHQUROOHGVWXGHQWVDQGURXJKO\RIHYHU\GRFWRUDOVWXGHQWVGRHVQRW FRPSOHWHWKHSURJUDP7KHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVUHFHLYLQJPDVWHUşVGH JUHHVVKRZVDFKDQJHLQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHQXPEHURIHQUROOHGVWXGHQWV WKRXJKLWJRHVXSDQGGRZQ)RUH[DPSOHDYHUDJHO\VWXGHQWVUHFHLYHG PDVWHUşV GHJUHHV DQQXDOO\ LQ WKH SHULRG EXW WKLV QXPEHU URVHWRDQQXDOO\SHRSOHLQDYHUDJHLQWKHSHULRG 137 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey Figure 8.9: Number of Postgraduate Geography Student Receiving MA and PhD Degree $ *HRJUDSK\'HSDUWPHQW %*HRJUDSK\(GXFDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW 6RXUFH 6<0 7KHUHDUHELJVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFD WLRQDQGJHRJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWVLQWHUPVRIGRFWRUDOGHJUHHV,QUHFHQW \HDUVQRFRQVLGHUDEOHULVHKDVRFFXUUHGLQWKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVUH FHLYLQJGRFWRUDOGHJUHHVDWGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQ$VD PDWWHURIIDFWDYHUDJHO\SHRSOHUHFHLYHGRFWRUDOGHJUHHLQJHRJUDSK\ HGXFDWLRQDQQXDOO\ )LJXUH % ,WLVVLPLODUIRUDOOGRFWRUDOSURJUDPVLQ 7XUNH\ 7%$ +RZHYHU D EUHDNWKURXJK ZDV PDGH LQ WHUPV RI PDVWHUşVGHJUHHDIWHU:KLOHDYHUDJHO\SHRSOHZHUHJUDGXDW HGZLWKDPDVWHUşVGHJUHHDQQXDOO\LQWKHHDUO\VWKLVQXPEHUURVH WRLQWKH SHULRGGXHWRDERYHPHQWLRQHGUHDVRQV,WLV UHPDUNDEOHWKDW PDVWHUşVGHJUHHVZHUHJUDQWHGLQ7KHURRW FDXVHRIWKLVVLWXDWLRQZDVWKDWVLQFHWKHVWXGHQWDPQHVW\ODZZDVLQWUR GXFHGLQWKHODWHWKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVHQUROOLQJLQSRVWJUDGXDWH SURJUDPVURVHWRWLPHVLQ )XUWKHUPRUHWKHVDLGDPQHVW\ODZ JDYHVWXGHQWV\HDUWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUJUDGXDWHVWXG\ 7RGD\ WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV HQUROOHG LQ PDVWHUşV SURJUDPV RU GRFWRUDO SURJUDPV DQG WKDW RI JUDGXDWHV IURP WKHVHSURJUDPVJUDGXDOO\JHWVELJJHU )LJXUH$% 7KLVVLWXD WLRQLVQRWXQLTXHWRJHRJUDSK\LQ7XUNH\,QJHQHUDODVLPLODUWHQGHQF\ 138 Nuri Yavan KDVEHHQREVHUYHGLQRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHVLQ7XUNH\ 7%$ DQGLQJH RJUDSK\SURJUDPVDFURVVWKHZRUOGLQUHFHQW\HDUV )RRWHHWDO 0HDGRZV ,WKDVEHFRPHFRQVLGHUDEO\GLIILFXOWWRPHHWVWXGHQWVş GHPDQGVIRUSRVWJUDGXDWHHGXFDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQUHFHQW\HDUV7KHUHLV DVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVEXWWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKH QXPEHURIIDFXOW\PHPEHUVLVUHODWLYHO\VORZHU7KXVWKHUDWLRRIJUDGXD WLRQWHQGVWRIDOO)XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJKWKHQXPEHURIIDFXOW\PHPEHUV LVKLJKHUDWJHRJUDSK\GHSDUWPHQWVWKHUDWLRRIJUDGXDWLRQDWSRVWJUDG XDWHOHYHOLVKLJKHUDWGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQ7KLVVLWXDWLRQ PD\EHGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVUHODWLYHO\HDVLHUWREHJUDGXDWHGIURPDQG UHFHLYHGHJUHHVDWGHSDUWPHQWVRIJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQ Figure 8.10: Number of Newly Admitted and Graduated Students from Postgraduate Programs in Geography $ *HRJUDSK\'HSDUWPHQW %*HRJUDSK\(GXFDWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW 6RXUFH 6<0 $PRUHLUUHJXODUDQGXQHTXDOJHQGHUGLVWULEXWLRQDWWUDFWVDWWHQWLRQ DPRQJVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJSRVWJUDGXDWHSURJUDPVLQJHRJUDSK\LQ7XU NH\LQFRPSDULVRQWRWKRVHVWXG\LQJDWXQGHUJUDGXDWHOHYHO )LJXUH $VDPDWWHURIIDFWZKLOHRIXQGHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVDUHZRPDQ RQO\RISRVWJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVDUHZRPHQ7KHUDWLRRIZRPHQLV LQPDVWHUşVSURJUDPVDQGLQGRFWRUDOSURJUDPV,QJHQHUDOJHQ 139 Postgraduate Geography Education in Turkey GHUGLVWULEXWLRQKDVLPSURYHGLQIDYRURIZRPHQWRVRPHH[WHQWLQWKH ODVWGHFDGH )LJXUH$ )RULQVWDQFHZKLOHRISRVWJUDGXDWHVWX GHQWVZHUHZRPHQLQWKLVUDWLRURVHWRLQ7KHEHWWHU WKLQJLVWKDWWKHVKDUHRIIHPDOHJUDGXDWHVURVHIURP WRZLWKLQ WKHVDPHSHULRG,QRWKHUZRUGVZKLOHRIHYHU\GHJUHHVZDVUHFHLYHG E\ZRPHQLQRIGHJUHHVZHUHUHFHLYHGE\ZRPHQLQ $VLPLODUEXWPXFKPRUHUHPDUNDEOHVLWXDWLRQLVREVHUYHGDWUDWLRVRI ZRPHQUHFHLYLQJPDVWHUşVGHJUHHVDQGGRFWRUDOGHJUHHV )LJXUH% $VDPDWWHURIIDFWRIPDVWHUşVGHJUHHVEHORQJHGWRZRPHQLQ EXWWKLVUDWLRURVHWRLQ,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHZDVQRZRPDQUH FHLYLQJGRFWRUDOGHJUHHLQEXWWKHVKDUHRIZRPHQEHFDPHLQ $VLVVHHQDOWKRXJKSRVWJUDGXDWHJHRJUDSK\HGXFDWLRQFXUUHQWO\ DSSHDUVWREHPDOHGRPLQDWHGWKHVKDUHRIZRPHQWHQGVWRLQFUHDVH Figure 8.11: Number of Newly Admitted and Graduated Students from Postgraduate Programs in Geography A. 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thesis 21 credit course + seminar MA (Non-thesis) 2 + 1 10 courses having Term project minimum 30 credit PhD 4 + 2 7 course having Proficiency examination, 21 credit course + dissertation proposal, paper seminar based on PhD and disser- tation PhD on BA 5 + 2 14 course having Proficiency examination, 42 credit course+ 2 dissertation proposal, paper seminar based on PhD and disser- tation 6RXUFH $XWKRUşVRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQXQLYHUVLWLHVşZHEVLWH Training Procedures and Qualitative Assessment of Postgraduate Pro- grams 7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHEDVLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSUDFWLFHRISRVW JUDGXDWHJHRJUDSK\SURJUDPVLQ7XUNH\$VH[SHFWHGWKHDVVHVVPHQWV LQWKLVWDEOHDUHEDVHGRQREVHUYDWLRQVDQGH[SHULHQFHVLQSUDFWLFHEXWLQ HVVHQFHLWLVVXEMHFWLYHDQGKDVEHHQPDGHIURPFULWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZ7KH IROORZLQJVHFWLRQVGLVFXVVHDFKVWDJHRIWKHWUDLQLQJSURFHVVLQJUHDWHU GHWDLO Course selection: 6WXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQSRVWJUDGXDWHSURJUDPVVHOHFW WKHLUFRXUVHVXQGHUFRQVXOWDQF\RIDIDFXOW\PHPEHURIWKHLUGLVFLSOLQHV 6WXGHQWV VHOHFW WKHLU FRXUVHV DPRQJ WKH 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