ATS ISBN: 978-605-82017-0-5 2017 BOOK OF ABSTRACT PROCEEDINGS IATS 2017

8TH INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES SYMPOSIUM 19-22 October 2017 / Elazığ,

Organized by

Supported by Book of Abstracts of the 8th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS) 2017

Editors

Prof. Dr. Niyazi Özdemir

Prof. Dr. Hikmet Esen

Published, 2017

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ISBN: 978-605-82017-0-5 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Abdelkarim Mekki, King Fahd University of Petroleum Minerals Prof. Dr. Abderrahmane Bairi, University Paris Ouest LTIE-GTE Prof. Dr. Abdulkadir Şengür, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Adem Kurt, Prof. Dr. Adrian Briggs, University of London Prof. Dr. Ahmet Çetin, Bingöl University Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ziyaettin Sahin, King Fahd University Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hasçalık, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Ali Chamkha, Kuwait University Prof. Dr. Ali Sekmen, Tennessee State University Prof. Dr. Alireza A. Ardalan, Tehran University Prof. Dr. Andrew Collop, The University of Nottingham Prof. Dr. Andrzej Trytek, Rzeszow University of Technology Prof. Dr. Asaf Varol, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Attieh Alghamdi, King Abdulaziz University Prof. Dr. Beşir Dandıl, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Byeong-Kwon JU, Korea University Prof. Dr. Cengiz Tatar, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Cengiz Yıldız, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Christian Wenger, Innov. for High Performan. Microelectronics Prof. Dr. Chung Gwıy-Sang, Ulsan University Prof. Dr. D. S. Patıl, North Maharashtra University Prof. Dr. Darina Arsova, Institute of Solid State Physics, Sofia Prof. Dr. Denis Nıka, Moldova University Prof. Dr. Dursun Özyürek, Karabük University Prof. Dr. Eiyad Abu-Nada, Hapshemite University Prof. Dr. F. M. Amanullah, King Saud University Prof. Dr. Fatih Kurugöllü, Queen's University Belfast Prof. Dr. Fernando Gutierrez, University Polytechnic of Madrid Prof. Dr. Ferhat Gül, Gazi University Prof. Dr. Fumihiko Hırose, Yamagata University Prof. Dr. Hanbey Hazar, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Hanifi Güldemir, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Hasan Efeoğlu, Atatürk University Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Altun, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Ikhlas Abdel-Qader, Western Michigan University Prof. Dr. Ioan Pop, University of Cluj Prof. Dr. İbrahim Dinçer, University of Ontorio Prof. Dr. İbrahim Türkoğlu, Fırat University Prof. Dr. İsmail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University Prof. Dr. Jay Khodadadi, Auburn University Prof. Dr. Jingkun XU, Technology Normal University Prof. Dr. Juan Carlos Martinez-Anton, Complutense University of Madrid Prof. Dr. Juan Mario Garcıa De Marıa, University of Madrid Prof. Dr. K.W. Chau, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Prof. Dr. Khasan S. Karimov, GIK Institute Prof. Dr. Khanlar Baghırov, Cumhuriyet University Prof. Dr. M. Hasnaoui, University Cadi Ayyad Prof. Dr. Majumdar J. Datta, Indian Institute of Tehcnology Kharagpur Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Schiavon, Universi. Federal de São João Del Rei Prof. Dr. Marga Jann, Girne American University Prof. Dr. Mariam Ali S A Al-Maadeed, Qatar University Prof. Dr. Mehmet Çiftci, Bingöl University Prof. Dr. Mehmet Esen, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Messaoud Saıdanı, Conventry University Prof. Dr. Moghtada Mobedi, İzmir High Technology Institute Prof. Dr. Mohamed Bououdına, Univeristy of Bahrain Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hassan Sayyad, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute Prof. Dr. Mustafa Boz, Karabük University Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kurt, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Taşkın, Prof. Dr. Müjdat Çağlar, Eskişehir Prof. Dr. Najib Laraqi, University Paris Ouest LTIE-GTE Prof. Dr. Nizamettin Kahraman, Karabük University Prof. Dr. Nourah AL Senany, King Abdulaziz University Prof. Dr. Oğuzhan Keleştemur, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Orhan Aydın, Karadeniz Technical University Prof. Dr. Osman Dayan, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Prof. Dr. Ömer Keleşoğlu, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Rachid Bennacer, University of Cergy Pontoise Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çıtak, Gazi University Prof. Dr. Ramazan Kaçar, Karabük University Prof. Dr. Ramazan Köse, Dumlupınar University Prof. Dr. Ramazan Solmaz, Bingöl University Prof. Dr. Ramin Yousefı, Islamic Azad University Prof. Dr. Recep Çalın, Kırıkkale University Prof. Dr. Ridha Ben Yedder, Université de Québec Prof. Dr. R. H. Al Orainy, King Abdulaziz University Prof. Dr. Saad Hamad BINOMRAN, King Saud Univeristy Prof. Dr. Salih Yazıcıoğlu, Gazi University Prof. Dr. Sami Ekici, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Serdar Salman, National Defense University Prof. Dr. Serdar Osman Yılmaz, Namık Kemal University Prof. Dr. Sermin Ozan, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Servet Tuncer, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Suat Yılmaz, Prof. Dr. Subhash Chand, National Institute of Technology Prof. Dr. Süleyman Gündüz, Karabük University Prof. Dr. Syed Ali Rizwan, National University of Sci.& Tech., Prof. Dr. Şahin Albayrak, DAI-Labor, Technische Universitat Berlin Prof. Dr. Şükrü Karataş, Kahramanmaraş, Sütçü İmam University Prof. Dr. Şükrü Talaş, Afyon Kocatepe University Prof. Dr. Tahir I. Khan, University of Bradford Prof. Dr. Tanmay Basak, Indian Institute of Technology Prof. Dr. Ufuk Teoman Aksoy, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Ulvi Şeker, Gazi University Prof. Dr. Vítor António Ferreira da Costa, Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Dr. Wazirzada Aslam Farooq, King Saud University Prof. Dr. Weite Wu, National Chung Hsing University Prof. Dr. Yasin Varol, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Yetkin Tatar, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Yu Bo, China University of Petroleum Prof. Dr. Yusuf Al-Turkı, King Abdulaziz University Prof. Dr. Yusuf Öztürk, San Diego State University Prof. Dr. Zaıtsev, D. D., Moscow State University Prof. Dr. Zaki Mohamed, Taif University Prof. Dr. Zeyad A. Alahmed, King Saud University Prof. Dr. Zoubir Zouaoui, Glyndwr University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aykut Çanakçı, Karadeniz Technical University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bilal Alataş, Firat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Canan Aksu Canbay, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cebeli Özek, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Öner, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çetin Özay, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan Varol, Sam Houston State University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erkan Tanyıldızı, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erol Kılıçkap, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Filiz Özgen, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan Ateş, Gazi University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya Durmuş, Celal Bayar University Assoc. Prof. Dr. İnanç Özgen, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ünsal, Sütçü İmam University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Melik Çetin, Karabük, University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Yavuz Solmaz, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oğuz Yakut, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Kaygılı, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömür Aydoğmuş, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem Pelin Can, Cumhuriyet University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan Islak, University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay Yıldız, Fırat University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Uğur Özsaraç, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Hışman Çelik, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yüksel Esen, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Aydın Dikici, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayça Gülten, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. D. Engin Alnak, Cumhuriyet University Asst. Prof. Dr. Deepika Garg, GD Goenka University Asst. Prof. Dr. Emre Turgut, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Engin Ünal, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Erkan Bahçe, İnönü University Asst. Prof. Dr. Ferit Ak, Asst. Prof. Dr. Gonca Özmen Koca, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. İlker Temizer, Cumhuriyet University Asst. Prof. Dr. İsmail Uzun, Süleyman Demirel University Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Karabatak, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Müzeyyen Bulut Özek, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Onur Özsolak, Cumhuriyet University Asst. Prof. Dr. Şengül Doğan, Fırat University Asst. Prof. Dr. Tahsin Yüksel, Cumhuriyet University Asst. Prof. Dr. Yakup Say, Fırat University

ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE

Chairman of the Symposium

• Prof. Dr. Niyazi Özdemir – Fırat University

Co-Chairman of the Symposium

• Prof. Dr. Hikmet Esen – Fırat University

Secretary of the Symposium

• Res. Asst. Abdullah Kapıcıoğlu – Cumhuriyet University

• Fehmi Aslan – PhD. Student

Members of the Committee

• Prof. Dr. H. Serdar Yücesu, Gazi University

• Prof. Dr. Z. Hakan Akpolat, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Veli Çelik, Kırıkkale University

• Prof. Dr. Messaoud Saidani, Coventry University

• Prof. Dr. Galip Cansever, Yıldız Technical University

• Prof. Dr. Tahir Khan, Bradford University

• Prof. Dr. Abulfet Pelengov, Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University

• Prof. Dr. Vasfi Hasırcı, Middle East Technical University

• Prof. Dr. Kemal Leblebicioğlu, Middle East Technical University

• Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Yakuphanoğlu, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Niyazi Bulut, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Hakan F. Öztop, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Engin Avcı, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Mehmet Eroğlu, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Oğuzhan Keleştemur, Fırat University • Prof. Dr. Bahar Demirel, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Ahmet Koca, Fırat University

• Prof. Dr. Harun Tanyıldızı, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Orhan, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ulaş Çaydaş, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Resul Çöteli, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammed Karaton, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Can, Cumhuriyet University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Uğur Çalıgülü, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Kaya Gür, Fırat University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asım Balbay,

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kadir Turan, Dicle University

• Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Karabatak, Fırat University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Salwa Boudila, Research and Technology Center of Energy

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Yeşim Müge Şahin, Arel University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Göksel Durkaya, Atılım University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülüzar Tuna Keleştemur, Fırat University • Asst. Prof. Dr. Aytuğ Boyacı, Fırat University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Faruk Karaca, Fırat University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar Mercan, Cumhuriyet University

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Zülküf Balalan, Bingol University

• Dr. Ebru Cavlak Aslan, Fırat University

• Dr. Mert Gürtürk, Fırat University

• Dr. Nida Katı, Fırat University

• Nurettin Çek, Fırat University

Welcome to IATS 2017

It is a pleasure for us to offer you Abstracts Book for the 8th International Advanced

Technologies Symposium IATS’17. Our goal was to create a scientific platform that introduces the newest results on internationally recognized experts to local students and colleagues and simultaneously displays relevant Turkish achievements to the world. The positive feedback of the community encouraged us to proceed and transform a single event into a symposium series.

Now, IATS’17 is honored by the presence of over 600 colleagues from various countries. We stayed true to the original IATS’17 concept and accepted contributions from all fields of innovative and advanced technologies to promote multidisciplinary discussions. The focal points of the symposium emerged spontaneously from the submitted abstracts: energy applications, advanced materials, electronic and optoelectronic devices. Our warmest thanks go to all invited speakers, authors, and contributors of IATS’17 for accepting our invitation. We hope that you will enjoy the symposium and look forward to meeting you again in one of the forthcoming IATS’18 event.

Best regards,

Chairman of Symposium

Prof. Dr. Niyazi Özdemir

Abstract Lists

ID Number- NAME OF ARTICLE (Author (s))…………………..………..Page Number

14- ESD COATING OF SURFACE WITH INTERMETALLIC PHASES FOR THE PURPOSE OF CYCLIC SPOT WELD SERVICE

PERFORMANCE (S. Talas, A. Hitit, B. Gokce, A. Cetkin)………………………………………………………………………………01

15- CO-LIQUEFACTION OF ELBISTAN LIGNITE WITH POPLAR SAWDUST (A. Ozdemir, K. Ergun, C. Koyunoglu, H.

Karaca)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….02

17- PROCESSING OF CARBIDE CERMETS TO FABRICATE GRADED HARD MATERIALS (A. Ozer, U. Hilal Ozer, Y. Kemal

Tur)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..03

24- SYNTHESIS OF CROSS-LINKED CYCLODEXTRINS AS DRUG CARRIERS (H. I. Cetintas, S. Salgın, U. Salgın)………..04

32- TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF AZ30 MAGNESIUM ALLOY (N. Ozdemir, O. Yıgıt, T.S. Seker)…………………....05

35- PTA WELDING OF AISI 420 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL BY USING AISI 316 FILLER METAL (N. Ozdemir, O. Yigit, O. Mızrak)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………06

36- SOLAR – HYDROGEN HYBRID SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMUNITY (Y. Devrim, K. Pehlivaoglu, A.

Albostan)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...07

38- CYTOTOXICITY OF HYDROXYAPATITE BASED COATINGS ON NITINOL MATERIALS (Y. Say, B. Aksakal, H.

Bulut)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..08

39- EFFECTS OF HYDROXYAPATITE-BASED BIOCERAMIC COATINGS ON THE CELL VIABILITY OF STAINLESS STEEL

ALLOYS (Y. Say, B. Aksakal, H. Bulut)…………………………………………………………………………………………………...09

44- 4-CHLOROMETHYL-6, 7-DIMETHYLCOUMARIN SYNTHESIS AND QUANTUM CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS (P. Koparir, A.E. Parlak, K. Sarac, N.O. Alayunt, C. Orek, M. Koparir)………………..…………………………………………………………….10

47- OPTIMIZATION OF LINEAR CONSECUTIVE-K-OUT-OF-N SYSTEM UNDER STRESS-STRENGTH MODEL (Y. Gural, G.

Gokdere, A. T. Bugatekin)………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………11

48- LINEAR M-CONSECUTIVE-K-OUT-OF-N: F REPAIRABLE SYSTEM WITH UNEQUAL COMPONENT FAILURE PROBABILITIES (Y. Gural, G. Gokdere, A. T. Bugatekin)………….……………………………………………………………...…. 12 51- LARGE-SCALE COLLOIDAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF MONOLAYER NANOSTRUCTURES BASED POLYURETHANE (N. Gozubenli)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………..13

52- SCALABLE FABRICATION OF ELECTRODES OF ORGANIC GENERATORS BASED ON ORDERED COLLOIDAL

STRUCTURES BY LBL TRANSFER TECHNIQUE (N. Gozubenli)……….…………………………………………………….……..14

80- FISHING AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN KEBAN DAM LAKES (M. Ozcelik, G. T. Kelestemur)……...15

81- ENDOCRINOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN FISH CULTURE (M. Kavak, G. T. Kelestemur)………..………………………16

88- ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF NON-TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING METHODS ACCORDING TO TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING METHOD (A. Yildiz, S. Guvercin, B. Bakircioglu)…………………………………………….17

93- PREPARATION AND CYTOCOMPATIBILITY OF SOL-GEL DERIVED ALUMINA-BOVINE HYDROXYAPATITE (BHA) COMPOSITE POWDERS (A. Yelten, O. K. Yilmaz, G. Cetinkaya, S. Yilmaz)……………………………………………………..…18

96- GREEN DEHYDROGENATION OF DIMETHYLAMINE-BORANE CATALYZED BY RUTHENIUM NANOCLUSTERS PREPARED USING VARIOUS STABILIZERS (B. Bukan, S. Duman)……………………………………………………………….19

97- OLEYLAMINE STABILIZED CU39PT61NANOPARTICLES: IN-SITU GENERATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND USE SYNERGISTIC DEHYDROGENATION OF DIMETHYLAMINE- BORANE (H. Demir, S. Duman)………………………………….20

99- THE PARAMETERS AND APPLICATION AREAS OF DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING METHOD (O. Erdem)…….…21

101- EFFECT OF TYPE AND AMOUNT OF CROSS-LINKING AGENTS TO MAGNETIC PSA IMMUNOSENSOR SYNTHESIS (N. S. Tuzlalı, S. Salgın, U. Salgın)…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..22

105- APPLICATION OF FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN FOR MULTIPLE RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION OF VEGETABLE OILS METHANOLYSIS VIA HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS (Y. Yucel)……………………………………………………………………...23

106- DETERMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CRITICAL VARIABLES THAT AFFECTED IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE ENZYMES ONTO LOOFAH SPONGE AND WOOD CHIPS BY CHEMOMETRIC METHODS (Y. Yucel, I. Surmelioğlu)……..24

111-ENZYMES IN FISH AND SEAFOOD PROCESSING (M. Duman)………………………………………………………………...25

120- THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISHERMEN OF LAKE HAZAR (ELAZIG, TURKEY) (M. Dartay)……………….26

122- DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM SURFACE PROCESSING PARAMETERS BY ANP AND TAGUCHI METHODS (S. Guvercin, A. Gok)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27

124- EFFECT OF DIE SURFACE ANGLE, TEMPERATURE AND BLANK HOLDER FORCE ON THE MICROHARDNESS OF CUPS OBTAINED BY DEEP DRAWING METHOD (C. Ozek, V. Tasdemir)…………………………………………………………28

125- INVESTIGATION OF WARM DEEP DRAWING PROCESS BY ANGULAR DEEP DRAWING DIES (C. Ozek, V. Tasdemir)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29

127- EXCITATION ENERGIES AND DIPOLE TRANSITION MOMENTS OF METHOXYMETHYL PEROXY RADICAL (H. Sleman, N. Bulut)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………30

130- CHARACTERISATION OF FLOWABILITY OF FOOD POWDERS AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY BY POWDER FLOW TESTER (I. Zent, R. Gunes, E. Ermis, A. K. Binark)………………………………………..31

142- USING FULL-ORDER OBSERVER IN THE FORM OF GENERALIZED OBSERVER SCHEME TO DETECT AND ISOLATE AIRCRAFT SENSOR FAULTS IN AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS (U. Kilic, G. Unal, E. Kiyak, K. Ayturan)……..32

144- RESULTS ON THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT IN THE SOME TYPES OF REAL QUADRATIC NUMBER FIELDS (O. Ozer)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33

145- A STUDY ON THE COUPLED FIXED POINT IN C*- ALGEBRA VALUED B-METRIC SPACE (O. Ozer, S. Omran)…….…34

153- INFLUENCE OF Α-AL2O3 SEEDING AND HEAT TREATMENT TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF SOL-GEL DERIVED ALUMINA POWDERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…35

155- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESİTY and DEPRESSION TURKISH WOMEN (M. Sonmez, F. Nazik)……………………36

167- EFFECTS OF 17Β-ESTRADIOL INJECTION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY, HEPATOSOMATIC AND GONODOSOMATIC INDEX, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF 17Β- ESTRADIOL IN HEAMOLYMPH, OVARY AND HEPATOPANCREAS IN A FRESHWATER CRAYFISH, ASTACUS LEPTODACTYLUS ESCHSCHOLTZ (M. M. Harlioglu, M. E. Yonar, A. G. Harlioglu, S. M. Yonar, A. Farhadi)……………………………………………………………………………………37

171- AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO DIGITAL IMAGES (E. Inan)…………………………………………………………………38

172- APPROXIMATELY GROUPS ON DIGITAL IMAGES (E. Inan)………………………………………………………………….39

184- A REVIEW OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLES IN VARIOUS BACTERIA (G. Ozbey)…………..40

185- A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION IN CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS IN TURKEY AND WORLDWIDE (G. Ozbey)…………………………………….41

202- DECONTAMINATION OF CHICKEN MEAT WITH EVAPORATED ETHYL PYRUVATE (B. Cetin, H. Uran)……………42

204- INVESTIGATION OF WORKABILITY AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETES WITH STEEL FIBER AND SILICA FUME IN SODIUM CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENT (M. Gurbuz, Z. Babayev)…………………………………………………………43

207- MODULAR ROBOT DESIGN AND APPLICATION FOR CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT IN MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION (E. Kayaalp, N. Akkus, I. Temiz)…………………………….…………………………………………………………...44

212- SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, DETERMINATION OF TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF 7-METHOXY-2- ACETYL BENZOFURYL METHYL METHACRYLATE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMERS (Z. Ilter, A. Solmaz)………….45

214- SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF NEW METAL NANOCATALYSTS FOR APPLICABILITY TO DIRECT ALCOHOL FUEL PILLS (B. Gezer, R. Sarac, U. Ayhan, H. Gok, S. Koz, O. Artun, U. Berkoz, E. Basaran, O. Yilmaz)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46

221- DEVELOPMENT OF SOUND-ABSORBING MATERIALS FROM CHICKEN FEATHERS (N. Pasayev, M. Erol)………..47

224- THE EFFECTS OF LYCOPENE ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND FUNCTIONS TESTS OF LIVER IN HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATS (D. Atessahin, O. Erman, K. Servi, A.O. Ceribasi, A. Atessahin)……………………….48

226- STUDENT VIEWS ABOUT THE LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MACHINE ELEMENTS COURSE (M. Bulut Ozek, C. Ozek)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49

230- INDIUM AND MAGNESIUM METALLO PHTHALOCYANINES BEARING UMBELLIFERONE MOIETIES (M. Camur)…50

231- SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF TETRA 7-OXY-4-(PYRIDINE-3-YL) COUMARIN SUBSTITUTED COBALT (II) AND COPPER (II) PHTHALOCYANINES (M. Camur, C.Y. Boyar)………………………………51

233- DROP WEIGHT IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF NANOCLAY CONTAINING JUTE AND GLASS FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATES (H.Y. Unal, Y. Pekbey)……………………………………...……………………………………………..52

239- EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, PH AND AERATION ON VANILLIN PRODUCTION BY PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA (H. Karakaya, M. Yilmaztekin)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..53

249- DESIGN OF A MULTI-LINK STEERING MECHANISM FOR A PASSENGER BUS (M.M. Topac, M. Karaca, U. Deryal, M. Atak)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………54

252- EVALUATION OF ESTIMATION OF WIND POWER POTENTIAL IN BACKPROPAGATION NETWORKS IN THE FRAME OF DIFFERENT NORMALIZATION TECHNIQUES (B. Yaniktepe, S. Tasdemir, A.B. Guher)……………………….55

253- THE ESTIMATION OF WIND POWER WITH FEED-FORWARD ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (B. Yaniktepe, S. Tasdemir, A.B. Guher)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….56

257- UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) 'DEVELOPMENT OF NA-COMPATIBLE PT BASE NANOCATALYST ALCOHOL FUEL PILLARS (B. Gezer, U. Ayhan, R. Sarac, H. Gok, S. Koz, O. Artun, U. Berkoz, E. Basaran, O. Yilmaz)…………….57

265- DEPOSITION OF GaN THIN FILM ON ITO (INDIUM TIN OXIDE) BY RF SPUTTER: INFLUENCES OF NITROGEN (A. Mantarci, M. Kundakci)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58

270- 3D MODEL-PROTOTYPE COMPARISON OF AIR ENTRAINMENT BY TWO-PHASE CFD MODEL (M. C. Aydin, A. E. Ulu, C. Karaduman)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..59

275- INVESTIGATION OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF CU2O THIN FILMS OBTAINED BY SILAR METHOD FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS (O. Erken, G. Altindemir, M. Gunes, D. Ozaslan, C. Gumus)………………………………60

278- ENERGY AWARE SCHEDULING OF THE MATERIAL HANDLING ROBOT IN M-MACHINE ROBOTIC CELLS (H. Gultekin, S. Gurel, R. Taspinar)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….61

279- KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF RETENTION OF SO2 WITH WASTE ULEXITE ORE IN WATER (O. Karagoz, M. Copur, M.M. Kocakerim)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………62

280- INFLUENCE OF POST-DEPOSITION ANNEALING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER OXIDE (I) THIN FILMS (D. Ozaslan, O. Erken, M. Gunes, C. Gumus)…………………………………………………………………………………63

282- ROBOTIC MANUFACTURING CELL DESIGN THROUGH OPERATION ALLOCATION AND ROBOT MOVE SEQUENCING (H. Gultekin)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………64

284- NOVEL POLYMERIC ADSORBENT FOR WATER AND DYE UPTAKE: ACRYLAMIDE/SODIUM METHACRYLATE/GELATIN BIOSORBENT HYDROGELS (S. Kundakcı, E. Karadag)…………………………………………65

292- DETERMINING OF WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS FOR A REGION (I. Aladag, B. Yanıktepe, O. Kara, C. Aladag)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………66

293- ESTIMATION OF WIND POWER DENSITY BASED ON THE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS USING DIFFERENT METHODS (I. Aladag, B. Yanıktepe, O. Kara, C. Aladag)…………………………………………………………...... 67

306- 1-DOF HYBRID HAPTIC INTERFACE FOR RAPID CONTROL PROTOTYPING (M. S. Yılmaz, Y. Tascioglu)………..68

313- BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES WITH A CENTRAL HOLE IN DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC SHAPES ( M. E. Deniz)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….69

314- EFFECT OF HOLE GEOMETRY AND MATRIX MATERIAL ON BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE PLATES (M. E. Deniz)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70

315- EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATION CALCIUM DOPING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD SULFIDE THIN FILMS (E. Yucel, Y. Yucel)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...71

323- OPTIMISED HILIC SEPARATION AND METHODT VALIDATION OF B VITAMINS USING A MIXED-MODE STATINAORY PHASE ( H. Aral, R. Altındag, K. S. Celik, T. Aral)…………………………………………………………………72

328- COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES AND DECISION TREES IN MULTI- CLASS DATA (Y.Genc, S. Aslan Tuncer, E. Avcı)………………………………………………………………………………...... 73

334- STEP BY STEP THE COLLAGEN HYDROLYSATE NANOFIBERS FORMATION (M. (Koizhaiganova) Kaygusuz, S.M. Açıkel, A. Aslan)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………74

338- PURIFICATION OF Α-AMYLASE FROM A THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM GEOBACILLUS SP. TF14 (S. Keskin, N. Saglam Ertunga) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…...75

340- IMMOBILIZATION OF Α-AMYLASE FORMERLY PURIFIED FROM A THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM GEOBACILLUS SP. TF14 (S. Keskin, N. Saglam Ertunga)……………………………………………………………………………………………….76

341- THE WORLD'S IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION AND A LOOK AT TURKEY'S POSITION (B. Buzbay Akdemir)…...77

343- A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF USA’S MILITARY AID TO TURKEY DURING THE COLD WAR (B. Buzbay Akdemir)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………78

346- THE EFFECTS OF CYROGENIC TREATMENT ON THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF GRAY CAST IRON BRAKE DISCS (G. Yatkın, H. Gasan)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79

349- LEARNING BY DOING BASIC DESIGN EDUCATION IN ARCHITECTURE; 1/1 SCALE (R. Akgul)……………………...80

350- INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL OF PROVINCE AND EXAMPLE (S.Sahin , U.Kurt)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….81

352- INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON PRODUCTION IN SOLAR POWER PLANTS (S.Sahin , U.Kurt)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….82

354- SYNTHESIS OF NANO-SIZED CR2O3 FROM TURKISH CHROMITE CONCENTRATES USING SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE (M.H. Morcali, S. Aktas)……………………………………………………………………………………………….83

355- SYNTHESIS OF CR2O3 FROM TURKISH CHROMITE CONCENTRATES VIA ETHYL ALCOHOL (M.H. Morcali, S. Aktas)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..84

367- OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE TESTS (İ. Mutlu , F. Aksoy, L.Aksoy, F. Akbulut, R. Dinler)…………………………………………………………………………………85

372- THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF N-HEXANE ADDITIVE IN BIODIESEL TO ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS (M. Çelik, M. Demiralp, C. Bayındırlı, İ. Örs)………………………………………………………………………..…..86

393- STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF (LA0.8GD0.2)0.85AG0.15MNO3 COMPOUND (A. O. Ayas , M. Akyol, A. Ekicibil)...... 87

416- PROFILE OF MICRONUCLEUS FREQUENCIES IN CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO) FRY EXPOSED TO IBUPROFEN (M. Kırıcı, M. E. Yonar, E. Seker, U. Ispir)…………………………………………………………………………………………………...88

417- SMART PACKAGING SYSTEMS FOR FISH AND SEAFOOD PRODUCTS (M. Duman)……………………………………89

425- FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE(R-GO) DOPED CDO NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS BY ULTRASONICALLY SPRAYED PYROLYSIS AND ITS SCHOTTKY DIODE APPLICATIONS (M. Gulcan, A. Gencer Imer, M. Celebi1, Y.S. Ocak, A. Tombak)……………………………………………………………………90

427- THE INHIBITIVE EFFECT OF A NEW SCHIFF BASE CONTAINING PYRIMIDINE RING ON CORROSION OF IRON IN

HCL AND H2SO4 SOLUTIONS (N. Calıskan, E. Gokırmak Sogut, M. Gulcan, M. Celebi, K. Karakas, M. Sonmez)…………..91

436- GAMMA-RAYS SHIELDING BEHAVIOR OF A NOVEL COMPOSITE MATERIAL PREPARED FROM DIFFERENT MINERALS AND PARAFFIN (A. Akkas, V. Simsek, E. Gungor, K. K.Eris, M. Erdem)……………………………………………92

437- INVESTIGATION OF PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF A SWIRL JET IMPINGING ON GRANULAR LAYERS (E. Celik, I. Karagoz)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………93

452- RESEARCH ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF 2, 6-BIS (3-(9H-CARBAZOL-9-YL) PHENYL) PYRIDINE (26DCZPPY) FOR DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS (A. Mantarcı, B. Gündüz)………………………………………………………………………...94

453- CONTROLLING OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF 26DCZPPY ORGANIC MATERIAL WITH SOLVENTS (A. Mantarcı, B. Gündüz)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..95

455- EFFECT OF ADDITIVES INCLUDING NANO MATERIALS ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE (I. Sezer)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…96

461- THE FISHERIES IN THE AGIN REGION OF KEBAN DAM LAKE (M. Dartay)……………………………………………....97

464- EFFECT OF FOUNDATION ROCK ON SEISMIC DAMAGE RESPONSE OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS ( M. Karaton, E. Cambay, Y. Calayır)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…....98

472- CONTROL OF DC MOTOR BY USING PID AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS IN REAL TIME (K. Erin)………...... 99

473- KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF 5 NEXT AND REVERSE AXIAL INDUSTRIAL ROBOT (K. Erin)……………………..……..100

483- EFFECTS OF GRAPHITE ADDITION ON MICROSTRUCTURAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FE-CU ALLOYS DURING SINTERING (H. Varol Özkavak, M.F. Sarac, H. Özkavak, H.E. Camurlu)…………………………………………….101

485- SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF CROSS-LINKED ENZYME AGGREGATES AND COMPARISON OF ITS PERFORMANCES (M.Cakal, S. Salgın, U. Salgın)………………………………………………………………………………….102

496- SYNTHESIS OF LEAD FLUOROBORATE AND USABILITY AS FLAME RETARDANT (D. Y. Aydın, H. Kurt, E. B. Kandemir, M. Guru)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………103

497- PREVENTING BIOFILM FORMATION ON LASER TREATED TITANIUM IMPLANTS (A. Erol)…………………………104

499- ELECTRON DENSITY CALCULATIONS OF CNHN (N=2, 4, 6) MOLECULES (H. K. Mahmood, H. Kebiroglu, S. Akpınar, N. Bulut)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………105

501- PREPARATION OF STIMULI RESPONSIVE CELLULOSE MEMBRANE FOR PURIFICATION OF LYSOZYME (M. U. Badak, A. Zengin, N. Aktas)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….106

504- MAGNETIC LIQUID SENSOR DESIGN FOR HIGH ELECTRICAL CURRENT MEASUREMENTS (T. Abbasov, K. Kartaca, T. Karadag)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..107

505- CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF VERY HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN URBAN AREAS (İ. C. Dikmen, T. Karadag, T. Abbasov)……………………………………………………………………………108

512- NANOMATERIALS IN BIOENGINEERING AND LIFE SCIENCES (M. Ates, N. H. Ahmad)………………………………109

514- HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GILL, LIVER AND KIDNEY TISSUES OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS), EXPOSED TO ALPHA IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (Ö. Aksu, M. Ates)……………………………………110

516- FORTIFICATION OF FOODS WITH ENCAPSULATED IRON (B.E. Kocamaz, H. Şanlıdere Aloglu , O. Sagdıc)……111

518- PERFECTING THE TECHNOLOGY OF GOAT’S MILK ICE CREAM WITH TRANSGLUTAMINASE ENZYME (H. Sanlıdere Aloglu, Y. Özcan, S. Karasu, B. Cetin, O. Sagdıc)……………………………………………………………………..112

519- SPORTS INDUSTRY 4.0 (S. Devecioglu)……………………………………………………………………………………….113

520- TUNISIA ECOPARK RESEARCH: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (S. Bouadila , S. Skouri)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..114

527- OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR DISH THERMAL EFFICIENCY FOR STEAM GENERATION (S. Skouri, K. Ghazouani, S. Bouadila)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..115

548- DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE THIN FILMS BY ULTRASONIC SPRAY PYROLYSIS METHOD (M. Kaleli, A.B.Bayram, M. Pekeroglu, M.Koc, S.Akyurekli, C.A.Yavru, E. Eren)…………………………………116

553- EMBEDDED WIFI WEB SERVER FOR LAN TELEMETRY SYSTEM (A. Kaba, A. E. Suzer, Z. Demir)………………..117

554- LINEAR QUADRATIC REGULATOR DESIGN FOR BOEING 767 AIRCRAFT LONGITUDINAL DYNAMICS (A. Kaba, E. Kiyak)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….118

561- EFFECTS ON HEALTY OF FISH OIL AS FUNCTIONAL FOOD (R.Bilici, Ö. E. Coban)…………………………………119

563- CHEMICAL AND SENSORIAL QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) GRAVAD (R.Bilici, Ö. E. Coban)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………120

565- THE INFLUENCE OF PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE ON HEALTH LIFE STYLE: A STUDY OF TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENT (F. Nazik, G. Gunes)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………121

570- DIGITAL FORENSICS APPROACHES IN MOBILE DEVICES BY OPERATING SYSTEMS (F. Gunes Eris, E. Akbal, S. Dogan)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….123

576- THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCORPORATIN OF HELIOTROPIUM DOLOSUM SEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MIRROR CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L. 1758) (M. N. Cakmak , M. Dorucu)……………………………………………….124

587- INVESTIGATION OF CATALYTIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY POLYMERSUPPORTED CU (II)–SCHIFF BASE COMPLEX (D. Kilinc, O. Sahin)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………125

607- INVESTIGATION OF MR DAMPER LOCATIONS EFFECT IN STRUCTURAL VIBRATION CONTROL BY FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL METHOD (H. Aggumus, M. Paksoy)……………………………………………………………………………………...126

616- DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS ON COTTON FABRIC (S. Y. Yetkin, H. İ. Yavuz)…………………127

632- INVESTIGATION OF IN-SITU SYNTHESIZED TIB2 PARTICLES IN IRON-BASED HARDFACINGS USING WITH HYBRID SUBMERGED ARC WELDING TECHNIQUE (M. Kaptanoglu, M. Eroglu)……………………………………………128

633- APPLICATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MAZE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON UNION/FIND DATA STRUCTURE (S. Peldek , A. Karaci)…………………………………………………………………………………………………..129

640- PREPARATION OF SINGLE PHASE CRSI (H.E. Camurlu, C. Milanese, F. Maglia)……………………………………..130

643- AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF THE RG–NO+(X1Ʃ+): STRUCTURE AND VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES (C. Orek, F. Ozkalayci, N. Bulut)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………131

647- IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF ROBOT HAND CONTROL WITH WEARABLE GLOVES (A. Karaci, S. Peldek, M. Erdemir)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………132

652- APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY TO OPTIMIZE FABRICATION OF A GLUCOSE OXIDASE BASED BIOSENSOR (G. Ozyilmaz, H. Uluca, A.T. Ozyilmaz)…………………………………………………………………….133

655- LIVING AREAS FOR EARTHQUAKES IN THE BUILDINGS (Y. Esen)……………………………………………………..134

658- EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF NODULAR CAST IRON (H.E. Camurlu, E. Guner, U. Taskan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….135

661- SYNTHESIS AND POST-POLYMERIZATION FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CLICKABLE POLYPYRROLE DERIVATIVES (P. Camurlu , N. Guven , Z. Bicil)………………………………………………………………………………………………………136

662- EFFECT OF LACTULOSE ADDITION ON SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKISH TYPE FERMENTED SAUSAGES (H. Uran, H. Sanlidere Aloglu, B. Cetin)…………………………………………………………………………….…137

669- STAINLESS STEEL AND LOW CARBON STEEL WELDABILITY WITH TIG WELDING METHOD (A.Kurt, S. Cetin, H.Avci)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..138

673- POSITION CONTROL OF PROSTHETIC FINGER via SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER (B. Tasar, O. Yakut, A. Gulten)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….139

674- SEMG BASED HAND PATTERN RECOGNITION VIA K-NN (B. Tasar, A.Gulten, O. Yakut)…………………………….140

678- WATER ABSORPTION AND BIODEGRADATION PROPERTIES OF BARLEY STRAW-CONTAINED POLYURETHANE FOAMS (T. Gursoy)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………141

692- TWO DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM FORCE FEEDBACK SCREW INSERTION SIMULATOR (D. Mohammadzadeh, Y. Tascioglu)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…142

695- PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE FROM JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX, COTURNIX JAPONICA) LIVER (Y. Temel, S. S. Mohammed Taher, M. Ciftci)……………………….………………………..143

696- PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE ENZYME FROM JAPANESE QUAIL ERYTHROCYTES (Y. Temel, H. R. Baqi, M. Ciftci)…………………………………………….….………...144

698- THE EFFECT OF PRODUCTION PARAMETERS ON AL-NI-CU MATRIXED TI-REINFORCED COMPOSITE PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING METHOD (F. Demir, M. Okumus)…………………………………………………145

700- CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW FORMATION PRODUCED FROM AL-BASED NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS (M. Okumus, F. Demir)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….146

705- A THEORETICAL NMR CALCULATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE MOLECULE (Z. Tunc, H. Kebiroglu, O. Kaygili, C. Tatar, B. Gunduz , N.Bulut)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……147

+ 711- NATURAL BOND ORBITAL ANALYSIS OF NOH2 MOLECULE (F. Özkalayci, C. Örek, N. Bulut)………………...... …148

724- EVALUATION OF SUBMICRON PARTICLE SIZED COLEMANITE MINERALS IN WARM MIX ASPHALT MIXTURES (T. Kutuk-Sert, S. Kutuk , R. E. Gunbey , A. Canakci, M. M. Kocakerim)……………………………………………………….149

725- COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS INCLUDING SUBMICRON PARTICLE SIZED BORON MINERAL (M. S. Guner, T. Kutuk-Sert, S. Kutuk)……………………………………………………………………………………150

745- BIOCHAR IN FUEL CELL (G. Akgul, Z. Turan)………………………………………………………………………………...151

748- OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING PARAMETERS TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN TURNING (M. Yaka, L. Ugur, H. Yaka, S. Guvercin)…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……152

760- EVALUATION OF GEP MODEL OVER AN URBANIZED AND SUB-TROPICAL BASIN (M. O. Dis, M. Unsal, A. E.Yagci)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..153

761- INVESTIGATION OF NEURAL NETWORK PERFORMANCE FOR STREAMFLOW SIMULATIONS OVER AN URBANIZED WATERSHED (M. O. Dis, M. Unsal, A. S. Yilmaz, A. E. Yagcı)…………………………………………………..…154

763- A SURVEY FOR SMARANDACHE CURVES IN THE LIGHTLIKE CONE (F. Almaz, M. Kulahci)…………………………155

766- MACHINABILITY OF NICKEL-BASED INCONEL ALLOYS (S. Bayraktar, O.Demir)……………………………………...156

768- THE EFFECTS OF CUTTING SPEED FEED RATE AND ANGLE OF CUTTING ON SURFACE ROUGNESS IN CNC TURNING OF TITANIUM ( N. Tastan, S. Karatas)…………………………………………………………………………………..…157

771- THE INFLUENCE OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH GROUND PUMICE POWDER (M.Dener, M.Karatas, A. Benli, M. Mohabbi Yadollahi)……………………………………………………………..………………………………….……………………...158

772- MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE INCORPORATING GROUND PUMICE POWDER (M.Dener, M.Karatas, A. Benli, M. Mohabbi Yadollahi)………………..…159

774- GASTRIC EVACUATION IN BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS) FED MULTIPLE MEALS (U. Khan, K. Seyhan)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....160

775- DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL MACHINES AND SCHEDULING OF MACHINE MAINTENANCE (B. Ozyoruk)……..161

783- NOVEL PHTHALOCYANINES FOR NONLINEAR OPTIC APPLICATIONS (H. R. Pekbelgin Karaoglu, M. Burkut Kocak)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..162

785- NEW TRENDS IN MACHINABILITY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS (S. Bayraktar, O.Demir)…………………………………….163

794- SYNTHESIS OF NEW PD-PEPPSI COMPLEXES AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES (D. Kilinc, N. Gurbuz, I. Ozdemir)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..164

796- WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER DETERMINATION FOR WIND SPEED PROFILE IN HASAN POLATKAN AIRPORT (A. E. Suzer, A. Kaba, Ü. Basaran Filik)……………………………………………………………………………………165

798- CONTROL AND ESTIMATION OF A WIND TURBINE SYSTEM (E. Yurdumsevimli Metin, Aziz Kaba)………………..166

799- A STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTES: EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BASIC COMPONENTS OF TEA PULP (S. Tasar, K.Gultekin, A. Ozer)……………………………………………………………167

800- AN ASSESSMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTES: THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND MODELING OF TEA PULP AT NON-ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS (S. Tasar, A. Özer)…………………………………………………………….168

801-PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL COMPONENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS (M. Altay, A. Surmen)………………169

819- IOS APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR ALGORITHM EDUCATION (F. Dinc, F. Kayaalp)…………………….………..170

821- PREPARATION OF MOLECULAR IMPRINTED NANOPARTICLES FOR RAPID AND SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCE (E. Ekmen, B. Bilici, A. Zengin)…………………………………………………….171

822- SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE DETECTION OF HIV DNA ON A POLYMER BRUSH GRAFTED SILICON SURFACE (A. Zengin, Y. Akbulut, M. Bilici, E. Turan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………172

829- INVESTIGATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE URBAN PARKS A CASE STUDY: BILECIK URBAN PARKS (E.T. Bozkurt, O. Yerli, H. Bozkurt)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...173

832- DF - STATISTICAL CONVERGENCE AND DF - STRONG CESÀRO SUMMABILITY WITH RESPECT TO A MODULUS IN METRIC SPACES (E. Kayan, R. Colak)………………………………………………………………………………………………174

839- NEW APPROACH TO CAM MECHANISM USING FLAT TAPPET PUSHER (C. Nacak, H. Karabulut, M. Ciniviz)……175

841- INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF BENZAMIDES ON THE ACTIVITY OF RAT ERYTHROCYTE GST (A. Ayna, L. Khosnaw, Y. Temel, S. Bayindir, M. Ciftci)…………………………………………………………………………………………….176

842- CLONING, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPAHATASE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (A. Ayna, P. Moody)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..177

843- USABILITY OF GAS METAL ARC WELDING METHOD FOR HARDFACING WITH THE ADDITION OF METAL POWDER (M. Eroglu, O. Yigit)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…178

845- APPLICATIONS OF A SEMI-ANALYTIC METHOD IN NEURONAL DYNAMICS (E. Cavlak Aslan)……………………..179

846- JACOBI ELLIPTIC SOLUTIONS OF NLSE BY NONLINEAR DISPERSION (E. Cavlak Aslan, M. Inc)………………….180

850- SCREENING OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM ISOLATED FROM NEWBORN BABY GAITA (S. Kocabay, S. Cetinkaya, B. Akkaya, A.F. Yenidunya)…………………………………………….181

853- USING PHYTOSYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM LAURUS NOBILIS EXTRACT TO CONTROL WILTING DISEASE FACTOR, VERTICILLUM DAHLIAE (L.Y. Aktas, A. Cokislerel, M. Ayisigi, P. Guntunkun, A. Gurel)……………..182

854- INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED FUSEL OIL USAGE ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS IN DIFFERENT COMPRESSION RATIO (S. Simsek, B. Ozdalyan, M.B. Celik, H. Simsek, U. Aybek, H. Saygin)………..……..183

856- THE EFFECT OF WELDING CURRENT IN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ON MICRO HARDNESS OF DP800HF AND 1200M STEEL SHEETS (M. Kekik, N. Akkas, U. Ozsarac, V. Onar, H. Aslan, S. Aslanlar)……………………184

868- IMPLEMENTATION OF TRIVIUM ALGORITHM ON FPGA (D. Bakır, M. Askin, O. Yildirim, A.M. Garipcan, B. Zengin)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………185

875- DESIGN OF UAV WITH BIRCH TYPE WOOD (M. Sinecen, Y. Kalkan, A. Erust, H.V. Ilkkilic)……………………………186

879- STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS BEHAVIOR UNDER HYSTERESIS LOADS (M.M. Yadollahi, S. Varolgunes)……….187

881- INVESTIGATION OF MEGA BRACING INFLUENCE IN IMPROVING OF MEDIOCRE STEEL SKYSCRAPERS BEHAVIOR (M.M. Yadollahi, S. Varolgunes)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….188

883- COMPARISON OF FEATURE EXTRACTION METHODS IN IMAGE CLASSIFICATION (P. Karakus, O. Orhan, H.B. Makineci)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….189

890- A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR FISH FARMING BASED ON DATA MINING: AN APPLICATION IN TURKEY (I.E. Hadik, U.U. Ucar, M. Atak, S.K Isleyen)…………………………………………………………………………………………………190

894- OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON VOLUMETRIC OXYGEN TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (KLA) IN NOVEL ROTATING DRUM BIOREACTOR (V. Selen, M.A. Uygut, M.S. Tanyildizi)……………………………………………….191

895- EFFECT OF FERMENTATION MEDIUM COMPOSITION ON L-DOPA AND DOPAMINE PRODUCTION WITH RECOMBINANT CULTURES CITROBACTER FREUNDII PMK57 AND PMK79 (V. Selen, D. Ozer, H. Geckil)……………….192

901- ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AL-ZR HEAT RESISTANCE OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTOR (H. Erol, E. Erol, O. Kahveci, H. Tecer, M. Gunduz)……………………………………………………………………….……………….193

906- BIO-OIL OBTAINED BY CO-PYROLYSIS OF ORGANIC WASTES (Y. Hopa, M. Dilek, N. Yilmaz, O. Alagoz, I. Mutlu, S. Karaslan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….194

907- THE USABILITY OF EDIBLE FILMS TO COAT CAKES (M. Dilek, O. Alagoz, N. Yilmaz, S. Karaslan)………………...…195

923- COMBINED EFFECTS OF EXTREME CONDITIONS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE (N. Bozkurt, M. Saidani, S. Yazicioglu)………………………………………………………...196

924- INFLUENCE OF THE COARSE AGGREGATES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE (N. Bozkurt, S. Yazicioglu)…………………………………………………………………………………………………197

927- DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FROM RACHIS CHICKEN FEATHER (M. Erol, N. Pasayev)………..198

936- ASSESSMENT OF HEMA AND HEMA-MAPA POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES PHYTOTOXICITY ON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) (Y. Kucukcobanoglu, C.T. Kayhan, S. Akgol, L.Y. Aktas)……………………………………………199

938- INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT ON COMBUSTION PRESSURE AND ENGINE VIBRATION OF DIFFERENT FUELS IN A DIESEL ENGINE (H. Yildirim, A. Cinar)……………………………………………………………………………………………200

947- COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME VANADIUM COMPOUNDS (B.I. Ceylan)……………..201

952- A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR ROBOTIC DISASSEMBLY LINE BALANCING PROBLEM (Z.A. Cil, S. Mete)……….202

954- A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM FOR ASSEMBLY LINE BALANCING PROBLEM WITH RESOURCE DEPENDENT (Z.A. Cil, S. Mete, E. Ozceylan, Z. Kenger, O. Kenger)……………………………………………………………………………………………203

955- COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FILTERS FOR NOISE REMOVAL IN HAND VEIN IMAGES (O.F. Boyraz, M.E. Cimen, M.Z. Yildiz)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………204

960- FEATURE EXTRACTION FROM HAND-VEIN PATTERNS USING FRACTAL DIMENSION BOX COUNTING METHOD (O.F. Boyraz, M.Z Yildiz, I. Pehlivan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………….205

962- DIGITAL DIVIDE (P. Erten)………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………206

964- COMPARISONS OF PLACENTA SAMPLES TAKEN FROM NORMAL BIRTH AND PREECLAMPSIA BIRTH USING WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENSE SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE (A. Levet, E. Cinan, M. Buyukyildiz, Y. Ozdemir)……………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………..…207

982- DEM FROM ALOS PALSAR SAR DATA: AN ACCURACY RESEARCH ON DIFFERENT TYPE OF AREAS (H.B. Makineci, O. Orhan, P. Karakus, H. Karabork)…………………………………………………………………………………………208

985- NOVEL ANTHRAQUINONE DYES AND THEIR BIOMATERIAL APPLICATIONS (F. Ozkok, Y.M. Sahin, E. Bulus)……209

988- DISTRIBUTION OF 210PO AND 210PB IN MARINE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE AEGEAN SEA, TURKEY (S. Akozcan, B. Coskun)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………210

990- WIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION AND ANALYSIS DURING SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION ON A GARDEN GAZEBO (S. Aydin, H. Yuksel, N. Baysal)………………………………………………………………………….211

993- INFLUENCE OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND KINETICS MODELING OF BANANA SLICES (F. Ak, A. Guven)……………………………………………………………………..212

995- THE ROLE OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF QUINCE SAMPLES (F. Ak, A. Guven)……………………………………………………………………………..213

998- DESIGN OF OPTIMAL SELF-ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER WITH LQR FOR BALLISTIC-TYPE MISSILE SYSTEM (G. Kavuran)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…...214

1009- PRODUCTION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING PROPOLIS-ADDED ANTIBACTERIAL AND BIODEGRADABLE FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS (E. Bulus, Y.M. Sahin, P.T. Seven, I. Seven, G. Tosun)………………………………………………215

1014- EFFECT OF CUTTING SPEED ON CUTTING FORCES, SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND BURR FORMATION IN MICRO MILLING MG-5SN ALLOY FABRICATED THROUGH POWDER METALLURGY METHOD (K. Aslantas, O. Ozgun, A. Ercetin)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..216

1015- INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF VEHICLE TYPES ON THE SPEED VIOLATIONS IN THE URBAN / HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ACCORDING TO REGIONS USING THE NAIVE BAYES (B. Karabuluter, O. Karaduman, E.Avci)………………217

1021- SYNTHESIS, EXPERIMENTAL FOR CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY: NOVEL SULFAPYRIDINE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SCHIFF BASES AND ZN(II) COMPLEXES (H. Sahal, E. Canpolat, O.F. Ozturk, M. Kaya)….218

1022- SYNTHESIS, EXPERIMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY (ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY) OF CU(II) AND ZN(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING SULFA DERIVATIVES (H. Sahal, E. Canpolat, O.F. Ozturk, M. Kaya)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 219

1029- MODELING OF AN ELECTRIC BUS TO BE USED ON ISTANBUL METROBUS LINE (T. Kocakulak, H.Solmaz, H.S.Yucesu)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..220

1031- NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF TWISTED TAPE INSERT IN PIPE (T.T. Goksu, F. Dinc)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………221

1032- AREAL DATA COMPARING OF OFF-GRID SYSTEMS IN SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS IN ELAZIG CITY (A. Dikici, E.E. Gulenoglu)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..222

1037- THE EFFECT OF POST-ANNEALING ON XRD PATTERN OF DC SPUTTERED ZNO/SIO2 STRUCTURE (F. Gul, H. Efeoglu)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………223

1038- MICROCONTROLLER BASED CIRCUIT AND SOFTWARE DESIGN TO AUTOMATE CZERNY-TURNER TYPE MONOCHROMATOR IN A COMPUTER AIDED PHOTOLUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (F. Gul, H. Efeoglu)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………224

1041- THE INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF SAFFLOWER BIODIESEL – DIESEL FUEL BLENDS AT DIFFERENT INJECTOR PRESSURES (I. Ors, A. Kahraman, M. Ciniviz, B. Sayin Kul)………………………..225

1042- OPTIMIZATION OF LEACHING CONDITIONS OF COPPER SLAG (A. Demiraslan, M. Deniz Turan, Z.A. Sari, H. Nizamoglu)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………226

1044- OPTIMIZATION OF LEACHING CONDITIONS OF COPPER SLAG (Y. Celik, O. Yildirim, M. Karabatak)………………227

1045- A CNN MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT QUALITY ASSESSMENT: PISTACHIO APPLICATION (M.S. Akkus, Y. Celik, O. Yildirim)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...228

1046- GASIFICATION OF FORMALDEHYDE INTO HYDROGEN AND METHANE ON ZINC OXIDE CATALYST IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER (A. Ates, H. Hatipoglu)…………………………………………………………………………………….229

1054- SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BARLEY STRAW-CONTAINED POLYOLS (T. Gursoy)…………………230

1056- THE USE OF VITAMIN B2 FOR COPPER PROTECTION: SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER NANOFILMS AND CORROSION INHIBITOR (E. Demir, I.Y. Erdogan, R. Solmaz)………………………………………………………………………231

1057- NOVEL GREEN AND NANO-SCALED THIN FILMS, RHODANINE SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION (A. Salcı, R. Solmaz)…………………………………………………………………232

1062- ELECTROCHEMICAL AND THERMAL STABILITY OF NOVEL NANO-SCALED AMINORHODANINE SELF- ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER FILMS ON COPPER (R. Solmaz, A. Salci, D. Ozdemir)…………………………………………….233

1065- MEASUREMENT OF Lβ / Lα INTENSITY RATIO OF Sm2(SO4)3 COMPOUND AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES (E. Cinan, A. Levet, N. Ekinci, E. Kavaz, Y. Ozdemir)…………………………………………………………………………………….234

1066- SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF MOLYBDENUM OXIDE FOR GASIFICATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER (A. Ates, H. Hatipoglu)……………………………………………………………..……………………...235

1072- BIODIVERSITY OF SAPONARIA L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) IN TURKEY (M. Erdir, E. Ataslar)………………………..236

1073- THE SIMULATION OF PASSIVE COOLING USING GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER (E. Duman, H. Tutumlu, M. Inalli)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….237

1080- DETERMINATION OF STANDARD TIMES IN DIE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES (G. Goklu, H. Altunay, I.O. Yilmaz, N. Ceylan, S. Ozmutlu, H.C. Ozmutlu)…………………..238

1082-PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER FILM, 5-(4- DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYLIDENE)RHODANIN: APPLICATION FOR COPPER PROTECTION (R. Solmaz, A. Salci)……….239

1090- DYNAMIC ROAD SELECTION USING THE K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR IN URBAN TRAFFIC (I. Govercin, O. Karaduman, E. Avci)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….240

1102- MANYETİK AŞINDICILARLA DÜZLEM YÜZEYLERİN İŞLENEBİLİRLİĞİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI (U. Caydas, T. Demirel)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….241

1106- INVESTIGATION OF THE FLOOD DISCHARGES USING DIFFERENT METHODS: ŞORŞOR STREAM SAMPLE (V. Kartal, M. Tunc)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………242

1107- PROGRAMMABLE MICROBIOROBOT DESIGN USING NATURAL SYSTEMS IN MICROORGANISMS (V. Celik Ozgen, N. Kan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….243

1108- PRODUCTION OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES BY METABOLIC ENGINEERING APPROACH (V. Celik Ozgen, Y. Kus)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….244

1110- DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF COPOLYMERS PREPARED BY RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION (G. Torgut G. Pihtili, K. Demirelli)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….245

1112- REACTIVITY RATE OF P(MMA-COMB-BMA) COMB-TYPE COPOLYMER (G.Pihtili, G. Torgut, K.Demirelli)……..246

1115- PREPARATION OF FUNCTIONAL SUPERPOROUS CARBON MATERIAL DERIVED INDUSTRIAL WASTE BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION AND EFFECTS OF CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURE AND TIME ON SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS (H. Sayğılı, F. Guzel, G. Akkaya Saygili)…………………………………………………………………..247

1124- UTILIZATION FROM INSECTS IN BIOMIMETICS (I. Ozgen)………………………………………………………………...248

1125- THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT COLORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRE-ADOLESCENT PERIODS OF OENOPIA CONGLOBATA LINNAEUS, 1758 (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS (I. Ozgen, M. Mamay, E. N. Gunduz, D. Eraslan, A. E. Kavak)…………………………………………………………………………………….249

1126- INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF NEEM OIL (NEEMIX 4.5) ON OENOPIA CONGLOBATA LINNAEUS, 1758 (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), ANTHOCORIS MINKI DOHRN, 1860 (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) AND ORIUS LAEVIGATUS FIEBER (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS (I. Özgen , M. Mamay, G. Sutsatan , T. Basli, B. Akgul)……………………………………………………………250

1129- PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF ZRO2 NANOPARTICLES CO-DOPED WITH DY3+ AND YB3+ (E. Yildiz)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….251

1131- A NOVEL CLUSTERING APPROACH BASED ON FIREFLY ALGORITHM (H. Altunay, A. Sengur)…………………252

1132- EVALUATION OF AUDIO ANALYSIS TOOLS IN TERMS OF DIGITAL FORENSICS (Y. Korkmaz, A. Boyaci)…….253

1135- A PREVENTION MODEL FOR APT ATTACKS DURING APPLICATION LIFECYCLE ((Y. Korkmaz, A. Boyaci)…….254

1136- A REVOLUTION IN CLASSICAL NETWORK TO COGNITIVE SCIENCES (I. Ahmed)………………………………….255

1169- PRODUCTION OF NANO-ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS FOR BATTERY APPLICATIONS (A. Dere).256

1170- AN OPTOELECTRONIC SENSOR FOR SMART HOUSE APPLICATIONS (A. Dere)……………………………………257

1171- COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN OF PETROCHEMICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CASING UNDER HIGH PRESSURE (O. Cebeci, M. Kurt, B. Mutlu)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258

1172- PRE-DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS (K. Ayturan, U. Kilic, M.T. Gulluoglu)………….259

1179- THE EFFECT OF TIO2 DOPED ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINC OXIDE CARBON NANOTUBE (O. Basgoz, E. Evin, O. Guler)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...260

1180- NANOSTRUCTURED RADAR ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR AIR CRAFTS (A. Dere, F. Yakuphanoglu)………..261

1181- BIOSENSOR BASED ON ZNO NANOSTRUCTURE FOR DNA SEQUENCE RECOGNITION (A. Dere, F. Yakuphanoglu)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………262

1183- AN INVESTIGATION ON SPEECH RECOGNITION FROM BIOMETRIC DATA IN DIGITAL FORENSICS (S. Dogan, E. Akbal, T. Tuncer, F. Gunes)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….263

1186- BORIDING OF FERROUS-BASED POWDER METAL STEELS IN DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS (N. Yilmaz, A. Calik)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………264

1196- A REAL TIME DSP IMPLEMENTATION OF REMOVING CROSS-TALK IN SEMG MEASUREMENTS WITH JADE ALGORITHM (U. Baspinar)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……265

1214- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC HYDROXYAPATITIS REINFORCED EXPANDED PERLITE AND IN VITRO BEHAVIOR (E. Karip, M. Muratoglu)………………………………………………………………………………………...266

1215- INVESTIGATE OF SHEEP HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH EXPANDED PERLITE, P2O5,

MgO AND ZrO2 (M. Muratoglu, E. Karip, T. Özcan, S Baydemir)………………………………………………………………..…267

1216- PRODUCTION OF AL AND AL 6061 METAL FOAM REINFORCED WITH EXPANDED PERLITE, TiH2 (S. Aydin, E. Karip, M. Muratoglu)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..268

1218- DETECTING OF TOOL FRACTURE AS ON-LINE BY ANALYSING OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS (Y. Gokhan, S. Haci, N. Suleyman)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….269

1220- EFFECT OF FILTER SELECTION PARAMETERS ON TOTAL AND OPERATION LIFE IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS (S. Haci, Y. Gokhan, N. Suleyman)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..270

1225- PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION, PERCEPTION, AND SELF-EFFICACY OF IN-SERVICE AND PRE-SERVICE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TEACHERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON STUDIES BETWEEN 2006 AND 2016 (Y. K. Turel, G. Dogan)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..271

ESD Coating of Surface with Intermetallic Phases for The Purpose of Cyclic Spot Weld Service Performance

Ş. Talaş.1, *, A. Hitit2, B. Gökçe3, A. Çetkin4

1Departmant of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 2Departmant of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 3,4Departmant of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

Good metallurgical bonding, minimal heat affected zone and high cooling rate with fine deposiiton microstructure can be obtained with ESD process which occurs through the local transfer of the molten electrode material into a molten pool of the substrate. ESD process are effectively used in coating of spot welding caps in order to reduce the wear when spot welding Zn coated automotive steels. It provides a sufficiently good thermal and electrical conductivity to keep the heat at the weld nugget. By this, it is cost effective and produces stronger joints. In this study, the coating by intermetallic phases have been tested against Copper caps with respect to standard uncoated caps. The results suggest that intermetallic phase coating may not be as efficient as ceramic matrix composite coatings due to their intrinsic brittleness during and after spot welding process.

Keywords: ESD coating of Surface, spot weld service performance.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-272-228 1446/15176. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Talaş).

1

Co-Liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite with Poplar Sawdust

A. Ozdemir1, K. Ergun1, C. Koyunoglu2,*, H. Karaca1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey 2Energy Institute, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

In this study, the liquefaction of coal and biomass with direct liquefaction method was investigated. In this study, direct liquefaction method is emphasized. The aim of liquefaction is both to use more of the existing coal and biomass resources more efficiently and to produce an alternative liquid fuel to oil. Therefore, the process parameters must be determined to increase the liquefaction efficiency. In addition, it is proposed to carry out the liquefaction efficiency, especially in the catalytic conditions, to increase the amount of oil. Process parameters were determined by using Factorial Experimental Design method in the liquefaction processes. The solid/liquid ratio was changed as 1/2-1/4, the catalyst concentration was 2-6%, the temperature was 375-400 oC and the duration was 30-90 min. Initial nitrogen pressure was set at 30 bar, mixing speed was 400 rpm, coal/biomass ratio was fixed at 1/1. Tetralin as a solvent and MoO6 as catalyst. At the end of the liquefaction process, the total conversions were calculated based on the obtained non-reactive solid (char). According to the results obtained, the highest total conversion (81.9%) was obtained at a solid/liquid ratio of 1/2, a catalyst concentration of 2%, a reaction time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 400 °C. Based on total conversions and alternative liquid fuel oil (oil) in the given conditions, the solid / liquid ratio can be taken as 1/2, the catalyst concentration is 2%, the reaction time is 30-90 min and the reaction temperature is 400 °C.

Keywords: Co-liquefaction, lignite, poplar sawdust.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-422-377 4752. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Koyunoglu).

2

Processing of Carbide Cermets to Fabricate Graded Hard Materials

A.Özer1,*, U. Hilal Özer1, Y. Kemal TÜR2

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey 2Department of Material Science and Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey

In this study, alcohol based tape casting of cermet mixtures were investigated. The mixtures were prepared using BBP as plasticizer, PEG400 as dispersant, azetropic mixture of ethanol with aceton (50-50) as solvent. The powder mixtures were chosen as Cr3C2-Cr3C2/Ni-Ni/Cr to form a symmetric layer of composites. This was proposed as hardest outer and tougher inner side to produce a sintering of Ni(Cr) while it partially flows to outer layers to produce a functionally graded material of new type cermets. The green tapes of laminated structure was let to dry for 1 day in an oven, then calcination at 600°C was performed to evaporate the polymeric materials. The sintering was done at 1400°C for 2 h in argon atmosphere. The cermet was characterized by SEM (SE-BSE), XRD, Vickers microhardness test to analysis the layer formation and final sintering structure. The layer formation with a gradient Ni from inner to outer was evident with a low amount of porosity at outside due to lower amount of metallic phase. The hardness was higher at the secondary layer of outside which is fully sintered and tough layer was having the lowest value of hardness.

Keywords: Carbide, cermets, tape casting, lamination, SEM, HMV.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-4875998. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Özer).

3

Synthesis of Cross-Linked Cyclodextrins as Drug Carriers

1, * 2 2 H. İ. Çetintaş , S. Salgın , U. Salgın

1Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

The cyclodextrins (CDs), which are the members of cyclic oligosaccharides, have a three- dimensional frustoconical structure. Because CDs have hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior, they can form water-soluble inclusion complexes with drugs which are poorly soluble in water. Thus CDs enhance the bio-availability of drugs in addition to water solubility. The nano- materials synthesized as a result of CDs reaction with suitable cross-linkers, are known as nanosponges. In comparison to CDs, nanosponges can form inclusion complexes with higher amounts. Therefore, nanosponges are considered as promising novel drug carrier systems. In this study, β-CD units were cross-linked each other by using pyromellitic dianhydride as cross-linker and cyclodextrin based nanosponges with three-dimesional network were synthesized. The chemical structure of nanosponges was characterized by FTIR, the morphology of nanosponges was characterized by SEM. Ketoprofen, which is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflamatuar drugs (NSAID) and very poorly soluble in water (51 mg/L at 22 oC), was loaded into drug carriers in orbital shaker at 35 oC and 300 rpm. The concentration of loaded drugs was determined by HPLC. As a result, water solubility of ketoprofen was increased aproximately 35 times by means of this application.

Keywords: Cyclodextrin, nanosponge, ketoprofen, drug carrier.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported within the scope of project M-564 by CÜBAP.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-545-5921860: fax: +90-346-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. İ. Çetintaş).

4

Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of AZ30 Magnesium Alloy

N. Ozdemir1,*, O. Yiğit 1, T.S. Şeker1

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

In this study, AZ30 Magnesium alloy which thickness of 5 mm were joined by Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIGW) to determine the process parameters and their effect on weld quality, including weld strength and fracture morphologies. Two dominant welding parameters including wlding current and welding time were evaluated independently to obtain good weld quality. Metallographic examinations of the fracture surfaces provided insights on the fracture characteristics of the TIG welded AZ30 magnesium alloys. Higher weld strength was obtained at welding current of 160 A.

Keywords: TIG welding, AZ30 Magnesium alloy, microstructure, mechanical properties.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4217: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Özdemir).

5

PTA Welding of AISI 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel by Using AISI 316 Filler Metal

N. Ozdemir1,*, O. Yiğit 1, O. Mızrak 1

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The martensitic stainless steels are widely used in many industries with their excellent mechanical properties and sufficient corrosion resistance. These steels usually are used for a wide range of applications like nuclear power plants, steam generators, mixer blades, pressure vessels, turbine blades, surgical tools, instrument manufacturing and so on. Contrary to good mechanical and corrosion properties of martensitic steels, poor weldability and cold cracking sensitivity are major problems that are faced in joining of these steels. In this study, the weldability of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel by Plasma arc transfer welding (PTAW) method using AISI 316 filler metal has been investigated. Effects of post weld heat treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of PTA welded AISI 420 martensitic stainless have also been determined. As a conclusion, it was determined that post weld heat treatments sufficiently improved the mechanical properties of the welds.

Keywords: Plasma arc transfer welding, AISI 420 Martensitic stainless steel, mechanical properties.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4217: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Özdemir).

6

Solar – Hydrogen Hybrid System for Renewable Energy Community

Y. Devrim1,*, K. Pehlivanoğlu2, A. Albostan1

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey 2Teksis İleri Teknolojiler, METU Technopolis, Ankara, Turkey

Hybrid energy systems with alternative energy sources are a movement towards solving energy problem in the World. Solar energy and hydrogen energy is the best couple for hybrid energy systems because among the all renewable energy sources they are the most efficient power production sources over the world. The energy conversion from solar energy to electrical energy with using PV cells is the good solution for better well a clean energy with it is naturally harnesses the sun energy. The main disadvantage of the solar energy system is that it cannot generate the power without sunshine duration. The performance of solar system can be improved by integrating other energy systems. Batteries used for a short term storage but hydrogen is locally produced by electrolyzer for medium term and potentially seasonal storage. In this study solar – hydrogen hybrid system is designed and analyzed for renewable energy community in Ankara. Designed hybrid system consists of an electrolyzer, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and PV cells. The basic energy source of the system is solar light which is converted to electricity by PV cells. Electricity is generated for the power supply of the electrolyzer and household appliances, during the sunshine is available. Rest of the time PEMFC meets energy demand of the communities. Proposed hybrid system can provide its own energy and sell excess electrical energy to the grid. The study shows that, designed hybrid system for renewable energy communities provides an applicable option for powering stand-alone household in a self-sustainable expedient.

Keywords: Hybrid energy system, hydrogen energy, solar energy, fuel cell.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-586 8560/8892; fax: +90-312-586 8091. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Devrim).

7

Cytotoxicity of Hydroxyapatite Based Coatings on Nitinol Materials

Y. Say1,*, B. Aksakal2,3, H. Bulut4

1 Engineering Faculty, Dept of Metall. and Mater. Eng., Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey 2 Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Eng, Dept of Metall and Mater Eng., 34220 Istanbul, Turkey 3Engineering Faculty, Dept of Mech Eng., Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey 4 Firat University, Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , 23110, Elazig, Turkey

Surfaces of Nitinol alloys used as implant materials were coated with Single-HA and Duplex HA-Se / Chitosan by sol-gel method to improve biocompatibility. It is thought that the coating of Nitinol implant materials by HA-Se / Chitosan duplex coatings could accelerate the healing process by tolerating the body implants more quickly in orthopedic dental and partly cardiovascular clinical applications. The surface morphologies of the bioceramic coatings were examined by SEM, EDX, XRD and cytotoxicity tests to show the effect of surface coating on the viability of bone cells. From the results obtained; Porous surface morphologies at low crack density were obtained after coating and sintering processes. After the viability tests, it was observed that the density of live bone cells on coated Nitinol surfaces increased with the achieved bioceramic coatings. Through the analyses, it was also seen that Selenium addition increased the intensity of the dyed bone cells.

Keywords: Nitinol; hydroxyapatite; sol-gel; cell viability.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-2131794/2516 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Say).

8

Effects of Hydroxyapatite-Based Bioceramic Coatings on the Cell Viability of Stainless Steel Alloys

Y. Say1,*, B. Aksakal1,2, H. Bulut3

1 Engineering Faculty, Dept of Metall and Mater Eng., Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey 2 Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Eng, Dept of Metall and Mater Eng., 34220 Istanbul, Turkey 3Engineering Faculty, Dept of Mech Eng., Munzur University, 62000 Tunceli, Turkey 4 Firat University, Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , 23110, Elazig, Turkey

Metallic biomaterials have sufficient strength properties via in vivo applications, but biocompatibility properties need to be improved to prevent metallic biomaterials from causing allergic tissue reactions. For this purpose, the surfaces of Stainless Steel alloys were coated with Single-HA and Duplex HA-Se / Chitosan by sol-gel method and the viability of bone cells was examined by subjecting bioceramic coatings to cytotoxicity tests. Coating surfaces were characterized by SEM-EDX and XRD and the presence of coatings on metallic surfaces was supported by EDX and XRD. After sintering, crack-free and porous surface morphologies, which are important for coating-tissue interaction, have been obtained. It was observed that single-HA coatings increased the viability of bone cells and that the density of dyed bone cells increased with HA-Se / Chitosan Duplex coatings. The current results showed that, due to increase in cell viability ratio, the bioceramic coated implant metallic surfaces can be used after being coated with Single HA or Duplex HA-Se / Chitosan especially in hard tissue applications.

Keywords: Stainless steel; hydroxyapatite; sol-gel; cell viability.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-2131794/2516 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Say).

9

4-Chloromethyl-6, 7-dimethylcoumarin Synthesis and Quantum Chemical Calculations

N.P. Koparir1,*, A.E. Parlak2, K.Saraç3, N.Ö. Alayunt4, C. Orek5, M. Koparir1

1Department of Chemistry Engineering, Science Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Keban Vocational School, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 3Department of Materials and Metallurgy Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, , Bitlis, Turkey 4Department of Laboratory Technology, Banaz Vocational School, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey 5Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, , Kastamonu, Turkey

In this study, 4-Chloromethyl-6, 7-dimethylcoumarin compound has been synthesized. In order to determine theoretical the geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond lengths) of the synthesized compound energy values of the highest filled molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest empty molecular orbitals (LUMO) and the difference between them(ΔE), calculations were made in the different solvents (carbon tetrachloride, ethanol and Water) at the level of B3LYP / 6-31G (d). Electronic properties of the compound (total energy, electronegativity, chemical softness and hardness) and Mulliken atomic loads were investigated using the Gaussian 09W program. Furthermore, the calculated vibration frequencies were compared with the experimental values obtained by FT-IR.

Keywords: Kumarin, Molecular orbital, Functional theory of density, FT-IR spectra

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3702. E-mail address: [email protected] (N.P. Koparir).

10

Optimization of Linear Consecutive-k-out-of-n System under Stress-strength Model

Y. Güral 1,*, G. Gökdere 1, A. T. Buğatekin 1

1Department of Statistic, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The consecutive-k-out-of-n system has aroused great interest since it was first proposed by [1]. Such systems can be classified with respect to the logical or physical connections among components as either linear or circular and the functioning principle as either failed (F) or good (G). Because of high reliability and economic benefits, it has extensive application in the area of engineering science. The reliability of the system is reliant on the reliabilities of the components. In some systems, two or more components have identical functions and can be assigned to each other’s positions to improve the reliability of the system. In various engineering systems, reliability evaluations have been applied consecutive-k-out-of-n system models. In this paper, we propose a Birnbaum importance based genetic algorithm to find optimal arrangement for linear consecutive-k-out-of-n: F(G) (Lin/Con/k/n: F(G)) system under stress-strength model. Lin/Con/k/n: F system is an ordered sequence of n components such that the system fails if and only if at least k consecutive components fail. Lin/Con/k/n: G system is an ordered sequence of n components such that the system works if and only if at least k consecutive components work. The optimization of Lin/Con/k/n system under stress strength model can be described as an optimal arrangement where n components which are under stress are assigned to n positions to maximize the system reliability.

Keywords: Lin/Con/k/n: F(G) system, genetic algorithm, Birnbaum importance.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3573. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Güral).

11

Linear m-Consecutive-k-out-of-n: F Repairable System with Unequal Component Failure Probabilities

G. Gokdere1,*, Y. Güral1, M. Gürcan1

1Department of Statistic, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey

A linear m-consecutive-k-out-of-n: F system consists of a sequence of n ordered components such that the system fails if and only if there are at least m non-overlapping runs of k consecutive failed components. The first report for this system was presented in [1]. Later, the exact reliability formulae for this system were given in [2]. If we consider that components are repairable, then such system is called a repairable m-consecutive-k-out-of-n: F system. In this paper, by using the definition of generalized transition probability (Definition 1) and the concept of key component (Definition 2) we developed a mathematical formula for the state transition probabilities of the system. Some important reliability indices such as system availability, rate of occurrence of failure and mean time to first failure of the system are also studied. Definition 1: Assume that is a continuous-time homogeneous Markov process with finite state space . Let

where . is the number of random cases for given state . Let

Then, the generalized transition probability from state to state in time is defined

Definition 2: Assume that the system is in a failed state, a failed component is called a key component if the system will be in a working state after completion of the repair on the component; otherwise the failed component is called an ordinary component.

Keywords: Repairable m-consecutive-k-out-of-n: F system, generalized transition probability, system availability, rate of occurrence of failure, mean time to first failure.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3577. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Gokdere).

12

Large-Scale Colloidal Self-Assembly of Monolayer Nanostructures Based Polyurethane

N. Gozubenli1,*

1Department of Molecular Biology&Genetics, , Sanlıurfa, Turkey

We report a promising colloidal templating method to fabricate the highly ordered single layer of colloidal crystal on plastic and glass subjects. The monolayer structure on the top of non-close packed colloidal crystals with the silica particles embedded in ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) polymer can be transferred from large scale wafer to polymer surface based polyurethane. After oxygen plasma etching process of Si wafer covered by colloidal crystals, a highly ordered pattern of monolayer can be applied to flat and even curved surfaces, which are not easily available by current top-down and bottom-up approaches. The mixture of urethane and acrylate monomers might be one of important tools (as a template material) due to optical transparency, flexibility and durability for transferring monolayer of colloidal crystals. When it is compared to other triacrylate polymer matrix, this mixture shows the ability of robustness and elasticity to transfer monolayer from whole wafer covered by ETPTA polymer composite-colloidal crystals. Preparation of stable hexagonal monolayer array and followed transfer process can be performed smoothly without additional templates. We also demonstrate that this method enables large area production of hexagonal nanostructures for various applications in future to prepare nanoholes, nanodots and so on. This transfer method might be a new candidate for scalable production of periodic monolayer nanostructures that have novel applications ranging from optical devices to high efficiency coating methods for flat panel displays.

Keywords: Monolayer nanoarray, colloidal crystals, plasmonics, layer by layer (LBL) transfer technique, top down technique, nanosphere lithography.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-414-318 3000/1503. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Gozubenli).

13

Scalable Fabrication of Electrodes of Organic Generators based on Ordered Colloidal Structures by LbL Transfer Technique N. Gozubenli1,*

1Department of Molecular Biology&Genetics, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey

Self-assembled two-dimensional (2-D) colloidal crystals have been extensively utilized in the so-called colloidal lithography (or nanosphere lithography) for fabricating a wide spectrum of functional periodic nanostructures for important technological applications. Here we report a simple and scalable colloidal transferring technique for fabricating highly ordered 2-D colloidal monolayers with unusual non-close-packed structures on a large variety of substrates (e.g., plastics and glass electrodes of triboelectric generators (TENG’s)). A copolymer consisting of a 1:1 ratio of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) and polyurethane (PU) is used as the particle transferring agent to transfer colloidal monolayers from a self-assembled 3-D colloidal crystals in a layer-by-layer manner. The unique combination of optical transparency, flexibility, and durability of the copolymer enables wafer-scale transfer of colloidal monolayers onto both flat and curved surfaces, which are not easily available by current top-down and bottom-up approaches for fabrication of electrodes of TENG’s. We also demonstrate this method enables large-area production of hexagonally ordered nanostructures (e.g., periodic nanoarrays for organic electrodes of TENG’s) which have important applications ranging from self-powered portable devices harvesting electricity to biosensors.

Keywords: Organic generators, colloidal self-assembly, triboelectric nanogenerators, contact electrification, layer by layer transfer technique

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-414-318 3000/1503. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Gozubenli).

14

Fishing and Other Alternative Opportunities in Keban Dam Lakes

M. Özçelik1, G. Tuna Keleştemur2,*

1Fisheries Faculty, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

Keban Dam Lake is Turkey's largest artificial lake. It is located in the 3rd place between the Natural Lakes with 675 km2 area. The length of the dam along the Murat valley is 125 km. Dir. The width varies somewhat. In Keban Dam Lake, besides electricity production, water hunting is done and fish production is performed. It is the first big investments of Turkey in terms of energy. Construction started in 1965. In 1974, the first four large tribunes, in 1981, four other tribunes entered the circuit. The total installed capacity of the dam is 134 Megawatt and the annual energy production is 7.5 Billion KW / hour. In this study, cage fish, sportive, aquaculture, natural species and other activities were investigated in this dam lake.

Keywords: Keban Dam Lake, fisheries, cage fisheries.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Tuna Keleştemur).

15

Endocrinological Applications in Fish Culture

M. Kavak1, *, G. Tuna Keleştemur2

1Fisheries Faculty, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey 2Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The ever-increasing world population and rising standard of living make it necessary to produce high quality and good quality animal nutrients. In order to achieve this, it is very important to use hormone-sensitive growth materials as well as a good care and feeding and improvement of the genetic structure. Hormones in fish breeding; are used for accelerating growth, procreation, gender diversion, pigmentation and sterilization. Hormones can be administered directly or indirectly. It is very important to adhere to the dose of hormone applied. Otherwise, there will be a disadvantage in terms of the damage to the fish and the removal of the remains from the body. According to the hormone substance of the hormones applied to the hormones, it takes a certain period of time for the hormones to be removed from the body after the hormones are cut off. Before the fish are marketed and before they are consumed, it is essential to ensure that the remains are completely thrown away by following the waiting periods. Otherwise, it is predicted that the hormone residues in the fish are very harmful to human health.

Keywords: Fish culture, hormonal applications, growth, sterilization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Tuna Keleştemur).

16

Advantages / Disadvantages of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Methods According to Traditional Manufacturing Method

A. Yıldız1, *, S. Güvercin2, B. Bakircioğlu3

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey 2Machine Technology Program, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 3Machine Technology Program, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

Today's high-strength new materials require new production technologies for reasons such as the difficulty of working in very small processing areas and the processing of complex geometries. Unlike traditional machining methods, non-traditional machining methods developed for achieving these requirements process parts by energy transfer without creating a direct contact between the work piece and the tool, such as mechanical and thermal stresses. Non-traditional manufacturing methods are rapidly becoming popular and take the place of traditional manufacturing methods due to the fact that the processing parameters are mostly computer controlled and the fixtures used are relatively simple due to the working environment which does not require direct contact, because of the high quality of low cost processing of parts that cannot be economically processed by traditional manufacturing methods. Traditional manufacturing methods, however, remain weak and limited in today's applications, despite the fact that they are in the process of developing beyond the century. In these methods, the chip is removed from the material by using mechanical force and by forcing, generally creating shear stresses in the material. Chips removal by stress are common features of all traditional manufacturing methods. In these methods, the work size is limited and there is always a problem of tool vibration since there is physical contact in the process range and this makes tool wear inevitable. Non- traditional manufacturing methods have gained prominence, especially in recent years, as traditional methods have failed to meet the expectations of product demands by electronics, computer, aerospace and space industries. Therefore, in this work, non-traditional methods used in the manufacturing sector have been investigated. In this context, non-traditional manufacturing methods in Turkey have been examined and their advantages / disadvantages compared to traditional methods have been investigated.

Keywords: Traditional manufacturing methods, non-traditional manufacturing methods, manufacturing sector.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-224-300 3726. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Yıldız).

17

Preparation and Cytocompatibility of Sol-Gel Derived Alumina-Bovine Hydroxyapatite (BHA) Composite Powders

A. Yelten1, *, O. Karal-Yilmaz2, G. Cetinkaya2, S. Yilmaz1

1Istanbul University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 34320- Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey 2Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Centre, TUBITAK, Kocaeli, Turkey

Bioceramics which are defined as any ceramic, glass or glass-ceramic used as a biomaterial, have been widely functioned in medical applications. Alumina (Al2O3) and hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) are clinically promising bioceramic materials. Alumina is a bioinert material because of its limited tissue bonding capacity and it shows high strength, wear and corrosion resistance. Hydroxyapatite (HA) which is the main constituent of the bone structure is a bioactive ceramic material owing to its excellent ability of forming bonds with the body tissues [1-3]. In this study, in-vitro biological response of the sol-gel derived alumina-bovine hydroxyapatite composite powders was investigated. First of all, boehmite sol was synthesized by following the sol-gel process where aluminium isopropoxide was the starting precursor. Then, addition of the bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) powders as 10, 20, 30 and 50% weight of the starting material to each boehmite sol was carried out. BHA powders were derived from the deproteinized bovine bones and therefore can be defined as a kind of natural hydroxyapatite. In order to homogeneously disperse the BHA powders in the boehmite sol, Na-alginate was employed. Later, the boehmite-BHA mixtures were gelated for 3 hours at 110 ºC. Lastly, the gelated/dried boehmite-BHA mixtures were heat treated for 2 hours at 1300 ºC [4,5]. XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDS analyses were done to characterize the chemical, molecular bonding and morphological properties of the prepared composite powders composed of α-alumina and CaP based phases. In-vitro bioactivity of the alumina-CaP based biocomposite powders was ensured through in-vitro primary fetal chondrocyte culture on composite discs. The cell proliferation and viability were determined by MTT assay.

Keywords: Alumina, bovine hydroxyapatite, sol-gel method, biocomposites, in-vitro bioactivity.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-473 7070/17650. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Yelten).

18

Green Dehydrogenation of Dimethylamine-Borane Catalyzed by Ruthenium Nanoclusters Prepared Using Various Stabilizers

S. Duman 1,*, B. Bukan 1

1Department of Chemistry, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

Use of catalysts that located in the 12 principles of Green Chemistry is an important area of research. Application and investigation of catalysts how are non-perishable after use, non-toxic, easily separated and reusable after reaction can be considered one of the vital areas for the chemical industry. Because of the relatively high use of oil derivatives many chemical industry attempts to produce solvents with high E-factor. In addition to supercritical fluids, ionic liquids and fluorinated solvents produced and used for this purpose, "The best solvent is no solvent" approach has been the focus of our attention in this project. In this study, generation of hydrogen from solvent-free catalytic dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane that has low melting point 35°C) was obtained using the simple mechanical mixing technique in accordance with the green synthesis principles. In addition, synthesis of active ruthenium nanoclusters prepared using various stabilizers and provided dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane as catalyst was carried out and the activities of these nanoclusters were compared by classical methods investigating with many parameters (catalytic activity, temperature, activation energy, reusability, TOF, particle size, etc). Ruthenium nanoclusters prepared using various stabilizers were identified by TEM, SEM, P-XRD, ATR-FTIR, 11B NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Keywords: Green dehydrogenation, amine borane, solvent-free synthesis, eco-friendly approach.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2504: fax: +90-426-215 0877. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Duman).

19

Oleylamine Stabilized Cu39Pt61Nanoparticles: In-situ Generation, Characterization and Use Synergistic Dehydrogenation of Dimethylamine- Borane

S. Duman 1,*, H. Demir 1

1Department of Chemistry, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

Herein, we reported in situ generation, characterization and catalytic activity of oleylamine stabilized CuPt nanoparticles in the synergistic dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane at room temperature. These alloy nanoparticles were isolated from the reaction solution by filtration and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Among the oleylamine stabilized CuPt nanoparticles tested for the dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane, the Cu39Pt61 nanoparticles having particle size of 4.8 + 0.2 nm exhibited the highest catalytic activity and durability at room temperature. We also reported the results of a kinetic study on the hydrogen generation from the dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane catalyzed by oleylamine stabilized Cu39Pt61 nanoparticles as well as the activation parameters of catalytic dehydrogenation of dimethylamine- borane calculated from the kinetic data. Oleylamine stabilized Cu39Pt61 nanoparticles providing a release of 1.0 equivalent H2 per mole of dimethylamine-borane with initial turnover frequency and activation energy were 121 h-1 and 47 kJmol-1, respectively. The poisoning experiments showed that the synergistic dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane catalyzed by oleylamine stabilized Cu39Pt61 nanoparticles is heterogeneous catalysis. These results indicate that synthesis of oleylamine stabilized CuPt nanoparticles may represent a new approach to replace noble metals for the catalysis for future development of dimethylamine-borane into a practical hydrogen storage material for renewable energy applications.

Keywords: Dimethylamine-borane, synergistic effect, dehydrogenation, bimetallic nanoparticles, hydrogen storage.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2504: fax: +90-426-215 0877. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Duman).

20

The Parameters and Application Areas of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Method

O. Erdem1, *

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey

In today's manufacturing industry, Additive Manufacturing Technology (AMT) has an unusual importance. The increasing competition in global economy and the requirements of shorten the manufacturing times of designed products have forced companies to investigate alternative production methods. In AMT, unlike the removal of sawdust from block materials such as traditional machining processes, melted materials are stacked on the layer as a layer during the production. Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), a new method of AMT, is based on the principle of melting metal powders by a laser power source and stacking them in layers. Since the metal parts produced by DMLS method are final products that can be used directly, DMLS method has recently considered as the future of AMT. Over the last few years, DMLS commercial products have been used in many industries such as automotive, electronics, space, health, dental, mold and machinery. In this study, it is aimed to give information about historical development, machining principle, processing parameters and application areas of DMLS method.

Keywords: Additive manufacturing technology, direct metal laser sintering, laser sintering.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-386-286 3825: fax: +90-386-286 3800. E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Erdem).

21

Effect of Type and Amount of Cross-linking Agents to Magnetic PSA Immunosensor Synthesis

N. Soyer Tuzlalı 1,*, S. Salgın 1, U. Salgın 1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

Medical diagnosis of prostate cancer is very important because prostate cancer is one of the most common and mortal cancer types in men. The ability to determine the level of prostate cancer biomarker prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the human body has increased the study for the design of low cost, high sensitivity and easy to prepare biosensors. The aim of this study is to determine the type and amount of cross-linking agents most suitable for the synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticle (FeNP) based PSA immunosensor.

FeNPs were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and the FeNP surface was modified with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane. PSA and its specific antibodies binding to modified FeNP surface was carried out for 4 hours in an orbital shaker at 25 °C temperature, 200 rpm stirring rate using different types and amounts of cross-linking agents such as N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The efficiency of the synthesized PSA immunosensor was examined by measuring peroxidase enzyme activity. Furthermore the synthesized magnetic PSA immunosensors were characterized by measuring zeta potential, average hydrodynamic diameter values and FTIR analysis. The most suitable cross- linking agents type and amount was determined to be 15 μL EDC - 5 μL NHS combination which has the highest enzyme activity.

Keywords: Prostate specific antigen, immunosensor, magnetic FeNP.

Acknowledgement: This study is supported by Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects (CÜBAP) Commission within the scope of M-538 numbered project.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-542-340 9169: fax: +90-346-219 1176. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Soyer Tuzlalı).

22

Application of Full Factorial Design for Multiple Response Optimization of Vegetable Oils Methanolysis via Homogeneous Catalysis

Y. Yücel 1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31040 Hatay, Turkey

The Biodiesel which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol is receiving increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. Biodiesel is also known as fatty acid methyl esters, and it is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters obtained from both animal fats and vegetable oils. Biodiesel fuel properties are very close to petroleum diesel. For example, biodiesel has the proper viscosity, high flash point and high cetane number. The objective of the present work was to characterize the different variables affecting the alkali methanolysis of several vegetable oils like corn oil, sunflower oil and hazelnut oil by chemometric approach. The optimum values of the variables affecting the process were investigated by application of factorial design and response surface methodology. In the present work, the process of synthesis of methyl esters from corn oil (COME), sunflower oil (SOME) and hazelnut oil (HOME) using sodium hydroxide as catalyst, has been investigated and optimized by application of the full factorial design and response surface methodology. The effects of alcohol/oil molar ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time on the response were studied. ANOVA analysis was used to determine the significance of the factors and their interactions which primarily affect of the transesterification reactions. It is found that all the tested fuel properties of the biodiesel produced under the optimal production conditions conformed to the ASTM D6751 and EN14214.

Keywords: Biodiesel production, vegetable oil, full factorial design, response surface methodology.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-326-245 5845/1137: fax: +90-326-245 5867. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Yücel).

23

Determination and Optimization of Critical Variables That Affected Immobilization of Lipase Enzymes onto Loofah Sponge and Wood Chips by Chemometric Methods

Y. Yücel 1,*, İ. Sürmelioğlu 1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

Lipases are the most frequently used biocatalysts which can catalyze various reactions. Today, immobilization of lipase to catalyse the reactions has become more attractive because of the high cost of enzymes. In order to decrease the cost of the reaction processes, the enzyme should be immobilized in a suitable carrier and reused. It is known that support materials play an important role in the usefulness of an immobilized enzyme. Support materials should be low-cost and provide adequate large surface area for enzymatic reactions. In recent years, investigation of the usability of natural support materials in enzyme immobilization has been an important research topic due to the costs. In this study, we have investigated usability of loofah sponge and wood chips as natural support materials for lipase immobilization. Lipozyme TL-100L immobilized onto loofah sponge and wood chips using covalent binding method. Immobilization efficiency and activity of enzymes was calculated by spectrophotometric methods. The critical variables that affected immobilization of enzymes on the supports were identified by Plackett-Burman designs. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize effective parameters on mmobilization of enzyme. 5- level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was employed to evaluate effects of the immobilization parameters on the response. The significant level of both the main effects and the interactions are investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Keywords: Loofah sponge, wood chips, immobilization, lipase enzyme, chemometrics.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-326-245 5845/1137: fax: +90-4326-245 5867. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Yücel).

24

Enzymes in Fish and Seafood Processing

M. Duman1,*

1Department of Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Enzymes have been limited to a small number of applications inproduction and processing of fish and seafood for several centuries, but today they are extensively and increasingly used in research and fish processing as important processing aids/biocatalysts. They perform specific reactions essential for the production process but have no technological function in the final food, while ensuring the quality of the end product. A number of enzymes have uses in fish processing and quality control. Enzymes help to improve the quality, shelf life, freshness, appearance, functionality, nutritional value, aroma and form desired structure in many different fish products. In this review article, the present state of the art of enzyme utilization in fish and seafood processing is examined.

Keywords: Seafood processing,enzymes.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4535 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Duman).

25

The Socio-Economic Analysis of Fishermen of Lake Hazar (Elazig, Turkey)

M. Dartay1,*

1Department of Fisheries Technology, Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, TR-23119, Elazig, Turkey

This study was carried out in order to investigate the socio-economic and socio-demographic conditions of fishermen in Lake Hazar. The research, was obtained by questionnaire through face to face interview with 13 fishermen in the Lake Hazar. As a result of study, fishermen has been identified between 25 to 65 in age in the region and that 53.84 % of them are primary education graduates, 30.76 % are secondary school graduates 15.38 % are fisherman who do not go to school. It has been confirmed that 92.30 % of fishermen are married, 7.69 % of them are single and15.38 % of the married fisherman haven’t got children. The reasons selection fisheries of the fishermen are found that 23.07 % father's occupation, 46.15 % of them due to the unemployment, 38.46 % of them addition income. The income average monthly of fishermen has been found ₺ 1000-1999 to 23.07 % , ₺ 2000- 2999 to 53.84 %, ₺3000-3999 to 23.07 % . As a result of study ıt has been determined that it is not problem fish marketing of the region fishermen. However, it was detected at desired level of socio- economic structures.

Keywords: Socio-economic analysis, Lake Hazar, fishermen, Turkey

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4534. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Dartay).

26

Determination of Optimum Surface Processing Parameters by Anp and Taguchi Methods

S. Güvercin1,*, A. Gök2

1Machine Technology Program, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 2Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey

In all manufacturing methods, it is very important that there is a satisfactory roughness quality besides the geometric tolerances of the workpiece. Surfaces processed using different machining processes are directly or indirectly affected by the machining parameters. The poorly selected machining parameters cause losses such as rapid wear and tear of the cutting tools as well as economic loss such as the breakdown of the workpiece or low surface quality. In order to minimize the surface roughness due to this, it is necessary to investigate the effects of the processing parameters on the surface roughness and determine the most optimum processing parameters by using various methods. In this study, it is aimed to measure the surface roughness of AISI 1040 steel according to the determined processing parameters and determine the optimum surface treatment parameters. For this, firstly, the AISI 1040 steel is processed according to various processing parameters and surface roughness values are obtained as a result of the machining. Then, these surface roughness values are analysed separately by Analytical Network Process (ANP) method which is one of the multi-criteria decision method and Taguchi method and optimum surface treatment parameters are determined by comparing the results obtained from both methods.

Keywords: Surface roughness, Taguchi, analytical network process.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-358-211 5005/1530. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Güvercin).

27

Effect of Die Surface Angle, Temperature and Blank Holder Force on the Microhardness of Cups Obtained by Deep Drawing Method

C. Özek 1, V. Taşdemir2,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey 2Machine Program, Elbistan Vocational School, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.

There are many important factors affecting the forming of metals. One of these factors is work hardening. Work hardening which occurs during the forming of the material directly affects the flow of the cup to the die cavity, punch force, changes in the thickness of the cup and stresses in the cup. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of die surface angle, temperature and blank holder force on the microhardness of the obtained cups. In the study, 4 different die surface angles (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°), four different temperatures (25°C, 100oC, 175oC, 250oC) and three different blank holder forces (1200 N, 2400 N, 3600 N) parameters were used. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the microhardness of the cups decreased with the increase of the temperature, the microhardness of the cups increased with the increase of the blank holder force and the most ideal die surface angle is 5-10° in terms of both hardness and forming. Moreover, it has been observed that the lowest hardness in the obtained cups is at the bottom of the cup and the hardness increases as moved towards the mouth of the cup.

Keywords: Deep drawing, hardness distribution, die surface angle.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-344 3000/4085 E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Taşdemir).

28

Investigation of Warm Deep Drawing Process by Angular Deep Drawing Dies

C. Özek 1, V. Taşdemir 2,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey 2Machine Program, Elbistan Vocational School, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

Deep drawing is one of the methods widely used in metal sheet forming. Advances in materials and manufacturing technology have enabled the development of new types of dies. The production of higher and undamaged cups in one step are extremely important in terms of preventing die cost and material waste. In this study, it is aimed to determine the experimental effects of die surface angle, temperature and blank holder force on the warm deep drawing of AA5754-O alloy. For this purpose, the experiments were carried out at 25oC, 100°C, 175°C and 250°C temperatures; 1200 N, 2400 N and 3600 N blank holder forces by giving 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° angles to the die surfaces. In the experiments, the die clearance, punch and die radii were kept constant as 1,35 mm and 8 mm, respectively. In order to reduce the friction force between die and blank, MoS2 was used as lubricant. It has been experimentally found out that the effect of blank holder force and the angle of die surface on the wall thickness, the punch force and the springback were more dominant at RT and 100°C. A further increase in forming temperature led to lower forming forces, lower springback ratios and the more homogenous distribution of the wall thickness.

Keywords: Warm deep drawing, wall thickness, die geometry, springback, AA5754-O alloy.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-344-300 4085. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Taşdemir ).

29

Excitation Energies and Dipole Transition Moments of Methoxymethyl Peroxy Radical

H. Sleman 1,*, N. Bulut2

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

The methoxymethyl peroxy radical, CH3OCH2OO, is an important molecule in atmospheric chemistry and in combustion with combined the nitrate radical (NO3). The investigations are done by extensive computational works to provide spectroscopic information, electronic structure calculations, excitation energies and transition dipole moments. In all calculations Gaussian09 software were used. We implemented DFT method for all the quantities by using all the available basis sets to interpret molecule structure and other physical parameters. A detailed physical interpretation of the spectroscopic results were also given.

Keywords: Excitation energies, dipole transition moments

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3695 E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Sleman).

30

Characterisation of Flowability of Food Powders as A Function of Particle Size and Morphology by Powder Flow Tester

İ. Zent 1, R. Güneş1, E. Ermiş 1, *, A.K. Binark 2

1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, İstanbul, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, İstanbul, Turkey

Characterisation of food powders flowability is essential to predict and evaluate the bulk powder flow from hoppers of storage units in small-scale systems or from silos or bins dispensing into powder mixers or packaging machines at the industrial scale. This research work presents a characterisation of the flow properties of model food powders (salt and sugar) with varying particle size fractions (32 to 850 μm) as well as a comparison of flow properties of different food powders (lactose, wheat starch, corn starch, rice flour, icing sugar and whipped cream powder) by employing Powder Flow Tester (PFT), a recently developed piece of equipment. Different failure properties under increasing consolidation stresses (ranging from 0,5 to 10 kPa) were characterised and the flow behaviour of different food powder samples were compared and discussed with reference to their physical properties. The experimental results show that there is a linear relationship between the unconfined failure strength and consolidation pressure for the cases of salt and sugar powders from which it is possible to predict the powder flow behaviour. Smaller size fractions (32 to 100 μm) needed significantly (p<0,05) higher stress values to fail to flow than other size fractions. Powder flow test results indicated that the flow behaviour of food powders varied based on the type and physical properties of powder materials. Furthermore, bulk densities of the powder materials increased gradually with increasing consolidation stress applied, which indicates the degree of compressibility.

Keywords: Powder flow, food powder, particle size, powder failure strength, powder flow tester.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-692 9722 E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected] (E. Ermiş).

31

Using Full-order Observer in the Form of Generalized Observer Scheme to Detect and Isolate Aircraft Sensor Faults in Automatic Flight Control Systems

U. Kilic1,* , G. Unal2, E. Kiyak3, K. Ayturan4

1,2,3 Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey 4Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey

Some faults which occur in automatic flight control systems can affect the control of the aircraft. By means of automatic flight systems, control movements can be given in the sensitivity that pilots can not be able to give. Hence, some faults which occur on sensor, actuator and control surface should be controlled by some controllers. Filters, observers, parameter estimation systems, parity equations and signal models are used for this purpose. The basic principle of observers is the state variables which predicted by observers of another system converge to the state variables of a dynamic system. In this study, full-order observer and Generalized Observer Scheme (GOS) were used to detect and isolate aircraft sensor faults in an aircraft lateral flight control system. While full- order observer is used for sensor fault detection, GOS is used for sensor fault isolation. Full-order observer and GOS were designed using MATLAB software to detect and isolate aircraft sensor faults in an aircraft lateral flight control system.

Keywords: Automatic flight control systems, fault detection, fault isolation, full-order observer, generalized observer scheme.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-222-335 0580/6855 E-mail address: [email protected] (U. Kilic).

32

Results on the Fundamental Unit in the Some Types of Real Quadratic Number Fields

Ö.Özer1,*

1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey

TLet be a real quadratic field where is taken positive square free integer. In elementary number theory, determination of the fundamental unit of a real quadratic fields is not very easy task. Also, the fundamental unit of a real quadratic field has significant importance such that it is connected with the regulator essential to calculate class number of such fields.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the representation of fundamental unit in some types of real quadratic number fields. One of the methods for determination of the fundamental unit is to use continued fraction expansion of integral basis element. In our paper, such real quadratic fields include the continued fraction expansion of the integral basis element which has got partial constant elements are equal to each others and written as s. Besides, the present paper deals with computing Yokoi’s invariants and the results obtained in this paper are supported by numerical tables.

Keywords: Quadratic number fields, continued, fundamental unit, fraction expansions.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-443 8919. E-mail address: [email protected] , [email protected] (Ö. Özer).

33

A Study on the Coupled Fixed Point in C*- Algebra Valued b-Metric Space

Ö. Özer1,*, S. Omran2

1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey 2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

Banach contraction principle (1922), generalized and extended by a lot of authors in different methods, has great importance since it is applied on many various topics such as linear, nonlinear, differential, and integral equations, dynamical systems, optimization theory, fractals and etc... One of the extensions of the Banach contraction principle was given for b-metric space introduced in 1989 which is weaker than the triangular inequality of generalizing the Banach contraction mapping theorem. In this paper, we will work on C*-algebra valued b-metric spaces. We will establish a new Coupled Fixed Point Theorem in C*-algebra valued b-metric spaces and discuss the existence with uniqueness of coupled fixed point in such spaces. Results obtained for such spaces will be more useful in different areas.

Keywords: Fixed point theory, C*- algebras, b- metric space.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-443 8919 E-mail address: [email protected] , [email protected] (Ö. Özer).

34

Influence of α-Al2O3 Seeding and Heat Treatment Temperature on the Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Alumina Powders

B. Orbay1, A. Yelten1, S. Yilmaz1, *

1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320- Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

Alumina (Al2O3) is a well-known structural ceramic material for showing good mechanical, optical, electrical, etc. properties [1-5]. Therefore, it is widely used in several industrial application areas. Pure Al2O3 powders can be synthesized following the sol-gel technique. However, in the previous studies of our group, sol-gel derived Al2O3 exhibited low mechanical properties [2,6]. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of sol-gel derived alumina by applying α- Al2O3 seeding principle [7]. Sol-gel technology enables to produce powders with high purity at pretty low reaction temperatures without leaving hazardous by-products [2,6,8]. In this research [7], aluminium izopropoxide (AIP, (Al(OC3H7)), Aldrich ≥ 98 %) was used as the starting material. 3 M HCl (Merck, 37 %) was employed as the peptizer to accelerate the hydrolysis reaction of AIP. According to Yoldas principle, H2O/AIP molar ratio was chosen as 100 [8]. α-Al2O3 seeding facilitates the nucleation and growth mechanism of the alumina grains [1,5] and α-Al2O3 (Merck, 0,063-0,2 mm) seeding agent was used as 0, 3, 6 and 10 wt% of AIP in the sol-gel process. Seeding powders were mixed and added together with AIP to the distilled water which was heated up to 90 °C. During hydrolysis and peptization reactions heating and stirring was continued until the opaque boehmite (AlOOH) solution was achieved. Unseeded and seeded boehmite solutions were gelated/dried at 110 °C for 6 h. Finally, gelated samples were heat treated at 1300, 1450 and 1600 °C for 2 h with a 10 °C/min heating and cooling rate. The irregular shaped powders were ground manually using a mortar and pestle. Cylindrical pellets with 1 cm diameter were formed from the ground powders employing an uni-axial hydraulic press and stainless steel molds. The pellets were sintered at 1600 °C for 1h. Characterization of the powders and pellets includes several tests. XRD analyses were performed to chemically investigate the powders. FTIR analyses were conducted to determine the molecular bonding properties of the powders. Bulk density and apparent porosity measurements of the sintered pellets were practiced depending on the well-known Archimedes’ Principle. Compression tests were done on the pellets using a universal testing machine. SEM observations were implemented to examine the morphology of the powders and fracture surfaces of the pellets formed after the compression tests.

Keywords: Structural ceramics, alumina, seeding, sol-gel technique, compression strength.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-4737070/17692: fax: +90-212-4737180 E-mail address: [email protected] (S.Yilmaz).

35

Association Between Obesity and Depression Turkish Women

M. Sönmez1, F. Nazik2,*

1Department of Nursing, Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey 2Department of Nursing, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

Being obese and overweight is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep problems and cancer. Both depression and obesity are high incidence, and the fact that they both carry an increased risk for cronic disease. This study has been done in order to assess the depression status in obese women. Material and methods: This research has been conducted as cross-sectional descriptive study. The research was done among the women registered to 4 family health centres in district of Adana in south Turkey between January and June 2010. The women with BMI 30 kg/m2 and above have been involved in the study. The total number of women is 3803 in the region. When the frequency of obesity in women is considered as 30% in Turkey, and among the obese women, the minimum sample size has been calculated and it has been planned to involve 280 women in the research. 70 women with BMI 30 kg/m2 and above have been selected randomly from the each family health centres. Totaly 176 women have been involved in the research. The research coverage ratio is 70.4%. According to the registers of family health centre, women with BMI 30kg/m2 and above have been involved in the study. However, heights, weights, waist and hip circumferences of the women having attended the study have been measured again in order to ensure the standardization. BMI and waist/hip ratios have been calculated. During the recalculations, the women with BMI<30kg/m2 haven’t been included in the scope of study. According to the data of World Health Organization, BMI 30-34.99 kg/m2 is defined as Class I obesity; BMI 35-39.99 kg/m2 as Class II obesity and BMI ≥40 kg/m2 as Class III obesity. The waist/hip ratio above 0.85 in women is considered as android-type obesity. The women having attended the research have categorized according to their BMI and waist/hip ratios, obesity classes and whether they are of android-type obesity or not. Depression status; determined by Beck depression scale and 0-9 minimal depression, 10-16 light depression, 17-29 middle depression, 30-63 severe depression. The percentage distributions, averages and standard deviations of the data have been given. The data have been compared through chi-square and correlation analysis.

Keywords: Depression, obesity, android type, women.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2293 E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Nazik).

36

Effects of 17β-Estradiol Injection on the Reproductive Efficiency, Hepatosomatic and Gonodosomatic Index, and Concentrations of 17β- Estradiol in Heamolymph, Ovary and Hepatopancreas in a Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz

M.M. Harlıoğlu1 , M.E. Yonar1, A.G. Harlıoğlu1, *, S.M. Yonar1 , A. Farhadi1

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

Effects of 17β-estradiol injection (10-7mol/crayfish) to adult female Astacus leptodactylus on the reproductive efficiency (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile number) was investigated. In addition, hepatosomatic index, gonodosomatic index and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels of crayfish ovary, hepatopancreas and heamolymph before and after injections were also determined. Results showed that E2 injection to females enhances the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus. For example, E2 injection significantly increased pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers, GSI, HSI and concentrations of E2 in heamolymph, ovary and hepatopancreas. However, E2 injection did not accelerate time of mating and proportion of pleopodal egg berried females at the first week of reproduction season in this species. This study highlights that in order to improve the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus by use of hormones to regulate the ovarian cycle E2 should be used before the commencement of the reproductive season.

Keywords: Reproduction; hormone; female crayfish; physiology

Acknowledgement: This study was carried out as a part of a research project, “An investigation on the effects of 17β-estradiol in the reproduction efficiency and all monosex (female) production of freshwater crayfish’’ supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No: TÜBİTAK-TOVAG 114O678).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4541: fax: +90- 424-238 6287 E-mail address: [email protected] (A.G. Harlıoğlu).

37

An Algebraic Approach to Digital Images

E. İnan1,*

1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey

Proximal relator space is a pair (X,Rδ) consists of a nonempty describable set X and set of proximity relations Rδ defined on X, called proximal relator. There are different types of proximity relations such as Efremoviĉ proximity, Wallman proximity, descriptive proximity, Lodato proximity. These proximity relations provide a very useful infrastructure for some applied sciences. In proximal relator space, the sets are composed of non-abstract points such as pixels in digital images instead of abstract points. And these points describable with feature vectors in proximal relator spaces. The aim of this presentation is to tell about algebraic structures in digital images endowed with proximity relations using with descriptively upper approximations of the subsets of pixels. Descriptively upper approximation of a subimage is obtained by using the set of pixels composed by the proximal relator space together with matching features of pixels. In the algebraic structures constructed on digital images, the basic tool is consideration of these descriptively upper approximations of the subsets of non-abstract points. There are two important differences between ordinary algebraic structures and descriptive approximately algebraic structures in proximal relator spaces. The first one is working with non- abstract points such as digital images while the second one is considering of descriptively upper approximations of the subimages for the closeness of binary operations. Using the theoretical background of this concept, it can be obtained more functional algorithms for applied sciences such as image processing.

Keywords: Proximity spaces, digital images, approximately groups, semigroups.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-416-223 3800/4148 E-mail address: [email protected]; (E. İnan).

38

Approximately Groups on Digital Images

E. İnan1,*

1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey

In the concept of ordinary algebraic structures, such a structure that consists of a nonempty set of abstract points with one or more binary operations, which are required to satisfy certain axioms. For example, a groupoid is an algebraic structure (A, ◦) consisting of a nonempty set A and a binary operation “◦” defined on A. In a groupoid, the binary operation “◦” must be only closed in A, that is, for all a, b in A, the result of the operation a ◦ b is also in A. As for the proximal relator space, the sets are composed of non-abstract points instead of abstract points. And these points describable with feature vectors in proximal relator spaces. Descriptively upper approximation of a nonempty set is obtained by using the set of points composed by the proximal relator space together with matching features of points. In the algebraic structures constructed on proximal relator spaces, the basic tool is consideration of descriptively upper approximations of the subsets of non-abstract points. In a groupoid A in proximal relator space, the binary operation “◦” may be closed in descriptively upper approximation of A, that is, for all a, b in A, a ◦ b is in descriptively upper approximation of A. The aim of this presentation is to tell about descriptive approximately groups using sets of pixels in digital images and operations that ordinary are not being algebraic structures. Moreover two examples with working on digital images endowed with descriptive proximity relation were given.

Keywords: Proximity spaces, digital images, approximately groups, semigroups.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-416-223 3800/4148 E-mail address: [email protected] (E. İnan).

39

A Review of the Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticles in Various Bacteria

G. Ozbey1,*

1Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

The eradication and control of bacterial infections are difficult due to the increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in recent years. Therefore, the development of new and effective antimicrobials is essential. Zinc oxide (ZnO), antimicrobial peptides (human defensins and cathelicidin), ammonium polyethylenimine, and metal titanates are all important alternatives to conventional antibiotic therapy. ZnO is now well known as a multifunctional material. It has a broad range of practices in material, medical and food science due to its antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer effects. Much research has been indicated that ZnO nanoparticles have antibacterial activities on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. ZnO nanoparticles have significantly higher antibacterial activity on S. aureus than other metal oxide nanoparticles (MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, CuO, and CeO2). Research has been reported that TiO2 nanoparticles are more effective in inactivating bacteria. The antibacterial effect of ZnO is not only affected by particle size and concentration of the nanoparticles, but also by time. This review pointed out that the effect of ZnO, MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, CuO, and CeO2 nanoparticles on various bacteria should be investigated in future studies.

Keywords: ZnO, nanoparticle, bacteria, multifunctional material.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/6535: fax: +90-424-241 5544. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ozbey).

40

A Review of Recent Studies on Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Infection in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Turkey and Worldwide

G. Ozbey1,*

1Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

We reviewed preliminary studies about the epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection in cattle, sheep and goats in order to determine the trend in the epidemiology of STEC, particularly STEC O157. STEC is considered to be one of the most important foodborne pathogens in the global human population. Cattle, sheep and goats harbor patho-serotypes of STEC and are often carriers of infection to the human population. Many studies have shown that cattle, sheep and goat act as reservoirs for STEC O157:H7; however, their role in the epidemiology of non-O157 STEC infections is not clearly defined. STEC O157:H7 has long been correlated with disease in humans, but there is a growing incidence of non-O157 STEC infections. Recent studies suggest that although cattle, sheep and goats play a significant role in the amplification, dissemination and perpetuation of O157, that they could also play a similar role in non-O157 STEC infections in the environment, including those related to human cases. Further studies are required to understand the role of these animals in the epidemiology of STEC infections. Identifying the origin of human infection will provide important data needed for the development of efficient control and prevention programs and strategies for reducing the risk of transmission of this pathogen in Turkey as well as other countries.

Keywords: E. coli, STEC, epidemiology, cattle, sheep and goat.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/6535: fax: +90-424-241 5544. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ozbey).

41

Decontamination of Chicken Meat with Evaporated Ethyl Pyruvate

B. Çetin1,*, H. Uran2

1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey

Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is evaluated in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) category by FDA and used as an antimicrobial additive. In this study, decontamination effect of EP on chicken leg meat contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis was investigated. Newly produced chicken leg samples were contaminated with active Salmonella enteritidis culture for 15 minutes in the dipping water as starting numbers 104-5 cfu/g. Subsequently, samples were placed in 1 L containers and sealed after injected with 0, 105, 260 and 1040 μL of EP to the filter paper attached to the container cover and stored at + 2 ° C for 10 days. Samples were analyzed by cultural method on 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10 days of storage. According to the results, 105 μL of EP did not cause a significant decrease in Salmonella enteritidis count (p> 0.05) when compared to the chicken leg samples not added EP steam. However, it was determined that 260 and 1040 μL EP treatments reduced the number of Salmonella enteritidis by more than 1 and 2 log, respectively (P˂0.05). The samples were also examined by sensorial properties (color, odor, tackiness) and the panels expressed that they liked especially 260 and 1040 μL of EP applicated groups more in the later days of storage. These results indicate that EP is an effective antimicrobial that could be used to enhance the safety of chicken meat.

Keywords: Ethyl Pyruvate, chicken meat, Salmonella enteritidis, decontamination

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-214 0514: fax: +90-288-214 0516 E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Çetin).

42

Investigation of Workability and Flexural Strength of Concretes with Steel Fiber and Silica Fume in Sodium Chloride Environment

M. Gürbüz1,*, Z. Babayev2

1Electricity Generation Company, Department of Construction, Ankara, Turkey 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

In proportion to the increasing rate of construction in the world the structural developments that take life and property safety in the forefront should not be ignored. New technologies are emerging day by day in order to avoid the collapse and brittle fractures in reinforced concrete structures. It’s being given more importance for making concrete elements that will avoid brittle fracture and cause ductile fracture in order to prolong the building collapse which are likely to occur during the earthquake due to the corrosion and brittle fractures. This study includes, the investigation of the flexural strength of 10 %, 20 % silica fume, 0.4 %, 0.8 % steel fibre by volume added concrete in the environment of 0 g/l, 15 g/l and 30 g/l sodium chloride (NaCl). Unit weight and workability experiments were made on the fresh concrete which was produced for this purpose. Also on 28th and 91st days of experiment, the tests of flexural strength on the hardened concrete sample and on the steel fibre and silica fume added concrete were made. Depending on the experimental test results, it was seen that, the workability of concretes added with steel fibre decreases and as the steel fibre ratio increased, there was an overall increase in the processing time of fresh concrete. It was observed that, as the steel fibre content increased, flexural strength of concrete increased for 28th day. However, It is observed that there are reduction at 91st day resistance thought to be caused by corrosion in the concrete samples exposed to salty water. During the test it was observed that cracking and spreading along the fracture plane was blocked by steel fibres. While some steel fibres tend to break under increasing load, some of them have shown a tendency to escape from matrix. The crack bridging effect of steel fibres was observed clearly.

Keywords: Silica fume, Sodium Chloride, steel fibre, the flexural strength and the workability.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-354-242 1001/1668. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Gürbüz).

43

Modular Robot Design and Application for Children’s Development in Mechatronics and Automation

E. Kayaalp1,*, N. Akkus1, İ. Temiz1

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey

In this study, we have examined the effect of activities performed with ready automation sets on children, their scientific process skills and motivation towards other integrated technologies. The study group of this research consists of the 4th grade students of a private school on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. Students were given an activity to carry out within the scope of this research by using these automation sets which were procured by the school. A model from the set was designed by the students and the students were requested to make improvements on this model with the guidance and directions of their teacher. The changed parts in the improved model were designed and printed out from a 3D printer. A touch sensor was installed on the finished model and the program software was reconstructed. Finally, the students in the study group were subjected to a comprehension test and the results were evaluated. The result of the study shows that students have positive inclination towards building and programming their own designs. Also the use of visual blocks in the system software has shown an increase in student attention and it’s been observed that this contributes to easier understanding of the software by the students.

Keywords: Modular toy, mechatronic activity, modular application set, 3D printer, visual programming.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-216-564 2500/2871: fax: +90-216-564 2636 E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Kayaalp).

44

Synthesis, Characterization, Determination of Transition Temperature of 7- Methoxy-2-Acetyl Benzofuryl Methyl Methacrylate-co-acrylonitrile Copolymers

Z. İlter1,*, A. Solmaz1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 1Firat University, Elazıg, Turkey

Polymers containing benzofuran groups are attracting a lot of interest in recent years due to their various physical properties. It has been reported that such polymers have high thermal stability and pharmacological properties. First, sodium methacrylate and 7-methoxy-2-bromoacetyl benzofuran were reacted to give 7-Methoxy-2-Acetyl Benzofuryl Methyl Methacrylate. In five separate tubes; According to AN, the molar% 20, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80% of the monomer and 1% of the total monomer AIBN initiator were synthesized free radical at 700C in dioxane. IR spectra and DSC curves were taken at different percentages of the copolymers.

Keywords: Synthesis, characterization, determination of transition.

* Corresponding author. Tel: +90-424-237 0000/3670 E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. İlter).

45

Synthesis, Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of New Metal Nanocatalysts for Applicability to Direct Alcohol Fuel Pills

B. Gezer 1,*, R. Sara 2, U. Ayhan2, H. Gök2, S. Koz2, O. Artun2, Ü. Berköz2, E. Başaran2, O. Yılmaz 2

1Deparment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey 2Deparment of Aircraft Technology, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey

For the past two decades, it has been observed that the work on methanol fueled fuel cylinders has gained importance. Because of this, in daily life, electric vehicles and portable electrical equipment are used as a suitable power source. It has been found that Pt and Pt-based alloys are electrocatalytically active in fuel cell applications. The catalytic activity varies depending on the size and distribution of the metal particles. In fuel pack applications, it is important to obtain high performance catalysts that are prepared under suitable conditions according to the characteristics of the metal particles. In this study, in order to strengthen the distribution of platinum nanocatalysts (Pt (0) / OA and Pt (0) / DOA) stabilized by the direct sonication method with octylamine (OA) and dioctylamine (DOA) ligand and to increase active surface area, carbon nanotube (CNT) was used as support material. The results obtained show that this synthesis method is suitable for the formation of nanotubes with uniform distribution and prevents agglomeration that may occur in the Pt nanoparticles. The prepared monodisperse nanomaterials can be used as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and induced paired plasma optical emission spectrometry It was characterized by techniques. The catalytic performances of carbon nanotubes and monodisperse Pt (0) nanocatalysts with high-order dispersion were investigated on C1-C3 alcohol oxidation reactions. From all the results, high- order crystallized and colloidally stable nanomaterials were found to perform exceptionally well for alcohol oxidation reactions at room temperature.

Keywords: Platinum metal, alcohol fuel cell, nanocatalyst, X-ray diffraction.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-276-221 2121/2748 E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Gezer).

46

Development of Sound-Absorbing Materials from Chicken Feathers

N. Paşayev1,*, M. Erol2

1Department of Textile Engineering, , Kayseri, Turkey 2Department of Textile Technology, Bingöl University, Bingöl,Turkey

Achieving acoustic comfort in closed spaces, aircrafts and automobiles has become one of the problems of modern life and production. One of the methods developed for this purpose is development and application of sound absorbing materials, among which textile-based materials have a special place. According to research, materials produced from natural fibers are relatively expensive although they have higher sound absorption properties. Chicken feathers from natural materials are separated from other materials in terms of cost. In the world, about 22mln. tons of chicken feathers are emerging as a by-product in the production of white meat, and most of it (12-14mln. tons) is in waste. The burning of poultry wastes brings air pollution and burial brings soil pollution. The Erciyes University Textile Engineering Department is developing fiber production technology from bird feather. This technology is based on obtaining fibers by mechanically cutting the barbs from the rachis. Research has shown that the hen feather fibers and the rachis feather have many valuable properties, the most important of which is the microporous structure of these materials. This feature transforms the materials into valuable raw materials for sound insulation materials. In this research, composite structures for sound insulation were produced from the chicken feathers rachis parts taken as a by-product in the fiber production of chicken pile. The sound absorbing coefficient of the manufactured structures was measured, and it was seen that these structures have very good sound absorbing properties especially at medium and high frequencies. Mixed variants of different materials with insulating properties of samples made from chicken feather rachis material were developed and sandwich constructions with very good sound absorbing properties were obtained. The sound absorbing properties of developed structures were compared with those of the existing materials and positive results were obtained. The most important these of properties is that the developed materials are produced from waste, have low thickness and are more economical.

Keywords: Acoustic comfort in automobiles, chicken feathers, rachis, sandwich construction, sound insulation.

Acknowledgment: The project has been supported by TC Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with the project number FDK-2016-6847.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-537-276 6701. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Paşayev).

47

The Effects of Lycopene on Histopathological Changes and Functions Tests of Liver in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

D. Ateşşahin1,*, O. Erman2, K. Servi3, A.O. Çeribaşı4, A. Ateşşahin3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The effects of lycopene on liver histopathological changes and function tests on experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rats were investigated. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=7). The experiment period was determined for 8 weeks and cholesterol diet contained %2 cholesterol+%0,5 cholic-acid. Control (C) group was administered with standard diet+0,5 ml corn oil, and lycopene (L) group with standard diet+10 mg/kg/day lycopene, and hypercholesterolemia (HC) group with only cholesterol diet, and hypercholesterolemia+lycopene (HC+L) group with cholesterol diet+10 mg/kg/day lycopene simultaneously. Histopathological changes were evaluated by light microscopy and liver function tests were measured by autoanalyzer. The livers of control and lycopene groups had normal histological appearance. The most significant histological changes were detected in the HC group. Macrovesicular steatosis was observed in especially periportal and midzonal areas in HC group. In some of the periportal areas mononuclear cell infiltrations occurred. Mild steatosis together with cloudy swelling were detected in periaciner hepatocytes. In HC+L group steatosis levels in the periportal and midzonal areas were decreased (p<0,001) compared to the HC group. In addition, cloudy swelling in periportal and midzonal hepatocytes significant microscopic change was noticed in HC+L group. AST, ALT and GGT levels were elevated by feeding cholesterol diet. Lycopene ameliorated these parameters in HC+L group. Histopathological changes caused by cholesterol diet on liver had been shown to be reduced by lycopene. Also lycopene was able to regulate liver functions. We suggest that lycopene may play an important role in hypercholesterolemia.

Keywords: Hypercholesterolemia, Lycopene, Histopathology, liver, rats

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-0424-237 0000/3829 E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Ateşşahin).

48

Student Views About the Learning Management System for Machine Elements Course

M. Bulut. Özek1,*, C. Özek2

1Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Machine Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

As in all areas, there are changes in the field of education and developments in technology. With these changes, increasingly popular learning management systems are being used to access the course content in web based education. With learning management systems e-learning activities are facilitated and implemented in a more systematic and planned way. The Dokeos Learning Management System used in the research has some advantages. These advantages are; multi- operation support, lack of database server cost, simultaneous chat environment, providing users with a forum environment, supporting e-mail communication, the interface is suitable for use by basic users, and rich content course templates. In this study, it is aimed to keep the students constantly supervised during the extracurricular work processes, to ensure that the group members communicate effectively with the group and other groups, to continue the learning activities outside the class hours, ie to monitor and manage the interaction between the student and the education materials and the student and for the purpose of reporting, content was created for the course of machine elements using the Dokeos learning management system. The objective of the study is to identify student views on the developed learning management system. In this research, qualitative research method was used. Semi-structured interview form and data were collected in the study. Semi-structured interview form and data were collected and analyzed using descriptive analysis. The study group of the research is composed of 27 students from the Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Firat University in the second class. In the light of the information obtained in the research; That the developed learning environment is beneficial, that one of the biggest benefits provided is to keep the lecture notes, home works, debates and examinations in an environment that can be accessed on the internet on a regular basis and that interactive lesson activities such as homework, bulletin, quiz and questionnaire make the lessons more fun.

Keywords: learning management systems, dokeos, student views.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4881 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Bulut Özek).

49

Indium and Magnesium Metallo Phthalocyanines Bearing Umbelliferone Moieties

M. Çamur1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Art & Science Faculty, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are organic macrocyclic compounds. Pcs are photostable, have a strong absorption in the red spectral region (with maximum at ca. 680–700 nm), which is regarded as the “therapeutic window” for effective photodynamic therapy (PDT), and show a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation. PDT is a useful method for the treatment of various cancers and Pcs is considered as a promising photosensitizer (PS) for PDT process. Coumarins, also known as benzopyran-2-ones, form an elite class of naturally occurring compounds that are extensively found in the field of biology, medicine, and polymer sciences. Various coumarin based natural and synthetic derivatives are also found to have anticancer, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the Pcs are strongly influenced by the presence of the central metal ion and the position of the substituent. The presence of diamagnetic metal ions such as In or Mg in the Pc core results in leading to the generation of higher concentration of singlet oxygen, hence improved PDT activity. Also, altering the peripheral or non- peripheral substitution of the macrocyclic ring of Pcs is one way of improving PDT activity. For this purpose, peripheral / non-peripheral substituted Pcs with umbelliferone moieties bearing In and Mg as central metal ions were synthesized and investigated their spectroscopic, photochemical properties (singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields).

Keywords: Coumarin, phthalocyanine, photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Acknowledgment: This work supported by Research Funds of Kirklareli University (BAPKO) [KLÜBAP-49].

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-246 1734/3514: fax: +90-288-246 1733. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Çamur).

50

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Tetra 7-oxy-4-(pyridine-3-yl) coumarin Substituted Cobalt (II) and Copper (II) Phthalocyanines

M. Çamur1,* , C.Y. Boyar2

1Department of Chemistry, Art & Science Faculty, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey 2 Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey

The phthalocyanines (Pcs), have been the subject of many investigations over the years. These materials are important industrial dyes. More recently, they have been found to have useful optical and electrical properties and have also become important functional materials for several different applications. Metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes, in particular CuPc, are produced in industry on a large scale ( 50,000 t per year). These complexes have long been used as blue–green dyes and pigments. The coumarins are heterocyclic organic compounds, also known as benzo-2-pyrone derivatives and ∼constitute an important group of natural products having varied activities. Coumarins owe their importance as fluorescent brightening agents and dyes to their efficient light emission properties, their reasonable stability and their relative ease of synthesis. Lately, we have described on the preparing, structure determination and spectroscopic properties of the various coumarin susbtituted Pcs. In this work, the formation, characterization and spectroscopic investigation of peripheral and non-peripheral substituted Pcs (M = Co and Cu) having 7-hydroxy-4-(pyridine-3-yl)coumarin moieties are reported.

Keywords: Coumarin, phthalocyanine, cobalt, copper.

Acknowledgment: This work supported by Research Funds of Kirklareli University (BAPKO, KLUBAP-119).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-246 1734/3514: fax: +90-288-246 1733. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Çamur).

51

Drop Weight Impact Behavior of Nanoclay Containing Jute and Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates

H.Y. Ünal1,*, Y. Pekbey1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, , İzmir, Turkey

In this study, low velocity impact resistance of natural fiber and E-glass fiber reinforced nanoclay containing epoxy matrix composite material was investigated. Firstly, alkali treatment was applied to jute fabrics to clean surfaces and increase interaction with resin. Three different weight percent of nanoclay (0, 0.5, and 1 %) with respect to resin added into epoxy resin and dispersed by ultrasonic mixer. Resin impregnated (prepreg) sheets were produced with applying prepared resins to jute and E-glass fabrics. Hybrid composite plates with 2 mm thickness were obtained by seven layer prepreg sheets added up where E-glass fibers were positioned outer surfaces and five layers jute fabric were located inner surface of the plates. After then drop weight impact tests were implemented at room temperature to prepared samples. Test results were interpreted with drawing force – displacement, energy – time and energy profile diagram. According to test results, 0.5 % nanoclay containing sample’s penetration threshold energy decreased compared to that of pure sample while increase was observed from 1 % nanoclay containing sample.

Keywords: Alkali treatment, low velocity impact test, jute, nanoclay.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-232-311 4959: fax: +90-232-388 8562 E-mail address: [email protected] (H.Y.Ünal).

52

Effects of Temperature, pH and Aeration on Vanillin Production by Pseudomonas putida

H. Karakaya1,*, M. Yılmaztekin1

1Department of Food Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

Vanillin is one of the most important flavoring agents which naturally occur in vanilla beans. In worldwide, more than 99 % of vanillin is produced synthetically and demand to natural vanillin is gradually increasing. Therefore, studies focus on natural vanillin production, especially on bioconversion of natural precursors by microorganisms. In this study, the effects of some parameters such as temperature, pH and aeration on the vanillin production were investigated. For this purpose, Pseudomonas putida HUT 8100 culture was used as biocatalyst and isoeugenol as precursor in the bioconversion process. The growth kinetic of Pseudomonas putida was primarily examined for bioconversion. The population of Pseudomonas putida has reached the maximum level in 48 hours with regard to viable cell counting. P. putida cells from 48 hours preculture was inoculated to potassium phosphate buffer medium. In the shake flask experiments; three temperatures (24, 28 and 32 oC) were tested. Biocatalyst showed higher performance at 28 oC than the other temperatures. On the other hand, the most effective production was observed in medium with pH 6.30 rather than pH 5.30, 7.30 and 8.30. Bioconversion performance of Pseudomonas putida growing in semi-aerated medium was also more productive in proportion to non-aerated conditions. As a conclusion, under optimized conditions (28 oC, pH 6.30 and semi aerated medium) vanillin reached 877.9 mg/L in 120 hours of bioconversion. Further investigations such as substrate concentration, in situ product removal techniques and etc. are needed to enhance bioconversion yield of Pseudomonas putida.

Keywords: Bioconversion, vanillin, isoeugenol, Pseudomonas putida.

* Corresponding author: Tel.: +90-422-377 0000/4786, fax: +90-422-341 0046. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Karakaya).

53

Design of a Multi-Link Steering Mechanism for a Passenger Bus

M.M. Topaç1,*, M. Karaca2, U. Deryal2, M. Atak2,3

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey 2The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey 3BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., İzmir, Turkey

Conceptual design study of a bus multi-link steering mechanism is summarized. Design process mainly consist of two major parts. In the first part, a Multibody Systems (MBS) model of the mechanism was composed via Adams/Car™ module of MSC Adams™ commercial software. Kinematic optimization of the mechanism was carried out by using Adams®/Insight software. Service loads acting on the structural elements of the mechanism were also determined by using different methods such as Multibody Dynamics (MBD) and the bore torque approach. Draft mechanical design of the full steering mechanism was carried out for the selected design loads. Optimal shapes of the structural elements, which satisfy the design targets such as minimum equivalent stress and minimum elastic deformation, were determined by using ANSYS® DesignXplorer™ software. In the final stage of the study, finite element analyses (FEA) of the final mechanism were also carried out for selected load cases. Results showed that the final design meets the safety requirements.

Keywords: Multi-link steering mechanism, independent suspension, multibody systems (MBS), kinematic design, finite element analysis (FEA), mechanical design, optimization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-232-301 9248: fax: +90-232-301 9204. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.M. Topaç).

54

Evaluation of Estimation of Wind Power Potential in Backpropagation Networks in the Frame of Different Normalization Techniques

B. Yaniktepe1,*, S. Tasdemir2, A.B. Guher3

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey 2Department of Computer Engineering, Selçuk University Technology Faculty, Konya, Turkey 3Department of Informatics, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey

In recent years, one of the commonly used methods for estimating wind power is the Artificial Neural Networks. Among these methods, the most commonly used technique is known as Backpropagation (BP) network, in which a feed-forward linkage between the nodes is found and a supervise learning algorithm is used. In the backpropagation algorithm, the error propagates backwards and the weights are arranged to reduce the error respectively. The iteration continues until the target value is reached with the minimum error. They are usually used in prediction problems and the success performances are at a good level compared to other techniques. In order to solve a problem with ANN, it is necessary to select carefully and apply precisely a series of processes from the learning algorithm used to the selected transfer function. Sometimes it may be necessary to process several parameter combinations over and over in order to achieve the desired result. When there are very large differences between the data, it is necessary to normalize the data for the desired target performance. The biggest problem here is which normalization technique will be applied to different data types. The purpose of this study is to increase the predictive performance of wind power and to investigate which normalization method will be effective in wind-based data sets. First, wind-based input and output data are calculated using different normalization methods. Then, backpropagation based artificial neural network was designed in Matlab R2014a program and more than one neural network model was created for each selected normalization method. When the generated models are compared using statistical evaluation methods, the best performing model results are presented in this study.

Keywords: ANN, wind power, backpropagation, normalization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-328-827 1000/3505. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Yaniktepe).

55

The Estimation of Wind Power with Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network

B. Yaniktepe1,*, S. Tasdemir2, A.B. Guher3

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey 2Department of Computer Engineering, Selçuk University Technology Faculty, Konya, Turkey 3Department of Informatics, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey

Wind energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energy that is used today to meet increasing energy needs and to obtain energy without damaging the environment we live in. It is also seen as the area where countries make the most investment compared to other renewable energy sources. The most important reason for this is that energy production costs are cheaper than other sources. The problem that has to be solved in a wind-driven power plant is to obtain and sustain the electricity energy efficiently. For this reason, it is necessary to calculate the wind power potential of a site absolutely before the power plant is installed. The main factor influencing the wind potential is the wind power. Wind power is one of the most important parameters that must be found in order to plan the energy situation of a place, to calculate efficiency level and investment costs. The most accurate method of calculation is performed by using the values which are taken from the meteorological measurement station to be established. However, it is a costly and difficult process to apply in every place and under every condition because it requires a process. For this reason, various estimation methods have been developed. Among these methods, Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network model is one of the most used methods in forecasting problems and its performance ratio is higher than other techniques. In this study, it is aimed to estimate the wind power potential of Osmaniye province. For this purpose, a supervised learning based Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network was used. A number of parameters taken from the measurement station in Osmaniye Korkut Ata University are given as inputs to the network. In the created YSA model, the most successful training performance was achieved by modifying the learning algorithm, the transfer function and the number of epochs. When the actual calculated results are compared with the predicted results produced by the network statistically, it has been successfully estimated at the MSE = 0,000006 potential of wind power for Osmaniye Province.

Keywords: Wind Power, Artificial Neural Network, Feed-Forward, Wind Energy.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-328-827 1000/3505. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Yaniktepe).

56

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 'Development of Na-Compatible Pt Base Nanocatalyst Alcohol Fuel Pillars

B. Gezer1,*, U. Ayhan2, R. Saraç2, H. Gök2, S. Koz2, O. Artun2, Ü. Berköz2, E. Başaran2, O. Yılmaz2

1Deparment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey 2Deparment of Aircraft Technology, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey

In recent years, it has gained great importance because of the wide use of DRAs (military, civil, scientific). Various studies have been made to develop this area. In particular, the DRA has major advantages over the military fieldwork, human-operated systems. According to their characteristics, the importance of being disposable or recyclable is further increased. Fuel batteries are another important alternative to the battery. Fuel batteries consist of silent, safe and non-thermal systems that do not contain moving parts, with power generation from milliwatts (mW) to megawatts (MW). The purpose of this work is to design, develop and produce subsystems of the fuel cell which can produce domestic 220 W power suitable for the use of hydrogen produced by the development and production of the hydrogen production system using a methanol fuel cell on a domestic HRSP. Was characterized by techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and induced paired plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES). It was aimed to apply this fuel battery to the domestic IAC and to carry out flight tests. With the platinum (Pt (0) / OA and Pt (0) / DOA) nanocatalysts stabilized by the direct sonication method of octylamine (OA) and dioctylamine (DOA) ligand, 21.8 V DC voltage and produces a current of 7.77 A. Packed with 480 grams of weight, it can be placed in the RDA. Test experiments were carried out by integrating the fuel cell into the IHA. Flight tests are being conducted.

Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), methanol fuel cell, platinum.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-276-221 2121/2748. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Gezer).

57

Deposition of GaN Thin Film on ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) by RF Sputter: Influences of Nitrogen

Asim Mantarcı1,* , Mutlu Kundakcı2

1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Art and Science, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey

Recently, Gallium Nitride (GaN) with a property of direct-wide band gap of 3.4 eV has attracted researchers` attention because it can be used in industrial applications such as light emitting diode (LED) [1], high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) [2], solar cell [3] and so on. In this research, we successfully deposited GaN thin film on ITO (Indium tin oxide) by Radio-Frequency (RF) Sputter technique. Also, effects of Nitrogen gas on physical properties of GaN thin films grown by RF sputter for ITO substrate has been elaborately investigated and reported in this study. Physical characterization of produced thin films has been conducted with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Raman Spectroscopy, Ultra visible Spectroscopy (UV/VIS). To analyze structure of the films, XRD measurements were operated. To comprehend structure and surface morphology of the material to find out effects of applied nitrogen gas, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements were taken. A Raman spectrum has been taken to study optical phonon modes of the grown films on the depending on Nitrogen gas values. The optical measurements have been examined by using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. After analyzed results of all measurements, it has been determined that Nitrogen gas has an important role on physical properties of GaN thin film on ITO substrate.

Keywords: III-Nitride, RF sputter, thin film technology, GaN

* Corresponding author: +90 436 249 10 81 E-mail address: [email protected] (A.Mantarcı)

58

3D Model-Prototype Comparison of Air Entrainment by Two-Phase CFD Model

M. C. Aydin,1,* , A. E. Ulu1, Ç. Karaduman1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, 13000, Bitlis, Turkey

In order to protect the solid surfaces against cavitational damage due to high velocity flow, the air is entrained into the flow by means of the aerator devices. However, the mechanics of air-water mixture flow is very complex. Model studies of hydraulic structures were generally operated according to Froude similarity rules, which ignore the viscous, and surface tensions forces. Therefore, the Froude models with small scales for huge hydraulic structures can be including considerable scale effects on the air entrainment of aerators. The one of derivation tunnels of Ilsu dam having 12 m diameter was transformed to the outlet of the dam, while the another one was used as an aerations tunnel which ensure air to the main outlet tunnel. Some experimental model studies according to Froude similarity law were performed by DSİ to determine aeration performance of the aeration gallery. In this study, Ilısu dam outlet with 1/40 scales and prototype (1/1 scale) dimensions in same flow conditions will be three- dimensionally simulated by using two-phase turbulent model to determine the air entrainment efficiency. The 1/40 scale experimental results were first used to verify the numerical study. Then the 3D numerical model with prototype dimensions (1/1) will be compared to the Froude model results, and the results will be discussed.

Keywords: Ilusu outlet, Froude model, prototype, CFD, scale effects.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-532-6768678: fax: +90-434- 222 9145. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. C. Aydın).

59

Investigation of Optical Constants of Cu2O Thin Films Obtained by SILAR Method for Photovoltaic Solar Cells

O. Erken1,*, G. Altındemir2, M. Gunes3, D. Özaslan2, C. Gumus2

1Department of Physics, Faculty Science and Letters, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey 2Department of Physics, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey 3Department of Materials Engineering, Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey

Cu2O thin films were prepared using four different copper salt [copper (II) asetat monohydrate (Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O), copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), copper (II) nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O), copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O)] sources via Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method on glass substrates.

We obtained Cu2O thin films with 10 immersion cycles and investigated the effect of different copper salts on optical constants. Optical properties of the films were determined in the wavelength range 400-1100 nm at room temperature by UV/vis spectrophotometer. The films were found optical transmittance (T%) from 3% to 49% in the visible region. It has been found that there is a significant increase in the optical absorption band edges between 500-550 nm. The absorption coefficient of the films was calculated to be greater than 105 cm-1. The refractive index (n) values for visible region were calculated as 0.22-2.91. Energy band gap values (Eg) of the films were found to be 2.40-2.46 eV.

The optical analysis of Cu2O thin films obtained by the SILAR method shows that these films are suitable for photovoltaic solar cells because of their low optical absorbance and widely band gap.

Keywords: Cu2O, SILAR method, thin film, optical properties, photovoltaic, solar cells.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-416-223 3800/4172: fax: +90-416-223 1774. E-mail address: [email protected] (O.Erken).

60

Energy Aware Scheduling of the Material Handling Robot in M-Machine Robotic Cells

H. Gültekin1,*, S. Gürel2, R. Taşpınar3

1Department of Industrial Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

We consider a manufacturing cell consisting of a m serial machines and a material handling robot. The robot loads/unloads the machines and transfers the parts between the machines. Identical parts are to be produced in this system. Most of the studies in the literature assume the robot moves in its maximum speed and solve the problem of determining the robot move sequence to maximize the throughput rate. However, this assumption leads to higher energy consumption cost. It is possible to change the robot speed in some moves which results in the same throughput rate with a lower cost. This study considers the two problems simultaneously and develops solution procedures to determine the optimal robot speeds and the optimal robot move sequence that jointly minimize the total energy consumption and maximize the throughput rate. The energy consumption function is assumed to be convex and nonlinear with respect to the robot speed. We study the tradeoff between the throughput rate and the energy consumption of the robot. We developed a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) formulation and utilize the epsilon constraint approach for this bi-criteria problem. Because of the excessive solution time of this model we also developed a heuristic algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is tested by a computational study. Our results indicate that robot speed control can reduce the energy consumption significantly.

Keywords: Material handling robot, energy consumption, throughput rate, mathematical programming.

Acknowledgement: This study is supported by TÜBİTAK under grant number 215M845.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-292 4275: fax: +90-312-292 4091 E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Gültekin).

61

Kinetic Investigation of Retention of SO2 with Waste Ulexite Ore in Water

Ö. Karagöz1,*, M. Çopur2, M.M.Kocakerim3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate whether SO2, a toxic gas, can be retained using waste ulexite ore. In experiments carried out under atmospheric pressure and in water, kinetics of retention of SO2 by waste ulexite ore were examined extensively to determine how much SO2 gas can be retained by solid waste. In the experiments carried out in a jacketted glass reactor, chosen parameters and their ranges were temperature (293–323 K), solid-to-liquid ratio (0.1–0.3 g/mL), particle size (-600+150 µm), gas flow rate (55–120 mL/min), and stirring speed (300–700 rpm). Retention-dissolution data and an XRD graph showed that SO2 had been captured as CaSO3.0.5H2O and that the B2O3 content of waste ore had passed almost completely into the aqueous medium.

In a kinetic evaluation done with retention-dissolution data using kinetic models for heterogenous reactions, the kinetics model for retention of SO2 in solid waste was found to fit diffusion through product layer control. Activation energies for retention of SO2 in solid waste was 3.390 j.mol-1. The mathematical model was:

2/3 -3 -0.44 1.26 -2.44 -3,390/RT -3(1- XSO2) +2(1- XSO2)= 1.16 10 (G) (S/L) (D) e t

Keywords: SO2, SO2 retention, Ulexite waste, dissolution, kinetics.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-442-231 4550. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö. Karagöz).

62

Influence of Post-Deposition Annealing on The Physical Properties of Copper Oxide (I) Thin Films

D. Özaslan1,*, O. Erken2, M. Gunes3, C. Gumus1

1 Department of Physics, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey 2Department of Physics, Faculty Science and Letters, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey 3Department of Materials Engineering, Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey

In this work, copper oxide (I) thin films are deposited by Silar Method at 70 °C temperature on a glass substrate through 10 immersion cycles. The films were then annealed three individual temperature steps at 100, 300 and 500 °C for an hour. The effect of annealing temperature on optical, electrical and morphological properties of the films was determined. Optical transmittance values of copper oxide (I) (Cu2O) and copper oxide (II) (CuO) thin films in the 550 nm are attained to be between 61-81% whereas calculations for refractive indices (n) indicate that the values vary between 2.14-4.50. There found to be an inverse correlation between the annealing temperature and energy band gap values (Eg) in case of an increase in the anneling temperature leading a drop in the energy band gap within the interval of 2.47-1.93 eV. The XRD analyses indicate that copper oxide (I) thin film exhibit a polycrystal structure and cubic phase. It is also concluded that annealing leads to a transition from copper oxide (I) to copper oxide (II) in the thin film structure. FE-SEM analyses demonstrate that a homogeneous spherical structure through the sample is observed. A more closely-packed structure is detected with respect to increasing annealing temperature.

Keywords: CuO, Cu2O, SILAR method, thin film, optical properties, XRD.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-322-338 6084/2480: fax: +90-322-338 6070. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Özaslan).

63

Robotic Manufacturing Cell Design Through Operation Allocation and Robot Move Sequencing

H. Gultekin1,*

1Department of Industrial Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey

We consider a manufacturing system in which there are a number of serial machines producing identical parts. The loading/unloading of the machines and transportation of the parts between the machines are carried out by a single robot. In such systems, the sequence of robot moves determines the cycle time (throughput) of the system. In the literature, it is assumed that the operations required to produce the parts are preassigned to the machines. This is satisfied by assigning the operations to the machines in such a way that balances the process times on the machines. Therefore, it is assumed that the process times on the machines are already known and the problem reduces to finding the robot move sequence that minimizes the cycle time. However, in this study we integrate these two problems and solve them simultaneously. For this purpose, we develop a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation and alternatively a heuristic algorithm. We show that the balanced process times may lead to worse solutions. This proves that, it is necessary to integrate these two problems. We show the effectiveness of the heuristic algorithm with an extensive computational study.

Keywords: Robotic cell, scheduling, mathematical programming, assembly line balancing.

Acknowledgement: This study is supported by TÜBİTAK under grant number 213M435.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-292 4275: fax: +90-312-292 4091. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Gültekin).

64

Novel Polymeric Adsorbent for Water and Dye Uptake: Acrylamide/Sodium Methacrylate/Gelatin Biosorbent Hydrogels

S. Kundakcı1,*, E. Karadağ1

1Department of Chemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey

Highly swollen hydrogels with the ability to absorb water in high amounts have many potential applications in the fields such as bioengineering, biomedicine, food industry, chromatography, water purification, separation processes, and agriculture. Recently, polymeric hydrogels with a three dimensional crosslinked polymer network as adsorbents have received more and more attention because of their unique physicochemical properties, high absorbing capacity, and having a lot of hydrophilic functional groups. Gelatin is a biopolymer and a commonly used natural polymer which is derived from collagen. Gelatins have got some properties such as biodegradability, non- carcinogenicity and hydrophilicity. So, corporation of this biopolymer into the polymeric or copolymeric systems could improve its properties because of some functional groups in the gelatin.

In this study, it was aimed that produce a new polymeric carrier/sorbent hydrogels by using acrylamide which is commonly used to produce crosslinked polymer and gelatin which is natural polymer as main components. Polymeric hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution using of sodium methacrylate as comonomer, poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate as crosslinker. FTIR analysis was used for structural characterization. Surface morphology was characterized by SEM. Dye sorption properties of hydrogel systems were investigated by using cationic dye such as methyl violet. Swelling and sorption studies were carried out at 25oC. The equilibrium percentage swelling ratio ranges were 705-5877%. The values of diffusional exponents were between 0.563-0.850. Equilibrium water content ranges were 0.8758-0.9833. Diffusion coefficients were between 5.93 x 10-5-55.51 x 10-5. To determine the sorption behaviors of methyl violet, some sorption parameters such as sorption capacity (4.36 x 10-6-6.44 x 10-6 mol g-1), adsorption percentage (76.05-87.60%) and partition coefficient (3.17-7.06) of the hydrogels systems were investigated. Water uptake and dye sorption properties of the crosslinked polymeric systems were investigated as a function of chemical composition of the hydrogels. In this present research, polymeric hydrogels reported can be used a sorbent for removal of dye molecules and similar structural molecules of dye.

Keywords: Hydrogels, gelatin, swelling, sorption.

Acknowledgement: The work was supported by Adnan Menderes University Research Fund, under project number FEF 11 008.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-256-212 8498/1830: fax: +90-256-213 5379. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kundakcı).

65

Determining of Weibull Distribution Parameters for a Region

I. Aladag1,*, B.Yaniktepe1, O. Kara1, C. Aladag1

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey

In recent years, the importance of renewable energy sources is increasing due to the rapid increase in energy demand and the disadvantages of fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the most usable energy sources in the renewable energy. Therefore, countries tend to use mostly wind energy in the renewable energy sources. Besides, Turkey has started to use wind energy, which has a high potential among renewable energy sources. Turkey also gives an important role to the wind energy giving some incentives. Because of this, investigations of and investment in wind farms have suddenly increased recently. Weibull distribution is an important parameter for determining the wind power potential in a region. In this study, wind energy potential has investigated by using Weibull parameters for a month. Weibull distribution, k and c as its parameters which are often used for wind energy studies, has calculated.

Keywords: Weibull distribution, wind energy, Weibull parameters.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-328-827 1010/3509: fax: +90-328-825 0097. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Aladağ).

66

Estimation of Wind Power Density Based on The Weibull Distribution Parameters using Different Methods

I. Aladag1,*, B.Yaniktepe2, O. Kara 3, C. Aladag3

1Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey

Wind energy as an alternative energy resource to fossil fuels is getting used very rapidly in Turkey after 2005. It is among the most promising renewable energy resources because of non- polluting the environment, abundant in nature and negative impacts of consuming fossil fuels. And, it starts to play an important role in the energy policy of Turkey. On this concept, Turkey has started to developed wind energy projects in different locations, which has a valuable potential of wind energy. Assessing the wind energy in a region, Weibull parameters are an important tool. The calculation of the shape (k) and scale parameters (c) are needed for determining the Weibull parameters. In this study, graphical, power density and empirical methods are respectively performed to determine the shape and the scale parameters of Weibull distribution. The purpose of this study is to identify which method is more appropriate. Results indicate that empirical method has more suitable values than the others for a selected region.

Keywords: Weibull distribution, wind power, graphical method, ampirical method, power density method.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-328-827 1010/3509: fax: +90-328-825 0097. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Aladağ).

67

1-DOF Hybrid Haptic Interface for Rapid Control Prototyping

M.S. Yilmaz1,*, Y. Tascioglu1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB Economics and Technology University, Ankara, Turkey

In haptic interfaces, stability and transparency are the primary performance criteria. Inertial and frictional forces of the haptic interface must be kept at a minimum for transparency, on the other hand, reflection of wide range of output impedances is necessary for stability. Hybrid haptic interfaces employ active and passive actuators to improve rendering performance. This study presents the design of a 1-DOF rotary haptic experiment setup which comprise of a magnetorheological fluid brake as the passive actuator and an electric motor as the active actuator. Position data is obtained from an incremental encoder that is attached to the electric motor, and the force applied by the user is measured by a force sensor at the grip handle.

The aim of this setup is to design, experiment and evaluate different control approaches. This paper presents the design of the haptic setup along with the results of preliminary experiments that evaluate hybrid haptic performance.

Keywords: Haptic, hybrid design, force feedback.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-292 4000/4270. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.S. Yilmaz).

68

Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates with a Central Hole in Different Geometric Shapes

M. E. Deniz1,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

In this study, the buckling behaviors of E-glass/epoxy composite plates with a central hole in different geometric shapes for different boundary conditions will be analyzed. For the analyzes, ratio between thickness and length of the specimen (L/t = 20, 30, 40, 50) and two different laminae o o o o orientation angles such as [0 /90 ]4 and [0 /90 ]2S parameters will be considered. The buckling behavior of laminated composite plates subjected to axial compressive load using a finite element method package program such as ANSYS will be analyzed. The analyzes will be carried out for three different boundary conditions: clamped-clamped support, clamped-fixed support and fixed- fixed support. Thus, the L/t ratio and laminae orientation angle effects on the buckling behavior of composite plates for different boundary conditions will be investigated. The obtained analyze results show that different L/t ratios and laminae orientation angles have significant effects on the buckling load of composite plates. In additon, the hole shape also affects the buckling load.

Keywords: Buckling load, laminated composite plate, boundary condition, buckling analyses.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3693: fax: +90-488-217-23601. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. E. Deniz).

69

Effect of Hole Geometry and Matrix Material on Buckling Behavior of Composite Plates

M. E. Deniz1,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

In this study, the buckling behavior of E-glass/epoxy, E-glass/polyester and E-glass/vinyl ester o o based composite plates with fiber orientation of [0 /90 ]4 will be determined experimentally. Test specimens prepared according to the ASTM standards. All buckling tests were performed using a Shimadzu brand tensile machine with load capacity of ± 250 kN. Some of the specimens consist hole and some do not. The specimens with hole have different geometrical shapes and also same hole area. The specimens were subjected to axial compressive load until buckling failure occurred. From the obtained test results, it was shown that the hole geometry and matrix materials have significant effects on the buckling load of the laminated composite plates.

Keywords: Buckling load, laminated composite plate, matrix material, hole geometry.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3693: fax: +90-488-217 23601 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. E. Deniz).

70

Effect of Low Concentration Calcium Doping on the Physical Properties of Lead Sulfide Thin Films

E. Yücel1,*, Y. Yücel2

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

In this study, lead sulphide (PbS) thin films were prepared on glass substrates by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The films were doped with low concentration (0, 0.125, 0.250 and 0.375 mM) of Ca. Structural, morphological and optical characterizations of the films with different amounts of dopant were studied by means of X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy measurements. XRD measurements have revealed that with increasing Ca concentrations in the growth solution, the microstrain and dislocation density values increased, while the crystal size of the films decreased. From UV-Visible measurements it is found that both the optical band gap and transmission values of the films increases with increasing Ca doping concentration. The optical band gaps of the films vary from 1.92 to 2.26 eV for different amounts of doping. The transmittance of the undoped film was about 15% and it increased to 17.5% for 0.375 mM Ca doped PbS films at the wavelength of 850 nm. A comparison of the results revealed that low concentration of Ca doping improves optical band gap and transmittance values of the PbS thin films.

Keywords: PbS, calcium, chemical bath deposition, optical band gap.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-326-245 5845/1647: fax: +90-326-245 5867. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Yücel).

71

Optimised Hilic Separation and Method Validation of B Vitamins Using a Mixed-Mode Stationary Phase

H. Aral1, R. Altındağ1, K. S. Çelik1, T. Aral1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, University of Batman, Batman, Turkey

TRPLC is the most-used HPLC mode for separation of moderately polar and weakly polar analytes, while HILIC is often used to separate strongly polar compounds. Thus, mixed-mode RPLC/HILIC can be used for the separation of both polar and nonpolar analytes, overcoming the deficiencies of RPLC and HILIC. Some reported RPLC/HILIC stationary phase materials and their HPLC applications were given in related references in tabular form. There is a continual increase in research in this area to find an ideal stationary phase and to investigate mixed-mode separation mechanisms.

The B vitamins are a group of compounds with hydrophilic character and soluble in water. Therefore, they would be retained under HILIC conditions in addition to RP conditions. Because of their structural complexity and their diverse chemical and physicochemical properties, their chromatographic separation, and study of their behaviour under HILIC conditions would be both challenging and demanding. We recently developed a mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase named as Ile-PBA-Mix and successfully used for separation of different group of compounds under both HILIC and RPLC conditions. In this work, an effort was made to investigate the behaviour of selected B vitamins on the Ile-PBA-Mix to obtain insight into the assorted mechanisms responsible for their retention in the HILIC process by evaluating critical chromatographic conditions and retention models.

Keywords: Abstract, length, sides, conference, authors, heading.

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Research Project Council of Batman University (BTÜBAP) (Project No: BTÜBAP-2012-FED- 03).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3142 E-mail address: [email protected] ((H.Aral).

72

Comparative Classification of the Support Vector Machines and Decision Trees in Multi-Class Data

Y. Genç1,*, S. Arslan Tuncer1, E. Avcı1

1Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

Classification, which is an important method in data mining, is classification into sub- branches of data of similar content. The aim of classification is dividing the data into groups simply and presenting clear information to people clearly. Various classification methods are used in data mining. One of these methods support vector machines which is a classification method based on optimisation. Support vector machines are quite simple and efficient. For classification in support vector machines, limits are drawn between data on a plane, which are then divided into classes. The place where this limit will be drawn must be the place which is the furthest from both group members. Classification is implemented here with the help of a linear or non- linear function. It is essential that the most appropriate function be predicted in order to divide data from one another. The comparison of the three-class set of data with the knn and decision trees has been made by using functions of support vector machines in this study. In the instruction, it was found out that the Medium Gaussian SVM function is the most precise with a percentage of 96 as a result in this study. In the result of this classification, performance of support vector machines was found to be high according to knn and decision trees.

Keywords: Support vector machines, decision trees.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4243. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Genç).

73

Step by Step the Collagen Hydrolysate Nanofibers Formation

M. (Koizhaiganova)Kaygusuz1,*, S.M. Açıkel2, A. Aslan3

1Denizli Vocational School of Technical Sciences, , Denizli, Turkey 2Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 3Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

Among different techniques of nanofiber production the newest and the most effective technique is electrospinning. In this method, the polymer is given to the electric field by the pump after dissolving in a suitable solvent and nanofibers are formed on the collector plate with electrical forces overcoming surface tension forces. The formation of nanofibers from natural and synthetic polymers is carried out with the help of the electric field strength.

The main source of collagen peptides is the skins of various animals. Among the fibrous proteins in the skin structure the collagen amounts are 98%. To obtain soluble peptides collagen hydrolysate is produced by the controlled hydrolysis of collagen. Collagen hydrolysate (CH) shows technological advantages such as good resolution, heat stability and high resistance to precipitation with metal ion or pH. CH is used in different fields like food, medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and biomaterials due to bioactivity, biocompatibility and penetration as well as splendid digestibility and high consumer tolerance.

In this study, the stages of the CH nanofibers formation using electrospinning method are described and the parameters affecting this process are given in detail. Nanofibers were produced by primarily subjecting of CH solutions at different concentrations and the mixing ratio to electrospinning at various process parameters. The optimal concentration and the mixing ratio were determined by investigating the effect of the solution properties (viscosity, conductivity, pH, turbidity) on the diameter and the structure of nanofibers. The morphological properties of the obtained nanofibers were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Keywords: Collagen Hydrolysate, electrospinning, nanofibers, beads

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-258-212 3788/1179 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Kaygusuz).

74

Purification of α-Amylase from a Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus sp. TF14

Ş. Keskin1, N. Sağlam Ertunga2,*

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey. 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

The search of microbial enzymes applicable to an industrial processes have been given to great effort because of their unique properties. α-Amylases (E.C 3.2.1.1) are extracellular, endo-acting enzymes that hydrolyze α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch, yielding linear and branched oligosaccharides of different lengths. Thermostable α-amylases are essential for starch industry in “saccharification” and liquefaction process. In this study, α-amylase from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. TF14 was purified. Ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography techniques were employed for the purification. The enzyme was purified as 17.11 fold and molecular weight of purified enzyme was estimated as 54 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Purified enzyme showed two pH optimums of pH 5.00 and pH 9.00 and the enzyme is quite stable at these pHs over a period of 48 h. Purified enzyme showed maximal activity at 75 °C and stability in this temperature over a period of 72 h. It was observed that Ca2+ activated the enzyme at about 70% at 5 mM final concentration. SDS, Triton X100, Triton X114 and Tween 20 caused around 50% loss of initial activity at a final concentration of 1% (w/v). It can be concluded that the purified enzyme may find application in many fields of starch based industries.

Keywords: α-Amylase, purification, characterization, thermophilic, geobacillus

Acknowledgment: We gratefully appreciate the financial support of this work with project code of 11549 by KTÜ- BAP.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-462-377 4274. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Sağlam Ertunga).

75

Immobilization of α-amylase Formerly Purified from a Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus sp. TF14

Ş. Keskin1, N. Sağlam Ertunga2,*

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey. 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.

One of the main problems for enzymes used in industrial areas is its low stability in harsh reaction conditions of industrial processes. Despite their unique properties, the stability of enzymes needs to be improved for industrial applications. Immobilization is one of the most exploited ways for improving their stability. An α-amylase formerly purified from Geobacillus sp. TF14 was immobilized on the surface of Dowex and chitin by ionic interactions and surface adsorption respectively. Immobilization highly enhanced temperature optima of the enzyme from 75 °C to 95 °C for both of immobilized enzymes. Immobilization also enhanced thermal stability of the enzyme as well. Immobilized enzymes showed their maximum activity at pH 9.00 and 10.00 for chitin and Dowex immobilized enzyme, respectively. Dowex and chitin immobilized α-amylases retained more than 60% of their starting activities after 24 h incubation at pH 10.00 and 9.00, respectively. Dowex immobilized enzyme maintained most of its initial activity in the presence of SDS, Triton X100, Triton X114 and Tween 20 at a concentration of 1%. It can be concluded that immobilized enzymes may be applicable to continuous process for starch hydrolysis.

Keywords: α-Amylase, immobilization, characterization, dowex, chitin, geobacillus

Acknowledgment: We gratefully appreciate the financial support of this work with project code of 11549 by KTÜ-BAP.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-462-377 4274. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Sağlam Ertunga).

76

The World's Iron and Steel Production and A Look at Turkey's Position

B. Buzbay Akdemir1,*

1Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey

Iron and steel products are the main input of durable consumer goods and investment goods. Thus, the level of consumption of iron and steel products by any country is regarded as one of the most important indicators of prosperity and development in that country. In developing countries, iron and steel consumption is continuously increasing and production capacities are being created to meet the consumption rate. In developed countries, the share of flat steel products in total iron&steel production and consumption is higher than in developing countries, revealing the relationship between steel consumption and the level of development. Turkey ranks eighth among the 64 steel producing countries in the world. Among steel producers in Europe, Turkey ranks second after Germany.

The fact that the increase in steel production in our country ranks third after large producers such as China and India is of great importance as it shows that Turkey has reached a certain level in iron and steel production. So, if the relationship between iron & steel production and economic development is very clear, and if Turkey is at very high level in producing iron&steel, then why cannot Turkey (or China and India) develop like the USA or Germany? In this study, only Turkey will be focused on.

The aim of this study is to describe the position of Turkey’s iron &steel production in the world. With those findings, I will try to find the reasons why Turkey can’t develop like Western states although it is very successful in iron steel production. In this study, quantitative data will be interpreted and revealed by qualitative research method. The work will present an political- economy perspective.

Keywords: Iron & Steel production, Turkey, development, political-economy.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-709 4528 E-mail address: [email protected] ; [email protected] (B. Buzbay Akdemir).

77

A Quantitative Analysis of USA’s Military Aid to Turkey During the Cold War

B. Buzbay Akdemir1,*

1Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey

After the Second World War, the US-Turkey relations developed in terms of political, economic and security issues. After Turkey became a full member of NATO, the US and Turkey started a strategic alliance. This strategic alliance happened with the Marshall Plan, which was implemented with Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was prepared by United States President Harry Truman in 1947 against the Soviet threat. The Truman Doctrine has declared that the United States' international policy has changed and anti-Soviet is the main target in this new policy. With this doctrine, the US has announced that it will provide financial and military assistance to the states under the threat of communism. And Turkey was one of the countries that economic and military aid was sent to. The US provided $ 100 million in financial aid and military supplies to Turkey.

During that time American Military Assistance Programs were; Mutual Defence Assistance Program, Foreign Military Assistance Program, Joint United States Military Mission For Aid To Turkey, Foreign Military Assistance Program, Foreign Military Grant Program, Foreign Military Sales Program. And these programs were implemented as credit sales and cash sales. This study will try to describe the aid programs of USA for Turkey; and to reveal some quantitative findings about these aids. That is; the paper will present quantitative results after analysing the data. And at last, the paper will try to understand why that amount of aid was done to Turkey? Did Turkey really need that amount of aid? The paper will try to understand the reason of the amount of aid that is linked to the events of that period.

Keywords: Marshall plan, military aids, Cold War, Turkey’s military capacity.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-709 4528. E-mail address: [email protected] ; [email protected] (B. Buzbay Akdemir )

78

The Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Wear Resistance of Grey Cast Iron Brake Discs

H. Gasan1, G. Yatkın2,*

1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey 2Institute of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey

In this study, cryogenic treatment applied to a gray cast iron (GCI 250) for 24 hours, which is used as a brake disk in the vehicles. After cryogenic treatment, microstructural examinations of materials were prepared, macroscopic measurements were done. After the measurements abrasion tests were performed and compared with untreated material.

The cryogenic treatment was carried out at a cooling rate of 2°C per minute to -196°C and held at this temperature for 24 hours. The room temperature from 196°C was again reached with a heating rate of 2°C per minute. Optical microscope was used in the examination of the changes in the microstructure and the wear surfaces. The wear tests for samples with cryogenic treatment and untreated samples were carried out according to SAE J2522 procedure with full-scale dynamometer method. The wear rates of cryogenic treated samples and untreated samples were calculated according to mass losses and results are compared. The comparison showed that wear rates of the samples that cryogenic treatment applied and wear rates of the samples that cryogenic and heat treatment applied were better than untreated sample. When the wear rates of cryogenic treated samples were taken into account, 74% improvement on wear resistance of the cryogenic sample was observed in the wear tests. The improvement on wear rate of cryogenic and heat treated samples was 44%.

Keywords: Cryogenic process, gray cast iron, wear.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-222-239 3750/3710. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Yatkın).

79

Learning by Doing Basic Design Education in Architecture; 1/1 Scale

R. Akgül1,*

1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey

Architecture is the most comprehensive and general sense to organize the void. Defined spaces created in three-dimensional space define architectural space. Architectural activity to define, limit and organize vacancy requires some basic knowledge. Whether planes are joined together at different angles to form a volume, or carving the entrances - carving into volume and form and function requires awareness of voids and coordinate systems. In other words, increasing the dimensional perception in the space means making the space perceptible, making the gap between the objects that make it meaningful. Dimensional relations can only be perceived by the spatial experience of living in space. In the design process stages, experiencing the spatialization of the void in and through doing it, participating in the construction stage of the designer is a highly aware process.

One of the most basic facts to be grasped in architectural education is that the spatial space defined by three-dimensional and multi-coordinate systems is the design area of the architect. 1/1 Efforts to organize voids by targets such as dividing, limiting, guiding or volumetric organizations have been tried and tested in many basic design studios in Turkey and abroad.

In the scope of this paper, samples were selected from studio studies for 1/1 scale production in domestic and abroad basic design education and the achievements in studio design, design principles, final products and basic design education were examined by comparative analysis method. These learning models, which are sometimes computed, sometimes experimental, sometimes improvised with different materials and different design tools, play a key role in improving three-dimensional and scale perception.

Keywords: Basic design education in architecture, three - dimensional perception, learning by doing.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-553-601 6393 E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Akgül).

80

Investigation of Solar Energy Potential of Amasya Province and Amasya University Example

S.Sahin1,*, U.Kurt2

1Department of Electrical Energy, Amasya University Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey

Today, both economic and environmental factors require the most effective use of renewable energy sources. Therefore, very precise preliminary work is required for the production centers to be installed to operate at maximum efficiency. Solar power plants also have an important place in renewable resources. In this study, the data from the solar panels of the electricity production system established in Amasya climate conditions are recorded. For this purpose, various climate parameters of the solar power plant in 200 kW established in Amasya University Sciences & Arts Faculty have been examined and the effects of these parameters on the energy production have been evaluated in various time periods. These results show that one of the things that must be done in order to keep the efficiency of a new solar power plant at the highest level is to examine the regional climate characteristics well.

Keywords: Solar energy, energy production, climate conditions.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-358-252 5212 E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Şahin).

81

Investigation of the Effects of Climate Conditions on Production in Solar Power Plants

S.Sahin1,*, U.Kurt2

1Department of Electrical Energy, Amasya University Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey

Energy production is one of the most important problems of the whole world today. Energy demand is increasing day by day for many reasons, and also the difference between production and consumption is increasing day by day. The importance of using the new energy generation systems in the most effective way is increasing day by day to close this gap.

In this paper, the subject of electricity production from solar energy is explored on a large scale. The data of solar power plants in different regions of our country have been examined in detail. As a result, the effects of climate conditions on the efficiency of the produced energy are also examined.

As a result of the analyzes, it has been concluded that the effective determination of the installed place of the power plant is very important for producing energy with the minimum loss and the most economical way by using solar panels.

Keywords: Solar energy, energy production, climate conditions.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-358-252 5212 E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Sahin).

82

Synthesis of Nano-Sized Cr2O3 from Turkish Chromite Concentrates Using Sodium Borohydride

M.H. Morcali1,*, S. Aktaş2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. 2Metallurgical and Materials Division, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Istanbul, Turkey.

Chromium oxide commonly uses industrial application such as catalysis, wear resistant materials, and advanced colorants, etc. In this study, the production of nano-sized chromium oxide was investigated from Turkish chromite concentrate by the help of sodium borohydride as a reductant. The conversion of Cr (III) to Cr (VI) experiments were carried out to examine the following effects: amount of NaOH, fusion temperature, and time under air following as oxidant. The fused chromite concentrate was leached in distilled water subsequently the leached material was flittered to remove undissolved material. Then, the Cr(VI) ions in solution was reduced to Cr (III) by basic sodium borohydride solution. The precipitated chromium hydroxide particles were converted to nano-sized chromium oxide by heating under atmospheric condition at 800°C. The solid sample was characterized with scanning electron microscopy to measure particle size.

Keywords: Nano Chromium Oxide, Chromite concentrate, fusion, leaching, reduction

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-344-300 1678/4217: fax: +90-344-300 1602. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.H. Morcalı).

83

Synthesis of Cr2O3 from Turkish Chromite Concentrates via Ethyl Alcohol

S. Aktaş1,*, M.H. Morcalı2

1Metallurgical and Materials Division, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Istanbul, Turkey. 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey

The present paper deals with the production of chromium oxide from Turkish chromite concentrate using sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The effects of the base amount, fusing temperature, and fusing time on the extraction of chromium percentage were investigated in detail. Firstly, chromium (III) oxide was converted into chromium (IV) salt (i.e. sodium chromate and/or potassium chromate) under air flowing at a rate of 20.0 L/min at 700°C. Secondly, the fused chromite concentrate was leached in distilled water subsequently the leached material was flittered to remove undissolved material. Lastly, the chromium (VI) ions in the solution were subsequently converted to Cr (III) ions by the help of mixture of sulfuric acid and ethanol. Finally, the Cr (III) ions were precipitated via sodium hydroxide and converted to chromium oxide by heating at 800°C, as indicated in thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA).

Keywords: Chromium, Chromite concentrate, fusion, leaching, reduction

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-216-347 1689: fax: +90-216-347 2859. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.Aktaş).

84

Optimization of The Production of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil and Engine Performance Tests

İ. Mutlu1, F. Aksoy1, L.Aksoy2, F. Akbulut3,*, R. Dinler4

1Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 3Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 4Department of Automotive Technology, Sorgun Vocational School, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

In this study, the biodiesel production process from the mixture of soybean oil was optimized by using alkali catalyzer single phase reaction. The process was optimized as depending on the parameters such as catalyst concentration, methanol/oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time.

As the consequence of this study, optimum biodiesel production efficiency was obtained 86 % at the 0.75 wt % sodium hydroxide concentrate as catalyst, 20 wt % methanol/oil ratio, 90 min reaction time and 60°C reaction temperature. After fuel characteristics of the biodiesel obtained for optimum circumstances were determined, the effect of biodiesels using to engine performance and exhaust emission were investigated in a single cylinder-direct injection diesel engine. With using of biodiesel of soybean oil, engine power and engine torque have decreased and specific fuel consumption has increased compared to conventional diesel fuel. In addition to this, the carbon deposit and CO emissions were decreased but the NOx emission was increased with using of biodiesel.

Keywords: Soybean, engine performance, exhaust emissions, biodiesel.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-272-228 1446/15179. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Akbulut).

85

The Investigation of the Effects of n-Hexane Additive in Biodiesel to Engine Performance and Emissions

M. Çelik1,*, M. Demiralp1, C. Bayındırlı1, İ. Örs2

1Niğde Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey 2Aksaray Vocational School of Technical Sciences, , Aksaray, Turkey

Rapid reduction of fossil fuel sources, strict legitimate regulations on exhaust emissions, increases in fuel prices are contributing to new and renewable fuel researches. One of the alternative fuels; because of it can be used in existing engines with lower greenhouse gas emissions and is derived from vegetable oils. The engine performance in diesel engines related to the quality of the sprayed fuel.

In this study, experiments was carried out in a single-cylinder engine by adding n-hexane additive in the proportion of 8% by volume (PHX8) and 16% (PHX16) in biodiesel (P0) which is produced from cottonseed oil. While the viscosity, density and cetane number of n-hexane added fuels decreased, the lower heat value increased. The torque at 1400 1/min, which maximum torque is obtained increases 3.95% in the additive added PHX20 fuel, while the specific fuel consumption is reduced by 5.52%, compared to P0 fuel, When exhaust emissions are examined; at 1400 1/min, the emissions of CO, HC and smoke in PHX20 fuel decreased respectively by 4.65%, 16.66% and 11.64%, compared to P0 fuel, while NOx emission increased by 2.36%.

Keywords: n-hexane, fuel additives, biodiesel, engine performance, exhaust emission

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-388-211 2903: fax: +90-388-211 2949. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Çelik).

86

Structural Investigation of (La0.8Gd0.2)0.85Ag0.15MnO3 Compound

A.O. Ayaş1,*, M. Akyol2, A. Ekicibil2

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey

Lanthanum based manganites given (La1-xRx)1-yAyMnO3 (R: rare earth elements, A: 1+ or 2+ ions) formula attract wide range of interest due to their several physical properties like Giant Magneto-Resistivity (GMR), Magnetocaloric Effect (MCE), Superconductivity (SC). In such applications, it is important to determine the structural parameters like unit cell volume, lattice parameters, average A-site ionic radius, crystalline size, mismatch effect, Mn-O bond length, Mn- O-Mn bond angle, grain shape and size. For this reason, in the present work, we investigated the structural properties of (La0.8Gd0.2)0.85Ag0.15MnO3 perovskite compound produced by sol-gel method. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method has been used to determine the crystal structure and the unit cell is found as rhombohedral structure with R space group from Rietveld Refinement analysis by using XRD data. However, small reflections belong to GdMn2O5 crystal structure is also detected. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume are determined as a = b = 5.5075 Å, c= 13.4014 Å and V = 352.0319Å3, respectively. These values are smaller than the values obtained 2 from the literature. Average A-site ionic radius (rA) and Mismatch effect (σ ) parameters are also determined as 0.1168 Å and 0.0024 Å2, respectively. Mn-O bond distance and Mn-O-Mn bond angle values are found as 4.2981 Å and 150.84°, respectively. Morphological properties of the sample investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. It can be seen from the images that square shaped grains constitute the sample. The average grain size, calculated from 50 randomly selected particles, is found as 0.88 μm. As a result, structural parameters of (La 0.8Gd0.2)0.85Ag0.15MnO3 perovskite compound have been comprehensively studied by using XRD and SEM methods.

Keywords: Manganites, magnetic entropy change, magnetocaloric effect, magnetic properties.

Acknowledgement: This work supported by the research fund of Adıyaman University under grant contracts number FEFBAP/2014-0008 and the research fund of Çukurova University under grant contracts number FBA- 2015- 5028.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-416-223 3800/2742 E-mail address: [email protected] (A.O. Ayaş).

87

Profile of Micronucleus Frequencies in Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fry Exposed to Ibuprofen

M. Kırıcı1,*, M. E. Yonar2, E. Seker3, , U. Ispir4

1Department of Fisheries, Agriculture Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey 2Fisheries Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 3Fisheries Faculty, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey 4Fisheries Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the pharmaceutical drugs the most widely used by humans all over the world. They are easily accessible, common-use compounds in many cases over the counter drugs, which permits their presence in different environmental compartments. Several NSAID agents, such as diclofenac ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen and phenazone were identified in surface waters. Ibuprofen, is an example of the NSAIDs, which are among the most frequently prescribed medications worldwide.

Ibuprofen have been detected in the aquatic environment, but little is known about their effects in fish and other aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ibuprofen on micronucleus levels in erythrocytes of carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Fish were exposed to immersion two different doses of Ibuprofen concentrations (50 and 250 µg/L) for 96 hours. No mortalities occurred in any group during the test. Exposure to acute toxicity resulted in abnormal behavior of some fish. In this study, a significant increase in micronucleus number of red blood cells were observed throughout the study period (p<0.05). These results indicate that carp fry are more sensible to human pharmaceuticals agents in aquatic environmental

Keywords: Ibuprofen, Cyprinus carpio, micronucleus.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0030/1296. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Kırıcı).

88

Smart Packaging Systems for Fish and Seafood Products

M. Duman1,*

1Department of Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Interest in the use of smart packaging systems for fish and seafood products has increased in recent years most significant. Smart packaging is a packaging system to detect, the condition of the packaged foods to give information about possible problems during food transport and storage. Intelligent packaging involves ‘sensing changes’ in the packaging environment and ‘communicating’ or ‘signaling’ information about the change. Temperature, microbial spoilage, package integrity, physical shock, freshness of the packaged product can be controlled. The packaging can communicate. The potential of sensor technologies, indicators (including integrity, freshness and time-temperature (TTI) indicators) and radio frequency identification (RFID) are evaluated for potential use in fish and seafood products.

Keywords: Fish, seafood product, smart packaging

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4535 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Duman).

89

Fabrication and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide(r-GO) Doped CdO Nanostructured Films by Ultrasonically Sprayed Pyrolysis and Its Schottky Diode Applications

M. Gülcan1,*, A. Gencer Imer2, M. Çelebi1, Y.S. Ocak3, A. Tombak4

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey 3Department of Science, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey 4Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

Undoped and tin (Sn) doped CdO films were deposited for the first time onto soda-lime glass via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method with Sn concentrations of 1, 3 and 5%. The effect of doping level on structural, morphological and optical properties of the films was analyzed by using several diagnostic techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the all the films were crystallized in the cubic phase of CdO with the preferred orientation (111), which is affected by the tin doping level. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) presented that tin doping content play an important role on the size and shape of the nanocrytalline CdO film. The transmittance properties and the energy gap of the studied films are strongly dependent on the doping amount in the CdO films from UV-Vis data. Electrical studies showed the mobility, carrier concentration and resistivity of the film changed with the doping content. It has been evaluated that the highly conducting and transparent tin doped CdO films could be used to modify the structural, morphological and optical properties of the films by tin doping in optoelectronic applications.

Keywords: CdO film, Graphene, Tin, ultrasonic spray coating.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Research Fund of Yüzüncü Yıl University (Project ID: FAP-2017- 6180).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-444-5065/22264: fax: +90-432-225 1802 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Gülcan).

90

The Inhibitive Effect of a New Schiff Base Containing Pyrimidine Ring on Corrosion of Iron in HCl and H2SO4 Solutions

N. Çalışkan1, E. Gokırmak Sogut1, M. Gülcan1,*, M. Çelebi1, K. Karakaş1, M. Sönmez2

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Arts, , Gaziantep, Turkey

A new Schiff base, {1-[(2-hydroxy-naphthalen-1-ylmethylene)-amino]-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2- dihydro-pyrimidin-5-yl}-phenyl-methanone, (SB), has been synthesized from N-aminopyrimidine- 2-thione and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde. The effect of SB on the corrosion of iron in 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions was studied using electrochemical methods that involved potentiodynamic polarization curves, linear polarization (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at room temperature. The inhibition efficiency of SB increases with the increase of inhibition -1 concentration to reach 97% in HCl and 91% in H2SO4 respectively at 500 mg L . Quantum chemical parameters were calculated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method. The results of the study showed that SB is a very effective inhibitor of iron corrosion and is more efficient in 1.0 M HCl than 0.5 M H2SO4. The thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free 0 energy of adsorption (ΔG ads) and the adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads) were calculated and are discussed.

Keywords: Iron, schiff base, inhibition, acid corrosion.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-444-5065/22264: fax: +90-432-225 1802. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Gülcan).

91

Gamma-rays Shielding Behavior of a Novel Composite Material Prepared from Different Minerals and Paraffin

A. Akkaş1, V. Şimşek1, E. Güngör1, K. K. Eriş2, M. Erdem3,*

1Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center, Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey 2Department of Geological Engineering Mining Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey 3Department of Environmental Engineering, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

Gama radiations are used in many applications such as food processing, medical diagnostics and therapy, elemental analysis and sterilization etc. However, the longer exposure of these highly penetrating rays may cause genetic mutations, cancer and even death. Therefore, the humans potentially exposured must be protected against these rays. The most effective method of protection from radiation is the shielding with suitable materials.

Lead, lead containing materials, glass and some polymer materials and some concrete types are conventional radiation shielding materials. Nevertheless, some minerals, wastes, fly ashes and building materials are getting increased attention to develop low-cost, light weight and more effective radiation shielding materials all over the world. Starting from this point, in this study, a new shielding composite material for gamma rays was prepared from the mixture of solid wastes containing gypsium [CaSO4.2H2O], anglesite [PbSO4], quartz [SiO2], maghemite [Fe2O3], 137 hercynite [Al2FeO4] and franklinite [ZnFe2O4] and its shielding properties were tested by Cs (peak at 662 MeV) and 60Co (two peaks at 1,17 and 1,33 MeV) gamma rays.

Narrow beam transmission technique was used in experiments to determine the linear and the mass attenuation coefficients. Experimental mass attenuation coefficients were compared with theoretical mass attenuation coefficients obtained from XCOM computer code. Results of experiments indicated that percentage error between the theoretical and experimental result below 6%. Besides that, half-value thickness (HVT) values of the samples were calculated and compared with the value of lead (Pb). The prepared composite could be used as coating for the wall of the nuclear facilities.

Keywords: Radiation; shielding material; mass attenuation coefficient.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5615: fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Erdem).

92

Investigation of Particle Entrainment Characteristics of a Swirl Jet Impinging on Granular Layers

E. Celik1, I. Karagoz2,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

Jet of fluid impinging on granular beds is an important phenomenon observed in nature and in many industries, such as falling water, take-off and landing of space and air vehicles, rocket plumes, hydraulic, metallurgy etc. This kind of jets causes dust and larger debris to be dispersed into the flow field, crater formation, erosion, entrainment of particles into the air which eventually reduces visibility. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of flow and particle motion in impinging air jet on a granular bed, experimentally. A small-scale experimental setup was constructed in which a pressurized swirl air jet produced by using a diverging-converging round nozzle impinges a sand bed in a box made of plexiglass. Particle motions were determined by PIV technique using an Ar-Ion laser with a high speed camera. The velocity fields and particle motions were evaluated separately before and after crater formation. The effects of sand layer thickness and nozzle height on the phenomena were also investigated.

Keywords: Impinging jet, granular bed, PIV, visibility, erosion, subsonic jet.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-224-294 1960. E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Karagoz).

93

Research on Optical Properties of 2, 6-bis (3-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl) phenyl) pyridine (26DczPPy) for Different Concentrations

A. Mantarcı1,* , B. Gündüz2

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Art and Science, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey 2Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey

In the recent days, research of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) has become more significant thanks to industrial application of full color flat displays [1] and of solid state lightning [2]. One of the phosphorescent and bipolar host materials in designing of OLEDs devices can be said to be 2, 6-bis (3-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl) phenyl) pyridine (26DczPPy). In this study, optical properties of the 26DczPPy were researched in detail for different concentrations (0.0215, 0.0645 and 0.1935 g/L). The transmittance spectra of the 26DczPPy were shown in Fig. 1. As seen in this figure, the transmittance of the 26DczPPy varies with concentrations and reaches maximum values at about 355 nm. We obtained many optical parameters such as molar extinction coefficient, mass extinction coefficient, absorption band edge, optical band gap, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, loss factor, etc. of the 26DczPPy for 0.0215, 0.0645 and 0.1935 g/L. As seen in insert of Fig. 1, the direct allowed band gap values of the 26DczPPy for 0.0215, 0.0645 and 0.1935 g/L were found to be 3.560, 3.545 and 3.513 eV, respectively. Obtained results suggest that the optical band gap of the 26DczPPy decreases with increasing concentration. We investigated effects of concentration on optical properties of the 26DczPPy and discussed the optical parameters for photonic technologies.

Keywords: 26DczPPy, organic material, optical properties, concentration, extinction coefficients.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by The Management Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Muş Alparslan University (MUSBAP) under Project MŞÜ14-EMF-G03.

*Corresponding author, Tel.: +90-436-249 1081. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.Mantarcı)

94

Controlling of Optical Constants of 26DczPPy Organic Material with Solvents

A. Mantarcı1,*, B. Gündüz2

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Art and Science, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey 2Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have caught researcher’s attention due to vast applications in industry [1-2]. In the emissive layer of OLED, the material of 2, 6-bis (3-(9H- Carbazol-9-yl) phenyl) pyridine (26DczPPy) has been used as a phosphorescent and bipolar host material. In this research, optical parameters of the material have been elaborately investigated and reported. Optical parameters of the 26DczPPy were changed with chloroform, Dichloromethane (DCM) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvents. In other words, we controlled the optical parameters of 26DczPPy material with solvents. Fig. 1 indicates the absorbance spectra of the 26DczPPy. All of the absorbance curves for wide range were observed for DCM solvent, as seen in Fig. 1 and the absorbance values for THF are the lowest values. We investigated effects of solvents on optical parameters of the 26DczPPy. The absorption band edge values of the 26DczPPy organic material for chloroform, DCM and THF solvents were obtained to be 3.464, 3.483 and 3.493 eV, respectively. According to obtained results, we also determined the best solvent for the most efficient optoelectronic devices. It has concluded that 26DczPPy organic material exhibits interesting and useful results for applications of organic materials.

Keywords: Solvents, absorption band edge, optical constants,

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by The Management Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Muş Alparslan University (MUSBAP) under Project MŞÜ14-EMF-G03.

* Corresponding author, Tel.: +90-436-249 1081. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.Mantarcı) .

95

Effect of Additives Including Nano Materials on Fuel Properties and Engine Performance

İ. Sezer1,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey

This study compiled the results of various researches performed on the effects of performance and emissions of diesel engine using nanomaterials additives in diesel engine fuels such as diesel, biodiesel, water emulsified fuels and various fuel blends. Three different techniques are used the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of the diesel engine. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions is improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time consuming. The second technique is the using various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The other technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engine are oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to reduce the emissions and increase the engine performance is the use of nano material additives and water emulsified fuels. The effects using of different nano material additives in various diesel engine fuels on fuel properties and engine performance are investigated in this review.

Keywords: Diesel engine performance, biodiesel, emulsified fuel, nano material additives.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-456-233 7425: fax: +90-456-233 7427. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Sezer).

96

The Fisheries in the Ağın Region of Keban Dam Lake

M. Dartay1,*

1Department of Fisheries, Fırat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey

This study was aimed to determine the fisheries in the Agın region (4700 hectar) of Keban Dam Lake between july 2016 - April 2017. There are 13 fishermen in the Ağın region. Five fishermen are catching crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) in the area. In the present study, were determined monofilament gillnets, multifilament gillnets, trammel nets, fykenet, fish and crayfish productivity. During this study, totaly 23400 meters nets (42-110 mm mesh size) determined in the Agın region, 18200 meters of its are monofilament, 2000 meters of ıts are multifilament and 3200 meters of ıts are trammel nets, 4700 unıt of ıts are fykenets. It was found that 32500 kg fish and 5600 kg crayfish were catched in a fishing season (2016-2017) from this region. It was 6.91 kg fish and 1.19 kg crayfish per hectar in a fishing season. The contribution to fishing of Agın region was 6.77 % and the contribution to crayfish fishing of Agın region was 32.94 % in the Keban dam lake.

Keywords: Keban Dam Lake, Agın, Gillnets, Fykenet, Crayfish, productivity.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4534. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Dartay).

97

Effect of Foundation Rock on Seismic Damage Response of Concrete Gravity Dams

M. Karaton1,*, E. Çambay2, Y. Calayır3

1,2,3Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fırat Elazig, Turkey

In this study, foundation flexibility effect was investigated on seismic damage response of concrete gravity. An anisotropic damage model was used for nonlinear behavior of the dam concrete. Eulerian approach is selected for dynamic interactions of dam-foundation-reservoir. This formulation is includes fluid compressibility, wave effect of fluid free surface, radiation boundary condition and wave damping effect of bottom absorption. Foundation domain is assumed to linearly elastic. Sommerfeld and Unifield radiation boundary conditions are applied to truncated boundary of reservoir and foundation finite element mesh, respectively. Koyna concrete gravity dam is selected for numerical applications. Acceleration records of 11 December 1967 Koyna earthquake are used for the dynamic effect. Effect of foundation rock on seismic damage response of the dam were investigated for massed foundation domain. For the investigating of results, displacement responses of the dam crest and damage evaluations in the dam were used.

Keywords: Seismic damage, Eulerian approach, foundation flexibility, Sommerfeld and Unifield radiation boundary conditions.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 5417 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Karaton).

98

Control of DC Motor by Using PID and Fuzzy Logic Controllers in Real Time

K. Erin1,*

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Sakarya, Sakarya, Türkiye

In thıs study, real time control of dc motor is realized by PID and Fuzzy Logic control methods. Experimental setup was prepared for system control and an Arm Cortex M4 based STM32F407 Discovery development kit is used to get real time data in the system. The motor position information was taken into the serial port of a computer from the development kit. Then received data were arranged in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The position data was shown instantaneously with PID and Fuzzy Logic blocks in Matlab. After that results of experiments with PID and Fuzzy Logic control methods were compared and Fuzzy Logic control method gives better results than our experimental parameters.

Keywords: PID, Fuzzy Logic, motor position control

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-264- 295 7308 E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Erin).

99

Kinematic Analysis of 5 Next and Reverse Axial Industrial Robot

K. Erin1,*

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Sakarya, Sakarya, Türkiye

Robot kinematics, is deal with its own design and the placement of objects around it in three dimensional space. We can reach the force, velocity and acceleration vectors of the robot with robot kinematics. Forward kinematic equations are used to obtain the flange position from the robot joints angles, inverse kinematic equations are used to obtain robot joints angles from the flange position. In this study, forward and inverse kinematics equations of industrial 5 axis Mitsubishi RVM1 robot have been obtained. Denavid-Hartenberg method and analytical method is used for the kinematic equations The obtained equations are solved in MATLAB GUI environment and the results are compared with the results of COSIMIR robot program

Keywords: Robot, forward kinematic, inverse kinematic, Cosimir robot program

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-264-295 7308 E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Erin).

100

Effects of Graphite Addition on Microstructural and Thermal properties of Fe- Cu Alloys During Sintering

H. Varol Özkavak1,*, M.F. Saraç2,H. Özkavak3, H.E. Çamurlu4

1,3Department of Machine Program, Technical Vocational School, Süleyman Demirel University, 32200, Isparta 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, 32200 Isparta 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, , 07058, Antalya

By adding graphite to Fe-Cu composite, metal matrix composites formed by powder metallurgy offer the possibility to tailor the thermal properties and their microstructural characteristics. It is generally known that adding graphite into Fe-Cu system slightly reduces solubility of copper in iron due to preventing boundary penetration. In this present work, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0,8 wt % graphite has been added to FeCu25 alloys by mechanical stirring. Mechanical, thermal and microstructural changes in terms of different graphite percentages at constant pressure because of tunning sintering temperature and time has been investigated. The results of Fe-Cu-C alloys show that its densification is more than Fe-Cu alloys regardless the amount of graphite percentage added. Moreover, thermal conductivity has slightly decreased with graphite addition on Fe-Cu alloys.

Keywords: Copper, carbon, iron, sintering parameter, mechanical property, thermal conductivity.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-246-211 1841. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Varol Özkavak).

101

Synthesis, Characterization of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates and Comparison of Its Performances

M. Çakal1,*, S. Salgın2, U. Salgın3

1Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey 2,3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

In the study, magnetic and non-magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of industrial Candida rugosa lipase enzyme were synthesized. In the magnetic CLEA synthesis, Fe3O4 nanoparticles with magnetic properties produced by the co-precipitation method were used. Magnetic and non-magnetic CLEAs and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, SEM and VSM analyses. It has been determined that both biocatalyst forms have cavities and similar chemical structure. Although the magnetic saturation value of magnetic CLEAs decreased, compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, it has been observed that the magnetic CLEAs can easily be separated from the reaction medium by means of an external magnet. The reduction of the level of undesired enantiomers in racemic drugs and to obtain single enantiomer is very important for the pharmaceutical industry. It is a mandatory regulation of FDA to contain the single enantiomeric form of drugs especially for children use. The enzymatic kinetic resolution reaction is the preferred method to obtain the single enantiomeric form from the racemic mixture. The CLEA biocatalysts synthesized in this work were used in the kinetic resolution of racemic Naproxen methyl ester and their performances were compared. The kinetic resolution of racemic Naproxen methyl ester which is produced in laboratory conditions with magnetic and non-magnetic CLEA biocatalysts is investigated in a biphasic medium at the volume ratio of the buffer/organic phase 2, 37 °C and 300 rpm. The changes in enantiomeric excess (%eeS) of the substrate (racemic Naproxen methyl ester) during the reaction were monitored. The same %eeS values with the magnetic and non-magnetic CLEAs were reached at 48 and 32 h, respectively.

Keywords: CLEA, magnetic nanoparticles, kinetic resolution

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by the projects of TÜBİTAK-113Z170 and CÜBAP M-591.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-994 1894. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Çakal).

102

Synthesis of Lead Fluoroborate and Usability as Flame Retardant

D. Y. Aydın1,*, H. Kurt2, E. B. Kandemir3, M. Gürü4

1,2,3,4Department of Chemical Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

Boron end products have become an indispensable requirement for developing technology. Borohydrides, borates, elemental boron and fluoroborates are some examples of special boron products. Fluoroborates are used in a lot of areas such as flame retardants in the textile, as catalysts in polymerization reactions and organic syntheses, as pesticides against to insects and fungi and as optical properties enhancers in glass. In this study; lead fluoroborate, one of metal fluoroborates, was synthesized by using lead oxide and hydrofluoroboric acid as reactants. We investigated effects of reactant mole ratio (nPbO/nHBF4) and temperature on the product yield. The effect of mol ratio on the yield was studied by performing a series of experiments starting with varying mol ratio while keeping the temperature constant. After then different temperatures were studied at the optimum mol ratio. Characterization studies were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT- IR). Lead fluoroborate was synthesized at mol ratio of reactants 1:3 and 50 °C with 97% product yield. Lead fluoroborate solutions were prepared at different concentrations and impregnated into textile fabrics. When the flame retardant property of lead fluoroborate was examined by LOI test method, it was seen that lead fluoroborate had very good flame retarding effect.

Keywords: Lead fluoroborate, flame retardancy, LOI.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-582 3502 E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Y. Aydin).

103

Preventing Biofilm Formation on Laser Treated Titanium Implants

A. Erol1,*

1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey

A new approach using nanostructured surface to reduce the bacteria adhesion. Indeed explained surfaces are microstructured organic polymers and the structured surfaces exhibit a strong anisotropy in terms of anti-bacterial activity. In this context, laser treatment was be carried under nitrogen atmosphere which leads to nitriding and surface patterning simultaneously. It is mentioned that the key factor effects the bacterial adhesion is the geometry and mechanical properties of the nanostructres on the surface. In this current work we studied the bacteria adhesion on laser treated titanium surfaces at 24 h in situ biofilm formation. The surface were evaluated by Scannig electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Flouresence microscopy (LDS-metod). Laser treated Al·Al2O3 layers on Ti surface exhibit a better biocompatibility for biofilm formation. In addition, a preliminary study on Ti surface showed that Al·Al2O3 nanowires not provide enhanced bacterial adhesion and growth, which can be interesting for various applications in medical fields as well as in biosciences.

Keywords: Biofilm formation, titanium, laser treatment, in situ, nanowire.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-372-257 4010. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Erol).

104

Electron Density Calculations of CnHn (n=2, 4, 6) Molecules

H. K. Mahmood1,*, H. Kebiroglu2, S. Akpınar3 , N. Bulut4

1,2,3,4Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey

CnHn (n=2, 4, 6) molecules are important in astrophysics and chemistry. We have calculated electron density of states for the title molecules by implementing a DFT method in combination with the Gaussian software program. We found that the electron density is increased with increasing the number of atoms in the molecule. The contribution of partial density of states to HOMO and LUMO energies are calculated and interpreted in detail. The energy gap between HOMO and LUMO is also counted for each atom.

Keywords: Electron density calculations, DFT method, HOMO and LUMO energies.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. K. Mahmood).

105

Preparation of Stimuli Responsive Cellulose Membrane for Purification of Lysozyme

M. U. Badak1,*, A. Zengin1, N. Aktaş1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yuzuncu Yil University, Tuşba, Van, Turkey

Combining surface imprinting with membranes is an effective solution to overcome template removal and achieve large binding capacity. In this work, lysozyme (Lyz) imprinted cellulose membrane (CM) was prepared via surface initiated free radical polymerization after chemical modification of a methacrylate containing organosilane molecule. The morphology and structure property of the resultant molecular imprinted CM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The polymerization and adsorption conditions were investigated in detail in order to obtain the highest selectivity and binding capacity. Under the optimized conditions, the imprinted CM showed higher binding affinity toward Lyz than non-imprinted CM. The selectivity for Lyz recognition was determined with competitive adsorption experiments indicating the imprinted CM has a higher selectivity for Lyz. In addition, the stability and regeneration were also examined, which indicated the imprinted CM had excellent reusability.

Keywords: Molecular imprinting, polymerization, surface initiated free radical polymerization, lysozyme,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-444 5065/28259. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. U. Badak).

106

Magnetic Liquid Sensor Design for High Electrical Current Measurements

T. Abbasov1, K. Kartaca2,*, T. Karadağ3

1,2,3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

Direct measurement and control of current or voltage in high voltage and current systems bring about to crucial electro technical difficulties that must be solved within technical approach. In this study, a magnetic fluid sensor method is proposed, which is a new method to measure high electrical currents and the design, operation principle and characteristics of a sensor with a small size and working with magnetic fluid are presented. The magnetic fluids formed from suspensions containing nanometer and micrometer sized super magnetic particles are very sensitive to external electrical and magnetic field changes. Therefore, magnetic fluid sensors formed from micron-sized channels can easily detect the change of the external electromagnetic field and allow one to measure the current. These small size sensors do not require additional mounting space for the high current measurement area, in addition they allow one to measure AC and DC currents continually. In this paper, the design characteristics of the magnetic liquid sensor will be evaluated and the application, measurement and output characteristics of this sensor is examined. The advantages and disadvantages of the designed current measurement sensor will be evaluated, the problem of forming and developing the theory of such sensors will be discussed. Moreover, the methods of improving the output characteristics of the high current measurement sensor according to the obtained results will be discussed. The overall results, output characteristics, measurement and evaluation results will be presented with tables and graphics comparatively. In addition to these physical and chemical properties of magnetic fluids used in today's sensors, a proposal for the application of magnetic liquid sensor in electro technical systems will also be included in the study.

Keywords: Sensor, magnetic fluid, high current, magnetic nanoparticles, electromagnetic field, magnetization

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Kartaca).

107

Continuous Measurement and Evaluation of Very High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Urban Areas

İ.C. Dikmen1, T. Karadağ2,*, T. Abbasov3

1,2,3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

By the rapid development of communication technologies, causes an increase in the number and usage time of wireless devices working at very high frequencies which are frequently used in daily life. This, in turn, brings an increase, proportional to the usage, of electromagnetic pollution levels in urban areas. In the proposed study, electromagnetic pollution levels of communication systems in an urban area are collected for a week long by taking a measurement in every half second. The study is conducted in a wide frequency spectrum including frequency ranges as wide as 100kHz- 8GHz. Also a spectrum analysis was conducted for the same frequency range 24/7 a week to determine the sources of pollution. The change characteristics of electromagnetic pollution in the urban areas and time specified graphical comparisons were made in order to execute comparative evaluations. Thus, the sources of electromagnetic pollution in urban areas were identified and the change characteristics of the electromagnetic pollution during the day were revealed.

Keywords: Very high frequency, electromagnetic fields, continuous measurements, monitoring

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-422-377 4878. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Karadağ).

108

Nanomaterials in Bioengineering and Life Sciences

M. Ates1,*, N.H. Ahmad2

1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Munzur University, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey 2Cluster for Oncological & Radiological Sciences, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

The healthcare industry is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing service sector, and in recent years there has been a massive growth in interest in nanotechnology as a potential driver for new advances in bioengineering and medical technology and improved treatments for patients. The basis of nanotechnology is the nanoscale materials that consists of unique physicochemical properties and displays great potential in biomedical applications. There are numerous medical applications of nanomaterials including diagnostics, wound care, drug delivery, medical devices, surgery, medical implants, therapy, and coatings. The prevention of biofilm formation and infection on indwelling catheters, orthopedic implants, pacemakers, contact lenses, stents, vascular grafts, embolic devices, aneurysm repair devices and other medical devices is of growing importance. The full potential of graphene as diagnostic tools and sensors; support for heterogeneous and coupled biocatalytic reactions; vector for delivery of pharmaceuticals or genes. Functionalized nanoparticulate silicon dioxide is being applied in biotechnology and biomedicine as drug delivery component, cancer therapy, enzyme immobilization and DNA transfection. Nanocoating products have been commercialized in life sciences and healthcare as anti-bacterial surfaces for medical devices, including catheters, temporary or permanent implants, stents, vascular grafts, anastomotic devices, aneurysm repair devices, embolic devices, cochlear implants, and implantable devices. Gold nanoparticles have been widely used in biomedical and diagnostics applications for a number of years. Their applications as immunohistochemistry bio markers and DNA delivery component are due to their low cytotoxicity and ease of functionalization with various ligands of biological significance. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles are also applied as cancer therapeutic agents, photother mal agents, contrast agents and radiosensitisers. The medical implants industry encompasses implantable cardioverter defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, pacemakers, tissue and spinal orthopedic implants, hip replacements, phakic intraocular lenses and cosmetic implants. Medical implants such as orthopaedic implants and heart valves are made of titanium and stainless steel alloys, primarily because they are biocompatible. Thus, further detailed investigations on their potential applications are crucial in determining optimal purposes in the future.

Keywords: Healthcare, bioengineering, nanomaterials, medical implants

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 428 213 17 94 /2433: fax: +90 428 213 18 61 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ateş).

109

Histopathological Changes in Gill, Liver and Kidney Tissues of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Exposed to Alpha Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Ö. Aksu1, , M. Ateş2,*

1Faculty of Fishery, Munzur University, Tunceli, 62000, Turkey 2Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, 62000, Turkey

The potential for environmental damage due to the widespread use of nanoparticles is pretty high. Especially the effects of nanoparticles released into the aquatic environment, on aquatic organisms, are not yet fully comprehended. Metal-based iron nanoparticles have unique properties for biomedical, technological and environmental applications. Thus, the toxic effects of alpha iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) in different concentrations (0; 0.1; 0.5 and 1 mg / L) on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), samples were investigated histopathologically in our study. Fish were exposed to α-Fe2O3 NPs for 60 days and this exposure followed by a 30 day recovery phase. The gill, liver and kidney sections of fishes were evaluated histopathologically at 0, 30, 60 and 90th day of the trials in question. For these examinations, 10 different fish were randomly selected from each treatment group. Paraffin blocks were stained with H&E at 5 μm thickness using a rotary microtome and then examined in detail on an Olympus Cx31 optical microscope. Lamellar fusion and local hemorrhages were observed in the gill sections, especially on the 30th day of exposure to 0.5 and 1 mg / L α-Fe2O3 NPs. In liver sections, increased haemorrhagic activity, mononuclear cell infiltrations and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed in the 1 mg / L α-Fe2O3 group, especially on the 60th day of exposure. Tuberculous and glomerular deformations in the kidney sections from the 30th day of application are among the most important histopathologic findings with mononuclear cell infiltrates. In the samples taken after the recovery phase (90th day), it was found that there was a decrease in pathological findings especially in gills compared to other organs. As a result, significant histopathological findings were found in Tilapia samples exposed to α-Fe2O3 NPs. Considering the aforementioned pathological findings, it is thought that increasing doses of α-Fe2O3 NPs are at a level threatening the life of the organism and care should be taken to use this substance.

Keywords: Alpha iron oxide, nanoparticles, tilapia, histopathology, toxicity.

Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Scientific Research Project Fund of Munzur University under the project number MFTUB013-17.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 428 213 17 94 / 2433: fax: +90 428 213 18 61 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ateş).

110

Fortification of Foods with Encapsulated Iron

B.E. Kocamaz1, *, H. Şanlıdere Aloğlu1 , O. Sağdıç2

1 Department of Food Engineering, Kırklareli University, Faculty of Engineering, Kırklareli, Turkey 2 Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

Iron deficiency is one of the most common malnutrition types in the world. It was observed that the deficiency was caused by low intake of iron in the diet, malabsorption due to intestinal pathogens and chronic bleeding. Enrichment of food by iron is thought to be a long-term effective and lasting path for problem of iron deficiency. However, adding iron into foods causes unwanted changes in food’s sensory features like taste and smell. Because many iron compounds are colored, there is a problem in adding light colored food. Especially iron compounds incorporated into beverages cause unwanted flavors like metal taste. It is known that some food matters inhibit the iron absorption like phytic acid in grains, calcium and casein in milk product, polyphenols in beverages. In addition to this, iron compounds can cause oxidation of fatty acids, amino acids and other micro nutrients, which can cause negative sensory changes and decrease the nutritional value of this food. To prevent these negative changes, encapsulation method is a good alternative. Encapsulation is a method of coating a substance or mixture with another substance or system. The aim is to provide stability and protect from the environmental conditions of the coating matter. Nowadays, many encapsulation methods are available. However, for iron encapsulation, liposome, freeze drying, emulsification methods and spray cooling are the best alternative methods. Arabic gum, gelatin, sodium alginate and modified starch are some of the coating materials used for iron encapsulation in the literature.

Keywords: Iron deficiency, encapsulation, coating material.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-214 0514, fax: +90-288-214 0516 E-mail address: [email protected] (B.E. Kocamaz).

111

Perfecting the Technology of Goat’s Milk Ice Cream with Transglutaminase Enzyme

H. Şanlıdere Aloğlu1, *, Y. Özcan1, S. Karasu2, B. Çetin1, O. Sağdıç2

1 Department of Food Engineering, Kırklareli University, Faculty of Engineering, Kırklareli, Turkey 2 Department of Food Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

Ice cream is a complex physicochemical system consisting of ingredients in different phases. Heat, melting resistance and rheological behavior of the ice cream is very crucial characteristic. These behaviors are highly related to formulation of the ice cream especially milk protein. Milk proteins are generally considered as suitable substrate for transglutaminase enzyme reactions. Cross-linking of proteins with transglutaminase enzyme allows improving the structure of protein rich foods and increasing functionality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of transglutaminase enzyme on the physicochemical characteristics, overrun, melting resistance, rheological, and sensorial properties of ice cream produced from goat milks. Goat milk protein was stated to be susceptible to cross-linking reactions with transglutaminase. In study different enzyme unit and treatment time was applied to determine optimum process conditions. Transglutaminase enzyme had no effect on ice cream in terms of sensory, overrun, and physicochemical properties. However transglutaminase enzyme treatment significantly affected rheological and melting properties of the samples. The samples prepared at higher enzyme unit and enzyme treatment time showed higher melting resistance of ice cream, consistency index and viscoelastic modulus (G') of ice cream mix. Apparent viscosity of the all samples decreased with increasing shear rate, indicating that all samples exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning flow behavior. This study showed that treatment time and enzyme unit are important factor in a processing of transglutaminase enzyme for improving rheological and melting properties of ice cream. This study was supported as a project (KLUBAP-031) by Kırklareli University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office.

Keywords: Goat’s milk ice cream, transglutaminase, rheological properties.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-214 0514 fax: +90-288-214 0516 E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Şanlıdere Aloğlu).

112

Sports Industry 4.0

S. Devecioglu1,*

1Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

The first industrial revolution (1.0) took place with mechanical production systems by using water and steam power. The second industrial revolution (2.0) started with the development of production lines in mass production with the help of electric power. In the third industrial revolution (3.0), on the other hand, production became even more automatic along with digital revolution, use of electronics and development of ITs (Information Technologies). Today, we have been faced with the fourth industrial revolution (4.0) at current point of science and technology. The new revolution is called as Industry 4.0 We know that sportive services, products, institutions and organizations are also affected in all stages of advancing science and technology. Being the oldest and indispensable institution of the history of humanity; sports is affected by the developments of the fourth industrial revolution today. We witness developments in sports technologies and the use of new technologies, facilities, applications, technics, and strategies in Olympic games that are organized in every four years with industrial developments in the world. The fact that sports centers upon human and society causes it to use and get affected by the developments in science and technology much earlier. Today, a number of products and services within the sports industry are easily associated with new technologies and besides, sports institutions and activities inspire with and contribute to the development of new technologies.

Keywords: Sports, Industry 4.0, technologies

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4424: fax: +90-424-241 6512. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.Devecioglu).

113

Tunisia Ecopark Research: Challenges and Opportunities for New and Renewable Energy

S. Bouadila1,*, S. Skouri2

1,2Research and Technology Center of Energy, Thermal Processes Laboratory, Hammam Lif, B.P. 95, 2050 Tunis, Tunisia

Climate change throughout the 21st century and energy resources availability are affecting different sectors in MENA region like agriculture, economy and human health especially by putting water and food security at risk. Many scientific Research, development and innovation activities in Tunisia were oriented by four Research and development Centers in order to cure problems caused by climate change and the Water-Energy and Food Nexus. The primary purpose of this presentation is to illustrate scientific research activities in Tunisia carried out by Thermal Process Laboratory of Research and Technologies Center of Energy that invest in the field of renewable energy and the solar energy which represents a potential relevant solution for the present energy situation. Recently medium-high temperature application is an important topic in the solar energy field. Thus, the secondary purpose of this presentation is to describe different parameters of Solar Parabolic Concentrator (SPC) (mechanical structure, tracking system, SPC optical efficiency and SPC thermal performance) which could be the basis for large scale commercial concentrated solar thermal applications in Tunisia.

Keywords: Energy, water, food, solar energy, solar concentrator.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +216-97 772 206: fax: +216-79 325 825 E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Bouadila).

114

Optimization of Solar Dish Thermal Efficiency for Steam Generation

S. Skouri1,*, K. Ghazouani2, S. Bouadila3

1,2,3The Research and Technology Center of Energy, the Thermal Processes Laboratory, Hammam Lif, B.P. 95, 2050 Tunis, Tunisia

This paper presents the performance analysis of a solar parabolic concentrator (SPC) with aperture area of 3.8 m2 which was designed, manufactured and evaluated in the Research and Technology Center of Energy in Borj cedria Tunisia (CRTEn) which can be used for the generation of high temperature water or low temperature steam. The purpose of this work is to determine the thermal performance of the SPC in order to improve the thermal efficiency, reduce the heat losses and achieve steam production. Climatic conditions, inlet and outlet of oil/water temperatures, tank temperature, SPC thermal energy, and the mean concentration ratio and energy efficiency of the system were acquired experimentally for three days and for three different mass flow rate of water in November 2016 to generate steam. The thermal energy efficiency varies from 60 % to 70 %; the concentrating system reaches an average concentration factor around 350. In this work, we conclude that the mass and the heat energy of steam produced increases when the water mass flow decreases with a maximum value equal to 6 kg/h.

Keywords: Oil, parabolic dish, steam generation, thermal energy efficiency, water.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Skouri).

115

Deposition and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method

M. Kaleli1, * A.B.Bayram2, M. Pekeroğlu3, M.Koç4, S.Akyürekli5, C.A.Yavru6, E. Eren7

1,2,3,5,6Department of of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 4Hydrogen Technology Research and Application Center (HITEM), Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 7Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suleyman Demirel University

TiO2 thin films have many different opto-electronic applications due to its features such as; high permeability in visible light range, low production cost, wide band gap energy, etc. and because of the mentioned above features there were many applications from organic dye-sensitive and hybrid solar cells to photocatalytic processes. Titanium dioxide can be deposited by many physical and chemical deposition methods such as; thermal evaporation, sputtering, e-beam, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel, spin coating, spray pyrolysis and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). In this study, 0.1 M titanium (IV)-bis (acetylacetonate) -di- isopropoxide (TiAcAc) and ethanol (96 %) (C2H5OH) were used as the precursor solution to form TiO2 by the USP method. TiO2 thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass at a substrate temperature of 225 ºC for different numbers of pass (5, 10 and 15) and then the films were annealed at 500 ºC. The crystal structures of the thin films were determined by using an XRD and found to be in the anatase phase. Thicknesses and surface morphology of thin films were investigated by SEM and it’s found that there was an increase in thickness with the number of passes. These thicknesses were determined as 350, 750 and 1100 nm on 5, 10 and 15 numbers of passes, respectively. Surface morphology was studied with AFM. Surface roughness with increase of thickness was observed. The band gap was determined by using UV-VIS technique for the absorbance measurement at the wavelength of 200-800 nm at (3.4, 3.25 and 3.15) eV, respectively.

Keywords: Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, TiO2 thin film, structural characterization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-333 6422 fax: +90- (246) 211 43 26. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Kaleli).

116

Embedded Wifi Web Server for LAN Telemetry System

A. Kaba1,*, A. E. Süzer2, Z. Demir3

1,2Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey 3Department of Electronics and Automation, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Telemetry systems are essential blocks at control and monitoring. Sensors are necessary feedback elements so as to control any plant reliable. In this work, a telemetry system for measuring the current, voltage and temperature of a load is implemented. Instead of indicating these values on a single and station based monitor, a universal and simple http based web page is created subjected to work dynamically. Thanks to the created web server, measured values may be reached from any device that uses internet browser via local wifi network with specific IP address.

Keywords: Telemetry, wifi, web server, embedded system.

* Corresponding author. Tel:+90-222-335 0580 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Kaba).

117

Linear Quadratic Regulator Design for Boeing 767 Aircraft Longitudinal Dynamics

A. Kaba1,*, E. Kıyak2

1,2Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Passenger type aircrafts are being produced by safety and reliability concerns at top of the list. In order to reduce the work on pilots, several tasks and systems have become automatically. Some of these assisted systems are flight control computers (FCC) and automatic flight control systems (AFCS). In this paper, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is proposed so as to assist pilots and to control the longitudinal states of the Boeing 767 aircraft, namely longitudinal velocity, angle of attack, pitch rate and pitch angle. In addition to elevator deflection, thrust ratio is considered as secondary input that makes the model multiple input – multiple output (MIMO). Also, further stability analysis which covers the short – period and phugoid - mode oscillations is done as a conclusion.

Keywords: Flight control, lqr, Boeing, aircraft, longitudinal motion.

* Corresponding author. Tel: +90-222-335 0580 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Kaba).

118

Effects on Healty of Fish Oil as Functional Food

R. Bilici1 , Ö. Emir Çoban2,*

1Fisheries Research Station, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Fishing Techniques and Processing Technologies, Faculty of Fisheries, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Functional foods are foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition. According to scientific research in the recent past has documented the numerous health benefits of eating fish, especially fatty fish species. Fish oil has been recognized as a functional food because of its ability to reduce blood pressure and lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders such as abnormal heartbeat and blockage of blood vessel by cholesterol. The health benefits from fish consumption could be considered with respect to two groups of population, namely, women, infants and young children, who derive benefits of ω-3, ω-6 fatty acids and adult, who can prevent or delay chronic diseases through fish consumption. Therefore, a balanced diet, in which fish is consumed at least 2 or 3 times per week, supplies the daily needs of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and keeps the integrity of cellular membranes and nervous tissues, as well as, ensures good functionality of the organism as a whole.

Keywords: Funtional food, Fish Oil, PUFA, MUFA.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4536 E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö. Emir Çoban)

119

Chemical and Sensorial Quality Attributes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Gravad

R. Bilici1 , Ö. Emir Çoban2,*

1Fisheries Research Station, 23000, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Fishing Techniques and Processing Technologies, Faculty of Fisheries, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Chemical and sensorial quality attributes of gravad rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) slices were investigated. Rainbow trout (approximately, 3kg) was were eviscerated and washed with clean water, then it was matured in prepared mixture (salt, sugar, dill, lemon zest, black pepper, red beet) at +2±1°C 48 hours and then it was cut into slices and serviced. Moisture, crude protein and crude fat of trout were found 70.95%, 19.51% and 6.70%, respectively. Chemically, the product was determined to have a TVB-N value of 13.30 mg/100 g, TBARS value of 0.63 mg MDA/kg and pH of 6.48. In terms of sensory, the products were evaluated as flavor, color, odor, appearence and quality values were determined as a “good”. The present study showed that gravad product from trout can be alternative product for consumers.

Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss, gravad, Sensorial qulity, chemical quality

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4536 E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö. Emir Çoban)

120

The Influence of Problematic Internet Use on Health Life Style: A Study of Turkish University Student

F. Nazik1,*, G. Güneş2

1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Bingöl, Turkey 2Department of Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

Being the carriers of innovations that prompted social changes in a society, young generations are also playing a key role in proliferation of these innovations. The young generations are also important in determining the importance on a society’s future prospect. Today, internet causes addiction among youngsters, negatively affecting their lifestyles. Internet addiction is a psychological addiction that includes feeling of dissatisfaction when being offline and of happiness when being online as well as being increasing source of innovation. Young is the first person to have conducted researches on internet addiction. Young made a research by adapting criteria of pathological gambling to internet addiction and viewed those who gave three or more affirmative answers as internet addict. Young also compared these individuals with non-addicts. Internet addicted individuals use internet almost seven times more than the non-addicts. Addicted people have apparently symptoms of less tolerance, disengagement and decrease in functionality in addition to decrease in academic, interpersonal and economic relations. In this research, “Problematic Internet Use and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in University Students” has been determined as problem status.

A total of 14069 students studying at Fırat University constitutes the population. The students are classified according to their departments, grades and gender. The number of students taken into the research is 1723.

The survey form consists of three sections. Participants are asked about their socio demographic characteristics and characteristics of computer use at the first section. The second section is Problematic Internet Usage Scale and the third section includes Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale.

Validity and reliability researches of Problematic Internet Use Scale were conducted by Esra Ceyhan, et al on 1658 students studying at Anadolu University's formal trainings. The scale consists of three sub-factors, which are respectively negative results of internet, social benefit/comfort and overuse of internet. High scores received from scale are assessed as indication showing that

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012 / 2293. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Nazik).

121 individuals' use of internet is turning into unhealthful situation, internet is negatively affecting their lives, and the individuals can incline to a pathology like addiction. This scale is a 5-point Likert scale composing of 33 items. There five choices that are as follows: “absolutely appropriate (5 points)”, “quite appropriate (4 points)”, “slightly appropriate (3 points)”, “rarely appropriate (2 points)” and “never appropriate (1 point)”.

Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale was developed by Walker, Sechrist and Pender in order to test the health-promoting model, which measures health-improving behaviors concerning healthy lifestyle of an individual. The scale has a total of 52 items. It has also six sub-groups consisting of self- realization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal assistance and stress management. Score of the whole scale gives score of healthy lifestyle behaviors. Correlation, ANOVA and t-test are used in analysis of the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was made to test normality of distribution, which shows that it is appropriate with the normal distribution.

Average of the students' ages participating into the research is 21.5±2.2. The 33 percent of the students are aged and under 20 years old. 85.7 percent of them have an e-mail addresses. A total of 55.9% prefer to use internet at night whereas 28.9% of them spend less than an hour in a day. The students use internet mostly to check their mail addresses, read online newspapers and magazine, play online games and make literature survey. Score average of the students' Problematic Internet Use Scale is 64.25±22.63, and that of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale is 126.0±19.4. Problematic Internet use is pointedly high in those who use internet to check e-mail, read newspaper and magazine, play games, join discussion groups, shop and make banking transactions. These behaviors extend the duration of staying on internet, which can cause problematic use of internet. Healthy lifestyle behaviors is pointedly high in those who use to check e-mail, read newspaper and magazine and join discussion groups. This result suggested that the students use what they see and read in social media in their daily lives. A negative correlation has been found between points of healthy lifestyle behaviors and problematic internet use.

Useful activities should be gained to students to spend their spare times and trainings should be organized on substance-use. In addition, the students should be informed about proper use of internet and negative situations caused by problematic internet use.

Keywords: Problematic internet use, healthy lifestyle behaviors, Turkish university student.

122

Digital Forensics Approaches in Mobile Devices by Operating Systems

F. Güneş Eriş1,*, E. Akbal1, S. Dogan1

1 Department of Digital Forensics Engineering, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey

Mobile devices have begun to be used extensively in all areas of life in recent years. There are many types of mobile devices on the market, and a variety of operating systems, file systems and applications have been developed for these devices. With this development, the usage rates of these devices in criminal activities have also increased. The constantly changing and evolving mobile devices are used directly or indirectly in the process of crime, making the mobile device an important issue. This need has led to mobile forensic as a branch of digital forensic. There are many different operating systems, file systems and applications developed for mobile devices, making them difficult to analyze. It is very important to determine the structure of the mobile operating systems on the market and to determine the examination process of a mobile device for the mobile device reviews can be performed in a good way. In this study, the areas that need to be looked at while being examined on mobile devices are given and what kind of evidence data can be obtained from them. In addition, detailed information is provided about the most used mobile operating systems and the storage locations of the evidence data, in the sense that the examination is different according to the operating system.

Keywords: Digital forensics, mobile forensics, mobile operating system.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 7634. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Gunes Eris).

123

The Effects of Dietary Incorporatin of Heliotropium Dolosum Seed on Growth Performance of Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758)

M. N. Çakmak1,* , M. Dörücü2

1,2Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Elazig, Turkey

A feeding trial were performed on scale carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1843). In this study, possibilities of using Heliotropium dolosum seed in scale carp diets were investigated. Heliotropium dolosum seed used in Control, D1, D2 and D3 diets at % 0, 1, 5 and 10 rate respectively for preparing experimental diets. In the study, total 120 scale fish fry with mean weight (9,3±0.1) g were used. Each group had two replicate and 15 fish were placed in each replicate. Experiment was carried on for 4 months. At the end of the study, increased level of Heliotropium dolosum seed in carp diets led to decreased live weight gain, specific growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Greatest live weight were obtained in Control and Exp.1 diets and differences in this groups were not important. It suggested that, best level of Heliotropium dolosum seed in scale carp fry is 1 %.

Keywords: Mirror Carp, Cyprinus carpio, Heliotropium dolosum, fish feed.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4561: fax: +90-424-238 62 87. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. N. Çakmak).

124

Investigation of Catalytic Hydrogen Production by Polymer Supported Cu (II)–Schiff Base Complex

D. Kılınç1, *, O. Sahin2

1Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Siirt University, Siirt Turkey 2Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey

Hydrogen promises to be a new energy source for the future because it is more advantageous than the other. One of its advantages is that the product obtained from hydrogen combustion is a harmless substance such as water. . cat + a + NaBH + 2 H O 4H2 N BO2 Q (217 kj ) 4 2 In this research, we used Schiff base ligand named 4,4-methylenebis(2,6-diethyl) aniline-3,5- di-tert-butylsalisilaldimin and its Cu complex which we were synthesed before. For this work Cu complex was supported on A.O.R. polymer and it was used as a catalyst for H2 production from NaBH4 hydrolysis and reaction was investigated depending on concentration of NaBH4, NaOH, temperature, amount of catalyst. Also catalyst was characterized with some analysis technique. When polymer supported Cu(II) complex used as catalyst; the maximum reaction rate was -1 -1 0 0 6800 mL H2. g cat.min and 14600 mL H2/ gcat.min at 30 C and 50 C, respectively. The activation energy of this reaction was found as 16340 kj.mol-1. As a result, A.O.R. polymer supported Cu(II) complex catalyst has a high activity in NaBH4 hydrolysis reaction for H2 production.

Keywords: Complex, catalyst, hydrolysis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-484-212 1111/2593. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Kilinc).

125

Investigation of MR Damper Locations Effect in Structural Vibration Control by Fuzzy Logic Control Method

H. Aggumus1,*, M. Paksoy2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey 2Department of Agriculture Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

This study investigates the vibration mitigation of a ten-story structure under the earthquake excitation using a MR damper. The MR dampers are semi-active control devices, which damping force changes according to the applied voltage. Therefore, Fuzzy Logic Controller is designed in order to determine applied voltage to the MR damper. The performance of the system is investigated using two different combinations of the MR damper on the building. In the first case the MR damper is mounted second floor at the building. The next case the MR damper is mounted between second and first floor. The effect of the MR damper placement is investigated using numerical simulations via the MATLAB-Simulink program.

Keywords: Structural vibration control, MR damper, fuzzy logic control.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-383 2846: fax: +90-212-261 6659. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Aggumus).

126

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Applications on Cotton Fabric

S. Y. Yetkin1, H. İ. Yavuz2,*

1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversity, Van, TURKEY

After the discovery of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) in 1991, DSSC became a cheap alternative to conventional silicon-based p–n junction solar cells. The basic components of highly efficient dye sensitized solar cell are an electrolyte system and dye absorbed photo-generator nanoporous oxide thick film covered by two highly transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin film. According to the previous studies conducted regarding new type sensitizer, production of new type photoanode material and recycling electrolyte, the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic generation on DSSCs has been improved. Nevertheless, important parameters of light conversion efficiency resulting from the interactions between photoanode mesoporous material and TCO have been rarely studied. The high electrical conductivity is originated from Sn dopants which create a conducting carrier–oxygen vacancy at the matrix (In2O3). Although Dye Sensitized TCO materials is expensive than other choices, it still gives best performance on high transparency and low resistivity via glass substrate. There are two problems stemming from glass based TCO’s on DSSC applications. One of them is the production cost and second one is the maximization of interaction in the interface area between ITO and the photoanodic TiO2 layer to reduce electron recombination. Both of problems can be solved by textile based produced solgel assist TCOs that gives cheapest solution. In this study, Graphene based (GBO) thin films has been produced on textile substrates (cotton) by sol-gel technique and these were used for the production of nano-crystalline dye- sensitized solar cells (nc-DSSC) to improve the photovoltaic performance that modifications help to increase the interaction in the interface area between the transparent conductive layer (ITO) textile electrode and the photoanodic TiO2 layer.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, dye sentized solar cell, textiles materials, solar cells.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-444 5065 / 21185: fax: +90-432-444 1730. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. İ. Yavuz).

127

Investigation of in-situ Synthesized TiB2 Particles in Iron-based Hardfacings Using with Hybrid Submerged Arc Welding Technique

M. Kaptanoglu1, *, M.Eroglu2

1,2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, Elazig, 23000, Turkey

In this study, production of in-situ synthesized TiB2 particles in iron-based hardfacings using with four different submerged arc welding powder containing increasing amounts of ferrotitanium and ferroboron combined with S1 welding wire, were targeted. For this purpose, welding tests were carried out on SAE 1020 steel surfaces using hybrid submerged arc welding technique. In addition to welding tests; visual analyzes, microstructure, hardness and wear tests were also carried out. At the end of the study, slag removal characteristic and surface properties of hardfacings were negatively affected in all samples due to the presence of ferrotitanium in submerged arc welding powders. However, the partial titanium and boron pass from powders to hardfacings can be achieved by using the hybrid submerged arc welding technique. Increasing amounts of ferrotitanium and ferroboron in welding powders, microstructures of hardfacings were changed, percentage of TiB2 in hardfacings were increased and hardness and wear properties of hardfacings were developed.

Keywords: Hybrid submerged arc welding technique, TiB2, iron-based-hardfacings, submerged arc welding powder.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by a grant from the scientific and technological research council of Turkey, TUBITAK (Project No: 114M016).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-535-405 1760: fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Kaptanoglu).

128

Application and Performance Analysis of Maze Construction based on Union/Find Data Structure

S. Peldek1,* , A. Karacı2

1,2Department of Computer Engineering, Kastamonu University, Kuzeykent Campus, Kastamonu, TURKEY

In this study, Union/Find data structure used to generate perfect maze. Maze construction idea can used for entertainment purpose as well as scientific purpose like used in percolation theory. In computer application, proposed algorithm for solving any problem must be efficient in terms of time complexity and memory usage. Union / find is an efficient data structure used to solve problems and its implementation is easy. Each function fulfills its task with a few lines of code. It has a very fast application performance and allows for a fixed time for some operations. It is also interesting from the point of view of algorithm analysis because different methods doing the same process show how algorithm performance affects and can improved. Union/Find provides an efficient way to solve problems have equivalence relations. An equivalence relation must satisfies three properties; reflexive, symmetric and transitive. There are four main different suggested approaches have different performance for Union/Find data structure. A square consist of n row and n column can be assumed as a maze and cells separated from each other by walls. Starting from top- left corner cell continually choose a wall randomly and if the wall separate unconnected cells then destroy the wall that distinguish the cells. We apply the four different union/find approaches to generate the maze and report the required time for different size of maze.

Keywords: Union/find data structure, maze construction, performance analysis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-366-280 2935: fax: +90-366-280 2900. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Peldek).

129

Preparation of Single Phase CrSi

H.E. Çamurlu1,*, C. Milanese2, F. Maglia2

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Silicides of the chromium, such as Cr5Si3, CrSi, CrSi2, exhibit a wide range of physical properties. Among them there are refractory compounds with high melting points, corrosion- resistant compounds, semiconductors and compounds having significant electrical and magnetic properties. They have good creep resistance at high temperatures, which makes them suitable for high temperature applications. Single phase CrSi, which was produced in this study, was aimed to be utilized in a diffusion couple. In the present study, chromium monosilicide (CrSi) was produced from elemental powders. Cr and Si were dry mixed and pressed in a steel die in the form of a pellet. The pellet was annealed at 1200 oC for various durations. It was seen that obtaining single phase CrSi was intricate and precautions had to be taken in order to eliminate the formation of secondary phases. Effect of utilization of excess Si was investigated and 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5 % excess Si was added into the starting mixture. Minute amounts of side phases such as Cr5Si3 and CrSi2 were seen to be present in the XRD patterns, together with the aimed phase of CrSi.

Keywords: Chromium silicides, CrSi

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-242-310 6346. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.E. Çamurlu).

130

Ab Initio Calculations of the Rg–NO+(X1Ʃ+): Structure and Vibrational Frequencies

C. Örek1,*, F. Özkalaycı2, N. Bulut3

1,2,3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey 1Research and Application Center, Kastamonu University, 37100 Kastamonu, Turkey

Nitrogen is one of the major contributors to the chemical richness of the interstellar medium (ISM), and it is able to form a large variety of molecules in the gas phase, including HCN, HNC, CN, and NH3. The nitrosylium ion (NO+) was found in the Earth’s upper atmosphere more than three decades ago [1] while its first detection in the interstellar medium was reported very recently. This first detection of NO+ in the cold dense core of Barnard 1-b is an important step in understanding the interstellar chemistry of molecules containing N and O atoms that play a crucial role in the chemistry relevant to life. The interaction between a rare gas atom and a closed-shell diatom represents one of the simplest atom–molecule interactions. Such interactions are a good test of the accuracy and reliability of modern ab initio methods, as the whole potential energy surface (PES) may be calculated with modern codes and computers. The interaction of Rg with NO+ has been the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies. Previous experimental and theoretical studies determined equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, and ionization and dissociation energies of Rg–NO+ complexes. In this study, we present application of explicitly correlated coupled cluster method to obtain Rg-NO+ potentials. This method, which recently became available since few years, provides very good quality potentials with relatively small basis set that are comparable in quality to complete basis set calculations. We estimate bending, stretching vibrational frequencies of complexes from harmonic calculations and zero-point corrected dissociation energies.

Keywords: Correlated coupled cluster method, Rg-NO+ potentials, stretching vibrational frequencies, harmonic calculations, zero-point corrected dissociation energies.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-366-280 1316. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Örek).

131

Implementation and Evaluation of Robot Hand Control with Wearable Gloves

A. Karacı1,* , S. Peldek2, M. Erdemir3

1,2 Department of Computer Engineering, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, TURKEY 3Department of Science Education, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, TURKEY

In this study, a robotic hand, which can controlled by wearable gloves, has developed. This robotic hand imitates human hand movements so that suspicious packages can checked remotely. Human deaths and injuries can prevented. In this study, developed robot hand electronic and software direction explained in detail. In addition, difficulties and solutions to robot hand development emphasized in this study. Thus, the article can guide the researcher who is working on this field. Arduino uno control card, servo motor, connecting cables, flex sensor and gloves used while the robot hand was developed. Flex sensors are glued on the glove. Thus, hand movements in the wearable glove detected. These perceived movements are transferred to robot hand via servo motors via arduino uno card. This study is important in that it guides to the researcher working on this field.

Keywords: Robot hand, wearable gloves, robotic

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-366-280 2918: fax: +90-366-280 2900. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Karacı).

132

Application of Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Fabrication of a Glucose Oxidase Based Biosensor.

G. Ozyilmaz1,*, H. Uluca2 , A. T. Ozyilmaz3

1,2,3Department of Chemistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

Glucose oxidase is an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose in presence of molecular oxygen to form gluconic acid and H2O2. When H2O2 oxidizes to O2 at constant potential, current value, which is proportional with H2O2 also with glucose concentration, can be measured. Therefore, enzyme electrodes based on the glucose oxidase (GOD) have been widely applied to construct biosensors for glucose determination. RSM is a combination of statistical and mathematical techniques that are required for the development and optimization of various processes. In this study, a platinum (Pt) electrode with a surface area of 0.09 cm2 was electrochemically coated with polyaniline (PANI) film. Subsequently, PANI coated Pt electrodes were immersed in chitosan (Ch) gel containing glucose oxidase (GOD) to form a thin Ch / GOD film on the surface. The surface of the resulting PANI / Ch / GOD electrode was immersed in glutaraldehyde (GAL) solution thus the enzyme was immobilized. The construction parameters of eznyme electrode; aniline concentration, scan rate and GOD concentration were optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) (State Ease Design Expert 8.0.7.1. Seri No 0021-6578). Glucose sensitivity of the enzyme electrode is measured by obtaining current values chronoamperometrically. The highest current value was obtained for electrode constructed at 50 mM aniline concentration, 100 mV/s scan rate and 5 mg/ml GOD concentration. It was found that, current value can be predicted by quadratic model using aniline concentration, scan rate and GOD concentration variables. According to ANOVA analysis obtained by RSM, the highest effect on current value depending on glucose concentration was GOD concentration, while the lowest effect was of aniline. Imax and Km values were calculated as 12,6 µA and 1,6 mM, respectively, when enzyme electrode was prepared at optimal conditions. In addition, electrode showed 75,6 % of initial activity at the end of the 25 repeated uses.

Keywords: Biosensor, glucose oxidase, surface methodology, ANOVA analysis.

Acknowledgment: The authors wish to thank to the Mustafa Kemal University department of Scientific Research Projects for supporting the this study (Project no:8905)

* Corresponding author. Tel: +90-326-245 5845 / 1131. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ozyilmaz)

133

Living Areas for Earthquakes in the Buildings

Y. Esen1,*

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Elazig, Turkey

A large part of our country's surface area is located under the earthquake zone. Despite the fact that the buildings are built with a lot of durable buildings compared to the old ones, most of the buildings are still at risk. It is not the earthquake that caused the loss of life in earthquakes, but the wreckage of the buildings. The earthquakes that most of the human losses are experienced are the earthquakes that are caught in the beds of the people that come in late at night. Therefore, the part of the existing or to be built buildings' bedrooms is reinforced by a suitable steel space frame system from the foundation to the top floor, even if the earthquake is damaged in great quantities, it is possible to reduce the loss of lives by creating living spaces by moving ahead of the migrations.

Keywords: Earthquake, building, reinforcement, living areas

* Corresponding author. Tel: +90-424-237 0000 / 4290 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Esen).

134

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Hardness of Nodular Cast Iron

H.E. Çamurlu1,*, E. Güner2, U. Taşkan3

1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and hardness of nodular cast iron was investigated. Chemical composition of the starting cast iron alloy was 3.6 % C, 2.7 % Si, 0.22 % Mn, 0.05 % Mg, 0.04 % P and 0.016 % S. Cast iron pieces were molten at 1350 oC in an induction furnace. The first sample was obtained by casting into graphite mold. The second and the sample third sample were cast into a steel mol, which was preheated to 350 oC and 500 oC, respectively. The fourth sample was cast into a sand mold. Microstructure of the samples cast into the graphite and steel molds contained rod-like cementite particles and pearlite regions. This indicates that the cooling rate was high and white cast iron structure was obtained. The hardness values of the first three samples were 486.4±9.9, 447.6±16.8, 451.4±12.3 HB30, respectively. The fourth sample which was cast into the sand mold presented a structure containing graphite nodules and pearlitic matrix. The hardness of the fourth sample was measured as 257.7±20.1 HB30, which is in accordance with the obtained microstructure. The tensile strength of the fourth sample was measured as 505 MPa and fracture occurred at a point that was close to the tip of the sample. It was seen that the fracture zone contained some large cementite particles. This was most probably due to high cooling rate at the tip of the sample, which led to cementite formation, weakening the sample.

Keywords: Nodular cast iron, casting, cooling rate

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-242-310 6346. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. E. Çamurlu).

135

Synthesis and Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Clickable Polypyrrole Derivatives

P. Camurlu,1,* , N. Guven2, Z. Bicil3

1,2,3Department of Chemistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

Click chemistry is an approach that allows two molecular structures to bind in high yields under mild conditions. One of the most important advantages of click chemistry is that it can be used in the post-polymerization functionalization process. In this work, firstly, electroactive and clickable, azide functionalized pyrrole derivatives were synthesized. In the second step, azide functionalized pyrrole derivatives were polymerized on the electrode surface by electrochemical polymerization. Finally, these polymers were subjected to click chemistry by immersing the electrodes into ethynylferrocene, CuSO4 and sodium ascorbate containing solution. Redox properties of the azide containing polypyrroles and ferrocene functionalized polypyrroles were investigated by cyclic voltammetry studies. The optoelectronic properties of some polymers were evaluated by spectroelectrochemistry studies. All the polymers revealed the typical surface confined redox behavior where a linear relationship between the current density and scan rate was observed. The most effective post-polymerization functionalization was achieved on the longest spacer group possessing polypyrrole derivative.

Keywords: Click chemistry, pyrrole, electrochemical polymerization, ferrocene, post- polymerization functionalization.

Acknowledgment: We are grateful to TUBITAK (Project No: 110T640) for the support of this study.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-242-310 2308: fax: +90-242-227 8911. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.Çamurlu).

136

Effect of Lactulose Addition on Some Quality Characteristics of Turkish Type Fermented Sausages

H. Uran1,*, H. Sanlidere Aloglu1, B. Cetin1

1Kırklareli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Kırklareli, Turkey.

Lactulose, a disaccharide, is an important prebiotic that promotes the development of probiotic bacteria. It is increasingly used in the food industry, especially in the use of probiotic foods. Probiotic meat products are relatively new and not well known area of the meat industry. In our country, fermented sausage is one of the leading products of this kind, and this product is a meat product that has been produced and consumed since old years. Fermented sausage is produced either through the bacteria in the environment or through an end-effect fermentation process of bacteria cultivation, which is added externally. In this study, sausage prepared with the addition of lactulose at different concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) was analyzed for various properties after the fermentation process. In this context, physicochemical (dry matter, ash, pH, water activity) and physical (color, cooking loss, texture) properties of sausages have been investigated. According to the results, lactulose supplementation did not show any difference in the dry matter, ash and pH values of sausages (p> 0.05), however, 2% lactulose added sausages have been found significantly lower than the other groups with and without lactulose added in terms of water activity (p <0.01). Lactulose supplementation increased the "L" value (brightness) of the products, decreased the "b" value (yellowness), but not made statistically difference. The "a" value (redness) of the samples also decreased with the addition of lactulose, which was significantly different from the control group (p <0.01). However, lactulose addition did not make any difference in the textural (hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, chewiness and cohesiveness) properties of sausages.

Keywords: Lactulose, prebiotic, fermented sausage, quality characteristics.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-214 0514/3017; fax: +90-288-214 0516. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Uran).

137

Stainless Steel and Low Carbon Steel Weldability with TIG Welding Method

A. Kurt1,*, S. Cetin1, H. Avci2

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 2Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

In this study, the 1 mm thick AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel sheet material was joined with the same thickness of low carbon steel material by TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding method and the tensile strength, microhardness and microstructure properties of the bonded materials were investigated. At the end of the tensile test, the sample is broken off from low carbon steel. As a result of the microhardness test, the highest hardness values were found in the weld metal. In the microstructure studies, it is understood that stainless steel and low carbon steel have different solidification behaviors in transition regions. It has been found that the weld metal is a mixture of stainless steel and low carbon steel.

Keywords: TIG welding, ostenitic stainless steel, mechanical properties.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-202 8750. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Kurt).

138

Position Control of Prosthetic Finger Via Sliding Mode Controller

B. Taşar1,*, O. Yakut2, A. Gülten3

1,2Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 3Department of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Prosthetic finger model, intended to imitate a human hand and for use in replacing the biological finger of an amputee, is designed using motors. Prosthetic finger is modeled and dynamic behavior is analyzed. A sliding mode control was applied to the prosthetic hand to track the trajectory as it should be followed for any desired motion pattern without cracking. The performance of the sliding mode controller for five patterns of biological hand was tested.

Keywords: Sliding mode control, tract the trajectory, without cracking, prosthetic hand.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 6354. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Tasar).

139

sEMG Based Hand Pattern Recognition Via K-NN

B. Taşar1,*, A. Gülten2, O. Yakut3

1,3Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Electrical and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Electromyography (EMG) is widely used to recognition of human motion pattern for using control signal of prosthetic / robotic devices. EMG is a highly effective method to support cognitive interaction between human and robotic devices. Because EMG signal has valuable information about human motion desire. It is important to make sense of the motion desire correctly to control robotic devices effectively. In this study K-NN classifier was used to recognize six different hand patterns. Firstly EMG signals recorded at forearm muscles via four surface EMG electrodes group which connected with flexor and extensor digitorum muscles. Recorded EMG signals are passed preprocessing step and filtered with a bandwidth filter. Then featured values of EMG signals such as average, RMS, maximum, variance and energy value are extracted. Finally ROC Analysis results presented to demonstrate classification performance of KNN.

Keywords: EMG, classification of hand pattern, KNN, six hand pattern.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 6354. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Tasar).

140

Water Absorption and Biodegradation Properties of Barley Straw-Contained Polyurethane Foams

T. Gürsoy1,*

1Departmant of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

In this study, barley straw was liquefied with different acid catalyst concentrations and in different liquefaction periods by micro-wave heating method. 350 watt/min as micro-wave energy, 300 rpm/min as mixing speed and mass ratio as Biomass/PEG400/Glycerol 5/12/3 w/w had been constanted and derived-natural polyols were characterized. The most appropriate barley straw polyol was chosen and polyurethane (PU)-based insulation foam was synthesized. Synthesis reaction was realized with certain among of biomass-contained polyol, catalyst, surfactant, blowing agent, PEG400 and MDI. Biodegradation and water absorption quantity of syntesised barley- contained PU foam were measured according to servis-soil burial test and water intake test individually and than contrasted with synthetic insulation foam. It was determined that, the biodegradation quantity of barley-contained PU foam is 11.1% and more than synthetic ones which have a 0.164% optimum value in three months period. The mean amount water intake at barley- contained PU foams were as to 164%, 172.5%, 231%, 311%, 516%, 691%, 986% within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hour respectively. These measurements were as to 35%, 42%, 52%, 65%, 76%, 84%, and 89% within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hour at syntetic foams. Biodegradation and water absorption properties were found to be higher than those of synthetic PU insulation foam dependently biomass content.

Keywords: Barley straw, liquefaction, polyurethane foam, biodegradation, water-absorption.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-444 5065/22219. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Gürsoy).

141

Two Degree-of-Freedom Force Feedback Screw Insertion Simulator

D. Mohammadzadeh1,*, Y. Tascioglu2

1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB ETU, Ankara, Turkey

This study presents a 2DoF force feedback screw insertion simulator, which can eventually be used in surgical training. Similar, but mostly 1DoF, simulators are reported in recent literature. The 1DoF simulators presented in and are especially designed for pedicle screw insertion in scoliosis surgery, Osteosynthesis screw Insertion and knee osteotomy, respectively. The 2DoF simulator in is also for pedicle screw insertion. Screw insertion includes three main phases: insertion, tightening and stripping. In the insertion phase, as user apply torque, friction forces act as a viscous effect and creates resisting torque. In the tightening phase, loading the screw leads to an increase in the resisting torque. Finally, in the stripping phase, the material threads are stripped when the damage threshold of the material is exceeded. Therefore, user feels a sharp decrease in the resistance torque. Two major setups are included in the design of the test system. The first setup is for measuring the forces and torques during screw insertion and it consist of a torque sensor and a force sensor to measure the torque and linear force data respectively. The second setup is a two degrees-of-freedom haptic simulator to realize the measured screw insertion data. This setup includes a DC servo motor in the rotary axis and a motorized linear stage in the feed axis.

Keywords: Screw insertion, force feedback, Pedicle screw, viscous effect.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Mohammadzadeh).

142

Purification and Characterization of Glutathione Reductase from Japanese Quail (Coturnix, coturnix japonica) Liver

Y. Temel1,*, S. S. M. Taher2, M. Çiftçi3

1Program of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Solhan Vocational School of Health Services, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey 2,3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey

Glutathione reductase (GR), also known as GSH reductase, converts oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to two molecules of reduced gluthatione in the presence of NADPH.

GSSG + NADPH GR 2GSH + NADP+

The enzyme belongs to the larger family of flavoezymes, which also includes thyrodoxin reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase. The reaction catalysed by GR is of significant imoportance for the maintenance of a high GSH/GSSG ratio in the red blood cell in addition to its role in redox homeostasis, and being a part of glutathione-dependent antioxidant system. In the present study, the GR enzyme was purified from quail`s liver. The purification consisted of three steps, preparation of homogenate, ammonium sulfate precipitation and 2',5'-ADP Sepharose-4B gel affinity chromatography. GR was purified with a specific activity of 22.75 EU/ml proteins, with a yield of 13.6% and 142.18 fold. Subunits molecular weight of enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE as 59 kDa. Optimal pH, optimal ionic intensity, stable pH, optimal temperature were determined as 8.0, 0.6 mM, 8.0, 85 °C respectively. Also KM and Vmax values were determined for NADPH as 0.111 mM and 0.616 EU/ml; and for GSSG substrates 0.043 mM and 0.301 EU/ml respectively.

Keywords: GR, enzyme, purification, characterization

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 00 12/3820. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Temel)

143

Purification and Characterization of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Enzyme from Japanese Quail Erythrocytes

Y. Temel1,*, H.R. Baqı2, M. Çiftçi3

1 Program of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Solhan Vocational School of Health Services, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts andSciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) is the third enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathways responsible for the conversion of 6-phosphogluconic acid 6PGA to D-ribulose 5- phosphate and CO2 in the presence of NADP+. In this pathway, NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) are produced. Among these molecules, R5P is required for the synthesis of nucleotides and NADPH is required for protecting cells against oxidizing agents by producing the reduced glutathione GSH. In this work, 6PGD was purified from Japanese quail erythrocytes with a specific activity of 52.84 EU/mg and 69% purification yield and 4984 folds by 2ˈ,5ˈ- ADP Sepharose 4B affinity gel in a single chromatographic step. The purity was checked by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. The resulted gel showed a single band suggesting the enzyme was pure. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 81 kDa by the SDS PAGE method. In addition to these, the optimum temperature, optimum pH, KM and Vmax of the enzyme was characterised in that study.

Keywords: 6PGD, enzyme, purification, caracterization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/3820. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Temel)

144

The Effect of Production Parameters on Al-Ni-Cu Matrixed Ti-Reinforced Composite Produced by Mechanical Alloying Method

F. Demir1, M. Okumuş2,*

1,2 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

In this study, Ti powders determined as reinforcements with Al-Ni-Cu powders determined as matrix were ground together in a high-energy planetary ball mill. The powders produced at different times between 0-100 hours have been subjected to sintering at different sintering temperatures after the pressing step. After the surfaces of the sintered samples were polished, surface analysis was performed by polarized optical microscope (POM) and microhardness measurements were carried out on the specimen surface at different distances. As the grinding time and sintering temperature increased, the intermetallic phases decreased in size and their hardness increased. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses of composites produced from Al-Ni-Cu-Ti powders were performed. SEM and XRD results also showed that new intermetallic phases occurred as the duration of grinding and sintering temperature increased.

Keywords: Composite materials, Al-Ni-Cu, Ti, sintering, mechanical alloying.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3781. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Okumuş)

145

Characterization of a New Formation Produced from Al-Based Nanocrystalline Powders

M. Okumuş1,*, F. Demir2

1,2 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

In this study, mechanical alloying was employed to synthesize Al60Cu20Ni15Ti5 alloy from its elemental powders. Microstructural changes and thermal behaviors of the mechanically synthesized alloy at different stages of milling have been investigated by a combination of differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM/EDX). As the milling time increased from 1 to 100 hours, more homogeneous structure and shrinkage in grain size were observed. The grain size of Al60Cu20Ni15Ti5 alloy estimated with broadening of XRD peaks by Debye Scherrer and Williamson–Hall formulas. XRD results also showed the formation of new intermetallic phases after 30 h of milling time. These results were in good agreement with the SEM/EDX results. Furthermore, during the continuous heating via DTA, three endothermic phase transition peaks were observed. The phase transition activation energies were calculated using phase transition peak temperatures.

Keywords: Nanocrystalline powders, Al-based alloys, mechanical alloying, microstructure.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3781. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Okumuş)

146

A Theoretical NMR Calculation of Hydroxyapatite Molecule

Z. Tunc1,* , H. Kebiroglu2, O. Kaygili3, C. Tatar4 , B. Gunduz5 , N.Bulut6

1,2,3,4,6 Department of Physics, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 5Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) calculations have been calculated for hydroxyapatite molecule by implementing a DFT method in combination with 3-21G basis set. Nuclear spins of the atoms in molecule can have temporary magnetic moment. This magnetic moment and magnetic field of spin motion can effect with the other neighborhood atoms magnetic moment and finally some resonances can happen. The number of spin states in the presence of magnetic field would be 2I+1 for hydroxyapatite molecule. We found that each atom in the hydroxyapatite molecule has a different effect on the NMR calculations. All the results have been interpreted in detail.

Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, NMR, DFT method.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 531 731 01 85 E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Tunc).

147

Natural Bond Orbital Analysis of NOH2+ Molecule

F. Özkalayci1,* , C. Örek2,3, N. Bulut2

1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 3 Research and Application Center, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

NOH2+ molecule optimized by using Hartree-Fock (HF) method with the combination of the 6-31G basis set. The optimized structural parameters were used in calculating the natural bond analysis. We also have calculated the visualizing of the natural bond orbital. The analysis was carried out by examining all possible interactions between donor Lewis-type NBOs and acceptor non-Lewis NBOs. A detailed investigation was done for the natural bond orbital calculations for the title system.

Keywords: HF method, natural bond orbital analysis, molecular interaction.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-532-766 0015. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Özkalayci).

148

Evaluation of Submicron Particle Sized Colemanite Minerals in Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures

T. Kutuk-Sert1,*, S. Kutuk2, R. E. Gunbey1, A. Canakci3, M. M. Kocakerim4

1Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey 2Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey 3Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey 4Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Çankırı Karatekin University,18200 Çankırı, Turkey

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a bituminous mix prepared by a suitable method. This method is to reduce the bituminous hot mixture temperature at least 20-30 ºC and to reduce energy consumption and emissions. Wax materials, chemicals and foam type additives are used in warm mix asphalt technology in order to decrease the temperature and to increase the workability. In WMA technology, supplemental additive can be needed in order to make lower harmful effect such as adhesion problem between aggregate and bitumen. In this case, cost saving obtained from WMA production can be removed. For this reason, colemanite mineral, a large amount of world reserve are in Turkey, was investigated in this study. As a consequence of research, it has been observed that the colemanite minerals with more stable structures by reducing to submicron particle size can improve asphalt samples’ mechanical properties.

Keywords: Warm mix asphalt, colemanite, additives, hot mix asphalt, submicron particle size

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-464-223 7518/1121: fax: +90-464-223 7514. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Kutuk-Sert).

149

Compressive Strength Analysis of Rigid Pavements Including Submicron Particle Sized Boron Mineral

M.S. Guner1, T. Kutuk-Sert2,*, S. Kutuk3

1Department of Construction and Inspection, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey 2Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey 3Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey

New material analysis in rigid pavements applications is an innovative approach. In this content, nanocrystal sized/submicron particle sized boron additive studies in concrete are important due to better physical and mechanical properties, recently. For this purpose, colemanite minerals, which is a kind of boron compounds, were supplied from Eti Maden Company as -3 mm (C-3 m), - 75 µm (C-75 µ) and -45 µ (C-45 µ) initial sizes. C-3 m mineral was milled for a smaller size/nanosize by using a mechanical milling process and then passed a 25 µ sieve with the ASTM standard (C-25 µ) in our university. The material information of initial materials and milled powder was examined carefully by using a laser size analyzer, optical microscopes and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The minimum particle size was found to be 316 nm for the C-25 µ powder; thus, powder homogeneity was improved. Various ratios of Portland cement were selected to be 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% (wt.). The C-75 µ, the C-45 µ, the C-25 µ various particle sized colemanite and control samples (0%, no addition) were evaluated and then 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm cubic samples were fabricated. The fine and coarse aggregates were natural conventional aggregates. Finally, the highest compressive strength and elastic modulus were determined in case of the C-75 µ and the C-45 µ added into the concrete in ratios 3% and 5%; in case of the C-25 µ added into the concrete in ratios 1% and 0.5%, respectively.

Keywords: Rigid pavements, colemanite, concrete, SEM, submicron particle size.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-464-223 7518/1121: fax: +90-464-223 7514. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Kutuk-Sert).

150

Biochar in Fuel Cell

G. Akgül1,*, Z. Turan2

1,2 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey

Clean and alternative energy resources and developing their technologies are desired since fossil fuels are diminishing and climate is being changed by greenhouse gases which mostly emerge by combustion of fossil fuels. Fuel cells are expected to play important role in the near future for efficient and clean energy production since the used fuels do not produce greenhouse gases. The heart of the fuel cells is membrane electrode assembly (MEA) which diversifies the type of the fuel cells. The most common type of fuel cells has been using the proton exchange membrane which is composed of nafion, carbon cloth and platinum catalyst. In this study, a fuel cell stack was designed and the MEA was modified with a novel carbon material that is biochar. Biochar is a carbonaceous material, derived from pyrolysis of biomass that outstood as a sustainable material. In this work, biochar was produced from industrial tea waste. The produced new carbonaceous material was characterized in detail with methods such as FTIR, SEM, XRF, EIS. The electro-ion performance of the biochar was determined when hydrogen was used as fuel in the system.

Keywords: Fuel cell, biochar, membrane electrode.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-464-223 7518/1245: fax: +90-464-223 7514. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Akgül).

151

Optimization of Cutting Parameters to Obtain Optimum Surface Roughness in Turning

M. Yaka1, *, L. Ugur2, H. Yaka3, S. Guvercin3

1Institute of science, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey 3Department of Machine and Metal Technology, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey

In this study, a turning operation was applied to the AISI 1040 steel with hardness of 41 HRc which is frequently used in industry, especially in the in the fields of automotive. The experiment list was designed with Taguchi L9 orthogonal array according to feed rate, cutting speed and cutting depth parameters. Workpieces were machined on a CNC lathe with using CVD Ti (C, N) + Al2O3 + TiN coated carbide tool. Experiments were carried out in a dry environment without the use of cooling fluid. The average surface roughness (Ra) values were measured as a result of the experiments. In the Taguchi design, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was determined, and according to the experimental results, feed rate was obtained from the three factors as the most significant effective to the Ra. ANOVA analysis showed that feed rate had a 95% confidence level in Ra value.

Keywords: AISI 1040, optimization, turning, taguchi, surface roughness.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-544-297 3329; fax: +90-252-363 9449. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yaka).

152

Evaluation of GEP Model over an Urbanized and Sub-Tropical Basin

M. Ö. Diş 1, M. Ünsal 2,*, A. E. Yağcı3

1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey.

The importance of water is increasing day by day. A water supply is vital for human life, at the same time too much water can lead flooding, in some cases. Hence, modeling of the water cycle in the atmosphere in the form of rainfall variability and its interactions with surface and subsurface associated with runoff and flooding is an essential topic for human life. Literatures also confirm the fact that flooding is an important natural process and considered the number one natural disaster in the United States. Hence, flood management is one of the biggest issues in urban areas, especially for highly developed areas with rapid watershed response. For this aim, a new technique namely Gene Expression Programming (GEP), a new member of genetic computing techniques, is used. It is similar, but not equivalent to genetic algorithms, nor genetic programming. In this research, GEP modeling is used to obtain rainfall-runoff simulations for studying the watershed response to heavy rainfall over an urban basin, namely C-11, in south-central Broward County, in south Florida. 2007- 2010 storm events that occurred in Florida are used in this study. The model performance evaluated with observations using the coefficient of determination, R-squared. Results indicate that storm events, are in good agreement with observed data and the statistical measure R-squared fit well to the regression line with the value of 0,975. The study demonstrated genetic computing techniques can be used alternatively to hydrological models for evaluation of hydrologic characteristics of a basin. Furthermore, the methods and approaches developed in this study can be used to evaluate storm event analysis for other basin analysis.

Keywords: Genetic algorithms, GEP, rainfall-runoff, storm, sub-tropical.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-344-300 1666. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ünsal).

153

Investigation of Neural Network Performance for Streamflow Simulations over an Urbanized Watershed

M. Ö. Diş 1, M. Ünsal 2*, A. S. Yılmaz 3, A. E. Yağcı 4

1,2,4 Department of Civil Engineering, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey. 3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey.

In this study, an urban basin named C-11 is selected to conduct hydrologic analysis of rainfall- induced urban floods in a subtropical environment. C-11 watershed is located in south-central Broward County, in the South Florida, in the U.S.A. Even though rainfall-runoff hydrologic modeling widely used for streamflow estimations, neural network modeling system is a novel approach for flood responses. Neural networks have been useful tools due to have large and flexible application area and to become successful method in estimation, control and modeling problems. In this research, cumulative streamflows were estimated by using multilayer perceptron type neural network. The number of data used in training and testing are 1412 and 469, respectively. Cumulative precipitation (15 minute temporal resolution) and evapotranspiration (daily temporal resolution) data were used as input in the simulations. Streamflow readings (15 minute temporal resolution) were employed to verify runoff estimations and evaluate the modeling uncertainty. Recursive R parameters for training and testing are obtained 0.98906 and 0.98861, respectively. Simulations provide the basis to study not only properties of the watershed response, but also cumulative effects of the different storm events with a neural network modeling systems. Furthermore, with the increasing storm events, results from this paper can motivate future analysis on flood estimations for other basins as well as remotely sensed precipitation products.

Keywords: Flood, neural network system, Rainfall-Runoff, streamflow, urban basin.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-344-300 1666. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ünsal).

154

A Survey for Smarandache Curves in the Lightlike Cone

F. Almaz1,* , M. Kulahci2

1,2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Elazig, Turkey

Let E ³ be the 3-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space with the

,),( −+== yxyxyxYXYXg 332211 ₁ 3 for all = xxxX 321 ),,( , = ),,( ∈ EyyyY 1321 is a flat pseudo-Riemannian manifold of signature (2,1). Let M be a submanifold of E ³. If the pseudo-Riemannian metric g of E ³ induces a pseudo- Riemannian metric g (respectively, a Riemannian metric, a degenerate quadratic form) on M, then ₁ ₁ M is called a timelike ( respectively, spacelike, degenerate) submanifold of E ³. The lightlike cone is defined by 2 3 ₁ { ∈= 1 xxgExQ = }.0),(: Let E ³ be 3-dimensional Minkowski space and Q 2 be the lightlike cone in E ³. A vector V≠0 in E ³ is called spacelike, timelike or lightlike, if V,V >0, V,V <0 or V,V =0, respectively. A frame field₁ {}α,, yx on E ³ is called an asymptotic orthonormal frame field, if ₁ ₁ < >=< >=< >=<〈yxyyxx αα >=〉 〈< yx 〉 >=< 〈αα >=〉 .1,,,0,,,, ₁ We assume that curve :)( →= QIsxx 3 is a regular curve in Q 2 for ∈ It . In the following, we always assume that the curve is regular. Thus, the derivative formula of the Asymptotic orthonormal frame of :)( →= QIsxx 2 is given by x'= α ' κα −= yx y' −= κα In this formula, ,τκ are called the cone curvature and cone torsion, respectively. Smarandache curve is defined as a regular curve whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors of another regular curve. In this paper, we study special Smarandache curves such as x xy,, αα y and αyx − Smarandache curves in the lightlike cone Q2 and we give the curvature and the asymptotic orthonormal frame's vectors of Smarandache curves.

Keywords: Smarandache curve, asymptotic orthonormal frame, lightlike cone.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3659. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Almaz).

155

Machinability of Nickel-Based Inconel Alloys

Ş. Bayraktar1,* , O. Demir2

1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

Nickel-based Inconel super alloys are used in the manufacturing of spacecraft, gas turbines and rocket motors, nuclear reactor components due to their high strength, temperature and oxidation resistance. The production of these components is usually carried by cutting methods such as drilling, turning and milling. However, during cutting, undesirable conditions such as high cutting force, and wear in cutting tools and poor machined surface quality arise. These undesirable conditions can be controlled by using optimum cutting parameters, cutting tool geometry, and different coating types. In this study, literature survey was done on the machinability of different Inconel alloys and the results obtained were presented systematically.

Keywords: Machinability, inconel alloys, cutting force, surface roughness.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-464-223 7518/1250: fax: +90-464-223 7514. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Bayraktar).

156

The Effects of Cutting Speed Feed Rate and Angle of Cutting on Surface Rougness in Cnc Turning of Titanium

N. Taştan1, Ş. Karataş1,2,*

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, 46100, Turkey 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, 46100- Turkey

Titanium is used in many sectors because it is lighter than other metals which is similar whit it, and it is more resistant towards to chemicals and corrosion. The work done on the titanium alloys seems to be limited to the literature caliber. In this study, in the CNC late, effects of titanium used in industry (grade2), to cutting speed, feed rate and angle of cutting parameters on surface roughness were investigated by using wet late method. By keeping the chip depth constant and by changing the cutting speed parameters (60m/dk-75m/dk-90m/dk), feed rate parameters (0.1mm–0.15mm– 0.20mm), cutting angle parameters (0˚–15˚–30˚), tthe samples were prepared. The samples were measured with surface measuring device. As result of the measurement; surface roughness values with change of cutting speed, surface roughness values with change of feed rate, surface roughness values with change of cutting angle, was obtained. The result obtained can be used as data in the processing of titanium.

Keywords: Cnc turning, titanium.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Kahramanmaras Sütçü Imam University Scientific Research Projects (Project number: 2017/4-1 YLS). We would like to thank Kahramanmaraş Sütcü Imam University for financial support of Scientific Research Projects Unit.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-344-300 1428. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Karataş).

157

The Influence of Elevated Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete with Ground Pumice Powder

M. Dener1, M. Karatas2, A. Benli1,*, M. Mohabbi Yadollahi1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey 2Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

This experimental study was aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) produced from different rates of ground pumice powder (GPP) as mineral additive. The binding material and the amount of steel fiber in the mixtures are kept constant. Water/binder (w/b) ratio was 0.37 in all mixtures. In this scope, 5 series of SFRSCC including control mixture were prepared that consist of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 of ground pumice powder by weight of cement. A total of 60 cube specimens of 150x150x150 mm were produced and cured at the age of 3, 7, 28 and 90-day for compressive strength tests and 18 beam specimens with the dimensions of 100x100x350 mm cured for 28 days were produced for the flexural tensile strength tests. Additionally, the relationship between Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and compressive strength was investigated at the age of 1,3,14 and 28 days. The specimens were exposed to temperatures of 200 ° C, 400 ° C, 600 ° C and 800 ° C after 28 days of curing then cooled to room temperature before conducting experiments. After exposure to high temperature, the compressive strength tests and UPV measurements of the specimens were carried out. The results indicated that the compressive strength of all mixtures has increased at 200 ° C temperature exposure. The strength loss of specimen containing pumice powder is about 60% at 800 ° C. UPV values has declined in all temperature exposure. After high temperatures, the images of steel fibers in concrete have been also examined.

Keywords: Steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete, self-compacting concrete, ground pumice powder, compressive strength, upv, elevated temperature

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-2160012/1949: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected];[email protected] (A. Benli).

158

Mechanical and Durability Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self- Compacting Concrete Incorporating Ground Pumice Powder

M. Dener1, M. Karatas2, A. Benli1,*, M. Mohabbi Yadollahi1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey 2Department of Civil Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

This experimental study was aimed to investigate the mechanical and durability properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) produced from different rates of ground pumice powder (GPP) as mineral additive. The binding material and the amount of steel fiber in the mixtures are kept constant. Water/binder (w/b) was 0.37 in all mixtures. In this scope, 5 series of SFRSCC including control mixture were prepared that consist of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 of ground pumice powder by weight of cement. A total of 60 cube specimens of 150x150x150 mm were produced and cured at the age of 3, 7, 28 and 90-day for compressive strength tests and 18 beam specimens with the dimensions of 100x100x350 mm cured for 28 days were produced for the flexural tensile strength tests and 18 cube specimens of 100x100x100 mm were prepared and cured in water at 28 days for water absorption, porosity and density tests. V-funnel flow time, slump flow diameter and L-box tests were also conducted to assess fresh (rheological) properties. Additionally, the relationship between Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and compressive strength was investigated at the age of 1,3,14 and 28 days. The results indicated that the compressive strength of GPP20 reveals the highest value of 85 MPa at the age of 28 days curing. GPP10 has the lowest porosity and control specimen has the highest porosity at the age of 28 days.

Keywords: Steel Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete, Self-Compacting Concrete, ground Pumice Powder, Compressive Strength, UPV

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-2160012/1949: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected];[email protected] (A. Benli).

159

Gastric Evacuation in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Fed Multiple Meals

U. Khan1,*, K. Seyhan2

1,2Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61530, Turkey

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and model the influence of the arrival of the second meal on the gastric evacuation (GE) of total stomach contents in brook trout. Methods: Brook trout (22.2 + 1.1 cm total length) on empty stomach were individually handfed identical meals composed of commercial pellets at 0600 h while half of them were again fed a second meal at 1800 h. All the offered feed was quickly consumed by each fish. The stomach contents of the single meal experiment were sampled at predetermined postprandial times, whereas sampling of the stomach contents of double meals experiment started after administration of the second meal. The square root model based on single meal has previously proved its ability to adequately describe the course and rate of GE of commercial feed pellets independently of meal size by Khan et al. (2016). Thus the square root model of was applied to GE data on single- and double-meal experiments, where St, is the total stomach content mass (g) of either single meal or double meal (composed of the remains of two meals) at postprandial time t (h), and L is total fish length (cm). Results and Discussion: The ingestion of the second meal neither speed up nor slow down the GE of total stomach contents but it is evacuated according to the GE rate (g h-1) predicated by the rate parameter of single-meal experiment (Table I). The data therefore suggest that GE of brook trout can be described independently of feeding regime (overlapping meals/discrete meals) by the square root model. The square root model can therefore be used to reduce the number of time consuming and expensive growth experiments by predicting stomach fullness at the return of appetite as well as fullness for optimization of food conversion efficiency and growth.

Keywords: Gastric evacuation; feeding regime; Salmonidae; square root model.

Acknowledgements: This study was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK; grant number: 113O362).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-174 9738. E-mail address: [email protected] (U. Khan).

160

Determination of Critical Machines and Scheduling of Machine Maintenance

B. Özyörük1,*

1Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi Üniversity, Ankara, Turkey

In today's manufacturing sector, where competition has increased rapidly, it has become inevitable to work at high efficiency. This is possible only if the machinery and equipment used in production are in continuous operation. All facilities that businesses have are often limited. For this reason, limited resources should be directed to the elements that have more impact on the operating efficiency. For this purpose, a study has been carried out in order to enable a company operating in aviation industry to carry out maintenance activities more effectively. Firstly, all the machines in the company are taken into consideration and machines are sorted according to their importance by Pareto analysis taking into account the defective dwellings in the past working periods. According to the results, the maintenance activities are scheduled for the machines in the important class. Scheduling work was performed according to the rule of the shortest operation time, taking into account the single maintenance and repair department, in order to reduce the average waiting time of the defective machines in the system. The results are evaluated in terms of the benefits they will bring.

Keywords: Pareto analysis, scheduling, maintenance planning.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-582 3812. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Özyörük).

161

Novel Phthalocyanines for Nonlinear Optic Applications

H.R. Pekbelgin Karaoğlu1,*, M. Burkut Koçak2

1,2Department of Chemistry, İstanbul Technical University, ,34469, Istanbul, Turkey

Phthalocyanines have been intensively studied since their first discovery. Phthalocyanines and porphyrin-based donor-π-acceptor systems have potential applications for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, photosensitizers for photodynamic theraphy, dye-sensitized solar cells, Langmuir- Blodgett films, liquid crystals and laser dyes because of their unique properties such as excellent thermal and chemical stability, strong absorption in the visible region. In the past few decades, much effort has been devoted to the field of nonlinear optics (NLO) for its potential applications. Symmetric phthalocyanines can exhibit third order nonlinear activity and might be used to manipulate or process optical signals in telecommunication systems. Our research group has reported about the synthesis of phenoxy- and phenylsulfanyl - substituted metallophthalocyanines of symmetric nature. For this purpose, three new phthalonitrile derivatives have been synthesized. New phthalonitrile derivatives and their octa-substituted metallo-phthalocyanine derivatives have been synthesized and characterized for the first time. All these original compounds were identified by using FT-IR, UV-Vis, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, 19F-NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopic methods.

Keywords: Phthalocyanines, nonlinear optic, third order NLO.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by TUBITAK (Project Number: 115R030).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-285 3226. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.R. Pekbelgin Karaoğlu).

162

New Trends in Machinability of Titanium Alloys

Ş. Bayraktar1,* , O. Demir2

1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

Titanium alloys are widely used in the automotive, aerospace, defense and medical industries due to their high strength, corrosion and thermal resistance properties. However, their high chemical reactivity and low thermal conductivity lead to heat accumulation in the cutting zone during machining of these alloys at high cutting speeds. Increment in temperature due to the heat accumulation causes the cutting tool wear, poor machined surface quality, and therefore the low machining efficiency. The use of appropriate cutting parameter and cutting tool, minimum quantity lubricant (MQL), high pressure air, and cryogenic cooling improves productivity in machining these alloys. In this study, current studies on the effect of different cutting parameters and cooling methods on the machining efficiency of titanium alloys are investigated in the literature. In this paper, findings obtained from the literature research were systematically presented.

Keywords: Titanium alloys, cryogenic machining, minimum quantity lubricant (MQL), cutting force, surface roughness.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-464-223 7518/1250: fax: +90-464-223 7514. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Bayraktar).

163

Synthesis of New Pd-PEPPSI Complexes and Investigation of Their Catalytic Activities

D. Kilinc1,*, N. Gurbuz2, I. Ozdemir3

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey 2,3Departman of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

Pd-PEPPSI (Pyridine Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation Stabilization and Initiation) complex catalyst systems, which developed by Organ et al., contain a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, two anionic halides and a pyridine ligand. Pd-PEPPSI complexes converted into versatile cross- coupling catalysts, in Suzuki-Miyaura, Negishi, Kumada-Tamau-Corriu, Buchwald-Hartwig, etc. reactions, because of their compatibility with NHC carbons, susceptibility with catalytic applications and stability to air and moisture. In this work, new NHC precursors and palladium pyridine (Pd-PEPPSI) complexes which contained 2 different benzimidazole ligands were synthesized. The structures of the synthesized complexes were analyzed by spectroscopic methods and the complexes were used as catalysts in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. It has been observed that Pd-PEPPSI complexes are active catalysts in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction which provided 100% and 94% yield efficiency.

Keywords: N-Heterocyclic carbene, benzimidazole, complex, PEPPSI

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-484-212 1111/2593 E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Kilinc).

164

Weibull Distribution Parameter Determination for Wind Speed Profile in Hasan Polatkan Airport

A. E. Süzer1,*, A. Kaba2,Ü. Başaran Filik3

1,2Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey 3Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Temperature and pressure differences on the Earth give rise to the formation of the wind. Wind refers to the movement of air from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. Wind energy is an energy source that is renewable, clean, not produce greenhouse gas and more economical than other power sources. For the analysis of the wind energy potential of a region, the hourly wind the direction and speed measurement of the region need to be measured at least during one year and also these measurements are made at 10 – 30 meters from the ground. The electrical energy generated from the wind turbine is generally related to wind speed, air density, rotor sweep field parameters. Wind speed is so much important since the electrical power obtained from the wind turbine is directly proportional to the cube of the wind speed. There are many distribution functions used to determine the distribution of wind speed. Weibull and Rayleigh distributions are the most widely used distributions. Wind speed changes according to the region, climatic conditions, terrain structure and surface topography. Weibull distribution is often used to describe the wind changes of a typical terrain. It is preferred to determine the wind changes of any terrain and calculate the wind energy potential. There are two parameter as scale (c) and shape (k) factor in Weibull distribution. To determine the average wind speed and energy potential, c and k parameters must firstly be computed. In the literature, it is used many methods to calculate c and k parameters, which are Graphical Method, Maximum Likelihood Method, Moment Method, Energy Pattern Method, Empirical Method, Equivalent Energy Method and Modified Maximum Likelihood Method. The aim of this study is to determine the wind energy potential of Anadolu University Hasan Polatkan Airport and for this goal, it is implemented four different methods which are utilized for determining scale and shape parameters of the Weibull distribution.

Keywords: Wind energy, Weibull distribution, computational method, wind speed analysis, renewable energy

* Corresponding author. Tel: +90-222-335 0580 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. E. Süzer).

165

Control and Estimation of a Wind Turbine System

E. Yurdusevimli Metin,1,*, A. Kaba2

1,2Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey

Renewable energy sources are far more important power supplies for a sustainable environment. The primary sources may be considered as solar, wind and geothermal energy. In an off-grid system, one may obtain energy from solar panels or wind turbine system. Although solar panels have enough capacity for energy of small off-grid systems, when it comes to winter or cloudy days they may not produce sufficient energy. For this reason, generally, small off-grid systems come with a wind turbine to produce electricity from wind power that may be available independent from sun. Despite the fact that more wind speed means more energy, the wind speed that exceeds the maximum allowable limits can damage the wind turbine. In order to prevent that damage, a wind speed controller may be designed. Also it is very important to estimate the wind speed to control the turbine, appropriately. In this work, we proposed a controller for wind turbine system. Also, we designed an estimator to eliminate the White Gaussian Noise added into the wind speed simulation. Results show that both speed controller and estimator are well – performed to predict and control the wind turbine system.

Keywords: Wind speed, estimation, control, renewable energy.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90- 222-335 0580. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Yurdusevimli Metin).

166

A Study on the Assessment of Lignocellulosic Wastes: Extraction and Characterization of Basic Components of Tea Pulp

Ş. Taşar1,*, K. Gültekin2, A. Özer3

1,2,3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279, Elazig, Turkey

In the process of ethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes, it is necessary to separate the main components of the lignocellulosic structure in order to obtain cellulose. It is known that cost of the process is high per amount of ethanol produced from lignocellulosic wastes when the extraction process is only for the production of ethanol. However, the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes can be more economical compared to other ethanol production processes if the ethanol production process were combined with the manufacturing of hemicellulose-based biodegradable polymeric products or lignin-based biodegradable products. According to the report of the Trabzon Commodity Exchange (2013), per capita consumption of dry tea in Turkey is about 2.9 kgs in one year. According to the FAO (2013) report, while 145,000 tons of dry tea are produced in Turkey during a year on the other hand the annual consumption of dry tea is 139,000 tons. These figures show that the large amount of “waste tea pulp” were occurred as a result of consumption of dry tea. For that reason, the studies carried out using waste tea pulp are important because this material has no economic value and contains cellulose and lignocellulosic components. In this context, it is aimed to economically evaluate the waste tea pulp by acquiring cellulose and lignocellulose compounds in this waste. In this study, it was investigated the characterization of waste tea pulp and extraction of the basic components from it. The tea pulp was obtained from the domestic market and dried in an oven at 353 K. Prior to using the tea pulp, the sample was sieved to obtain the -100 mesh fraction. This fraction of the tea pulp was characterized with instrumental analysis methods, such as FTIR, TGA, SEM, and BET. Proximate analyses of the tea pulp samples were conducted using ASTM standard methods. The chemical composition of the tea pulp (lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and extractive components) was determined by conventional analytical methods. Then, the hemicelluloses were extracted from holocellulose by the alkaline extraction (treatment) method. The extraction yields were determined for all process steps. Then, the lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and extractive components were characterized with FTIR spectroscopy.

Keywords: Tea pulp, alkaline extraction, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, characterization.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 5525. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Taşar).

167

An Assessment of Lignocellulosic Wastes: Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Modeling of Tea Pulp at Non-Isothermal Conditions

Ş. Taşar1,*, A. Özer2

1,2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279, Elazig, Turkey

In recent years, a many studies have been conducted to meet today’s energy needs using biomass, especially bio waste containing lignocellulosic compounds. Pyrolysis, one of the thermal decomposition processes, has been known to be one of the most promising and suitable techniques for the production of energy and valuable chemicals from biomass resources. In this study, tea pulp, which is known as a domestic waste material, was chosen as an alternative energy source by considering the energy requirements. Firstly, the tea pulp used in the study was characterized applying proximate and chemical analysis, SEM, and FTIR techniques. Then, the pyrolysis behavior of the tea pulp was determined under a nitrogen flow rate of 10 ml/min and at a heating rate of 10 ºC/min from 25 to 900 ºC in TGA. The main objective was to determine the mass loss of the tea pulp during pyrolysis period and to estimate the kinetic constants by using the best mathematical model among the various theoretical solid-phase decomposition models. As a result of the pyrolysis of tea pulp, three regions were observed on the thermographs. For this reason, regression tests were applied separately to the conversion data for the temperature ranges of 493 – 693 and 693 – 1013 K, which correspond respectively to the decomposition of hemicelluloses and cellulose (second degradation step) and cellulose and lignin (third degradation step). Based on the results of the regression tests, it was chosen the degradation model equation that best represents our observation of the decomposition steps. According to the regression coefficients of the model equations, it was observed that the third order kinetic model equation (F3) represents well the decomposition of tea pulp for all decomposition steps. By using these equations, we determined the activation energies (Ea) and the values of ln(A) to be 32, 26 and 25kJ/mol and 4.41, 2.97 and 2.88, for second, third and total decomposition steps, respectively.

Keywords: Tea pulp, pyrolysis, kinetic models, thermal decomposition behavior.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 5525. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ş. Taşar).

168

Piezoelectric Material Components in Automotive Applications

M. Altay1,*, A. Surmen2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey 2Department of Automotive Engineering, University, Bursa, Turkey

During the last decades, continued development of piezoelectric materials has led to a huge market of products ranging from everyday products to more specialized devices. There are numerous applications especially in the transportation industry. Piezoelectric ceramics can withstand towards to the harsh environmental conditions in highway vehicles easily. This property of piezoelectric materials made them strong candidates for applications in all branches of highway transportation industry. For instance, the development of piezoelectric actuators for fuel injection systems has been a popular application of the near past, active noise and vibration reduction has been a current activity and the use of piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting in vibrating structures is one possible future trend in automotive industry. In this study, recent and the most common piezoelectric material applications in the literature were listed briefly to make clear of the mass of information about the piezo applications automotive industry in the literature.

Keywords: Automotive industry, piezoelectric ceramics, piezoelectric material applications.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-224-3003561: fax: +90- 224-3003419 E-mail address: [email protected] (M.Altay).

169

IOS Application Development for Algorithm Education

F. Dinc1,*, F. Kayaalp2

1Department of Industrial Engineering, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey 2Department of Computer Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey

Thanks to technological developments, computer and internet usage became widespread and elearning started to be used widely. Although e-learning brings convenience in information access, it is used where computers and internet connections exist. Mobile learning, on the other hand, allows users to access the resources on the internet via mobile internet or wireless connections independently of time and space. In this scope, the development of mobile applications has been promoted in recent years. Although there are many IOS users worldwide, number of applications for IOS is less than Android as Android has more usage ratio. Because of this, IOS is chosen as the platform for developing the application. The most important starting point in computer programming education is algorithm education. Due to the importance of this and the fact that many users are everywhere with their mobile phones, the idea of developing an application to support an algorithm training for this platform has arisen. For this purpose, we have developed an IOS training application using the Xcode program used to develop Apple native applications, Swift 3 as programming language and CoreData for accessing data. With the developed training application, it is aimed to help the lesson and to put the information into practice. With this application, the users will be able to solve the questions wherever they want, see their results. They can also improve and motivate themselves. At the end of this study; Mobile devices using IOS will prepare content that can be used in algorithm education. Also, it is planned to contribute to the programming education by preparing an application that can answer the questions asked by creating a flow diagram with drag-and-drop method and testing and applying algorithm knowledge with the questions asked in various forms.

Keywords: Algorithm, flow diagram, mobile, mobile learning, IOS

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-436-249 4949. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Dinc).

170

Preparation of Molecular Imprinted Nanoparticles for Rapid and Selective Enrichment of Pharmaceutical Active Substance

E. Ekmen1,*, M. Bilici2, A. Zengin1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey 2Security Vocational School, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey

Molecular imprinted polimers can be easily synthesized on the two or three dimensional metarials. Especially in two dimensional metarials (surfaces like gold, silicium and glass) removal of the mold molecule from the surface is still a serious problem due to surface area / volume ratio is very low after molecular imprinted. Although in the three dimensional metarials (like microspheres, gel) the mold molecule can be efficiently removed, on such metarials not only the adsorption capacity is very low alsa the adsorption time is long. When molecular imprinted is done, the most important consideration is imprinted factor and mold molecule removal activity which are affect the usability of the material to be obtained. In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3O4) were prepared via co- precipitation of iron ions in alkali medium. To prepare pharmaceutical active substance imprinted magnetic nanoparticles with specific shape memory, methacrylic acid (MAA), ethyleneglycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA), metronidazole was selected as monomer, cross-linker and template molecule respectively. After each modification step, the molecular imprinted magnetic nanoparticles were characterized with Grazing angle accessory fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GA-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adsorption, selectivity were monitored by Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis). Moreover, the applicability of prepared magnetic nanoparticles of shape memory in commercially available blood chemical material (synthetic blood) was investigated.

Keywords: Molecular imprinted, magnetic nanoparticles, pharmaceutical active substance.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Research Fund of the Yuzuncu Yil University. Project Number: FBA-2017-5804.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-225 1024/28242. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Ekmen).

171

Sensitive and Selective Detection of HIV DNA on a Polymer Brush Grafted Silicon Surface

A. Zengin1,*, Y. Akbulut1, M. Bilici2, E. Turan3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey 2 Security High School, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

Many new generation biochips are being designed by using various methods with development of nanotechnology. The most important of these methods are polymeric brushes with a specific function which are prepared on a microscopic surface (glass, mica, gold, silicon disk) and allowing the design of the surface with biological activity at the nano-level. Thanks to the prepared polymeric brushes, new biochips can be designed which are very useful and has highly accurate measurements. In this study, poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) polymer brushes were prepared on the surface of the silicon disk via reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization (RCTP) technique which is the one of controlled/living polymerization methods. After the preparation of PHEMA brushes, single strand HIV DNA was covalently bound on the polymer brushes. Then, hybridization was carried out with the conjugated single strand (equivalent-ssDNA) containing a portion of the viral DNA. The DNA conjugated surface was used as a component in the fluorescence-based biosensor design of intelligent surfaces that can be obtained by a second hybridization (sandwich-type hybridization) with complementary ss-DNA labeled with a fluorescent dye such as Cy3, Cy5. As a result, the surface components and other characteristic features of the prepared brushes were investigated by Ellipsometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Hybridization followed by fluorescence microscopy. The real sample analysis of the prepared biosensor was carried out within the commercially available blood equivalent chemical substance.

Keywords: Polymer brushes, HIV DNA, P(HEMA), RCTP.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Research Fund of the Yuzuncu Yil University. Project Number: FBA-2017-5177.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-225 1024/28242. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Zengin).

172

Investigation of the Functions of the Urban Parks A Case Study: Bilecik Urban Parks

E.T. Bozkurt1,*, Ö. Yerli2, H. Bozkurt3

1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Institue of Natural and Applied Sciences, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey 2Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey 3Department of Civil Engineering, Fakulty of Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversity, Bilecik, Turkey

Urban parks are green areas where people provide active and passive recreation opportunities, and where people come together and socialize in addition to their physical and psychological benefits. Urban parks functions are shaped by the characteristics of people demands. Urban parks functions are defined according to the physical, environmental and social demands of city dwellers. In this study, Gölpark and Karasu Valley Life urban parks functions were examined in the city center of Bilecik. The aim of this study is to determine two urban parks located in Bilecik which of these functions are contained and how sufficient functions. These two urban parks functions were determined and urban park areas were visited and various visual materials were obtained from urban parks. Questionnaires were prepared to determine the availability of functions in urban parks and whether the functions of the two parks were adequate. As a result of these evaluations, the functions required to be found in a city park were compared with the proficiency levels of functions in Bilecik, Gölpark and Karasu Valley Life Island. It is revealed that the urban parks are important areas with the contribution to the image of the quality of city life. When all these requirements of urban parks functions are determined, user satisfaction is ensured and urban parks protection rates are expected to increase.

Keywords: Urban parks, functions of urban park, Bilecik.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.T. Bozkurt).

173

df - Statistical Convergence and df - Strong Cesàro Summability with respect to a Modulus in Metric Spaces

E. Kayan1,*, R. Çolak2

1Intitute of Science and Technology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Mathematics, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

In this paper we introduce df-statistical convergence and df-strong Cesàro summability with respect to a modulus for a sequence in a metric space. Further- more we give the relations between the set of df-statistical convergent sequences with respect to a modulus and the set of df-strong Cesàro summable sequences with respect to a modulus. Besides this we give the relations between the set of d-strong Cesàro summable and the set of df-strong Cesàro summable sequences with respect to a modulus.

Keywords: Modulus function, density, statistical convergence, strong Cesàro summability.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Kayan).

174

New Approach to Cam Mechanism Using Flat Tappet Pusher

Ç. Nacak1,* , H. Karabulut2, M. Ciniviz3

1,2,3Department of Automotive Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

In internal combustion engines, volumetric efficiency very small changes are affect to engine performance. For high volumetric efficiency, we want to the valve, must be quickly opened to provide opportunities to the start of the swift transfer of the fuel/air mixed charge, is stayed to open as long as possible around the maximum lift point for receiving maximum amount of fuel/air mixed charge in combustion chamber to the cylinder and after that it is quickly closed to don't allow to the fuel/air mixed charge leaks. Until today, using as a widely approach which polynomic cam profile equations were used for amount of valve lifting, speed of valve lifting and acceleration of valve lifting calculations. This approach, more appropriate method for mechanisms which have directly contacted between cam profile with valve handle and I type valve mechanism which have a roller follower but it uses frequently also flat tappet valve mechanism. However, using flat tappet valve mechanism, because of between contact point of follower to cam profile with valve axis occurs distance so this approach causes inevitable faults to the obtained results. In this study, a more realistic new mathematical model was developed instead of the simple harmonic model for flat tappet valve train mechanisms. Using the new approach, for determining amount of valve lifting, valve speed, valve acceleration which applies cam profile to follower for having various cam circle radius, 8 mm maximum lift and to be cam profiles which have 120 degrees cam angle and comparing with old approach results. Analysis were carried out for various engine speed in both approaches and engine was considered to rotate at constant speed. According to the results with the new model, it is determined that the valve lifting and closing speed for same cam profile is actually higher and accordingly valve lift amount was reached higher than the old approach.

Keywords: Cam profile, flat tappet follower, mathematical model, valve train mechanism.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-555-565 2615. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ç. Nacak).

175

Investigating the Effect of Benzamides on the Activity of Rat Erythrocyte GST

A. Ayna1,*, L. Khosnaw2, Y. Temel3, S. Bayindir4, M. Ciftci5

1,2,4,5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkey 3Department of Health Services, Vocational Schools, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkey

Glutathione-S-transferases (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) are commonly found in microorganisms, insects, plants, fish, birds and mammals involving in various types of enzymatic reaction. Most of the isoenzymes of GST catalyze the conjugation reaction of reduced glutathione (GSH) with compounds having an electrophilic center through the formation of a thioether bond between the sulphur atom of GSH and electrophilic substrate. In this work the conjugation reaction happened between GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The aim of the work was to purify the GST from rat erythrocytes in a single chromatographic step and asses the effectiveness of benzamides on the activity of the enzyme. The results suggested that among eight derivatives, five of them had no significant effect on the in vitro activity of GST while two of them increased the activity and one of them inhibited the activity of the enzyme.

Keywords: Glutathione, GST, CDNB, rat erythrocyte, benzamides.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012 / 2205 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Ayna)

176

Cloning, Purification and Characterization of Fructose-1,6-bisphospahatase of Helicobacter Pylori

A. Ayna1,*, P. Moody2

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkey 2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Structural Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom

Helicobacter pylori is pathogen which causes gastrointestinal diseases and is therefore of significant importance. However, its metabolism and physiology is relatively poorly understood. It had been noted that the genome of the pathogen lacks open reading frames for some glycolytic enzymes. Notably, it lacks the gene encoding phosphofructokinase (6-PFK) thus it was hypothesized that regulation of the complementary gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase (FBPase) might be different to that in the majority of organisms which retain 6- PFK. The objective was to investigate the regulation of FBPase from enteric pathogen H. pylori 26695 via computational, enzymatic and biophysical characterization. The results suggested that activity of the enzyme was insensitive to AMP inhibition, unlike that of mammalian and E. coli FBPases. The activity was also insensitive to the other compounds of glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways.

Keywords: H. pylori, phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, AMP, gluconeogenic pathway.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012 / 2205 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Ayna)

177

Usability of Gas Metal Arc Welding Method for Hardfacing with The Addition of Metal Powder

M. Eroğlu1,*, O. Yiğit2

1,2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

In this study, it was investigated the usability of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) method with the addition of metal powder for hardfacing. In the study, AISI 1020 steel plates were used as a parent metal and high chromium high carbon ferrochromium powder was used as a source of chromium and carbon. In the coating process, the effects of the preheating of powders with the addition of graphite have been investigated. Following the coating process, microstructural examination, chemical and X-Ray analyses, hardness measurements and abrasive wear tests were conducted. As a result, it was seen that the amount of chromium with carbon increased in the coating with the increase of ferrochromium melted. Also, preheating of powder had a positive effect on the dilution of chromium with carbon in the coating. In addition, graphite addition to ferrochromium powder increased the carbon content of the coating. The microstructure of coating was changed from martensite to austenite + martensite + chromium carbides with the increase of ferrochromium melted. Similarly hardness values and wear resistance of the coatings increased with the increase of chromium and carbon content in the coating. These results showed that GMAW can be used for coating using ferrochromium powder.

Keywords: High chromium high carbon ferrochromium, hardfacing, tribology, hardness.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 6370: fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Eroğlu).

178

Applications of a Semi-Analytic Method in Neuronal Dynamics

E. Cavlak Aslan1,*

1Department of Mathematics, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey

In this work, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) that is a semi-analytical method have applied one of the most basic equations of neuronal dynamics. In this method, parameter h provides a convenient way of adjusting and controlling the convergence region of the series solution. Consequently, we illustrated Figures and Tables of obtain solutions.

Keywords: Neuronal dynamics, homotopy analysis method,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3517 E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Cavlak).

179

Jacobi Elliptic Solutions of NLSE by Nonlinear Dispersion

E. Cavlak Aslan1,*, M. Inc1

1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The aim of this paper is to obtain optical soliton solutions by nonlinear dispersion in parabolic law medium by using Jacobi elliptic functions. The presented problem is studied with Kerr law nonlinearity, and dark and bright solitons are acquired.

Keywords: Jacobi elliptic functions, optical soliton.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000 / 3517 E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Cavlak).

180

Screening of Potential Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus Fermentum Isolated from Newborn Baby Gaita

S. Kocabay1,*, S. Çetinkaya2, B. Akkaya3, A. F. Yenidünya4

1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Art Faculty, Malatya, Turkey 2,3,4Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Sivas, Turkey

While the body of an adult consists of 1012 cells, there are ten times as many bacterial cells in the bowels of a healthy adult. Aging or antibiotic use dramatically reduces this enormous cell number. The maintenance of this indispensable flora requires the understanding of its interaction with the epithelial cells. Natural foods, dairy products and fresh vegetables, and breast feeding are the main source for the plenishment of this flora. Initiation of the development of immune system is in part dependent of this flora. It also protects the human body against certain types of cancers. And these activities of the column bacteria are thought to be combinatorial, that is hundreds of species act together to produce the biological consequences in the human body.

Aim: To investigate the probiotic potential of the four isolates of Lactobacillus fermentum.

Method: Bacterial survival in both gastric juice and intestinal juice was determined. Cell surface hydrophobicity was measured and antibiotic resistance was also investigated.

Result: Cell growth rates were presented as growth curves. Two of the isolates displayed better probiotic features. The isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin and chloramphenicol.

Keywords: Probiotic, lactobacillus fermentum, tumor, colon cancer.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-422-377 3810. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kocabay).

181

Using Phytosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Laurus Nobilis Extract to Control Wilting Disease Factor, Verticillum dahliae

L. Y. Aktas1,*, A. Cokislerel2, M. Ayisigi3, P. Guntunku4 , A. Gurel5

1,2,3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 5Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 4Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Green synthesized synthesized nanoparticles have drawn a great interest due to their prospective applications on plant disease management. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by using the leaves of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) extracts on the control of phytopathogenic fungus Verticillum dahliae Kleb. which affect more than 400 crops. The ethanolic extract of laurel leaves were mixed with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. Synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV/Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Zeta sizer. The highest peaks, obtained from UV/Vis spectrophotometer, were between 400 and 435 nm corresponding to plasmon resonance of AgNPs. FTIR results showed that these nanoparticles are naturally coated with phytocontent. Nanoparticles average size was determined about 180 nm and also negatively charged indicated by zeta potential results. In vitro antifungal effect of phytosynthesized AgNPs against Verticillum dahliae were assessed in petri dishes, potato dextrose agar (PDA) as growth medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the synthesized AgNPs against the Verticillum dahliae was found as 0.075 mg/mL. The measurement of the length and width of Verticillum cultivations showed AgNPs reduced the growth of the fungus. The results indicated that laurel leaf extracts may serve a cost effective, eco-friendly and efficient tool for the synthesis of AgNPs and using these AgNPs may be a promising approach to control wilting disease factor Verticillum dahliae.

Keywords: Antifungal activity, silver nanoparticles, Verticillum dahliae, Laurus nobilis, green synthesis, AgNPs.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-232-311 1782 / 1782: fax: +90-232-388 1036. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Y. Aktas).

182

Investigation of the Impact of Improved Fusel Oil Usage on Performance and Emissions in Different Compression Ratio

S. Şimşek1,*, B. Özdalyan2, M.B. Çelik3 H. Şimşek4,Ü. Aybek5, H. Saygın6

1Department of Automotive Technologies, İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey 2,3Department of Automotive Engineering, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey 4Department of Machine, Painting and Construction, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey 5Department of Gas and Installation Technology Engineering, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey 6Department of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey

As a result of separation of the fermentation-generated ethanol with distillation, the fusel oil obtained as a by-product contains some valuable alcohols. Alcohols have an important place in alternative fuels because of their high octane numbers. Fusel; Octane number is high and can be produced from biomass sources, it is among the alternative fuels. In this study, The effects of unleaded gasoline and 30% fusel oil mixture on engine performance and exhaust emissions at different compression ratios have been experimentally investigated. In the experiments, a four- stroke, single-cylinder, spark plug ignition motor was used. Experiments showed that the effective efficiency, engine torque, specific fuel consumption, HC, CO and NOx were measured at constant load at compression ratio (8/1, 8,5/1, 9,12/1, 10,02/1). Experiments on different loads have resulted in increased motor torque and effective efficiency with the addition of fusel oil. Specific fuel consumption in all fixed cycle loads has increased with the amount of fusel oil in the mixture. Depending on the amount of fusel oil in the mixes; emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) decreased.

Keywords: Fusel oil, gasoline, gum, distillation, exhaust emissions, engine performance.

* Corresponding Author. Tel.: 444 1 428 / 45102. E-mail: [email protected] (S. Şimşek).

183

The Effect of Welding Current in Electrical Resistance Spot Welding on Micro Hardness of DP800HF and 1200M Steel Sheets

M. Kekik1, N. Akkaş2 , U. Özsaraç3 , V. Onar4,*, H. Aslan5, S. Aslanlar6

1,2,3,5,6Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey 4Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

In this study, the influence of current welding on the hardness values of electrical resistance spot welding of DP800HF and 1200M (Martensite) steel sheets which are widely used in door beams and reinforcement sheets in automotive sector was examined. Since formability in today's automotive sector is important, DP800HF steel sheet with HyperForm (high shapeability) was preferred together with 1200M sheet steel with strength up to 1700 MPa. Samples were produced using a current and time controlled electrical resistance spot welding machine. The welding time is determined as 20 periods (1 period = 0.02s). In this period, the operation was carried out by changing the current welding and keeping the electrode force constant at 4 kN. Micro hardness values of the obtained samples were determined by vickers and the results are shown graphically.

Keywords: Electrical resistance spot welding, micro hardness, DP800HF.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-507-699 2532. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Onar).

184

Implementation of Trivium Algorithm on FPGA

D. Bakır1,*, M. Aşkın2, B. Zengin3

1,2,3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey

In this paper, one of the symmetric cryptographic algorithms known as the Trivium algorithm is implemented by making use of its Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). After introducing random number generation and cryptographic concepts briefly, we focus on the design structures of stream ciphers. After using the VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Curriculent Hardware Description Language) programming language in order to obtain some simulation results, a 128-bit random number is generated as a result of the 80-bit key input. Later, the test criteria have been mentioned briefly and the produced 128-bit random values are subjected to these criteria. Finally, these randomly generated numbers are implemented in the FPGA and corresponding test results are discussed.

Keywords: Random number generators, field programmable gate array, encryption algorithms.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-537-876 6913. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Bakır).

185

Design of UAV with Birch Type Wood

M. Sinecen1,*, Y. Kalkan2, A. Erüst2, H.V. İlkkılıç2

1Department of Computer Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey 2Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey

The preliminary design of UAV aerodynamic characteristics begin with determining the size, shape and estimated weight of the aircraft to get the best solution for the flight. Frame geometry with the analysis is the one of the most important part for the flying. In this study, the birch type wood was selected for the hull of the quadcopter because of stable, light weighted, low priced and easy to shaping when compared with the other type of materials such as balsa, aluminum and carbon fiber. The developed UAV has a 220g frame without cover case and landing gear. Other parts such as cover case and landing gear of UAV was created with 3D printer. Finally, the UAV has totally weight1636 gr. and cost is the 1305 TL with all parts. The results of Structure Test show that weight-flying time and weight-voltage consuming are positively correlated (0.96 and 0.84). In weight tests, the UAV carried between 1.35 kg and 2.45 kg extra load and changed speed from 12.86 km/h (unload) to 10 km/h (full load). The UAV with birch type wood had the very well performance in terms of price and durability. The study showed that material selection is a very important effect for every environment and study. Therefore, the scientists have to look for different solutions that are low cost, simple and easy to find. Keywords: UAV, birch type wood, quadcopter, performance.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-256-213 7503 / 3571: fax: +90-256-213 6686. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Sinecen).

186

Steel Plate Shear Walls Behavior under Hysteresis Loads

M.M. Yadollahi1,*, S. Varolgüneş2

1,2Department of Civil Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

To counteract lateral loads that the most important of them is earthquake load various protective measures have been speculated in structures. The Best approaches are systems that have high energy absorption and avoiding stress concentration and distribution in the whole structure. Obviously this kind of element should have a lot of connections in different parts. Steel Plate Shear Walls have this advantage unlike ordinary eccentric or concentric braces. In this study Steel Plate Shear Walls behavior under hysteresis loads have been investigated. Investigation of various factors such as thickness, height, openings that can effect on energy absorption and steel shear walls hysteresis behavior have been studied and compared. Among the results that extracted we can accentuate energy absorbed amount directly related by the height and span of shear wall and has inverse relationship with shear wall thickness.

Keywords: Steel plate shear walls, earthquake load, hysteresis loads.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.M. Yadollahi)

187

Steel Plate Shear Walls Behavior under Hysteresis Loads

M.M. Yadollahi1,*, S. Varolgüneş2

1,2Department of Civil Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

Nowadays High rise building has been symbol of progress and development in many countries. Select the appropriate structural system for bearing lateral loads such as seismic and wind loads has a particular importance. Selecting a suitable shape and system for lateral loading has important effect in construction costs, energy dissipation and damage control. Several braces have been analyzed to determination of optimal system. In these study lateral displacements, stresses and energy dissipation have been investigated for selected systems by finite element programs. As a result using mega braces rather than conventional bracing system can reduce lateral displacement, improve structure behavior and increase structural efficiency.

Keywords: Mega bracing systems, mediocre steel skyscrapers.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.M. Yadollahi)

188

Comparison of Feature Extraction Methods in Image Classification

P. Karakus1,*, O. Orhan2, H. B. Makineci2

1Department of Geomatic Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey 2Department of Geomatic Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

Image classification refers to the task of extracting information classes from images. Feature extraction is an important step in image classification. In image classification, the crucial step is to analyze the properties of image features and to organize the numerical features into classes. Feature extraction makes it possible to represent the images content as perfectly as possible. In this paper, we present a comparison of Gabor filter and Haralick feature extraction techniques under SVM and K nearest neighbor classifier. In the proposed system, gabor filter and Haralick are used for extracting features from the input images. Support vector machine and K nearest neighbor techniques are used for classification purpose. We analyze the models obtained by each feature extraction method under each classifier. The analys of performance are conducted in term of classification accuracy rate. The aim of this research is to show the relevant feature extraction technique that improves the classification accuracy rate and provides the most implicit classification data.

Keywords: Gabor filter, texture extraction, support vector machine, classification.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-328-827 1010/3706 E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Karakuş).

189

A Decision Support System for Fish Farming Based On Data Mining: An Application in Turkey

İ.E. Hadık1,2,*, U.Ü. Uçar3, M. Atak1, S.K. İşleyen1

1Engineering Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey 2 Engineering Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey 3 Engineering Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

The main source of revenues for many countries is fishing activities in the world. Numerous countries have coastal area or are still engaged in fishing activities through their water and river beds. However, every fish species cannot be grown in every region due to the structural nature of the water and climatic properties of the region. Many countries are importing most of their fish needs from foreign countries because of limited water availability. Hence, proper investment policies in this area have great importance for the more efficient use of water resources of the countries and for increasing the export rates in the field of fisheries. On the other hand, incorrect investment decisions often result in failure and cause great financial loss. In this study, a decision support system based on data mining has been developed to determine the most efficient and profitable fish that can be grown in a water source in any geographical region. Thus, a decision tree is created with using characteristics of various fish species found in Turkey and in the world, and it is attempted to determine in which region or regions can be grown the fish species which are not yet found in our country. The aim of the study is to make a more accurate decision on whether the fish species in any part of the world can be traced to another geographical region and to establish new export and employment fields by growing profitable fish species in the countries.

Keywords: Data mining, decision tree, fish farming, decision support system.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-582 3843. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ.E. Hadık).

190

Optimization of Operating Parameters on Volumetric Oxygen Transfer Coefficient (kLa) in Novel Rotating Drum Bioreactor

V. Selen1,*, M. A. Uygut1, M. S. Tanyildizi1

1Department of Bioengineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

The determination of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) of a bioreactor is essential in order to establish its aeration efficiency and to quantify the effects of operating parameters on the provision of oxygen. The aim of the present work is to the combined effects of operating parameters (such as rotating rate, aeration rate, antifoam concentration, baffle size and spargers pore size) were investigated on kLa in model fermentation medium at novel rotating drum bioreactor (RDB) by response surface methodology (RSM) used Design Expert 8.0 software. An illustration of the RDB system can be conferred in Figure 1a. Central Composite Design (CCD) was chosen to explain selected operating parameters in five range (Table 1) and to analysis of the results by ANOVA. ANOVA showed that linear effects of the rotating rate, aeration rate, baffle size and spargers pore size, quadratic effects of the antifoam concentration, combined effect of the rotating rate - antifoam concentration (Figure 1b.), rotating rate - baffle size and rotating rate – spargers pore size had significant effect on kLa as proved by their P-values (<0.05, significant at 5% level).

Keywords: kLa, Rotating Drum Bioreactor (RBD), Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Central Composite Design (CCD).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5558: fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Selen).

191

Effect of Fermentation Medium Composition on L-DOPA and Dopamine Production with Recombinant Cultures Citrobacter freundii pMK57 and pMK79

V. Selen1,*, D. Ozer2, H. Geckil3

1Department of Bioengineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey

In this study, the recombinant gram-negative bacteria were used Citrobacter freundii pMK57 and pMK79, which are recombinant cultures of Citrobacter freundii (NRRL B-2643) and contain the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) negative vgb- and positive vgb+ genes, respectively. The physical maps of the plasmids are given in Figure 1. The production of extracellular and cytoplasmic L-DOPA and Dopamine in synthetic fermentation media by recombinant cultures as comparative studied. The research focused on the improvement of L-DOPA and Dopamine levels using of both recombinant DNA technology and metabolic engineering application. Experiments were carried out in 250 ml shake-flasks. The effect of carbon source (glucose), organic (peptone, yeast extract, urea) and inorganic ((NH4)2SO4, NaNO3) nitrogen sources and their various concentrations, and other medium components (NaCl and CaCl2) production on L-DOPA and Dopamine were investigated in synthetic fermentation media for Citrobacter freundii pMK57 and pMK79. In the experiments carried out in this context, the optimum fermentation medium composition from which maximum metabolite production was determined as 5.0 g/L glucose, 15.0 g/L peptone, 12.5 g/L yeast extract, 2.5 g/L ammonium sulfate and 1.0 g/L calcium chloride. There is no positive effects of urea, NaNO3 and NaCl on L-DOPA and Dopamine productions obtained from experimental results. The maximum concentrations of the extracellular and cytoplasmic L- DOPA and Dopamine in the optimum fermentation medium composition are given Table 1.

Keywords: L-DOPA, Dopamine, Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene (vgb), Citrobacter freundii pMK79.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5558: fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Selen).

192

Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Al-Zr Heat Resistance Overhead Line Conductor

H. Erol1,*, E. Erol2, O. Kahveci3, H. Tecer4, M. Gündüz3

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey 2Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 4Coreal Aluminyum Kablo A.Ş., Free Zone of Kayseri, Kayseri, Turkey

Different kinds of Al and Al alloys are used for all bare overhead energy transmission lines. In the present work, the effect of temperature on electrical and thermal conductivities of Al- 0.25wt%Zr alloy has been investigated. Al-0.25wt%Zr samples were prepared in hot cylindrical graphite crucibles by using a vacuum melting furnace and rod samples by using a continuous casting line. The cylindrical samples were used to measure the variations of thermal conductivities according to temperatures by using a radial heat flow apparatus. Electrical conductivities of rod samples were measured at room temperature with a Buerstner Resistomat to an accuracy of 0.1%. Variations of electrical conductivities with temperatures for as cast and aged Al-0.25wt%Zr samples were also investigated with a four point method. According to the experimental results, a) electrical and thermal conductivities of the samples decrease with the increasing temperatures, b) electrical and thermal conductivities, of aged samples increase up to a certain aging temperature and aging time and reach peak values, then decrease with increasing aging temperature and aging time.

Keywords: Electrical conductivities, thermal conductivities, rod samples, aging temperature, aging time

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-376-218 9500/ 8133 E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Erol).

193

Bio-oil Obtained by Co-pyrolysis of Organic Wastes

Y. Hopa1, M. Dilek1, N. Yılmaz1, O. Alagöz1, İ. Mutlu2, S. Karaaslan1,*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 2Department of Automotive Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

In Turkey, there are fossil-fuel resource reserves such as lignite, coal, crude oil and natural gas and renewable resource potentials such as hydraulic, geothermal, solar, wind and biomass energy. As fossil-fuel resources decrease, some troubles like energy shortage, significant increase in energy prices and energy insecurity will be encountered in the future. Therefore, the development of new renewable energy sources and technologies is becoming increasingly important for sustainable economic development. One of them is biomass which is convertible to renewable energy by various processes (pyrolysis, fermentation). In this study, co-pyrolysis of rice husk (A), sugarcane bagasse (B) and poppy capsule pulp (C) was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor at 550 °C temperature, 10 °C/min heating rate and 1L / min of nitrogen flow rate. According to the results, there was an obvious positive effect of blending rice husk and sugarcane bagasse on liquid formation. The bio-oil which was produced by co-pyrolysis of A, B and C was characterized by the analysis of GC-MS and FT-IR. Gross calorific values of all bio-oil samples were compared. It was seen that the highest calorific value was obtained by the co- pyrolysis of B and C (7088 kcal/kg) with a liquid yield of 20.6 wt.%. Although the calorific value of this product is under that of fuel-oil (9520 kcal/kg), it can be used as an additive with certain amounts of fuel oil, in order to contribute to renewable energy and recycling of organic wastes.

Keywords: Biomass, co-pyrolysis, bio-oil

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-272-2281423/62217 E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Alagöz)

194

The Usability of Edible Films to Coat Cakes

M. Dilek1,*, O. Alagöz1, N. Yılmaz1, S. Karaaslan1

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

Edible films/coatings are defined as materials that are generally used to coat foodstuff or put in some parts of foodstuff as films. Edible films/coatings can make lots of food mixture stable, can be used as barriers against oxygen and can slow down vitamin loss and oxidative reactions. One of the most important advantages of them is the resistance to transition of water vapour. Many polysaccharides, lipids and proteins, both vegetable and animal origin, are used alone or in combination to produce edible films/coatings. In the application of edible film/coatings, various methods such as dipping, spraying, painting, dripping and pouring are being used. Today, in the research of creamy cakes, it is seen that jelly is used to prevent fruit colour change and give extra bright sight in creamy cakes with fruit. In this study, edible films made from Locust Bean Gum (LBG) were investigated whether they are alternative to jelly-coated fruit creamy cakes or if they have any effects to shelf life. Microbiological analyses (count of yeast molds and mesophilic bacteria) were performed on fruit creamy cake samples made using LBG based film and samples of fruit creamy cake using jelly. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the count of yeast and mesophilic bacteria in the jelly-coated cake samples was generally higher than that of the LBG-coated cake samples.

Keywords: Locust Bean Gum, edible film, creamy cake, jelly

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-272-2281423/62217 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Dilek)

195

Combined Effects of Extreme Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete

N. Bozkurt 1,*, M. Saidani 2, S. Yazıcıoğlu 3

1Civil Engineering Department, Bitlis Eren University, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Bitlis, Turkey 2Construction and Environment Civil, Coventry University, Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing. School of Energy, Coventry, United Kingdom 3Civil Engineering Department, Gazi University, Technolgy Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

This paper reports on the results of an experimental study carried out on the mechanical properties of Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete (FRSCC). The scenario affecting the mechanical properties under singly as well as combined effects of extreme conditions is studied. These extreme conditions consist of freeze-thaw after 150-cycles and high temperature condition of 600ºC. Another variable is the type of concrete composed of single and hybrid fibres having different dimensional properties. Seventeen single and hybrid-FRSCCs samples are designed with three steel-macro and one micro fibre, and a control Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) without any fibre. Cubic and prismatic concrete specimens were produced to determine the singly and combined effects of extreme conditions on mechanical properties. Flexural tensile and compressive strength tests were performed on the concrete specimens before and of course after extreme conditions. The test results showed the most affecting parameter was that under combined effect, then heating test in 600ºC and freeze-thaw test cycles for all concrete. The worst results were obtained from SCCs (without any fibre) for all test conditions.

Keywords: Extreme conditions, fibre reinforcement, self compacting concrete.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-434-227 0030/3617: fax: +90-434-228 3378. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Bozkurt).

196

Influence of the Coarse Aggregates on the Development of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

N. Bozkurt 1,*, S. Yazıcıoğlu 2

1Civil Engineering Department, Bitlis Eren University, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Bitlis, Turkey 2Civil Engineering Department, Gazi University, Technolgy Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

Aggregate types have gained a special concern behind the latest earthquakes in Turkey. In this study, influence of the coarse aggregates on the development of the mechanical properties of the concrete was investigated. For this purpose, lightweight, natural river aggregate and crushed gravel aggregate as coarse aggregate, fly ash and silica fume as mineral admixtures were used while natural river sand was used in all mixes. Normal Portland Cement (CEM I 42.5 N) was used and its dosage was chosen as 310 kg/m3 which is between the normal dosage to produce ordinary structural concrete elements. Fly ash and silica fume was replaced with Portland cement by weight 30 % and 10 % respectively. Splitting tensile and compressive strength, ultrasonic tests of concrete specimens that were prepared at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days were determined in constant slump. The result of the study, the highest and the lowest performances were obtained in the series of concrete specimens prepared by crushed gravel and lightweight aggregates, respectively. The silica fume used as mineral admixture increased the strength of concrete that prepared using different aggregates. Silica fume increased 14 %, 12.5 %, 7.5 % in 28 days cube compressive strength of concrete as approximately that was prepared using, crushed gravel, natural aggregate and lightweight aggregate respectively.

Keywords: Concrete, mechanical properties, aggregate, fly ash, silica fume

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-434-227 0030/3617: fax: +90-434-228 3378. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Bozkurt).

197

Development of Composite Structures from Rachis Chicken Feather

M. Erol1,*, N. Paşayev2

1Department of Textile Technology, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey 2Department of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Chicken feathers are emerging as a by-product in the production of avian flesh. As a result, amount of chicken feather reaches very high levels. Chicken feathers, which have many valuable properties, are utilized in the production of very low value-added products in industry. In Department of Textile Engineering at Erciyes University, fiber production technology is being developed from this material in order to produce products with higher added value than bird feathers. This technology is based on the production of so-called feather fiber, separating the fibrous structure of the feather from the rachis by cutting. In studies conducted in this context, the amount of fiber taken from feathers obtained from a hen constitutes approximately half of the weight of feather weight. The second half consists of a solid rachis, which has a porous internal structure and a keratinous base. Present study relates to the production of composite structures from rachis material taken as a by-product in the production of fiber from chicken feather. In order to hold Rachis particles together, by using 4 different matrices were produced granular composite structures. The air permeability of the resulting structures, together with the preservation of the porous internal structure of the rachis particles, was in the foreground in the production of samples. The specimens were produced by hot stamping in special molds. By applying different manufacturing regimes, different density constructions were obtained. The sound and heat insulation properties of these structures have been tested and the most suitable matrix and manufacturing regimes have been selected.

Keywords: Composite structures, chicken feather, rachis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-505-804 5795 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Erol).

198

Assessment of HEMA and HEMA-MAPA Polymeric Nanoparticles Phytotoxicity on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Y. Kucukcobanoglu1, C.T. Kayhan2, S. Akgol3, L.Y. Aktas1,*

1Department of Biology, Ege University, Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey 2Medical Laboratory Technique/ Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey 3Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Faculty of Science, Bornova, Izmir Turkey

Polymeric nanoparticles are generally used as a functional group for designing unique nanofertilizers and/or nanopesticides due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties. 2- Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylamido- phenlyalanine polymeric nanoparticles has commonly used in consumer goods, however, to use them in agricultural applications, their toxicity for plants needs to be revealed. In this study, phytotoxic effects of HEMA and HEMA-MAPA polymeric nanoparticles on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were researched. HEMA and HEMA-MAPA polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized with emulsion polymerization technique and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Zeta-Size analysis. The morphological structure of these polymeric nanoparticles was obtained spherical and equal dimensional. FTIR analysis showed that MAPA monomer was added to HEMA monomer. Wheat seedlings were grown in growth-chamber for 14 days. HEMA and HEMA-MAPA polymeric nanoparticles were applied to leaves of wheat seedlings by spraying every two days. Alterations of shoot-root lengths and fresh-dry weights of treated seedlings were measured to determine the effects of these polymeric nanoparticles on growth and development. The impact on photosynthetic metabolism were analysed by measuring photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic pigment contents of leaves. Biochemical toxicity of these polymeric nanoparticles was determined by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ROS induced lipid peroxidation products in wheat leaves. Data from this study revealed that HEMA and HEMA-MAPA polymeric nanoparticles have no toxic effect up to 600 ppm on wheat plants. The results indicated that these polymeric nanoparticles have a potential to develop novel nanochemicals for agricultural purposes.

Keywords: HEMA, HEMA-MAPA, wheat, toxicity, nanoparticles.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-232-388 4000/1782. E-mail address: [email protected] (L.Y. Aktas).

199

Investigation of the Effect on Combustion Pressure and Engine Vibration of Different Fuels in a Diesel Engine

H. Yıldırım1,*, A. Çınar1

1Department of Automative Engineering, , Kocaeli, Turkey

Biodiesel fuel is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable and animal products. It is a alternative fuel used without modified in internal combustion engine. In this study, effects on combustion and vibration of fuels are investigated using cylinder pressure and vibration data. Four stroke and six cylinder a diesel engine is utilized in the experiments that carried out 1500 rpm at the constant speed and 100 Nm and 300 Nm in engine loads. Diesel-biodiesel blends (M80B20, M50B50), pure biodiesel (B100) and petroleum-based on diesel fuel (M) is used at this work. The sensors used in the experiment are mounted on top of the first cylinder. Vibration acceleration and cylinder pressure data were taken and frequency analysis was done by FFT method. It was observed that the diesel fuel produced less vibration than the other fuels. it was observed that diesel fuel produces less vibration than other fuels in the experiments. At low speed, the B100 fuel caused more vibration due to improper combustion. It has been seen that the dominant frequency value of the vibration data is around 1.5 kHz. Higher correlation was seen around 7 kHz in the cylinder pressure curves.

Keywords: Biodiesel, engine, FFT, vibration.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-262-303 2337. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Yıldırım).

200

Coordination Chemistry and Applications of Some Vanadium Compounds

B. İlhan-Ceylan1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey

The industrial applicability of vanadium and the progress in the development and use of vanadium compounds in the medical and industrial sectors of potentially new products in the medical sector have been affected. Vanadium compounds have a quite long ongoing effective catalytic performance in catalytic applications. In addition, vanadium compounds such as V2O5, + VO2 and NaVO3 are used in the ceramics industry and vanadium oxides are used in the production of glass coatings to cover the infrared feature and thus are used to protect foods from thermal decomposition by thermal radiation. Insulin-mimetic properties, metabolism, and detoxification in physiological conditions as well as interpretations of stability and speciation in biological fluids have emerged. The biochemical properties of vanadium complexes have increased the interest in vanadium coordination chemistry. Recent advances in the catalytic and medical properties of vanadium complexes have encouraged design and synthesis. Thiosemicarbazones are of great interest due to potential therapeutic activities such as antitumor, antibacterial and antimalarial activities. In many studies, transition metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones show greater biological activity than the ligands. Biological properties of thiosemicarbazones emerge due to similarities with natural biological systems, which arise the imine group used to elucidate the mechanism of the conversion of the reaction of racemization in the biological system. Groups containing N, O and S atoms play an important role in binding ligands to DNA. It has also been found that large planar thiosemicarbazones promote the intercalative binding of metal complexes to DNA, whereas central metal ions play an important role in the cleavage of DNA. Hydrazinecarbothioamide, a type of well-known ion-coordinative functional groups owing to the presence of C = S, NH–, and NH2 fractions in its chemical structure, has been introduced into various optical motifs to realize the optical detection of metal ions. New potentially bioactive S-alkyl thiosemicarbazone compounds were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Vis, Mid-IR, and spectroscopic techniques. In addition, this study examines the coordination behaviors of vanadium compounds and investigates their current applications.

Keywords: Vanadium, thiosemicarbazone, application, coordination chemistry.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-473 70 70/18060. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.İlhan-Ceylan)).

201

A Mathematical Model for Robotic Disassembly Line Balancing Problem

Z.A. Çil1, S. Mete2,*

1Department of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey

The increasing concern about the environment has initiated a large set of regulations concerning the manufacturing and disposal of products. Importance of disassembly line has increased significantly in recent years in electronics, white good appliances and vehicles sectors. Disassembly line is appropriate layout for disassembly operations, because of its high productivity and suitability to automation. Therefore, the efficiently designed and balanced disassembly line has a remarkable environmental and industrial importance. Furthermore, companies have started to use robot for disassembly process. For example, Apple Company built a robotic disassembly line including 29 robots in order to remove all part of the product. The robotic disassembly lines is necessary the following reasons (i) elimination of toxic substances: here the restriction of hazardous substances directives has been taken into account (ii) concentration of valuable materials: for example, metals which are interesting to separate not only for ecological but also for economical reasons (iii) maximizing the level of automation of the disassembly process and develops the quality of the components and materials recovered such as unscrewing, removal of pins from holes with small clearances. Considering all reasons mentioned above, importance of robotic disassembly line increase significantly in near future. Although this line is used in real life application, robotic disassembly line balancing problem has not been investigated yet in literature. Therefore, this problem needs to be determined, modeled and acquired to literature. In this paper, we will present an integer mathematical model in order define/ solve the problem.

Keywords: Robotic, disassembly line, balancing, integer programming,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-543-649 6757 E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Mete).

202

A Heuristic Algorithm for Assembly Line Balancing Problem with Resource Dependent

Z.A. Çil1, S. Mete2,*, E. Ozceylan3, Z. Kenger3, O. Kenger3

1Department of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering, Batman University, Batman, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey 3Department of Industrial Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey

Traditional assembly line balancing research has focused on the simple assembly line balancing problem (SALBP), but in recent years studies have paid attention to real life problems. Real-world systems need additional characteristics like equipment selection, cost function, paralleling, mixed-model production and U-shaped line layout etc. One of these additional characteristics is setup times and researchers have focused on this term in order to approximate their problem to real-world problems. Processes such as walking distance, turning and lifting processes, cooling or curing processes, withdrawal times and changing tools which are used between two consecutive tasks exist in real life and cause setup times between tasks. Also, while a setup is performing between two consecutive tasks, a special resource (a special machine or qualified staff) may be needed. Therefore, in this study assembly line balancing problem with resource dependent setup times is going to be analyzed. A heuristic approach is presented to solve the problem. The algorithm is tested on the generated test problems.

Keywords: Resource depended, setup time, assembly line, balancing, heuristic.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-543-649 6757. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Mete).

203

Comparison of Various Filters for Noise Removal in Hand Vein Images

Ö.F. Boyraz1,*, M.E. Çimen1, M.Z. Yıldız1

1Department of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Serdivan, Turkey

Venipuncture is one of the most used invasive medical procedure but it becomes very hard to conduct. The degree of difficulty of cannulation process depends on factors like vein depth, the amount of fatty tissues, skin pigmentation and blood volume. Finding the vein can be very hard during treatment or examination in children, old persons, obese, severe burn cases and persons with dark skin. To cope with the disadvantages mentioned above, many vein imaging methods have been developed. In this study, an infrared imaging system was employed and an infrared imaging hardware was designed. The vein images were taken by infrared camera and they were improved by various image processing algorithms in the Python language by using OpenCV, which is computer vision library developed by Intel, in the microcomputer system. Thus, the blood veins are detected from the raw images. For detection; grayscaling, histogram equalization, Gaussian Blur Filter, Median Filter, bilateral filter, adaptive thresholding and thinning processes are applied respectively. A comparative study of all these process is carried out to find the best technique to extract vein pattern. Three filters technique are applied in order to remove noises which are hairs, usual creases on the skin. The result shows the median filter technique provides better to remove noises on the skin thereby being best candidate for Open CV Applications.

Keywords: Vein imaging, median filter, gaussian filter, bilateral filter, noise

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-264-295 5944 E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö. F. Boyraz)

204

Feature Extraction from Hand-Vein Patterns using Fractal Dimension Box Counting Method

Ö.F. Boyraz1,*, M.Z. Yıldız1, İ. Pehlivan1

1Department of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Serdivan, Turkey

A biometric is physical or behavioral traits of a person in the visible or hidden form and are used to identify the user uniquely. Vein recognition is one of a popular Biometrics technique for identifying people. The shape of the vein remains unchanged when human being grows. Vascular patterns are stable, unique to each individual even identical twins have different patterns. Hand vein pattern recognition has several sequence steps, preprocessing, features extractions, and matching. In this paper, paper we use the database collected and process it using the Python language that uses OpenCV open source code library. After the image processing steps a box-counting fractal dimension and low-high pass filters have been used to extract hand vein pattern features. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is shown to be successful for authentication system.

Keywords: Hand vein recognition, fractal dimension, feature extraction

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-264-295 5944 E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö.F. Boyraz)

205

Digital Divide

P. Erten1,*

1Department of psychology, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

In the rapid development of information and communication technologies and in the globalization of societies, various economic and social problems has occurred. Inequalities have occurred in the access and use of individuals and societies in information and communication technologies and have led to profound cliffs and divisions. A digital divide that we can call a technological negativity has occurred between societies and individuals. The reasons for the digital divisions, the possible outcomes and the precautions that can be taken are examined in this study. The comparison between Turkey and the world was made based on various factors.

Keywords: Digital divide, computer, internet, Information and communication technologies, digital inequality, socio-economic level.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012.. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.Erten).

206

Comparisons of Placenta Samples Taken from Normal Birth and Preeclampsia Birth Using Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescense Spectroscopy Technique

A. Levet1,*, E. Cinan2, M. Büyükyildiz3, Y. Özdemir2

1Department of Electricity and Energy, Ataturk University, 25800 Erzurum, Turkey 2Department of Physics, Ataturk University School of Arts and Sciences,TR- 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. 3Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electronics and Communications, , 77100 Turkey.

In the present work achieved in partnership with Aziziye Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology the elemental analyses of qualified placenta samples taken from post- pregnancy mother were acquired using WDXRF technique. In this work placenta samples being 61 of samples are normal birth, 7 of samples are preeclampsia birth and 12 of samples are dead birth are taken from total 80 mother. The elemental concentration of placenta samples have been measured with WDXRF system after dried to form pellet samples without exposing to any chemical process. The elemental concentrations of placenta samples which have different characteristics have been measured and these elements have been compared in SPSS 13.0 computer program statistically whether there was any correlation between them.

Keywords: Preeclampsia birth, WDXRF, placenta, element analysis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-442-451 5170. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Levent).

207

Dem from ALOS Palsar Sar Data: An Accuracy Research on Different Type of Areas

H.B. Makineci1,* , O. Orhan1, P. Karakuş2, H. Karabörk1

1Department of Geomatic Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye 2Department of Geomatic Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye

Generally, Three dimensional topography information of Earth surface in digital format gives us essential knowledge. This digital format data are called Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Complete and accurate modeling of the Earth's surface is of great importance for earth sciences. DEM is widely used In scientific work such as such as management of natural resources, engineering and infrastructure projects, disaster and risk analysis, archeology, security, aviation, forestry, energy, topographic mapping, landslide and flood analysis, aplications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Today, Digital elevation model data is generated by the processing of stereo optical satellite images or stereo aerial photography images, radar images (radargrammetry, interferometry) and lidar data using laser beams with the help of improving technology. With the development of technology, the production of digital elevation model (dem) is started by using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. It is very important to use SAR data in order to produce a dem of larger areas and to provide up-to-date information about the different types of surfaces. The radar has the ability to act on objects (horizontal or vertical) according to the characteristic of the band (X Band, L Band, C Band etc.) used. While the x band reflects directly from the plant surface, the L band has a long wavelength and can pass through the plant cover and pass through the surface. It is possible to obtain more accurate information about the altitude information of the ground surface by using the L band in areas where the vegetation cover is intense. In this study; Alos-Palsar images, the L band produced by JAXA (Japan Space Agency), were investigated on the surface of the land with different characteristics. DEM accuracy evaluation was carried out on three different types of land as agricultural fields, flatlands and mountainous area. The radar geometry was deteriorated due to the planting of the crops in the agricultural areas on the date of receipt of the image and it was determined that very large deviations occurred. In these areas where dense vegetation is present, they are covered with fast growing plants (corn, sunflower, barley, wheat etc.). Due to the high slope of the mountainous areas, it is expected that it has less height accuracy than the flat areas, which is an expected error independent of the slope in agricultural land. Average error of 1.5 m was detected in flat land. The average error of 3.5 m was found in sloping terrain which is mountainous area. In addition to these, an error of about 13 m was found in agricultural land. Vertical accuracy of 13 m in agricultural areas should be developed where accuracy of 5 m vertically is acceptable. To increase accuracy in agricultural land, either more care must be taken during image periods or accuracy should be improved by using some of filters.

Keywords: Interferometry, L band, sides, Alos-Palsar, synthetic aperture radar, Digital Elevation Model.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-332-223 1896. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.B.Makineci).

208

Novel Anthraquinone Dyes and Their Biomaterial Applications

F. Okzok1,*, Y.M.Sahin2, E.Bulus2

1Department of Organic Chemistry, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 2ArelPOTKAM (Polymer Technologies and Composite Materials Research and Development Center), , Istanbul, Turkey

Anthraquinone involved natural components are used in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and as bio or nano materials. These components can be isolated from several different types of plants, however the proposed project aims to obtain anthraquinone analogues through a novel, easy synthetic method. These anthraquinone analogues can be used in a nonwoven polymeric matris which are good candidates for various biological applications. New anthraquinone analogs, biological and biodegradable polymer additives and electrospinning method were used to obtain nanofibers. The synthesized and produced materials were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS, FEG-SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, DSC analyzes. There are many field applications as tissue engineering, sensor making, protective mask and clothing making, drug release, catalyst support, wound closure, polymeric batteries and composite supporter.

Keywords: Anthraquinone, thiol, organic synthesis, antioxidane, electrospinning, nanofiber, biomaterial, material science.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-473 7070/17701-17772-17980. E-mail address: [email protected] (F.Ozkok).

209

Distribution of 210Po and 210Pb in Marine Surface Sediments of the Aegean Sea, Turkey

S. Akozcan1, B. Coskun1,*

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey

Sediments are the primary repository of radionuclides entering the marine environment. In this study, activity concentration levels of 210Pb and 210Po are presented in surface marine sediments collected from Çanakkale, Turkey. The activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po were counted using alpha spectrometry. The activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in the sediment samples were analyzed as 25±5 - 35±6 Bq kg-1 dry weight and 18±4 - 41±4 Bq kg-1 dry weight, respectively.

Keywords: Marine surface sediments, 210Po, 210Pb.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-288-246 1734. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Coskun).

210

Wireless Data Transmission and Analysis During Solar Energy Production and Consumption On a Garden Gazebo

S. Aydın1,*, H. Yüksel1, N. Baysal2

1Department of Electrical and Energy, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

In this work, Electricity has produced with a solar panel on a garden gazebo. Lighting and smartphone charging units have been installed in the garden gazebo. In order to determine the efficiency of the solar panel that light, temperature, humidity etc. measurements have made. In addition, produced and consumed current and voltage are instantly measured, wirelessly transferred to the database and evaluated graphically. The use of renewable energy and microcontroller-based wireless technologies almost everywhere has become important in terms of convenience, scalability and clean energy. This study has provided with an instant data comparison of energy management and energy for maximum efficiency.

Keywords: Solar energy, wireless data transmission temperature and relative humidity, current and voltage measurement, microcontroller.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90- 246-211 1516. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Aydın).

211

Influence of Osmotic Dehydration Process Parameters on the Quality Characteristics and Kinetics Modeling of Banana Slices

F. Ak1,*, A. Güven1

1Department of Food Engineering, University of Munzur, Tunceli, Turkey

The objective of our study is to examine the effect of osmotic dehydration pretreatment applied to the banana samples on the quality parameters of this fruit and kinetic modeling. It was determined that the water loss value was negative as a result of the osmotic dehydration process at the 25% solution concentration. The solid gain values were found to increase during the osmotic process and the highest solid gain value was calculated as 6.86%. When it was observed that a decrease in the L* values of the samples, it was found that this loss in the L* values at a solution concentration of 65% occurred at a lower rate. It was determined that the +a* color value which symbolizes redness occured at least towards the end of the 480 minute processing period. But it was seen that the b* values increased with the osmotic dehydration process. When the suitability of the Azuara et al. (1992) mass transfer model was examined, it was seen that the highest WL∞ value belong to the samples was found as 37.88% at 65% solution concentrations. Futhermore, R2 values ranged from 0.804 to 0.992, and these values were found to be lower than other solution concentrations at 25% solution concentrations. The SG∞ values ranged from 0.98 to 8.55 while S2 values ranged from 0.0070 to 0.3152. Also, R2 values were found to be between 0.812 and 0.980. According to the mass transfer model of Hawkes and Flink (1978), other solution concentrations outside the 25% solution concentrations and the process temperatures increased the k-parameter values. As a result, it was determined that osmotic dehydration process applied to banana slices at low concentrations does not have the expected effect in terms of mass transfer but is more acceptable in terms of both kinetic parameters and color values at high solution concentrations.

Keywords: Osmotic dehydration, mass transfer, kinetic modeling, banana.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-213 1794. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Ak).

212

The Role of Osmotic Dehydration Process on the Microstructural Changes and Textural Properties of Quince Samples

F. Ak1,*, A. Güven1

1Department of Food Engineering, University of Munzur, Tunceli, Turkey

The goal of our study is to investigate the effect of osmotic dehydration pretreatment applied to quince samples on the textural parameters and ultrastructural changes of this fruit. For this purpose, at the end of time periods as 0, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 minutes of 8 hours immersion time, the effect of 25%, 45%, 55% and 65% sucrose concentrations and 25°C, 35°C and 45°C immersion temperatures on quince cubes was studied. The results were evaluated by analyzing on scanning electron microscope with the aim of determining microscopic structure changes and by using Texture Profile Analyser with the aim of determining textural characteristics. While the hardness value of the quince cubes treated with 480 minutes at 65% solution concentration was 38.63 N, it was determined as 86.25 N in the untreated samples with the osmotic dehydration. During the osmotic dehydration process, values of hardness, springeness, gumminess and chewiness decreased while adhesiveness, cohesiveness and reselience values increased. Compared to fresh samples, it was observed that the cells forming the tissues of the quince cubes treated with the increasing process temperature during osmotic dehydration had irregularly shaped, a disruption of their location and a large number of damaged cell walls. Also, it was observed that these cells were in a distorted form, their relationship with each other decreased and the cells broke, and microscopic channels began to form. Consequently, it was seen that the water loss influenced the textural parameters of quince cubes during the osmotic dehydration. Especially, it was found the change in hardness value and microstructural changes to be related each other.

Keywords: Osmotic dehydration, microstructure, textural parameters, quince.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-213 1794. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Ak).

213

Design of Optimal Self-Adaptive Controller with LQR for Ballistic-Type Missile System

G. Kavuran1,*

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

This paper presents design of optimal self-adaptive controller with LQR method for ballistic- type missile system. The transfer function of the missile was obtained with the axis system of the pitching motion for the aircraft. There are several methods to stabilize the missile system in the literature survey. In this paper, optimal pole placement is proposed with the input shaping method by using the precompensation gain. The first step in the design of the controller is to find the state-feedback control gains with the linear quadratic regulator method by solving algebric Ricatti Equation. The input filter placed ahead of the closed loop system has improved the basic system. This filter, which is called reference model, can be adjusted to yield a desired response for the missile system. Thus the system behaves in optimum limitations. The next step is to determine the precompensation gain to minimize the steady-state error in the presence of the reference input. The Nelder-Mead algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem of minimizing the error function between the model and system outputs. The performance of the proposed controller was tested in the Matlab/Simulink with the simulation results for various precompensation gains. It was observed that the system is capable of tracking the reference input for optimized value. Steady-state error was reduced to zero for all times.

Keywords: LQR, ballistic-type missile system, precompensation, the Nelder-Mead algorithm.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/7616: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Kavuran).

214

Production of Naturally Occurring Propolis-Added Antibacterial and Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials

E. Bulus1,2,*, Y.M. Sahin2,3, P.T. Seven4, İ. Seven5, G. Tosun6

1Metallurgy and Material Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey. 2ArelPOTKAM (Polymer Technologies and Composite Materials Research and Development Center), Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey 3Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey. 4Zootechnical and animal feeding department, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey. 5Beekeeping department, School of Sivrice Vocational, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey 6Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey.

Much of the research has focused on the chemical composition, biological activity, pharmacological and therapeutic properties of propolis. It has been known since ancient times that the therapeutic properties of propolis have been used in medicine. In addition, the use of cosmetics and food in various industries has recently become a problem, and research has led to the use of propolis in non-medical areas. Particularly antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant propolis food additives. Antibacterial food packaging material was produced by adding biodegradable polymer matrix material and natural food preservative propolis. The materials obtained were characterized by FTIR, DSC and FEGSEM.

Keywords: Natural, propolis, medicine, antibacterial, biodegradeble, food packing materials.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-850-850 2735/1369. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.Bukus).

215

Effect of Cutting Speed on Cutting Forces, Surface Roughness and Burr Formation in Micro Milling Mg-5Sn Alloy Fabricated Through Powder Metallurgy Method

K. Aslantaş1, Ö. Özgün2, A. Erçetin2,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey

Magnesium alloys are used in implant materials for medical applications due to their good biocompatibility. Micro machinability is important as these materials are small in size and require machining in production. In this study, the effects of cutting speed on cutting forces, surface roughness and burr formation were investigated in the micro-milling of Mg-5Sn alloy fabricated through powder metallurgy method. Cutting experiments were carried out at four different cutting speeds (15, 31, 62 and 94 m / min), a fixed feed rate for each flute (1 μm), a fixed depth of cut (200 μm) and a fixed cutting distance (10 mm). The cutting forces during the tests were momentarily measured by a dynamometer. After the cutting experiments, machined surfaces were measured with a three- dimensional optic profilometer. Burr formations were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. According to the results obtained, cutting forces and surface roughness values decreased with increasing cutting speed. However, the formation of burrs began to occur.

Keywords: Micro milling, tool geometry, surface roughness, burr formation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0013/1970 E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Erçetin).

216

Investigation of the Impact of Vehicle Types on the Speed Violations in the Urban / Highway Traffic according to Regions using the Naive Bayes

B. Karabuluter1, O. Karaduman1, *, E. Avcı2

1Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Elazığ, Turkey

The purpose of this study is to classify the general effect of the varying types of vehicles on the road according to the regions in terms of speed limit violation. In the study, it is aimed to determine the effect of total vehicle speed violations on the total number of vehicle types from the total vehicles in different classes passing over the roads. The Naive Bayes classification method was used to determine whether the speed violation rate was increased or decreased, and two different classes were created. These classes inform us about the decrease/increase in the rate of speeding violation in terms of specific vehicle frequencies within the general vehicle frequency. Thus, information based on vehicle types and regional can be obtained for measures to prevent loss of life and financial losses caused by accidents resulting from this illegal movement. Using only the vehicle frequencies in the work done will not only provide a cost advantage, but it can also create a preliminary knowledge of possible speeding avoidance efforts.

Keywords: Naive Bayes, urban traffic, highway, speed limit violation, vehicle, speeding violation, distracted driving, traffic injury.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4437. E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Karaduman).

217

Synthesis, Experimental for Characterization and Biological Efficacy: Novel Sulfapyridine Compounds Containing Schiff Bases and Zn(II) Complexes

H. Şahal1,*, E. Canpolat2, Ö.F. Öztürk3, M. Kaya1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Elementary Science Education, Faculty of Education, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey

Two new ligands were synthesized from sulfapyridine with 5-bromosalicylaldehyde (for L1H), 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde (for L2H). Mononuclear complexes with a metal ligand ratio 1:1 were prepared with Zn(II) salt. Their structure were elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H- NMR and 13C-NMR spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermogravimetric analyses(TGA). The synthesized compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the ligands and theirs complexes was determined by DPPH, metal chelating activity methods in vitro. The computed stretching frequencies, UV spectral data and NMR spectra values were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Schiff bases and their metal complexes play a key role in our understanding of the coordination chemistry of transition metal ions [1]. There is considerable interest in the chemistry of transition metal complexes of ligand containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur donor atoms due to the carsinostatic, antitumor, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activity and their industrial uses of complexes derived from them. In addition, the presence of nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms in the complexes makes these compound effective and stereospecific catalysts for oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and they also show biological activity and other transformation of organic and inorganic chemistry [2]. The structure of the ligands and the complexes were established from their IR, 1H and 13C- NMR spectra, UV-VIS, elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermogravimetric analyses. The synthesized compounds were tested antioxidant and in vitro for their antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: Sulfapyridine, schiff base, complex, DPPH, DFT.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3608. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Şahal).

218

Synthesis, Experimental and Biological Efficacy (antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activity) of Cu(II) and Zn(II) Complexes Containing Sulfa Derivatives

H. Şahal1,*, E. Canpolat2, Ö.F. Öztürk3, M. Kaya1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Elementary Science Education, Faculty of Education, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey

The syntheses of compound containing both Schiff base and sulfonamide fragments have been rarely studied in the literature [1]. A large number of Schiff bases derived from sulfa drugs have been synthesized and uses as ligands to prepare potent metal complexes [2-4]. The pronounced biological activity of the metal complexes of Schiff bases derived from sulfa drugs has led to considerable interest in their coordination chemistry [4]. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with (L1H and L2H). All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C- NMR spectra, electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). In addition, antibacterial and antifungal activities and MIC values of compounds were reported. For this purpose, the ligands (L1H and L2H) and their complexes have been screened for metal chelating activity and scavenging capacity against the radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results were compared with synthetic antioxidants e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol.

Keywords: Sulfa drug, schiff base, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3608. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Şahal).

219

Modeling of an Electric Bus to be Used on Istanbul Metrobus Line

T. Kocakulak1,*, H. Solmaz1, H.S. Yucesu1

1Automotive Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

In this study, an electric bus with a length of 25 meters was modeled in MATLAB / Simulink for use in Istanbul Metrobus line. The model consists of the power transmission system of the electric bus, the resistance forces that are encountered during the movement of the bus, battery and the energy consumption submodels. The energy consumption and the SOC of the battery can be monitored instantaneously. The torque and efficiency maps of the alternating current electric motor providing the electric bus ignition were taken from catalog values. The parameters of the electric bus were taken from the previoous studies and bus catalogs in the same vehicle category. In the simulation, the path of the Metrobus line with a length of 52 km was used as road input. There are 45 stops on Istanbul Metrobus line. Metrobus line driving cycle was established with the assumption that the maximum acceleration of the bus is 0.8 m/s2 and the maximum speed is 60 km/h. The energy consumption of the electric bus was calculated for metrobus driving cycle. The effect of the load capacity of the bus on the energy consumption of the electric bus was also investigated. Optimization of the battery capacity was conducted for an uninterrupted and most efficient usage of the electric bus.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, electric bus, zero emission, metrobus, battery.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-2028653/4217: fax: +90-312-2028639. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Kocakulak).

220

Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Twisted Tape Insert in Pipe

Taha Tuna Göksu1,*, Fatih Dinç2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey

The thermo-hydraulic characteristic of twisted tape insert in smooth pipe was investigated numerically. The numerical validation of smooth pipe was done firstly. Results showed that the deviation of Nusselt number and friction were obtained 11 and 4%, respectively. Three different mesh elements were carried out for mesh independency. These are 798488, 2048357, and 4303415. The number of mesh elements for smooth pipe validation was chosen 2048357. The results of smooth pipe with numerically sparked the inserts in smooth pipe. The main insert types are twisted tape, wire coil, and combined type insert. In this study, twisted tape was inserted in circular cross sectional smooth pipe. The diameter of smooth pipe was 13 mm and the length of pipe was 1.2 m. The thickness of twisted tape was 2 mm. The pitch ratio of twisted tape was 6. Twisted tape was inserted in pipe throughout the length of pipe. The mesh elements of twisted tape insert was 2726000. This mesh number was raised up to 4860000, however Nusselt number and friction were not changed, remarkably. The deviation of Nusselt number and friction between 2726000 and 4860000 were lower than 1% for the maximum Reynolds number. The Reynolds number range of the present study was between 3880 and 18430. The results of Nusselt number and friction for twisted tape insertion were compared with smooth pipe. The Nusselt number results of twisted tape insertion was higher than smooth pipe 48 to 36% for the whole Reynolds number. However, the friction of twisted tape insertion was higher than smooth pipe 248 to 897%. These result showed that twisted tape insert is a good choice for heat transfer enhancement, however, the twisted tape insert did not show good results by the means of friction characteristic of pipe.

Keywords: Twisted tape, heat transfer enhancement, Nusselt number, Reynolds number

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-506-681 5765 E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected] (T.T.Göksu).

221

Areal Data Comparing of Off-Grid Systems in Solar Energy Systems in Elazığ City

A. Dikici1,*, E.E. Gülenoğlu2

1,2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

It is aimed to areal analyzing of Off-grid systems in solar energy photovoltaic systems in Elazığ city. Analyzing efficiency of off-grid systems at Elazığ and its area realized. At this systems 6 different type of analyze has researched. Tests made with 34 units 100 100 ampere accumulator, 36 units 250 Watt solar panels, (1000-2000-3000-4000-5000 and 7000) W apparent power invertor. Availability of off-grid systems in Elazığ area has determined.

Keywords: Renewable energy systems, solar panels, Off-Grid systems, SES.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/7652: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Dikici).

222

The Effect of Post-Annealing on XRD Pattern of DC Sputtered ZnO/SiO2 Structure

F. Gül1, 2, *, H. Efeoğlu1

1Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2Department of Software Engineering, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey

ZnO has become more and more popular in recent years for use in semiconductor devices and applications owing to its unique optical and electrical properties. Different areas of application ranging from photovoltaic to transparent conduction oxides have been proposed for ZnO based semiconductor devices. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry is the most common method used to identify unknown crystal structures. In this study, thin films of ZnO were grown by DC reactive magnetron sputtering using a Zn ++ target in an (O2) Oxygen and (Ar) Argon atmosphere having 300 nm thickness. p Si wafer was ++ oxidized at 1050°C to obtain SiO2/p Si substrates for device characterizations. The ++ ZnO/SiO2/p Si samples were separately annealed at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C,800 °C and 1000°C under an Ar atmosphere for 30 min. Subsequently XRD analyses of the annealed and as-deposited samples were completed the angles of 2θ between 20° and 80° step by 0.04° at room temperature. The XRD patterns of the samples were matched the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). The effect of annealing on structural properties of the samples were reported.

Keywords: ZnO, thermal annealing, x-ray diffraction.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-456-233 1900: fax: +90-456-233 1119. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Gül).

223

Microcontroller Based Circuit and Software Design to Automate Czerny-Turner Type Monochromator in a Computer Aided Photoluminescence Measurement System

F. Gül1, 2, *, H. Efeoğlu1

1Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2Department of Software Engineering, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey

Many advances in photonics and electronics depend mostly on the developments of semiconductor technology. Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy is a very useful method for determining many parameters in the characterization of semiconductors. Certainly, PL measurements taken by computer controlled full automatic systems is indispensable for the semiconductor researchers to reduce the failures and determine the optical properties of the material with high resolution easily and rapidly. PL measurement system can only operate completely automatically when all of its components are computer controlled. In this work; an electronic circuit designed consisting of an original embedded software to provide computer controlled automation of the monochromator which is a critical component of computer aided PL measurement system. A popular microcontroller PIC18F4550 and a stepping motor were used for realizing the design. Standard serial communication protocol is used for increasing the compatibility and flexibility in computer communication. Microcontroller software is achieved by using a C language complier for PIC microcontroller.

Keywords: Monochromator, photoluminescence, PIC18F4550, step motor, open loop control.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-456-233 1900: fax: +90-456-233 1119. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Gül).

224

The Investigation of Effects on Exhaust Emissions of Safflower Biodiesel – Diesel Fuel Blends at Different Injector Pressures

İ. Örs1, A. Kahraman2, M. Ciniviz3, B. Sayın Kul4,*

1 Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology, Aksaray University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Aksaray, Turkey 2Energy Systems Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey. 3,4Mechanical Engineering Department, Selcuk University, Technolgy Faculty, Turkey.

Nowadays, there are many studies about usage of biodiesel in diesel engines. But, studies on engine running parameters for improving at using of biodiesel still go on. In this study, effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions of using fuel blends obtained by adding 10% - 20% biodiesel into diesel fuel in a diesel engine at different injector pressures investigated. Besides, some physicochemical properties of test fuels were investigated also. According to results of this study, biodiesel has similar fuel properties with diesel fuel. The engine power values decreased average 2.86% with adding biodiesel. But reduction at engine power was decreased by increasing of injection pressure. Biodiesel effected CO, HC and smoke opacity emissions positively. These emissions are further improved by increasing the injection pressure. Biodiesel increased NO emission up to average 28.22%. But it was decreased with both decreasing and increasing of injection pressure due to decreasing of exhaust gas temperature.

Keywords: Safflower biodiesel, diesel engine, exhaust emissions, engine performance.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-332-223 3356: fax: +90-332-241 2179 E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Sayın Kul).

225

Optimization of Leaching Conditions of Copper Slag

A. Demiraslan1, M.D. Turan1,*, Z.A. Sari1, H. Nizamoğlu1

1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey

Copper production from sulfur copper ores is mostly performed by pyrometallurgical methods. Various slag phases occur in the production of copper during application of pyrometallurgical techniques. Increasing world population brings along upgrade to metal production yield and decreasing of the high grade metal ores. For this reason, copper production from slag as secondary source is a good alternative now days. Pyrometallurgical copper production process includes the flash and converter furnaces so that these furnaces generate the slag to obtain blister copper. Metal extraction from copper production slag via hydrometallurgical techniques has an increasing popularity in wide world because of above discussions. The blended slag used in these experiments is from converter and flash furnace slag. The slag sample was crushed, ground, and sieved to minus 200 mesh. Subsequently, this sample was dried in a furnace, and it was stored in a closed vessel for later use. Leaching experiments were performed with mix solution including hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide. All experiments were carried out under atmospheric pressure and with magnetic stirrer with temperature control. Effect of experimental parameters such as hydrogen peroxide concentration, ammonium hydroxide concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature was investigated by using Box-Behnken design layout. According to results, the highest copper and zinc extraction were obtained 77% and 17.67%, respectively. On the other hand, leaching solution having high pH (around 10-12) caused to iron precipitation so that study indicated to called as selective leaching.

Keywords: Hydrometallurgy, copper slag, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium hydroxide.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/6379. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Deniz Turan).

226

Game Character Actions Detection from Atari Environment Using with CNNs

Y. Celik1,* O. Yildirim1, M. Karabatak2

1Department of Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey 2Department of Software Engineering, Technology Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

In this study, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture that became success in image processing area are used for complex actions detection from game environment. The Mario game which is a popular Atari game was selected for detecting actions images. We prepared a software application for obtaining simultaneously game character actions such as jumping, firing, forward, backward and game over. A CNN model was constructed for classifying these character actions from game images. Totally 5 frame is used for representing each action events and input images are become 64x64x5 (weight x height x frames) size data. Obtained results show that CNN model is very success for detection complex game character actions from images. According to this results it can be said that this application can be used to develop effective studies such as extract meaning from videos.

Keywords: Deep learning, CNNs, action detection, atari games.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-213 1794 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Çelik).

227

A CNN Model for Industrial Product Quality Assessment: Pistachio Application

M.S. Akkus1,*, Y. Celik1, O. Yildirim1

1Department of Computer Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey

In this paper, an application of deep learning architecture that became popular in the field of image processing has been proposed for product quality assessment in the industry. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were applied on the pistachio products images for classifying them according to fracturing quality. For this aim, the pistachios images were divided into two groups: low (unopened or damaged) and normal quality. These images were obtained from samples belonging to different brands sold on the markets. 4 level CNN model has been designed for labeling these images and classifying studies are performed on the product images. Experimental results show that image data was successfully classified by proposed CNN model. According to this study, it can be said that industrial product quality assessment can easily implemented low cost using CNN architectures.

Keywords: Deep learning, CNNs, Pistachio, product quality, classifying.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-428-213 1794/2411 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Çelik).

228

Gasification of Formaldehyde into Hydrogen and Methane on Zinc Oxide Catalyst in Supercritical Water

A. Ateş1,*, H. Hatipoğlu2

1,2Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sıvas, 58140, Turkey

In this work, Electricity has produced with a solar panel on a garden gazebo. Lighting and smartphone charging units have been installed in the garden gazebo. In order to determine the efficiency of the solar panel that light, temperature, humidity etc. measurements have made. In addition, produced and consumed current and voltage are instantly measured, wirelessly transferred to the database and evaluated graphically. The use of renewable energy and microcontroller-based wireless technologies almost everywhere has become important in terms of convenience, scalability and clean energy. This study has provided with an instant data comparison of energy management and energy for maximum efficiency The presence of heterogeneous catalysts in the reaction occurring in supercritical water (SCW) is required to increase the reaction rate and the selectivity of the desired product (such as H2, CH4). However, many of the heterogeneous catalysts in the reactions occurring in supercritical water (SCW) do not maintain thermal and hydrothermal stability. Also, in the present studies, there is little information on the changes in the thermal and hydrothermal stability of catalysts in SCW. For this reason, ZnO was synthesized by sol- gel (SJ) and calcined at 350 oC and 900 oC. Stability of ZnO which is fresh and used in the catalytic gasification of formaldehyde in the presence of SCW was determined by various methods such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, TPO, H2 -TPR and zeta potential. The XRD results showed that ZnO samples calcined at 350 oC and 900 oC have a hexagonal crystal structure. After used in the gasification of formaldehyde in SCW, their XRD phase compositions were unchanged and the hexagonal phase composition was maintained. However, SEM images showed that the particle size of the ZnO samples exposed to SCW increased and partial agglomeration occurred. In addition, the surface area of ZnO samples exposed to SCW decreased due to agglomeration. According to TGA results, ZnO calcined at 900 °C showed high thermal stability. When ZnO samples were tested in the gasification of formaldehyde in SCW, the presence of both ZnO in the reaction medium decreased the percent distribution of CH4, CO2 and CO and increased H2 formation. The highest hydrogen formation and highest formaldehyde conversion ıs found on ZnO calcined at 900 oC.

Keywords: Zinc oxide, sol- gel, SCW, formaldehyde, gasification, stability

Acknowledgement: This project was carried out with the financial support from TÜBİTAK (Grant no: 213M398)

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-346-219 1010/2248. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Ateş).

229

Synthesis and Characterization of Barley Straw-Contained Polyols

T. Gürsoy1,*

1Departmant of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

In this study, barley straw was liquefied with two different acid catalyst concentrations and in three different liquefaction periods by micro-wave heating method. Synthesis reactive was used as 0-80 mesh-sized milled form and reaction’s maximum-completion temparatures were detected individually. 350 watt/min as micro-wave energy, 300 rpm/min as mixing speed and mass ratio as Biomass/PEG400/Glycerol 2.5/12/3 w/w/w had been constanted. The physical properties of biomass-contained polyols (reaction product) as density, viscosity and surface tension were measured in accordance with ASTM-4669, ASTM D 4878 and Pendant Drop Method respectively. In addition to this, the number of the acid and hydroxyl ions which situated in the polyols were determined in accordance with ASTM D 4662-08 and ASTM D 4274-05 individually. The reaction enthalpy of liquefaction synthesis reactions were calculated theoretically. The maximum liquefaction ratio was realized for barley straw with 15% w/w x (mPEG400 +mglycerol) acid catalyst concentration and 10 min reaction period, none the less, this condition for minimum was with 12% w/w (mPEG400 +mglycerol) acid catalyst concentration and 20 min reaction period. All liquefaction reactions were exothermic and reaction enthalpies were negative.

Keywords: Barley straw, liquefaction, micro-wave heating, characterization

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-432-444 5065/22219. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Gürsoy).

230

The Use of Vitamin B2 for Copper Protection: Self-Assembled Monolayer Nanofilms and Corrosion Inhibitor

E. Demir1, İ.Y. Erdoğan2, R. Solmaz1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Science and Letters Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey 2Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey

The use of natural products for protection of metals against corrosion is becoming increasingly popular since most of inhibitors have been restricted due to the toxicity, and their insufficient inhibitory efficiencies at low dosages. Vitamin B2 (VB2) is a non-toxic compound and could be easily extracted from natural foods. Therefore, this product was tested as corrosion protection agent for copper. Corrosion tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution in the absence and presence of various concentrations of VB2. Change of open circuit potential as function of time, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance were used to determine inhibition efficiency of this compound. The stability of the VB2 inhibitor film on the copper surface was also examined. The surface morphologies and elemental analysis of the copper surface after their exposure to test solutions were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The data obtained were compared with the protection ability of self-assembled VB2 monolayer films and the results were discussed. It was shown that two protection methods could be applied for protection of copper in NaCl solution.

Keywords: Vitamin B2, copper, corrosion inhibitor, self-assembled monolayer.

Acknowledgements: Self-assembled monolayer studies were supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number: 215M021). Corrosion inhibitor studies were supported by Bingöl University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BÜBAP) (Project Number: BAP-FEF2016.00.013). The authors are greatly thankful to TUBİTAK and BÜBAP for financial supporting. The authors also would like to thank to Bingöl University Central Laboratory for characterization measurements.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2546. E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Solmaz).

231

Novel Green and Nano-scaled Thin Films, Rhodanine Self-Assembled Monolayers: Preparation and Characterization

A. Salcı1, *, R. Solmaz2

1,2Department of Chemistry, Science and Letters Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) are dense, compact, well-ordered ultrathin organic films which form spontaneously over the metal surfaces. These films have various advantages over the similar other methods such as ease of formation, adsorption to metal surface tightly, formation of compounds with various properties. However, most of these films are toxic and have hazardous effects on the human and environment. In order to overcome these disadvantages, multi-functional new films should be improved. Rhodanine and its derivatives are healthy and have antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral, antimicrobial etc. biological applications.

In this study, SAM films of rhodanine (Rh) were prepared on copper surface. The Rh-SAM films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-Ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. It was shown that Rh-SAM films could be successfully prepared on the copper surface. The films strictly adsorbed to the metal surface and homogenously distributed.

Keywords: Rhodanine, copper, self-assembled monolayers, green nano-scaled thin films.

Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number: 115M613). The authors are greatly thankful to TUBİTAK. The authors also would like to thank to Bingöl University Central Laboratory for characterization measurements.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2546. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Salcı).

232

Electrochemical and Thermal Stability of Novel Nano-scaled Aminorhodanine Self-Assembled Monolayer Films on Copper

R. Solmaz1, A. Salcı2, D. Özdemir3,*

1,2,3Department of Chemistry, Science and Letters Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey

Electrochemical stability of organic films on metals is very important for their practical applications i.e. corrosion protection, electrocatalysis and sensor applications. Another serious problem of organic films is their degradation at high temperatures. In these applications, most of surface active films losses their functions as a function of operation time. Therefore, improving new electrochemical and thermal-stable surface organic films is essential. Nano-scaled aminorhodanine (AMRh) self-assembled monolayer (AMRh-SAM) films were prepared on copper in methanol. The electrochemical stability of the SAM modified copper samples were tested in 3.5% NaCl solution which is one of the most common and aggressive corrosive media. For this aim, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques were used. Thermal stability of AMRh-SAM films was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. It was shown that AMRh-SAM-modified copper has high electrochemical stability in the test solution and also good thermal stability.

Keywords: Copper, aminorhodanine self-assembled monolayers, electrochemical stability.

Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number: 115M613). The authors are greatly thankful to TUBİTAK. The authors also would like to thank to Bingöl University Central Laboratory for characterization measurements.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2546. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Özdemir).

233

Measurement of Lβ / Lα Intensity Ratio of Sm2(So4)3 Compound at Different Temperatures

E. Cinan1, A. Levet2,*, N. Ekinci1, E. Kavaz1, Y. Özdemir1

1Department of Physics, Ataturk University School of Arts and Sciences, TR- 25240 Erzurum, Turkey 2Department of Electricity and Energy, Ataturk University, 25800 Erzurum, Turkey

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an analytical technique which uses the interaction of x-rays with a target material to determine its elemental composition (i.e. the range of elements present and their proportions). In the study, X-ray intensity ratio of Sm2(SO4)3 compound was investigated depending on the temperature by exciting 59, 54 keV energy gamma rays radiated from 100 mCi 241Am radioisotope sources. Lα and Lβ emission spectras of this compound was measured using a solid-state Si (Li) detector at a temperature between 50-400 0C. Lβ / Lα intensity ratio and FWHM (full width at half maximum) value were calculated for this compound. The variations of each parameter with temperature have been shown graphically. From these results, it has been seen that Lβ / Lα intensity ratio of Sm2(SO4)3 compound varied with temperature.

Keywords: XRF, SM2(SO4)3, FWHM.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-442-451 5170. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Levet).

234

Synthesis and Characterisation of Molybdenum Oxide for Gasification of Formaldehyde in Supercritical Water

A. Ateş1,*, H. Hatipoğlu2

1,2Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sıvas, 58140, Turkey

MoO3, which has a layered structure, is an attractive functional material. In addition to its photo- and electrochromic behaviour, MoO3 has shown great promise as a catalyst or sensor material and as an electrode material in lithium batteries. For this reason, MoO3 was chosen and synthesized by sol- gel (SJ). Stability of MoO3 which is fresh and used in the catalytic gasification of formaldehyde in the presence of supercritical water (SCW) was determined by various methods such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, TPO, H2 -TPR and zeta potential. The XRD results showed that synthesized MoO3 is in orthorhombic form. Based on the SEM photographs, the material consists of bars with a size of 250 nm and also the micro dimensional structures with a size of 10 nm exist on its surface. When MoO3 was tested in the gasification of formaldehyde in SCW, MoO3 converted to MoO2, showing that the structure of the material in the SCW atmosphere could not be 2 preserved and agglomerated in significant amounts. Fresh MoO3 had a surface area of 43.4 m /g whereas its surface area after gasification of formaldehyde in SCW increased to 60.1 m2/g. Based on the results of SEM and XRD, this may be a result of the formation of new pores by joining the bars under SCW atmosphere and formation of nano-sized structures on the surfaces. Additionally, the total pore volume and micro pore volume increased. The addition of MoO3 to the gasification of formaldehyde in SCW increased the amount of CO2, methane, ethane and decreased the percentage of CO and H2. Compared to homogeneous gasification of formaldehyde, insignificant change in the conversion of formaldehyde was detected. The presence of catalyst decreased the amount of methanol from liquid products and increased the amount of formic acid. It can be assumed from the obtained results that HCHO CO +H2 CO+H2OCO2 +H2 and 2HCHO +H2OCH3OH+ HCOOH along with CO + 4H2 ↔ CH4 + H2O and CO2 + 4H2↔CH4 + 2H2O reactions mostly occurs in the presence of MoO3.

Keywords: Molybdenum oxide, sol- gel, SCW, formaldehyde, gasification, stability

Acknowledgement: This project was carried out with the financial support from TÜBİTAK (Grant no: 213M398)

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-346-219 1010/2248. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Ateş).

235

Biodiversity of Saponaria L. (Caryophyllaceae) in Turkey

M. Erdir1, E. Ataşlar2,*

1,2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskişehir, Turkey

This research has been carried out to examine the biodiversity of the Saponaria in Turkey. The genus Saponaria belong to Caryophyllaceae family and it shows the richest biodiversity over the world in Turkey. Saponaria is represented by 20 species in our country and contains 23 taxa with 3 subspecies and 2 varieties. In this study conducted with the aim of determining the Saponaria biodiversity, a sample of plants from 121 localities was collected. The species diagnosed and endemism are as follows: S. pumilio Boiss., S. glutinosa M.Bieb., S. pamphylica Boiss.&Heldr. (endemic), S. calabrica Guss., S. mesogitana Boiss., S. dalmasii Boissieu (endemic), S. officinalis L., S. orientalis L., S. viscosa C.A.Mey., S. syriaca Boiss. (endemic), S. tridentata Boiss., S. picta Boiss. (endemic), S. halophila Hedge&Hub.-Mor. (endemic), S. chlorifolia Kunze (endemic), S. cerastoides Fischer ex C.A.Mey., S. pinetorum Hedge (endemic), S. pinetorum Hedge var. elatior Ekim&Hedge (endemic), S. kotschyi Boiss. (endemic), S. prostrata Willd. subsp. prostrata (endemic), S. prostrata Willd. subsp. anatolica Hedge (endemic), S. prostrata Willd. subsp. calvertii (Boiss.) Hedge, S. bargyliana Gomb., S. karapinarensis Vural&Adıgüzel (endemic). In addition, the IUCN Red List Criteria of the endemic species to this study have been rearranged.

Keywords: Caryophyllaceae, Saponaria L., biodiversity, IUCN categories

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-222-239 3750/2445. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Ataşlar).

236

The Simulation of Passive Cooling Using Ground Heat Exchanger

E. Duman1,*, H. Tutumlu2, M. İnalli3

1Department of Computer Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

The PE pipes, which allow the ground-source heat pumps to transfer the heat from underground during the winter months, offer a closed-loop subterranean heat transfer infrastructure that can be used for passive cooling in the summer months. In this study, it has been investigated how the indoor environment can be cooled by circulating the cool water in the fan-coil, which is obtained by using only heat exchangers under the ground, without using the heat pump actively. The simulation results were obtained in the TRNSYS-18 energy simulation environment for a small office modeled in the Google SketchUp design program. In the installed simulation environment, the effects on the performance of parameter values of building, subterranean heat exchanger and cooling equipment are observed.

Keywords: Passive Cooling, Ground Heat Exchanger, TRNSYS, Heat Pump

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/6317. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Duman).

237

Determination of Standard Times in Die Manufacturing Processes using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

G. Göklü1, H. Altunay2,*, İ.Ö. Yılmaz3, N. Ceylan3, S. Özmutlu1, H.C. Özmutlu1

1Department of Industrial Engineering, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey 2Department of Industrial Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 3Beyçelik Gestamp R&D Center, Bursa, Turkey

Determination of standard times of manufacturing processes is crucial for preparing a successful production plan. Especially in die industry, determination of standard times increases efficiency of production planning activities and affects capacity planning and pricing strategies of companies. In this industry, products are complicated and the manufacturing process is a long period, because of that, estimation of standard times is especially difficult. In this study, artificial neural network method is used for the determination of the standard times of die manufacturing processes. Firstly, technical parameters that affects the standard times of die manufacturing processes is determined and the data sets related to these parameters is prepared. Then, the prediction models are developed for estimation of the technical parameters values using these data sets and artificial neural network method. Finally, the performance of the developed artificial neural network model is evaluated by comparing the obtained results and observed values.

Keywords: Die manufacturing, estimation of standard times, manufacturing technologies, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4165. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Altunay).

238

Preparation and Characterization of a New Self-Assembled Monolayer Film, 5- (4-Dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanin: Application for Copper Protection

R. Solmaz1,*, A. Salcı2

1,2Department of Chemistry, Science and Letters Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey

Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films are dense, compact, well-ordered ultrathin organic films which form spontaneously over the metal surfaces form from active surface compounds. Most of SAM films are toxic and have hazardous effects on the human and environment. Therefore, improving new environmentally and green films is essential for their practical applications. One of the most promising ways of application of these films is using for protection of metals against corrosion. These film blocks diffusion of corrosive ions to contact with the metal surface by formation of a barrier film on the metal surface. Rhodanine and its derivatives are healthy and have antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral, antimicrobial etc. biological applications. Therefore, nano-scaled 5-(4- Dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanin (DAMRh) self-assembled monolayer (DABRh-SAM) film was prepared on copper and tested as corrosion protection agents. The film were characterized using lots of spectroscopic and microscopic methods. Their protection ability was tested in 3.5% NaCl solution with the help of many electrochemical techniques. It was shown that DABRh-SAM film could be successfully prepared on the copper surface. The film strictly adsorbed to the metal surface and homogenously distributed. The film has excellent protection ability for copper corrosion in the corrosive media.

Keywords: Copper, 5-(4-Dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanin, self-assembled monolayer films.

Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number: 115M613). The authors are greatly thankful to TUBİTAK. The authors also would like to thank to Bingöl University Central Laboratory for characterization measurements.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-426-216 0012/2546. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.Solmaz).

239

Dynamic Road Selection using the k-Nearest Neighbor in Urban Traffic

İ. Gövercin1, Ö. Karaduman1,*, E. Avcı2

1Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Elazığ, Turkey

The aim of the work is to select the most appropriate road dynamically, taking advantage of the road density for the vehicle going to a destination in urban traffic. The choice of the most appropriate road dynamically continues until the vehicle reaches the target. In order to ensure that the vehicle travels on the most appropriate route, the k-Nearest-Neighbor classifier selects the one with the least intensity on the road when it arrives at each junction, and the fastest way to the destination is achieved. The traffic density of the road has parameters such as the number of lanes, the number of instant vehicles. With this work, it is possible to minimize the loss of life and property by ensuring that the vehicles, especially ambulances, that must arrive at the point of arrival in the emergency in the traffic are made to travel on the most appropriate route. The study was simulated with road networks with specific densities.

Keywords: Route setting, road selection, shortest road, kNN, k-nearest neighbor, urban traffic.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4437. E-mail address: [email protected] (Ö. Karaduman).

240

Investigation of Flat Surfaces with Magnetic Abrasive Assisted Finishing Process

1 2,* T. Demirel , U. Çaydaş

1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

With the developing technology, the methods used in the processing of sensitive products are increasing. New surface treatment methods are being developed for aerospace, electronics and medical industries. Machining with magnetic abrasives (MAI) is a new manufacturing method that uses sawdust to remove chips by abrasive and magnetic powders, which are held by the magnetic field in the machined zone. With this method, very high quality finishes are obtained in the machined materials. Since the size of the shavings removed from the surface is micron size, less damage occurs on the surface treated than other machining methods. Machining with magnetic abrasive powder is a method that can be used to process surfaces of parts with complex geometries that are very long and very small in width. These pieces, fine millers, ceramic surfaces, curved surfaces that stones can not reach are examples. While iron dust is generally selected as magnetic powder, silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum oxide powder is used as abrasive. The optimum conditions were investigated depending on the process time, the amount of abrasive and the number of revolutions of the system, the number of magnets. The machining time was 60 minutes, the fixed number of revolutions of the seat was 500 rpm, the distance to the work plate of the magnets was 4 mm, and the number of magnets was 4-8-12.

Keywords: Magnetic abrasives, finishing, surface roughness, surface quality, polishing, micro machining.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4376: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (U. Çaydaş).

241

Investigation of the Flood Discharges Using Different Methods: Şorşor Stream Sample

1 1,* V. Kartal , *, M. Tunc

1Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering of Faculty, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey

Surface waters move in the direction of the greatest slope with gravitational attraction, gather at a certain watercourse and form a linear current. The natural waterways formed in this way are called streams. They collect the waters of a particular region of the earth's crust, forming an important ring of hydrological cycle. Various factors such as climate, lithological features of the ground, geomorphological features, groundwater and springs play an important role in the formation of the streams. In cities and rural areas, when land uses are not done in accordance with a logical plan, major problems can occur. These problems, which arise due to the inadequate use of land, can cause floods especially for large turnaround rains and cause loss of life and property in the settlements. As a result of rapidly developing urbanization in our country, flood events can be experienced frequently in streams in settlements. The part of the precipitation that flows into the stream is collected on the grounds because it is lower in height. It is necessary that the overheads are in the capacity to carry this precipitation and that flood control is required. In the present study, the Şorşor stream which has become a big problem for Elazığ for years has been investigated. The data taken from the 9th Regional Directorate of DSI were evaluated and processed in various computer programs and calculated by using two deterministic and two empirical methods. The methods are Snyder, Mockus, Iszkowski and Lauterburg.

Keywords: Şorşor stream, flood, settlement, hydrologic cycle, deterministic and empirical methods.

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5445. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Tunc).

242

Programmable Microbiorobot Design Using Natural Systems in Microorganisms

V. Celik Ozgen1,*, N. Kan2

1,2Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, 23119 Elazıg, Turkey

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology, which is formed by the integration of mechanical and electrical systems, has the potential to change our era with a wide range of products ranging from the healthcare sector to communication technologies, from production automation to defense systems. This technology, which has been promising in recent years especially for healthcare applications, has led to the development of smaller mobile microrobots that can operate in narrow spaces and channels that conventional devices can not accommodate. Artificial designs such as biomimetic actuators, biomolecular motors, and helical-shaped micro propellers have been used to move microsized robots efficiently in liquid filled spaces and channels in living tissues. However, the biggest problem of artificial microbots is that they can not produce the energy they need to move on their own. For this reason, in recent years microrobots and microorganisms have been combined and microbiorobot designs containing natural mechanisms have come to the forefront. Today, the use of natural movement systems in microorganisms has become a more up-to-date approach to the energy required to move microbiorobots. In this study, microbiorobot prototype samples designed rearranging at genetic level of microbial cell movement using synthetic biology methodology will be given. Programmable microbiorobot designs will be shown which are derived from the integration the into the natural bacterial system of synthetic gene cycle designed by combining different natural mechanisms such as movement system in different microorganisms, cell communication system and recombination system.

Keywords: MEMS technology, microbiorobot, synthetic biology, motility, quorum sensing, recombination.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-2370000/5559. Fax: +90-424-2415526. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Celik Ozgen)

243

Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites by Metabolic Engineering Approach

V. Celik Ozgen1,*, Y. Kuş2

1,2Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, 23119 Elazıg, Turkey

The plants produce various organic compounds called secondary metabolites, which do not directly contribute to growth and development. Secondary metabolites synthesized by plants at different rates according to their growth conditions and in low amounts, are sources for food additives, colorants, aromas and other industrial applications. However, small quantities obtained from plants generally do not meet market demands. This has led to the search for more profitable methods such as biotechnological production in microbial hosts. Biotechnological production in microbial hosts is achieved by restructuring metabolic pathways in selected microbial systems. The host microorganism acts as a factory for the target product. The main purpose of synthetic biology is to increase the ease and efficiency of designing, characterizing and building biological systems. Metabolic engineering optimizes genetic and regulatory processes within cells. Developments in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering provide effective production of microbial hosts, as well as many important molecules including plant secondary metabolites. For example; de novo production of some secondary metabolites such as morphine, taxol, artemisinin and resveratrol in microbial hosts has become possible. Metabolic engineering practices have a growing potential in industrial processes due to their positive factors, especially low cost production. As a result, secondary metabolites, which are difficult and very important to produce, can be obtained with more efficient, cost-effective, high purity by metabolic engineering studies than traditional production methods.

Keywords: Secondary metabolites, plant, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-2370000/5559. Fax: +90-424-2415526. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Celik Ozgen)

244

Dielectric Properties of Copolymers Prepared by Ring Opening Polymerization

G. Torğut1,*, G. Pihtili2, K. Demirelli3

1Munzur University, Tunceli Vocation School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Tunceli, Turkey 2Munzur University, Department of Food Technology, Tunceli Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Tunceli, Turkey 3Fırat University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Elazig, Turkey

Copolymers of 2 - [(Naphthalene-1-yloxy) methyl] oxiran and ε-caprolactone (NMO-co-ε-CL) containing different ratios of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) were synthesized by the ring opening polymerization using benzyl alcohol as the initiator and Sn(Oc)2 as the catalyst. These synthesized copolymers were analyzed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, DSC and TGA techniques. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from their 1H-NMR spectra. The dielectric constant (έ) and dielectric loss factor (ε") values of copolymers were investigated depending on frequency and temperature by impedance analyzer. Measurements were taken at a frequency range of 100-2000 Hz and at the temperature range of 300-450K. It has been observed that the increase of the frequency, έ has increased and the value of dielectric constant has remained constant at high frequencies. Also, when the temperature has increased έ has increased at 1 kHz constant frequency. Conductivities of copolymers has been calculated from the measured conductance (Gp) value and examined according to frequency and temperature. Conductivity has increased with increasing frequency and temperature. The conductivity value (σ) of (NMO-ko-ε-CL)%52 increased from 4.2ᵡ10-10(S/cm) to 1.7ᵡ10-9(S/cm) from 100 Hz to 1 kHz. The activation energies of copolymers were calculated from the slope of 1/T-lnσ.

Keywords: Ring opening polymerization, dielectric constant, conductivity, poly(ε- caprolactone).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-543-459 4123. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.Torğut).

245

Reactivity Rate of P(MMA-comb-BMA) Comb-Type Copolymer

G. Pıhtılı1,*, G. Torğut2, K. Demirelli3

1Department of Food Technology, Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Tunceli, Turkey 2Munzur University, Tunceli Vocation School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Tunceli, Turkey 3Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Elazig, Turkey

In this study, Poly(MMA-comb-BMA) comb-type copolymers was synthesed by Free Radical Polymerization. The conversion of the synthesized comb type copolymer were calculated from 1H- NMR spectra. Conversion of comb copolymer were determined aliphatic protons and integral height of the macromonomer dividing the group -OCH3 proton of MMA. MMA and BMA copolymer composition comprising units was determined as follows as eq.1. Kelen-Tüdös and Finemann Ross parameters (K-T and F-R) was calculated from the initial monomer ratio and utilizing the polymer monomer ratios. Using the parameters of K-T and F-R, the graphs of the curves drawn and reactivity ratios for the offset; r1 and r2 values were found.

m1 + m2 = 1, m1 and m2 values of equality and the help available m1; The mole fraction of the MMA-macro monomer m2; The mole fraction of BMA unit

Keywords: Comb-type copolymer, monomer reactivity ratio, Kelen-Tüdös and Finemann Ross

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-536-284 2406. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Pıhtılı).

246

Preparation of Functional Superporous Carbon Material Derived Industrial Waste by Chemical Activation and Effects of Carbonization Temperature and Time on Surface Characteristics

H. Sayğılı1,*, F. Güzel2, G. Akkaya Sayğılı2

1Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey

Activated carbon is basically referred as carbonaceous functional materials, with high physicochemical stability, high porosity, high sorption capacity and with immense surface area. The properties of each activated carbon differentiated from started material and carbonization conditions. Carbonization conditions are both important steps that influence the AC’s physical properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of carbonization parameters by characterizing the surface area and pore characteristics. In this study, functional superporous carbon material (TAC) was prepared by one-step carbonization method of industrial tomato processing waste (TW). The carbonization temperature and time effects on the surface characteristics were investigated. With the increase of carbonization o temperature from 400 to 600 C, the SBET, VT, Vmes% and Dp values increased from 648 to 1093 m2/g, from 0.756 to 1.569 cm3/g, from 89% to 92% and from 4.56 to 5.91 nm, respectively, above o 600 C these values decreased. Moreover, while the time increased from 0.5 h to 1 h, the SBET, VT, 2 3 Vmes(%) and Dp values increased from 522 to 1093 m /g, from 0.662 to 1.569 cm /g, from 71% to 92% and from 5.02 to 5.92 nm, respectively. However, while the carbonization time increased from 1 h to 4 h, they were decreased. The results revealed the potential use of functional superporous carbon in a wide range of applications.

Keywords: Functional superporous carbon, carbonization temperature; carbonization time; surface area and pore characteristics.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217 3500/3770: fax: +90-488-217 3601. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Sayğılı).

247

Utilization from Insects in Biomimetics

I. Ozgen1,*

1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ, Turkey

There are “awe-inspiring” systems in the nature. Effective observation of these systems and their adoption in life are highly important. Insects are the most interesting creatures of the animal kingdom. Their life events, behaviours, physiologies, morphologies should be investigated in detail and adopted in life. In bio-material production processes-especially in defence, space and mechatronics applications- modelling of nature and particularly insects will break new grounds in technology. Studies to be conducted in this field will lead to a breakthrough in designs of materials such as new solar cells, space tools and equipment, self-regenerating cells and under-water equipment.

Keywords: Biomimetic, insects.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Özgen).

248

The Effects of Different Colors on the Development of Pre-Adolescent Periods of Oenopia conglobata Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under Laboratory Conditions

İ. Özgen1,*, M. Mamay2, E.N. Gündüz1, D. Eraslan1, A.E. Kavak1

1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 63040 Şanlıurfa, Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different colors on the development of pre- adult periods of Oenopia conglobata Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions. The study was carried out under controlled conditions such as 25±2°C and 60% humidity. The predatory insect O. conglobata individuals were reared with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as prey in yellow, green, blue, black and red petri dishes. Transparent petri dishes were used for the control group. It was determined that all colors were different on the development of pre-adolescent periods of O. conglobata individuals according to the control group in the 95% value range statistically. In the study, the minimum average time of hatching eggs was determined in yellow and control groups as 3 days. The maximum average time of hatching eggs was determined in the other colorful dishes as 4 days. In the study, the hatching rate of eggs was determined as 87,5%, 86,66%, 83%, 81,25% and 81,25% in the black, blue, yellow, green and red dishes respectively whereas it was determined as 86% in the control group. The maximum survival rate of pre-adult individuals of O. conglobata was determined in the control groups with 90% whereas it was determined as minimum with 80% ratio in the black, green, blue and red dishes. As a result of the study, yellow and transparent dishes were more effective in order to mass rearing of O. conglobata in laboratory conditions considering the development time, survival and mortality rate.

Keywords: Oenopia conglobata, color, development periods, mortality rate, biological management

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5565; fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Özgen).

249

Investigations on the Effects of Different Doses of Neem Oil (Neemix 4.5) on Oenopia conglobata Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Anthocoris minki Dohrn, 1860 (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) under Laboratory Conditions

İ. Özgen1,*, M. Mamay2, G. Sütsatan1, T. Başlı1, B. Akgül1

1Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, 23119 Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 63040 Şanlıurfa, Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the negative effects of herbal based insecticide Neem Oil (Neemix 4.5) on important predatory insects; Oenopia conglobata Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Anthocoris minki Dohrn, 1860 (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Since this insecticide is used against the hosts of these beneficials intensively. The study was conducted under controlled conditions such as 25 ± 2 °C and 60% humidity. Natural enemies were reared with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as prey. In this experiment, the insektisit was applied using immersion method. For this purpose, Neemix 4.5 was applied in different doses such as 0.5 ml/1 liter water (dose A), 1 ml/1 liter water (dose B), 3 ml/1 liter water (dose C) and 5 ml/1 liter water (dose D) under laboratory conditions. It was determined that only 25% of the individuals of O. laevigatus 2nd stage nymphs were survived under A dose. Unfortunately, the mortality of 4th instars of O. laevigatus under A, B, C and D dose was determined as 40%, 40%, 80% and 100% respectively. In applications against second instars of A. minki, the doses of B, C and D resulted in the mortality of 25% of the population, whereas in the dose A no death was determined. In the result of the applications against fourth instars of the same species, although it was determined 25% mortality in D dose, there is no mortality discovered under other doses. As a result of the applications made against O. conglobata in the scope of the study, there wasn’t any mortality during pre-adolescent stages under A and B doses whereas it was determined 25% and 50% mortality under C and D dose respectively. The data of this study is important in terms of preference true pesticides and avoiding side effects of herb-based insecticides to be used against pests of Psyllidae, which are harmful to organic cultivated hard-shelled and stone- seeded fruits.

Keywords: Anthocoris minki, Oenopia conglobata, Orius laevigatus, insecticides, Neem oil (Neemix 4.5), biological management, organic agriculture

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/5565; fax: +90-424-241 5526. E-mail address: [email protected] (İ. Özgen).

250

Photoluminescence Properties of ZrO2 nanoparticles co-doped with Dy3+ and Yb3+

E. Yıldız1,*

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Yozgat, Turkey

3+ 3+ ZrO2 co-doped with Dy and Yb have been synthesized using the modified sol-gel Pechini method. The microstructures and room temperature photoluminescence properties of the as- fabricated phosphors were investigated by through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis methods (DTA/TG), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and photoluminescence spectrophotometer (PL). The crystallite size ranges from 150 to 200 nm and the crystalline phase is a mixture of tetragonal and monoclinic structure. PL measurements indicated that the phosphor 4 6 4 6 4 6 exhibited emission bands at 493 nm ( F9/2→ H15/2), 587 nm ( F9/2→ H13/2), 680 nm ( F9/2→ H11/2) 4 6 3+ and 765 nm ( F9/2→ H9/2) transitions of Dy ions, under UV (353 nm) excitation. Typical 3+ 3+ 3+ emission peaks of Yb were not observed in the emission spectra of ZrO2:Dy ,Yb . The 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ ZrO2:Dy ,Yb phosphor shows much longer afterglow than the ZrO2:Dy phosphors. Yb ion plays an important role in prolonging the afterglow.

Keywords: Photoluminescence, Pechini method, ZrO2

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-354-242 1021/2532: fax: +90-354-242 1022. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Yıldız).

251

A Novel Clustering Approach Based on Firefly Algorithm

H. Altunay1,*, A. Sengur2

1Department of Industrial Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

Data mining is the process of extracting useful and concealed knowledge from large data sets. In this study, we focus on K-means clustering algorithm, which is one of the oldest, and the best- known data mining techniques. However, we propose a new approach of clustering, which is based on firefly algorithm. Firstly, we use only K-means algorithm for data clustering on benchmark problems. Then, the new approach is introduced and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the classical K-means algorithm. Finally, the experimental results are presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords: K-means clustering, firefly algorithm, data clustering, data mining.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4165. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Altunay).

252

Evaluation of Audio Analysis Tools in Terms of Digital Forensics

Y. Korkmaz1, A. Boyacı2,*

1,2Department of Digital Forensics Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

With the increase in addiction on information technologies, the incidents in which both IT systems and IT users are targeted has started to rise tremendously. Various types of digital forensic examination tools have been produced to examine such incidents and detect criminals. Every day, more and better tools are being developed in line with needs. While dealing with the digital evidences, a broad study area that contains text-based contents, applications, audio and image files, social media and web contents which are stored in different storage mediums like computers, mobile and wearable technology devices, servers and cloud infrastructures are confronted. Specialized forensic examiners and tools are required to analyze a digital forensic incident due to the enlargement of study areas while the examination of digital evidences used to be done by only a single examiner in the past. Today, one of the examination area that is required to be done by specialized examiners is digital audio forensics. In terms of forensic science, it is seen that there are some main audio examination methods such as speaker recognition and identification, audio enhancement, audio integrity verification and speaker characterization. It is extremely important for an audio examiner to use appropriate methods and tools in order to maintain both accurate and reliable examination and processes at optimum level. In this work, the usability of audio processing tools from the standpoint of digital audio forensics will be evaluated by considering technical and performance criteria. By this work, it is also aimed to help audio examiners in order to be able to decide on appropriate analysis methods and tools for their examinations.

Keywords: Digital forensics, audio forensics, audio tools, digital evidences.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/7638. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Boyacı).

253

A Prevention Model for APT Attacks During Application Lifecycle

Y. Korkmaz1, A. Boyacı2,*

1,2Department of Digital Forensics Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are the types of cyber attacks that risk information security of institutions like military authorities, private companies owning intellectual property and critically structured public foundations. The attackers performing APTs have high level of technical knowledge as well as institutional information about target. APT attacks differ from other types of attacks in the manner of purposing damages on systems. Instead of directly preventing the system from functioning, APTs aim to leak information during a long period of time without revealing their presences in systems. Thus, detecting APT attacks before they settle in a system to leak information is vital for sacrificed institutions. In this study, once introductory information about APT attacks like characteristics, life cycle and detection are analyzed in detail, several APTs detected so far are examined. After analysis, a prevention model for APT attacks that can be encountered in every phase of the lifecycle of applications to be developed is proposed.

Keywords: Advanced Persistent Threat (APT), information security, cyber-attack, software lifecycle, leakage.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/7638. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Boyacı)

254

A Revolution in Classical Network to Cognitive Sciences

I. Ahmed1,*

1G.C. Mandi Bhauddin, Pakistan

In this paper we introduce cognitive considerations for value-based strategy network. By studying some mental models of strategic developers, it create a cognitive value-based network. This latest system can provide outcomes in several situations, different from what would be predicted by the classical framework. It also helps to identify certain cognitive abilities that some firms could possess or can develop which would allow them to increase their competitive advantage, as well as some un-explored properties of strategic positions that would affect the capability to generate competitive advantages. Generally, it provides a network that will allow for easier incorporation of insights from the cognitive sciences into central questions of strategy.

Keywords: Value-based strategy network, cognitive considerations, cognitive value-based network, classical framework.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92-546-505 000. E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Ahmed).

255

Production of Nano-organic Semiconductor Materials for Battery Applications

A. Dere1,*

1Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Because of the increasing request for efficient electric energy storage the development of new organic materials for rechargeable (secondary) batteries is required. Organic based batteries represent an affordable and abundant here in nature Organic electrode materials have attracted great attention due to their promising advantages in low-cost, environmental friendliness, natural abundance and structural diversity. An organic battery comprising of %90 black carbon doped polyaniline nano sample and Perylene (PTCDA) was fabricated. The open circuit voltage and short cicuit current of the battery were obtained to be 0.5 V and 11 mA, respectively. The battery exhibits a maximum power of 12 mW.

Keywords: Battery, organic semiconductor.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3496. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Dere).

256

An optoelectronic sensor for Smart House Applications

A. Dere1,*

1Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Smart home technology has changed human life by providing connectivity to everyone regardless of time and place A smart home is a domain of internet of things, which is the network of physical devices that provide electronic, sensor, software, and network connectivity inside a home. Smart homes are automated buildings with installed sensor and control devices, such as air conditioning and heating, ventilation, lighting, hardware, and security systems. A smart object is defined as an item equipped with a form of sensor or actuator, a tiny microprocessor, memory, a communication module, and a power source. They are electronic embedded devices characterized by sensing, processing, and networking capabilities. In present study, an optoelectronic sensor based on organic semiconductor-on-inorganic semiconductor comprising of methylene blue and p-type silicon. The device exhibited a photoconducting behavior with calculated electronic parameters of photosensitivity of 105 and photoresponsivity of 0.1 A/W. The obtained results indicate that the fabricated optoelectronic device can be used as electronic sensor to control home light system for smart house systems.

Keywords: Smart house, photodiode, smart sensor.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3496. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Dere).

257

Computational Design of Petrochemical Centrifugal Pump Casing Under High Pressure

O. Cebeci1,*, M. Kurt2, B. Mutlu3

1Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey 2,3Marmara University, Technology Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

In this study a petro chemical pump casing has been designed by computational methods. Casing thickness has been calculated according to applied high pressure given under operating conditions. Casing stress analysis has been done by finite element methods regarding the calculated thickness. The commercial code ANSYS Workbench has been used for this purpose. Mesh independences has been verified by checking variation of von Mises stress over a determined region in front of the casing. Stress analysis has been done iteratively for incremental thickness and optimized according to design criteria.

Keywords: Finite element method, high pressure, stress analysis, casing design, petro chemical centrifugal pump.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-538-482 4909. E-mail address: [email protected] (O.Cebeci).

258

Pre-diagnosis of Diseases Using Genetic Algorithms

K. Ayturan1,*, U. Kilic 2, M.T. Gulluoglu3

1,3 Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey 2 Department of Avionics, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey

Nowadays there is a lot of data in every field and it is very difficult to process these data without any decision support mechanism. One of these decision support mechanisms is genetic algorithm method. The importance of analyzing and result prediction from these enormous data is very important for some critical fields. In this study, a decision support mechanism was created for disease profile prediction and genetic algorithm method was used for this aim. Patient data sets were collected from Harran University Hospital and MATLAB software was used while scheduled operations being performed. It was determined by the opinion of the doctors which patient data sets are important for pre-diagnosis of particular diseases. Decision support mechanism is intended to help doctors for pre-diagnosis and prevent misdiagnosis in diagnosing diseases.

Keywords: Decision support mechanism, genetic algorithms, pre-diagnosis.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-414-318 3000/1680. E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Ayturan).

259

The Effect of TiO2 Doped On Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Carbon Nanotube Composite

O. Basgoz1,*, E. Evin2, O. Guler1

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey 2Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Zinc oxide(ZnO) is n-type semiconductor metarial with a direct bandgap 3.37 eV. ZnO films are used in many areas which are mainly photovoltaic solar cells, gas sensors, photodiodes, transparent electrodes and the other optoelectronic devices. Although ZnO has these advantages, it has some disadvantages which are limited practical applications such as low quantum effect, necessity of UV light activation and severely photocorrosion. To overcome these problems, ZnO matrix composite semiconductors containing reinforcing particles have recently captivated remarkable attention due to their novel and advanced properties. Especially, because of the easy availability, nontoxic nature, biological and chemical stability, nanostructured semiconductor metal oxides such as TiO2, SnO2, CuO, WO3 and Fe2O3 have become promising photocatalysts in environmental improvement. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were doped to commerical ZnO matrix (purity % 99.5, particle size 10 µm). The amount of CNT doped to ZnO is % 0.1 by weight. The obtained ZnO-CNT composite was reinforced with commercially anatase TiO2 at the rates of 1, 2.5 and 5%. Obtained TiO2 doped ZnO-CNT composite samples were subjected to SEM for materials characterization, were measured according to changed both electrical conductivity and temperature and optical properties were identified by UV-Visible spectrometers. Results showed that undoped CNT samples have more wide bandgap (3.28 eV) than CNT doped samples and the bandgap of the pure ZnO has been reduced to 3,24-3.26 eV value for the doped CNT and undoped CNT.

Keywords: ZnO, TiO2, CNT, nano composite, electrical properties, optical properties.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-324-361 0001. E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Basgoz).

260

Nanostructured Radar Absorbing Materials for Air crafts

A. Dere1, F. Yakuphanoglu2,*

1,2Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Nanostructured radar absorbing materials (RAMs) have been extensively investigated due to their interesting properties and various applications compared with the bulk or microsized counterparts. In present study, various types of nanostructured RAMs such as nanocrystal RAMs, core-shell nanocomposite RAMs, nano-composite of MWCNT and inorganic materials RAMs, nanocomposite of nanostructured carbon and polymer RAMs were studied for radar absorbing material technologies. The RAMs were prepared using various chemical methods such as hydrothermal, sonochemical and sol gel methods. The absorbing property of RAMs was improved by controlling of nanosize and nanosize plays very important roles in the microwave RL of the nanomaterials. The increase in dielectric parameters of carbon based polymer composites depends on the types of fillers. The excellence of carbon nanofiber, CNF is resulted from its high conductivity and great electric dipoles and inducing higher dielectric constant of composites.

Keywords: Radar absorbing technology, nanostructured materials.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3496. E-mail address: [email protected] (F.Yakuphanoglu).

261

Biosensor based on ZnO nanostructure for DNA sequence Recognition

A. Dere1, F. Yakuphanoglu2,*

1,2Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

A bionsensor comprising of nanostructured ZnO and quartz crystal microbalance was fabricated to recognize DNA. ZnO nanostructure film has a wurtzite-structure of ZnO without any impurity phase. DNA was immobilized over ZnO nanoparticels using physical interactions. The frequency shifting of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with concentration of immobilized DNA molecules indicates that synthesized nanostructured ZnO can be used as DNA sequence Recognition sensor.

Keywords: ZnO, DNA, biosensor, quartz crystal microbalance.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3496. E-mail address: [email protected] (F.Yakuphanoglu).

262

An Investigation on Speech Recognition from Biometric Data in Digital Forensics

S. Dogan1,*, E. Akbal2, T. Tuncer3, F. Gunes4

1,2,3,4 Digital Forensics Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Crimes committed through digital systems are increasing day by day. Especially conversations and voice recordings in digital devices, are crucial in the authentication of criminal elements. Digital voice and speech recordings obtained from many criminal cases in the field of forensic information are considered as evidence. Audio signal is among the biometric characteristics of people. Biometric systems are structures that are used to distinguish the physical and behavioral characteristics of people. These systems are considered to be more reliable than classical methods because they do not need an external structure such as ID, password, card, etc. Biometric systems perform recognition and verification processes in security priority systems by evaluating the personally specific features of people such as fingerprint, face, voice and gait with various methods. Commonly used voice recognition methods in biometric systems take the speech data of a person as an input to a system. Thus, the distinguishing characteristics of the voice signal from other human beings through the basic parameters such as the severity, tone, height are determined by different methods. In these systems, it is necessary to eliminate the disturbance inputs of the audio signal from the external environment and from the device in order to achieve high performance in recognition and verification processes. In this study, evaluation process of audio signal is presented in the field of forensic science. At the same time, in order to obtain the characteristics of the audio signal, the results obtained by examining the authentication and analysis process of the data have been evaluated.

Keywords: Biometric systems, biometrics, security, digital forensics.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/3483: fax: +90-424-236 7064. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Akbal).

263

Boriding of Ferrous-Based Powder Metal Steels in Different Compositions

N. Yılmaz1,*, A. Çalık2

1,2Department of Mech. and Manufacturing Eng., Technology Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

In this study, boriding thermochemical process was applied to samples prepared from ferrous- based powder metal (P/M) materials with four different chemical components using in the automotive industry and compared with each other. In the boriding process; all samples were stored in solid medium at 900 oC for 5 hours using commercial powder (Ekabor-1) and left to cool in furnace. And then, optical microstructure, microhardness and layer thicknesses of the samples were measured. In addition, the morphology and phase structure of the obtained boron layer are investigated. According to the obtained results, it was evaluated that the surface properties of ferrous-based P/M materials could be improved by boring.

Keywords: Ferrous-based P/M materials, boriding, boriding microstructure, boron phase.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-246-211 1569: fax: +90-246-211 1984. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Yılmaz).

264

A Real Time DSP Implementation of Removing Cross-talk in sEMG Measurements with JADE Algorithm

U. Baspinar1,*

1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Technology Faculty, Marmara University, Turkey

Surface ElectroMyoGraphy (sEMG) signals are mostly used for diagnosis muscle originated disorders, robotics and human computer interaction applications. Because of human body physiology, it is not possible to measure sEMG signals directly from the muscle of interest by using surface electrodes. The sEMG recordings generally include other adjacent muscle activities that is called as cross-talk sEMG signals so sEMG measurements by using sEMG electrodes include a mixture of muscle of interest and other nearby muscle activities. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a method used for separating a mixture into its subcomponents and Joint Approximate Diagonalization of Eigenmatrices (JADE) is an approach to find subcomponents in a mixture of signal. In this study, the separation of mixed sEMG signals were realized successfully by using JADE approach with digital signal processor(DSP) in real time. Two synthetic sEMG signals, which one of them is accepted as a signal from muscle of interest and the other is accepted as crosstalk, were linearly mixed in the computer environment and applied to the stereo input of DSP kit. The JADE algorithm running on the DSP kit separated these two sEMG signals. The JADE algorithm was coded in MATLAB and ported to the DSP based system by using MATLAB/Simulink software. As a DSP unit TMS320C6713, a Texas Instrument processor was used and the result of the study is presented in the paper.

Keywords: sEMG Cross-talk removing, JADE algorithm.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-216-336 5770/1265. E-mail address: [email protected] (U. Baspinar).

265

Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Hydroxyapatitis Reinforced Expanded Perlite and in Vitro Behavior

E. Karip1,*, M. Muratoğlu2

1,2Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

In this experimental study, mechanical properties and in vitro behaviors were investigated for synthetic hydroxyapatit composites produced by powder metallurgy technigues. These matrix were added as 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 weight % expanded perlite reinforcement. The expanded perlites added in order to compare grain size were used in three different sizes of 50, 75 and 100 microns. The samples were compacted with a cold press under 25 MPa pressure and sintered at the 900 °C during 1 hour. The all samples were applied analys is such as density, microhardness test, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX. Also, the samples were kept in the synthetic body fluid and their in vitro behavior was observed. As a result; it was observed that an increase in microhardness values with an increase in the weight percentage of expanded perlite reinforcement. It was also observed that both the increase in expanded perlite reinforcement and the increase in expanded perlite micron size caused an increase the amount of porosity in the synthetic hydroxyapatite. In vitro tests revealed the formation of hydroxyapatite in the samples.

Keywords: Synthetic hydroxyapatite, expanded perlite, in vitro.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-546-862 2294 E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Karip).

266

Investigate Of Sheep Hydroxyapatite Composites Reinforced with Expanded Perlite, P2O5, MgO and ZrO2

M. Muratoğlu1, E. Karip1, T. Özcan1,*, S. Baydemir1

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

In this article, natural hydroxyapatite structure was synthesized using sheep bones. The obtained sheep bones were used as a reinforcement 5, 10 weight % of expanded pearlite, 5 weight % of P2O5 and MgO was kept constant in the all samples. And also, was reinforce as 1, 5, 10 weight % ZrO2. The expanded perlites added in order to compare grain size were used in three different sizes of 50, 75 and 100 microns. The samples were compacted with a cold press under 25 MPa pressure and sintered at the 900 °C for 1 hour. The all samples were applied analys is such as density, microhardness test, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX. As a result; it was observed that an increase in microhardness values with an increase in the weight percentage of ZrO2 reinforcement. It was also observed that both the increase in expanded perlite reinforcement and the increase in expanded perlite micron size caused an increase the amount of porosity in the natural hydroxyapatite.

Keywords: Synthetic Hydroxyapatite, Expanded Perlite, P2O5, MgO, ZrO2.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-531-451 8109. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Özcan).

267

Production of Al and Al 6061 Metal Foam Reinforced with Expanded Perlite, TiH2

S. Aydın1,*, E. Karip1, M. Muratoğlu1

1Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

The aim of this study is to produce of Aluminum and Al 6061 metal foam by powder metallurgy method. The aluminyum and Al 6061 matrices were added 1, 3 and 5 weight % expanded perlite. The expanded perlites added in order to compare grain size were used in three different sizes of 1, 3 and 5 milimeter. Foaming was made by using TiH2. The samples were compacted by a cold press under 30 Mpa pressure. The specimens were foam temperature at the 9000C for 15 minutes. Then the samples were sintered at the 5500C for 3 hours. The all samples were applied analys is such as density, compression test, coefficient of thermal conduction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX analyzes. As a result, as the expanded perlite grain size increased, there was an generally increase in the density values of the TiH2-added samples as the foaming agent. It was also observed that the increase in the percentage of expanded perlite by weight increased the porosity density.

Keywords: Al, Al 6061, Metal Foam, TiH2, Expanded Perlite.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-536-434 6177. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Aydın).

268

Detecting of Tool Fracture as on-line by Analysing of Acoustic Emission Signals

Y. Gökhan1, S. Hacı2, N. Süleyman2,*

1Department of Mechanical Program of Machinery Painting and Construction, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

Since the interactions between tool-workpiece during metal removing are complex extremely and it is difficult to detecting of tool fracture as on-line, the current state is to cause considerable cost and time loses for manufacturing processes. During machining an early warning system is required for that warning the operator before tool fracturing, interfering the process by changing the cutting parameters or by stopping operation and by removing away the tool from workpiece. This system is very important from standpoint of machining of workpieces at desired surface quality and using the tools efficiently. In this study done for this purpose, an early warning system is developed to provide early information about tool wear, tool fracture and type of tool failure by analysing acoustic emission signals recorded depend on variable cutting parameters, cutting conditions and changeability in material properties in turning operations. By the system working Matlab™ based when the acoustic emission signals monitored as on-line exceeded the defined threshold as soon as, they are to warn unexpected tool fractures/chipping with a message awaking the operator. According to signal levels program written is to decide whether cutting process is proceeded or stopped, so tool fracture and consequently deformation of surface quality of machined part is prevented.

Keywords: Acoustic emission, tool wear, tool fracture, chipping, data acquisition, tool condition monitoring.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-332-223 3320. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Süleyman).

269

Detecting of Tool Fracture as on-line by Analysing of Acoustic Emission Signals

S. Hacı1, Y. Gökhan2, N. Süleyman1,*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey 2Department of Mechanical Program of Machinery Painting and Construction, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey

Contamination phenomena and prevention methods are considered very important for cleanliness in hydraulic systems. Many factors can reduce the service life of hydraulic components. One of these factors is the contamination of hydraulic fluid by insoluble particles. Contaminated fluid in system cause to production loses, cost increase in spare part change, decrease the time for fluid exchange and increase in percentage of waste. The level of contamination considered acceptable, depend on type of hydraulic fluid. The solid contaminants in hydraulic system interferes with the ability of fluid to lubricate and causes to wear of moving system elements. Wear is occurred when the liquid film is torn. Typical types of contaminants that effect hydraulic system include particulates, water, gases, and bacteria. Combining of contaminates to increased temperature and flow can cause physical and chemical degradation in hydraulic system. That’s why, the cleaning of hydraulic fluids from contaminates at desired level using of filter, filter selection parameters and filter placements occupy very important place in hydraulic system design. There is a serious relation between hydraulic system operation life and fluid contamination. In order to control the efficiency of filtering system, filtration system must be designed for machines specially. The usage of dirty bin and wrong filter selection can also cause contamination. The loss of operation and lack of education about the contamination and filter selection increase the possibility of getting contaminants in the system. Filter selection parameters can be arranged as contamination types and sources, stages for measurement of contamination, particle contamination standards and cleanliness standards.

Keywords: Contamination in hydraulic system, contamination sources, filters, filter sizing, filter material, contamination code, beta ratio.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-332-223 3320. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Süleyman).

270

Professional Satisfaction, Perception, and Self-efficacy of In-service and Pre- service Information Technology Teachers: A Literature Review on Studies Between 2006 and 2016

Y. K. Turel1,*, G. Doğan2

1Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, College of Education, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye 2Ministry of National Education, Elazig, Turkiye

This study includes a content analysis that examines the studies, conducted between 2006 and 2016, on professional satisfaction, perception, and self-efficacy of in-service and pre-service information technology teachers in terms of six variables including publication year, the number of authors, research design, sample size, data collection tools, and data analysis methods. For this purpose, in total of 18 studies were selected to be examined by content analysis. As a data collection tool, publication classification form developed by Kutu and Yaşar (2012) were employed. By this tool, mentioned variables were examined and included to the content analyses. Besides, descriptive analyses such as frequencies and percentages were considered and presented in tables and graphics. As a result of the study, we found that the current study has a potential to shed light on new studies and also addressing the deficiencies of recent studies selected for this study, and which show the tendencies in this domain of instructional design and technology. The abstract submission is possible only electronically, using this template. If you simply type into this template there should be no need to worry about the page layout, font size and/or spacing. However, here are some critical details are given below:

Keywords: Information technology, professional satisfaction, professional perception, professional Self-Efficacy.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-424-237 0000/4883: fax: +90-424-236 5064. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. K. Türel).

271