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China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017, « Grassroots Makers of Chinese Digital Economy » [Online], Online Since 01 December 2018, Connection on 26 November 2020 China Perspectives 2017/4 | 2017 Grassroots Makers of Chinese Digital Economy Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7448 DOI: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.7448 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2017 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017, « Grassroots Makers of Chinese Digital Economy » [Online], Online since 01 December 2018, connection on 26 November 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ chinaperspectives/7448 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.7448 This text was automatically generated on 26 November 2020. © All rights reserved 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Feature Editorial - Beyond E-Commerce The Social Case of China’s Digital Economy Haiqing Yu China’s Internet Finance Boom and Tyrannies of Inclusion Nicholas Loubere Programming Practices of Chinese Code Farmers Articulations, Technology, and Alternatives Ping Sun Therapy Made Easy E-Commerce and Infrastructure in China’s Psycho-Boom Hsuan-Ying Articles Between Resistance and Adaptation The Place of the Uyghur Language in the Sinicised Zone of Ürümchi Giulia Cabras The Migration of Experts and Savoir-faire The Case of French Cuisine Professionals in Shanghai Hélène Le Bail and Aël Théry Current affairs The Imprisonment of Occupy Student Leaders Public Reactions and Debates over Hong Kong’s Judicial Independence Ting-Fai Yu Book reviews Yiu-Wai Chu, Hong Kong Cantopop: A Concise History, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2017, 256 pp. Nathanel Amar Luigi Tomba, The Government Next Door: Neighborhood Politics in Urban China, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2015, 225 pp. Judith Audin China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 2 Ji Zhe, Religion, modernité et temporalité. Une sociologie du bouddhisme Chan contemporain (Religion, modernity and temporality: A sociology of contemporary Chan Buddhism), Paris, CNRS Editions, 2016, 348 pp. Sébastien Billioud Ruoyun Bai, Staging Corruption: Chinese Television and Politics, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2015, 276 pp. Qian Gong David S. G. Goodman, Class in Contemporary China, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2014, 233 pp. Gilles Guiheux China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 3 Special Feature China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 4 Editorial - Beyond E-Commerce The Social Case of China’s Digital Economy Haiqing Yu ABSTRACTS This special feature brings together three original articles on Internet finance, grassroots programmers, and an e-psychotherapy platform, respectively, to engage in the ongoing debate on China’s e-commerce and digital economy. The three authors contribute to a rethinking of the Chinese digital capitalism from the perspective of sociology (Nicholas Loubere), anthropology (Ping Sun), and social psychology (Hsuan-Ying Huang). They pinpoint the role of commercial activities as vehicles to highlight human agency and diversity in China’s transformations. The three articles— “China’s Internet Finance and Tyrannies of Inclusion” by Loubere, “Programming Practices of Chinese Code Farmers” by Sun, and “Therapy Made Easy” by Huang—not only provide empirical studies of particular grassroots players or makers in China’s e-commerce and digital economy, but also critically discuss their role and agency in negotiating the complicated network of power and knowledge to create a politics of difference in people’s daily lives. The special feature contributes to the debates on Chinese digital economy from a micro and meso-level analysis that is rooted in the humanities and social sciences. It examines the grassroots participants and makers of China’s e-commerce boom, and at the same time moves beyond the discussion on e-commerce to critique the paradoxes of Chinese digital capitalism, as experienced by poor and disadvantaged individuals engulfed by entrepreneurial digital loan sharks and systems of social surveillance (Loubere), the second-generation-migrant grassroots programmers or code farmers in small software companies in Shenzhen (Sun), and an entrepreneurial psychotherapist whose online platform has taken on the mission of constructing a psychotherapy infrastructure for an under-developed profession (Huang). Together the three articles aim to redefine the “who” of digital economy as an unlikely collection of unimagined individuals and underrepresented groups; the “what” of digital economy as measured by its China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 5 social and cultural impact rather than its volume of business and transaction; and the “how” of digital economy in terms of the implication of and impact on grassroots players in their strategies for survival. AUTHOR HAIQING YU Haiqing Yu is Associate Professor of Chinese media and culture at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.UNSW Kensington campus, High Street, Kensington NSW Australia 2052 ([email protected]). China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 6 China’s Internet Finance Boom and Tyrannies of Inclusion Nicholas Loubere ABSTRACTS One of the main drivers of China’s e-commerce boom is the dramatic expansion of the country’s Internet finance industry, which has grown and diversified at a staggering rate over the past decade. The emergence of Chinese Internet finance has been discussed in largely positive terms as facilitating commercial activity. It has also been linked to the wider developmental goal of promoting financial inclusion through the provision of financial services to previously excluded populations. Emerging from the global microfinance movement, the concept of financial inclusion depicts increased access to financial services (particularly credit) as an inherently beneficial means of empowering the poor and driving bottom-up economic development. This article challenges this dominant narrative of beneficial digital financial inclusion in China. It draws on the growing body of literature critiquing the global financial inclusion movement, and examines examples of exploitation, fraud, instability, and extraction related to expanded digital financial coverage in contemporary China. It then demonstrates that digital financial inclusion is part and parcel of the Chinese government’s plans to create a social credit system in an attempt to construct a “trustworthy society.” In this way, digital financial inclusion can be seen as a key element in a wider project of expanding surveillance through big data in order to close down spaces for those seeking to contest the hegemonic socioeconomic order. The article argues that these examples illuminate fundamental processes implicit in the expansion of the commercial Internet finance industry. In this way, while the extension of digital financial inclusion in China benefits certain groups, it also necessarily serves to reproduce patterns of inequality and exploitation. China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 7 INDEX Keywords: Internet finance, Digital finance, Financial inclusion, Digital financial inclusion, Microfinance, Microcredit, Social credit, China AUTHOR NICHOLAS LOUBERE Nicholas Loubere is Associate Senior Lecturer in the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University.Lund University, Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Sölvegatan 18, 22362 Lund, Sweden ([email protected]). China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 8 Programming Practices of Chinese Code Farmers Articulations, Technology, and Alternatives Ping Sun ABSTRACTS Built on the theoretical framework of articulation and assemblage, this article explores programming practices among grassroots programmers in contemporary China. Using data obtained from ethnographic fieldwork in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, it provides an account of the information technology practices in contemporary China at the nexus of the Beijing government, IT corporations, and individual programmers. Through examining how programming is articulated in both China’s advocacy for “a creative society” and grassroots programmers’ daily practices in the process of China’s informatization, this article has mapped myriad articulations such as engagement, communication, discourse, and practice that have made and unmade grassroots programmers’ programming assemblage. We argue that technology for Chinese programmers is a mixed blessing. As a means of survival, technology exacerbates the precariousness and marginalisation of grassroots programmers in China, while the capability of technology production also enables the remaking of subjectivity and social change. The findings of this study thus advocate a deeper and dialectical understanding of the interaction between technology, labour, and empowerment. INDEX Keywords: Programmers, articulation and assemblage, technology, Maker Movement, China China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 9 AUTHOR PING SUN Ping Sun is Assistant Professor at the Department of Journalism and Communication at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Building No. 9, Panjiayuan Dongli, Beijing, Chaoyang District ([email protected]). China Perspectives, 2017/4 | 2017 10 Therapy Made Easy E-Commerce and Infrastructure in China’s Psycho-Boom Hsuan-Ying ABSTRACTS In China, the rise of e-commerce has made significant impacts on a broad range of business and professional fields; psychotherapy, a profession born of the recent “psycho-boom” (xinli re 心理 热), is one of them. This article, using materials collected from interviews, participant observation, and media accounts, delineates the development of Jiandan xinli (简单心理), a Beijing-based startup
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