I TIV PANEGYRIC POETRY: a STUDY of PEVIKYAA ZEGI by FELIX

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

I TIV PANEGYRIC POETRY: a STUDY of PEVIKYAA ZEGI by FELIX View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Benue State University Institutional Repository i TIV PANEGYRIC POETRY: A STUDY OF PEVIKYAA ZEGI BY FELIX TERLUMUN IORYUE- LAWRENCE BSU/AR/Ph.D/07/907 BEING A PhD THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTORATE DEGREE (PHD) IN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH OCTOBER, 2018 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work is my own research, undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Moses Tsenongu and Dr. Maria Ajima and that this work has not been presented anywhere for the award of a degree or certificate. All sources both primary and secondary materials have been properly acknowledged. Sign:__________________ FELIX TERLUMUN IORYUE- LAWRENCE BSU/AR/Ph.D/07/907 iii CERTIFICATION We certify that this thesis titled “Tiv Panegyric Poetry: A Study of Pevikyaa Zegi” has been duly presented by FELIX TERLUMUN IORYUE- LAWRENCE BSU/AR/Ph.D/07/907 of the Department of English, Faculty of Arts, Benue State University, Makurdi. First Supervisor: Second Supervisor: Signature:………………………. Signature:……………………….. Name: Prof. Moses Tsenongu Name: Dr. Maria Ajima Date:…………………………..... Date:…………………………....... Head of Department Name: Prof. Abimbola Shittu Signature:……………………… Date:…………………………... Having met the stipulated requirements, the thesis has been accepted by the Department of English. …………………………………………. Prof. Toryina Ayati VARVAR Dean, Postgraduate School Date:……………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to The Almighty God without whom this work would have not been a success. I give Him praise and thanks. I am greatly indebted to my supervisors: Professor Tyodzuah Akosu, who started the supervision of this work before handing it over to Professor Moses Tsenongu as a result his sabbatical leave. Professor Tsenongu was later assisted by Dr Maria Ajima and together they left no stone unturned to ensure that this work becomes a reality. In spite of their tight schedules, they read through the drafts over and over, making important suggestions to improve the work. I am also indebted to Prof. Godwin Yina for his constant advice and assistance, and Prof. Abimbola Shittu who showed great concern over the progress of my work. My immeasurable appreciation goes to my wife Mrs. Comfort Ashwe for her unalloyed support. I fully acknowledge the support of my children. Margaret, Cherish, Daniel and Gabriel. I am proud of you. I deeply appreciate my sisters Franca, Janet and Dominica, my mother-in-law, Mrs. Esther Alumun, and my in-laws Patience, Fanen, and Ember for the love, encouragement and moral support shown to me in the course of this programme. My thanks also go to Scholastica Asenge, and Emmanuel Mase who did the type setting of the work. v DEDICATION To my late parents, Mr. Lawrence Ioryue Ashwe and Mrs Marry Veronica Ashwe; my late sisters Margaret and Agnes Ashwe, and my late son David Nguseter Ashwe who have left this sinful world and are with the Lord in heaven. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - i Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii Certification - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - iv Dedication - - - - - - - - - v Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vi Abstract - - - - - - - - - ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY - - - - - - 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - - - - - - 7 1.3 CLARIFICATION OF CONCEPTS - - - - - - 8 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY - - - - - - - 10 1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES - - - - - - - 10 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - - - - - - 11 1.7 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE TIV PEOPLE - - - - 11 1.7.1 Origin and Migration - - - - - - - 11 1.7.2 Population and Geographical Spread - - - - - 13 1.7.3 The Tiv Language - - - - - - - - 13 1.7.4 Tiv Religion - - - - - - - - - 13 1.7.5 Socio- Political Organisation - - - - - - 15 1.8 BRIEF INFORMATION ON PEVIKYAA ZEGI - - - - 16 1.9 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY - - - - - 18 vii 1.10 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY - - - - - - 19 1.11 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - - - - - - 20 1.11.1 RHETORICAL THEORY - - - - - - - 26 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF SCHOLARSHIP 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - 28 2.2 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PANEGYRIC POETRY IN TIVLAND 28 2.3 DIACRONIC NATURE OF TIV PANEGYRIC POETRY - - - 31 2.4 EUROCENTRIC CRITICISM OF TIV ORAL POETRY - - - 34 2.5 INDIGENOUS CRITICISM OF TIV ORAL POETRY - - - 42 CHAPTER THREE: THE THEMES AND SUBJECTS OF PEVIKYAA ZEGE 3.1 POVERTY - - - - - - - - - 54 3.2 BEAUTY AND ELEGANCE - - - - - - 56 3.3 WEALTH AND GENEROSITY - - - - - - 58 3.4 POLITICAL POWER AND POPULARITY - - - - - 61 3.5 HOSPITALITY - - - - - - - 63 3.6 DEATH - - - - - - - - - 65 3.7 LEADERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT - - - - - 67 3.8 SOLDIERS INVASION OF TIVLAND IN 2001 - - - - 70 3.9 CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND STATES - - 72 3.10 THE POSITION AND RELEVANCE OF WOMEN IN THE TIV SOCIETY 73 3.11 POLICE - CIVILIAN RELATIONSHIP - - - - - 77 3.12 THE FUNCTIONAL NATURE OF PEVIKYAA ZEGE’S SONGS- - 78 viii CHAPTER FOUR: RHETORIC AND STYLE IN PEVIKYAA ZEGI’S SONGS 4.1 HYPERBOLE - - - - - - - - 85 4.2 PERSONIFICATION - - - - - - - 90 4.3 PERSONAL NAMES - - - - - - - - 92 4.4 HUMOUR - - - - - - - - - 95 4.5 PROVERBS AND EPIGRAMS - - - - - - 98 4.6 METAPHOR - - - - - - - - - 101 4.7 INTERJECTIONS AND INFLECTIONS - - - - - 104 4.8 RHETORICAL QUESTIONS - - - - - - 107 4.9 REPETITION - - - - - - - - - 111 4.10 ALLUSION - - - - - - - - - 115 4.11 ONOMATOPOEIA - - - - - - - - 119 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE 5.1 SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - 121 5.2 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - - 123 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS - - - - - - - 124 5.4 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE - - - - - 125 WORKS CITED - - - - - - - - - 127 Appendix A: Transcription and Translation of Pevikyaa Zegi’s Songs - - 136 Appendix B: Record of Interview with Pevikyaa Zegi - - - - 242 Appendix C: Interview with Hon. Sev-Av of Ukum LGA on the Songs of Pevikyaa Zegi 245 Appendix D: Pictures of the Artist - - - - - - - 247 ix Abstract Oral literature has not received the deserved critical attention from scholars of literature. Consequently, the oral literary forms are neglected, leading to their gradual disappearance. To help fill this gap, the researcher has undertaken a study of Tiv panegyric poetry with particular reference to the songs of Pevikyaa Zegi. The songs were collected, transcribed in Tiv and translated into the English Language. Interviews were also conducted with the poet and some of his patrons to provide additional background information for the study. The songs were then analysed using rhetorical theory and the structural-functionalist theories. The rhetorical theory is concerned with the devices employed by the public speaker to persuade his audience to accept his views while the structural-functionalist theory pays attention to the literary/poetic devices employed by the oral poet as well as the functions of the songs. The analysis thus entailed an appreciation of the rhetorical and stylistic devices employed by the poet. The themes and subjects of the songs as well as their functions were also highlighted and discussed. The study found that Tiv oral poetry is a creative literary endeavour deserving critical attention from literary critics. The researcher has also contended that Pevikyaa Zegi’s songs are rich in rhetoric and style, and their content is topical, interesting and performs some functions in the society. It was thus recommended, among other things, that African literary critics should focus more on the criticism of oral literary form, and that government, individuals and organizations should collect, translate and store these cultural and literary artifacts to protect them from extinction. 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The field of oral literature is an academic endeavour that is not adequately researched owing to its vast scope and the diverse cultural milieu it embodies. The sheer diversity of cultural artefacts in oral literature is a reflection of its uniqueness and the need for more studies in the field with the aim of preserving the rich oral cultures in Africa. On the contrary, oral literature has over the years been relegated to the background in Africa as some aspects of the people’s culture are being eroded by the influence of Western civilization and Christianity. The survival of oral literature is premised on the fact that by its nature and character, it existed and survived through performance. The advent of modern literacy, which is reading and writing, has made it possible to document or record oral performances. The documentation of oral performance, however, appears to have retarded the pace of patronage of the oral poet as these oral pieces are now accessible in written and audio-visual forms – a fact which has made the hitherto dependence on live performances of the poet optional by the public. The overwhelming influence of the Western form of literature nonetheless, the place of oral performance remains central to the preservation of the culture of many societies in Africa. The early scholars of African literature were obsessed with ‘letters,’ that is, reading and writing, and were unduly confined to written literature at the expense of oral performance which is native to Africa as its earliest form of literary expression. Even at that, the place of orality remains central to the emergence of written literature in Africa, because great writers like Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka and others borrowed heavily from the resources of orality domiciled in their respective
Recommended publications
  • Paper Number: 63 May 2007 Before and After the Fall: Mapping Hong
    Paper Number: 63 May 2007 Before and after the Fall: Mapping Hong Kong Cantopop in the Global Era Stephen Yiu-wai Chu Hong Kong Baptist University The author welcome comments from readers. Contact details: Stephen Yiu-wai Chu, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Email: [email protected] David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI) Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) LEWI Working Paper Series is an endeavour of David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI), a consortium with 28 member universities, to foster dialogue among scholars in the field of East-West studies. Globalisation has multiplied and accelerated inter-cultural, inter-ethnic, and inter-religious encounters, intentionally or not. In a world where time and place are increasingly compressed and interaction between East and West grows in density, numbers, and spread, East-West studies has gained a renewed mandate. LEWI’s Working Paper Series provides a forum for the speedy and informal exchange of ideas, as scholars and academic institutions attempt to grapple with issues of an inter-cultural and global nature. Circulation of this series is free of charge. Comments should be addressed directly to authors. Abstracts of papers can be downloaded from the LEWI web page at http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~lewi/publications.html. Manuscript Submission: Scholars in East-West studies at member universities who are interested in submitting a paper for publication should send an article manuscript, preferably in a Word file via e-mail, as well as a submission form (available online) to the Series Secretary at the address below.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriott's Oceana Palms |Singer Island, Riviera Beach, Florida
    Marriott’s Oceana Palms | Singer Island, Riviera Beach, Florida Week 2020 Check-In Days 2021 Check-In Days Season No. Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 Jan 2 – Jan 9 Jan 3 – Jan 10 Jan 4 – Jan 11 Jan 5 – Jan 12 Jan 7 – Jan 14 Jan 1 – Jan 8 Jan 2 – Jan 9 Jan 3 – Jan 10 2 Jan 9 – Jan 16 Jan 10 – Jan 17 Jan 11 – Jan 18 Jan 12 – Jan 19 Jan 14 – Jan 21 Jan 8 – Jan 15 Jan 9 – Jan 16 Jan 10 – Jan 17 3 Jan 16 – Jan 23 Jan 17 – Jan 24 Jan 18 – Jan 25 Jan 19 – Jan 26 Jan 21 – Jan 28 Jan 15 – Jan 22 Jan 16 – Jan 23 Jan 17 – Jan 24 PLATINUM 4 Jan 23 – Jan 30 Jan 24 – Jan 31 Jan 25 – Feb 1 Jan 26 – Feb 2 Jan 28 – Feb 4 Jan 22 – Jan 29 Jan 23 – Jan 30 Jan 24 – Jan 31 5 Jan 30 – Feb 6 Jan 31 – Feb 7 Feb 1 – Feb 8 Feb 2 – Feb 9 Feb 4 – Feb 11 Jan 29 – Feb 5 Jan 30 – Feb 6 Jan 31 – Feb 7 6 Feb 6 – Feb 13 Feb 7 – Feb 14 Feb 8 – Feb 15 Feb 9 – Feb 16 Feb 11 – Feb 18 Feb 5 – Feb 12 Feb 6 – Feb 13 Feb 7 – Feb 14 PLATINUM PLUS 7 Feb 13 – Feb 20 Feb 14 – Feb 21 Feb 15 – Feb 22 Feb 16 – Feb 23 Feb 18 – Feb 25 Feb 12 – Feb 19 Feb 13 – Feb 20 Feb 14 – Feb 21 PRESIDENTS DAY 8 Feb 20 – Feb 27 Feb 21 – Feb 28 Feb 22 – Feb 29 Feb 23 – Mar 1 Feb 25 – Mar 4 Feb 19 – Feb 26 Feb 20 – Feb 27 Feb 21 – Feb 28 9 Feb 27 – Mar 5 Feb 28 – Mar 6 Feb 29 – Mar 7 Mar 1 – Mar 8 Mar 4 – Mar 11 Feb 26 – Mar 5 Feb 27 – Mar 6 Feb 28 – Mar 7 10 Mar 5 – Mar 12 Mar 6 – Mar 13 Mar 7 – Mar 14 Mar 8 – Mar 15 Mar 11 – Mar 18 Mar 5 – Mar 12 Mar 6 – Mar 13 Mar 7 – Mar 14 11 Mar 12 – Mar 19 Mar 13 – Mar 20 Mar 14 – Mar 21 Mar 15 – Mar 22 Mar 18 – Mar 25 Mar 12 –
    [Show full text]
  • Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Film, Media & Theatre Dissertations School of Film, Media & Theatre Spring 5-6-2019 Dynamics of a Periphery TV Industry: Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats Soo keung Jung [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/fmt_dissertations Recommended Citation Jung, Soo keung, "Dynamics of a Periphery TV Industry: Birth and Evolution of Korean Reality Show Formats." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2019. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/fmt_dissertations/7 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Film, Media & Theatre at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Film, Media & Theatre Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DYNAMICS OF A PERIPHERY TV INDUSTRY: BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF KOREAN REALITY SHOW FORMATS by SOOKEUNG JUNG Under the Direction of Ethan Tussey and Sharon Shahaf, PhD ABSTRACT Television format, a tradable program package, has allowed Korean television the new opportunity to be recognized globally. The booming transnational production of Korean reality formats have transformed the production culture, aesthetics and structure of the local television. This study, using a historical and practical approach to the evolution of the Korean reality formats, examines the dynamic relations between producer, industry and text in the
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bradford Ethesis
    University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. THE ROLE OF BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN SIGNALLING IN THE CONTROL OF SKIN REPAIR AFTER WOUNDING Cellular and molecular mechanisms of cutaneous wound healing mediated by bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonist Noggin Christopher John LEWIS Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Medical Biosciences School of Life Sciences University of Bradford 2013 Abstract The role of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in the control of skin repair after wounding. Christopher John LEWIS Keywords: Wound healing, bone morphogenetic protein, BMP, skin, keratinocyte, Noggin, Smad Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors (BMPRs) coordinate tissue development and postnatal remodelling by regulating proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, their role in wound healing remains unclear. To study this, transgenic mice overexpressing Smad1 (K14-caSmad1) or the BMP antagonist Noggin (K14-Noggin) were utilised, together with human and mouse ex vivo wound healing models and in vitro keratinocyte culture. In wild-type mice, transcripts for Bmpr-1A, Bmpr-II, Bmp ligands and Smad proteins were decreased following tissue injury, whilst Bmpr-1B expression was up-regulated. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed a down-regulation of BMPR-1A in hair follicles adjacent to the wound in murine skin, whilst in murine and human wounds, BMPR-1B and phospho-Smad-1/5/8 expression was pronounced in the wound epithelial tongue. K14-caSmad1 mice displayed retarded wound healing, associated with reduced keratinocyte proliferation and increased apoptosis, whilst K14-Noggin mice exhibited accelerated wound healing.
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality and Development in Nigeria Inequality and Development in Nigeria
    INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Edited by Henry Bienen and V. P. Diejomaoh HOLMES & MEIER PUBLISHERS, INC' NEWv YORK 0 LONDON First published in the United States of America 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. 30 Irving Place New York, N.Y. 10003 Great Britain: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Ltd. 131 Trafalgar Road Greenwich, London SE 10 9TX Copyright 0 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. ALL RIGIITS RESERVIED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria. Selections. Inequality and development in Nigeria. "'Chapters... selected from The Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria."-Pref. Includes index. I. Income distribution-Nigeria-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Nigeria- Economic conditions- Addresses. essays, lectures. 3. Nigeria-Social conditions- Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bienen. Henry. II. Die­ jomaoh. Victor P., 1940- III. Title. IV. Series. HC1055.Z91516 1981 339.2'09669 81-4145 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA ISBN 0-8419-0710-2 AACR2 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Page Preface vii I. Introduction 2. Development in Nigeria: An Overview 17 Douglas Riummer 3. The Structure of Income Inequality in Nigeria: A Macro Analysis 77 V. P. Diejomaoli and E. C. Anusion wu 4. The Politics of Income Distribution: Institutions, Class, and Ethnicity 115 Henri' Bienen 5. Spatial Aspects of Urbanization and Effects on the Distribution of Income in Nigeria 161 Bola A veni 6. Aspects of Income Distribution in the Nigerian Urban Sector 193 Olufemi Fajana 7. Income Distribution in the Rural Sector 237 0. 0. Ladipo and A.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Join These Inspirational Women and Many More As Part of the Campaign to Reduce Maternal Mortality
    ‘WIVES AND HUSBAND OF G8 LEADERS’ Laura Bush, Svetlana Medvedev, Laureen Harper, Veronica Lario, Kiyoko Fukuda, Carla Sarkozy, Sarah Brown, Joachim Sauer A MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH Dear G8 First Ladies (and First Man), Every minute of every day a woman dies in childbirth. That’s half a million women dying each year - and over 80% of these deaths are avoidable. But here’s the good news – the person with whom you live can help stop this happening. Really. The 26 of us, write to the 8 of you, women to women (and, with respect, also to you Herr Sauer), on behalf of all women... please do what you can to put this issue at the top of the political agenda. We now have the knowledge to crack it – we just need the political will. At this year’s G8, your 7 husbands (and 1 wife) have an opportunity to make history here. There is a real chance. Please do what you can – on behalf of us all. With respect, Emma Thompson Annie Lennox Christiane Amanpour Donna Langley Kirsty Young Lady de Rothschild Claudia Schiffer Wendi Murdoch Elizabeth Edwards Misia Actress, UK Singer, Songwriter, UK CNN Chief President of Broadcaster, CE, LE Rothschild Supermodel, Actress, Chief Strategist, Attourney, Singer, Japan International Production, Presenter, UK LLC Germany Myspace China Campaigner Correspondent, USA Universal Pictures, USA Margaret Fiorella Mannoia Margherita Hack Claudie Haigneré Katja Riemann Elisabeth Murdoch Christy Turlington Christine Ockrent Gwyneth Paltrow Sarah McLachlan MacMillan Singer, Songwriter, Scientist, Italy Astronaut and Actress, Germany Chairman, CEO, CARE Ambassador, COO, France Actress, USA Musician, Canada Historian, USA Italy Advisor to ESA, UK/USA Supermodel, USA France Please join these inspirational women and many more as part of the campaign to reduce maternal mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting and Appropriating Chineseness in Sinophone Music
    China Perspectives 2020-2 | 2020 Sinophone Musical Worlds (2): The Politics of Chineseness Contesting and Appropriating Chineseness in Sinophone Music Nathanel Amar Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/10063 DOI: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.10063 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 1 June 2020 Number of pages: 3-6 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference Nathanel Amar, “Contesting and Appropriating Chineseness in Sinophone Music”, China Perspectives [Online], 2020-2 | 2020, Online since 01 June 2020, connection on 06 July 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/10063 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives. 10063 © All rights reserved Editorial china perspectives Contesting and Appropriating Chineseness in Sinophone Music NATHANEL AMAR he first special issue of China Perspectives on “Sinophone Musical itself as a more traditional approach to Chinese-sounding music but was Worlds” (2019/3) laid the theoretical foundation for a musical appropriated by amateur musicians on the Internet who subvert accepted T approach to Sinophone studies (Amar 2019). This first issue notions of Chinese history and masculinity (see Wang Yiwen’s article in this emphasised the importance of a “place-based” analysis of the global issue). Finally, the last article lays out in detail the censorship mechanisms for circulation of artistic creations, promoted in the field of Sinophone studies by music in the PRC, which are more complex and less monolithic than usually Shu-mei Shih (2007), and in cultural studies by Yiu Fai Chow and Jeroen de described, and the ways artists try to circumvent the state’s censorship Kloet (2013) as well as Marc Moskowitz (2010), among others.
    [Show full text]
  • SPECIAL REPORT on Nigeria's
    Special RepoRt on nIgeria’s BENUe s t A t e BENUE STATE: FACTS AND FIGURES Origin: Benue State derives its name from the River Benue, the second largest river in Nigeria and the most prominent geographical feature in the state Date of creation: February 1976 Characteristics: Rich agricultural region; full of rivers, breadbasket of Nigeria. Present Governor: Chief George Akume Population: 5 million Area: 34,059 sq. kms Capital: Makurdi Number of local government: 23 Traditional councils: Tiv Traditional Council, headed by the Tor Tiv; and Idoma Traditional Council, headed by the Och’Idoma. Location: Lies in the middle of the country and shares boundaries with Cameroon and five states namely, Nasarawa to the north, Taraba to the east, Cross River and Enugu to the south, and Kogi to the west Climate: A typical tropical climate with two seasons – rainy season from April to October in the range of 150-180 mm, and the dry season from November to March. Temperatures fluctuate between 23 degrees centigrade to 31 degrees centigrade in the year Main Towns: Makurdi (the state capital), Gboko, Katsina-Ala, Adikpo, Otukpo, Korinya, Tar, Vaneikya, Otukpa, Oju, Okpoga, Awajir, Agbede, Ikpayongo, and Zaki-Biam Rivers: Benue River and Katsina Ala Culture and tourism: A rich and diverse cultural heritage, which finds expression in colourful cloths, exotic masquerades, music and dances. Benue dances have won national and international acclaim, including the Swange and the Anuwowowo Main occupation: Farming Agricultural produce: Grains, rice, cassava, sorghum, soya beans, beniseed (sesame), groundnuts, tubers, fruits, and livestock Mineral resources: Limestone, kaolin, zinc, lead, coal, barites, gypsum, Feldspar and wolframite for making glass and electric bulbs, and salt Investment policies: Government has a liberal policy of encouraging investors through incentives and industrial layout, especially in the capital Makurdi, which is served with paved roads, water, electricity and telephone.
    [Show full text]
  • Badilu Assefa Ayana Advisor: Fikadu Adugna (Phd)
    THE EXPANSION OF PROTESTANTISM AND CULTURE CHANGE AMONG THE SAYYOO OROMO, WESTERN OROMIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY By: Badilu Assefa Ayana Advisor: Fikadu Adugna (PhD) November 2014 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1 DECLARATION I, the under signed, declare that this thesis is my original work done under the guidance of Fekadu Adugna (PhD), and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. All sources materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: Badilu Assefa Ayana Signature: ___________________ Place: Addis Ababa University Date: ____________________ APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS ________________________ __________________ ________________ Advisor signature Date ________________________ _______________ _______________ External Examiner Signature Date _______________________ ______________ _______________ Internal Examiner Signature Date 2 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my advisor, Dr. Fekadu Adugna, for his scholarly assistance in reading and correcting this thesis. His corrections and critical remarks from the preparation of the proposal to the completion of the thesis were very useful and constructive. I owe special thanks to my former instructors, Dereje Fufa and Jira Mokonin of Jimma University, who were influential in my decision to conduct this research on the topic. Their fascinating lectures and stimulating teaching, and support have been an incredible source of inspiration. I am greatly indebted to all my informants without whose contributions my work would not have been possible; especially, Mitiku Tucho, Tesfaye Megersa, Mihratu Dhuguma, Gemechu Tafese for offering kindness and answering my questions with patience and openness and providing me with productive information.
    [Show full text]
  • Commencement Program
    Sunday, the Sixteenth of May, Two Thousand and Ten ten o’clock in the morning ~ wallace wade stadium Duke University Commencement ~ 2010 One Hundred Fifty-Eighth Commencement Notes on Academic Dress Academic dress had its origin in the Middle Ages. When the European universities were taking form in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, scholars were also clerics, and they adopted Mace and Chain of Office robes similar to those of their monastic orders. Caps were a necessity in drafty buildings, and Again at commencement, ceremonial use is copes or capes with hoods attached were made of two important insignia given to Duke needed for warmth. As the control of universities University in memory of Benjamin N. Duke. gradually passed from the church, academic Both the mace and chain of office are the gifts costume began to take on brighter hues and to of anonymous donors and of the Mary Duke employ varied patterns in cut and color of gown Biddle Foundation. They were designed and and type of headdress. executed by Professor Kurt J. Matzdorf of New The use of academic costume in the United Paltz, New York, and were dedicated and first States has been continuous since Colonial times, used at the inaugural ceremonies of President but a clear protocol did not emerge until an Sanford in 1970. intercollegiate commission in 1893 recommended The Mace, the symbol of authority of the a uniform code. In this country, the design of a University, is made of sterling silver throughout. gown varies with the degree held. The bachelor’s Significance of Colors It is thirty-seven inches long and weighs about gown is relatively simple with long pointed Colors indicating fields of eight pounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Msia Launches Evisa for Chinese Tourists
    ! PRESS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MALAYSIA LAUNCHES E-VISA FOR CHINESE TOURISTS Minister of Tourism & Culture Malaysia Dato’ Seri Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz (middle) flanked by the Ambassador of Malaysia to the People's Republic of China Dato' Zainuddin Yahya (left) and the Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs Malaysia Azman Azra Abdul Rahman at the launching ceremony. BEIJING, 1 March 2016: The Minister of Tourism and Culture Malaysia Dato’ Seri Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz officially launched Malaysia’s e-Visa programme today. The visa exemption and e-Visa programme is introduced by the Malaysian government to facilitate tourists from China travelling to Malaysia. Implementation of the e-Visa system is the key initiative to help accomplish the goal of further expanding and developing the tourism industries of both Malaysia and China. The implementation of the e-Visa system will be carried out in three phases starting with Chinese nationals residing in Mainland China, followed by the second phase that includes Chinese nationals residing outside Mainland China, and eventually with the final phase, which incorporates other countries such as India, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. MALAYSIA TOURISM PROMOTION BOARD (MINISTRY OF TOURISM & CULTURE, MALAYSIA) No. 2, Tower 1, Jalan P5/6, Precinct 5, 62200 Putrajaya, Malaysia Tel: +603 8891 8000; Official: malaysia.travel; Corporate: tourism.gov.my Facebook: friendofmalaysia; Twitter: tourismmalaysia; Blog: blog.tourism.gov.my 1 ! The e-Visa is for the purpose of travelling and visiting relatives and friends only, with the length of stay limited to 30 days and for a single entry to Malaysia within three months from the date of issuance of the e-Visa.
    [Show full text]
  • Accredited Observer Groups/Organisations for the 2011 April General Elections
    ACCREDITED OBSERVER GROUPS/ORGANISATIONS FOR THE 2011 APRIL GENERAL ELECTIONS Further to the submission of application by Observer groups to INEC (EMOC 01 Forms) for Election Observation ahead of the April 2011 General Elections; the Commission has shortlisted and approved 291 Domestic Observer Groups/Organizations to observe the forthcoming General Elections. All successful accredited Observer groups as shortlisted below are required to fill EMOC 02 Forms and submit the full names of their officials and the State of deployment to the Election Monitoring and Observation Unit, INEC. Please note that EMOC 02 Form is obtainable at INEC Headquarters, Abuja and your submissions should be made on or before Friday, 25th March, 2011. S/N ORGANISATION LOCATION & ADDRESS 1 CENTER FOR PEACEBUILDING $ SOCIO- HERITAGE HOUSE ILUGA QUARTERS HOSPITAL ECONOMIC RESOURCES ROAD TEMIDIRE IKOLE EKITI DEVELOPMENT(CEPSERD) 2 COMMITTED ADVOCATES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEV SUITE 18 DANOVILLE PLAZA GARDEN ABUJA &YOUTH ADVANCEMENT FCT 3 LEAGUE OF ANAMBRA PROFESSIONALS 86A ISALE-EKO WAY DOLPHIN – IKOYI 4 YOUTH MOVEMENT OF NIGERIA SUITE 24, BLK A CYPRIAN EKWENSI CENTRE FOR ARTS & CULTURE ABUJA 5 SCIENCE & ECONOMY DEV. ORG. SUITE KO5 METRO PLAZA PLOT 791/992 ZAKARIYA ST CBD ABUJA 6 GLOBAL PEACE & FORGIVENESS FOUNDATION SUITE A6, BOBSAR COMPLEX GARKI 7 CENTRE FOR ACADEMIC ENRICHMENT 2 CASABLANCA ST. WUSE 11 ABUJA 8 GREATER TOMORROW INITIATIVE 5 NSIT ST, UYO A/IBOM 9 NIG. LABOUR CONGRESS LABOUR HOUSE CBD ABUJA 10 WOMEN FOR PEACE IN NIG NO. 4 MOHAMMED BUHARI WAY KADUNA 11 YOUTH FOR AGRICULTURE 15 OKEAGBE CLOSE ABUJA 12 COALITION OF DEMOCRATS FOR ELECTORAL 6 DJIBOUTI CRESCENT WUSE 11, ABUJA REFORMS 13 UNIVERSAL DEFENDERS OF DEMOCRACY UKWE HOUSE, PLOT 226 CENSUS CLOSE, BABS ANIMASHANUN ST.
    [Show full text]