Mid-Pacific Magazine

Vol. XLII. No. 3 25 Cents a Copy 2 September, 1931

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE

COUNT HIRATARO HAYASHI President of the Education Association of Japan.

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

- - ICIIICILUICLUMMinfailnlinILMInItalLitnnallealnItilltrIty[1111111(111( Mil/ rt ITU \IMAM Uf; t • •• (. it I 0. 4 r flito-artur 1aga3tur . CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD . '--. Volume XLII Number 3 CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1931 • 4 . I '?-- The Work of the Pan-Pacific Union - - 203 4 ByAlexander Hume Ford • 4 The Fighting Instinct and its Utilization for Peace - - 207 • By Count Hirotaro Hayashi • Ca . 4 The Seven Ages of Women in Medicine - - 211 • 4 By Kate C. Mead, M.D. • The Far Eastern Tropical Association of Medicine - 219 By Ernest Hartman and W. W. Cadbury • 11 A Nursery School in Hawaii - - - - 223 . PI By Alida Visscher Shinn • *. Individual Versus Group Education - - 226 • 4:.• By Max Oschwald • ei Philippine Independence - - - - - 229 1•4- • By Isauro Gabaldon Fiji and Canada - - - - 235 I' .t. - - - 239 • 4 Early Japanese Contact with Siam • By Ippei Fukuda . ii Tropical Island Gardening - - - 241 . By Richard Tongg • - - - - 247 . 4 Unknown Mexico ---,.-. By Serior Mauricio Fresco 2 - - - 251 . i Through Chile's Switzerland 4 Sukiyaki Made at Home - - - - - 257 • By Inez Wheeler Westgate 1,--„. The Passion Fruit - - - - 261 4 By Albert H. Benson, M.R.A.C. ED I 1 Skiing in the Antarctic - - - - 265 F By Rear Admiral E. R. G. R. Evans i It The Maoris of New Zealand - - - - 269 ,,4 By T. M. H. t tc_i_ The Ting Hsien Mass Education Experiment - - 271 By Y. C. James Yen 1 Nivafoou: Tin Can Island 275 • By B. W. de Montalk II il China's Jade Industry - - - - 278 i%■ i• - Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union • 4. And Pan-Pacific Youth, New Series, No. 139 - 281 • g i iit, J' I: iti-liartfir P: agazint . Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. H. • possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and • Yearly subscription in the United States and a Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. l' Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoff ice. * Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. . TT n IrIlil fill )1101IVATUncRIVIIK7allIMOt; Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. THE MID-PACIFIC

Miss Jane Addams of Hull House, and Alexander Hume Ford, founder and director of th: Pan-Pacific Union. Miss Addams visited Hawaii in August, 1928, as international chairman of the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, one of the most important gatherings held under the auspices of the Union. At the second Women's Conference, two years later, a Permanent organization of Pacific women was formed—the Pan-Pacific Women's Association, of which Dr. Georgina Sweet of Australia is the president. THE MID-PACIFIC 203

Japanese girls in a pageant at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution.

1•4,• • e • eeeeeee vAmmAr ms•Apj • • s • IVIIVITC717[711CYTTUIT/I ..moAmammi,p 7:. The Work of the Pan-Pacific Union CI!. By ALEXANDER HUME FORD Director, Pan-Pacific Union (In the 75th Anniversary Edition of the Honolulu Advertiser)

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To mention the accomplishments of the Education Association conference in Pan-Pacific Union is a difficult task. It San Francisco in 1923 and creating the called the first Travel Congress in 1911 World Federation of Education Associa- and sought then to create a Pan-Pacific tions, which has a sectional meeting in Travel Bureau. It called and financed Honolulu in 1932. It called and financed the First Pan-Pacific Science Congress the first Pan-Pacific Commercial Confer- in 1920, now the Pacific Science Associa- ence in 1924, with James A. Farrell tion. It organized locally the Hawaiian (president of the U. S. Steel Corpora- Academy of Science, after months of ne- tion) as chairman. Mr. Farrell was de- gotiation with the national organization. tained at the last moment, but always It issued a call for a Pacific conference of promised to preside over the next Com- Young Men's Christian Association secre- mercial Congress held in Hawaii, and taries, and out of this preliminary work will keep his word next year. grew the Institute of Pacific Relations. The Union conducted two Pan-Pacific It called the First Pan-Pacific Educa- Women's Conferences and has materially tional Congress ; the second, also called aided in the creation of the Pan-Pacific by the Union, uniting with the National Women's Association. It called and 204 THE MID-PACIFIC

financed the first Pan-Pacific Surgical Japan, remained for some months and Congress (a part of its plan for a later successfully demonstrated that the greater Pan-Pacific Medical Congress). Japanese edible oyster would thrive in The surgical body is now the Pan-Pacific Hawaiian waters. He expects to return Surgical Association and again convenes to introduce the cultivation of the pearl in Hawaii in 1933. oyster in Hawaii. A building was set Perhaps the most far-reaching work of aside on the grounds where young men the Union was the calling and conducting from Pacific lands desiring education in of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation science or agriculture might have a home Congress, primarily a conference of food while attending classes at the University and agricultural scientists, the great ma- of Hawaii. These formed the nucleus of jority of whom were not executives, but the Pan-Pacific Junior Science group actual daily research scientists. Out of that, twenty or thirty strong, dined this conference grew the International weekly at the institution and developed Sugar Technologists' Association that has science photography as well as the use of held two or three conferences since in special cameras in preparing films for different parts of the world. visual education work in the schools. The Pan-Pacific Fisheries Association, Their plan is now being taken up eagerly another outgrowth of the Food Confer- in Japan and China. It was the chairman ence, with David Starr Jordan at its of the Junior Science Group, Northrup head, which is still publishing through the Castle, Jr., who conducted Dr. Galtsoff Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research In- on his visit to Hermes Reef to find the stitution the check list of the fish of the pearl oyster that will grow in Hawaii. Pacific—an undertaking that at the begin- More and more the Pan-Pacific Re- ning Dr. Jordan thought would take a search Institute promises to become the century to accomplish, but which is today, Wood's Hole of the Pacific. Dr. Joseph after six years, nearing completion. Rock makes it his home for several years Dr. Jordan presided at the Pan-Pacific beginning this winter. He will return to Fisheries Conference and with delegates Hawaii to complete his botanical work on from the leading Pacific lands remained the trees of Hawaii. Other distinguished a house guest at the Pan-Pacific Research scientists are planning to make it a home Institution, where he wrote two hooks. during reasearch work at the Institution. The creation of the Pan-Pacific Re- The Pan-Pacific Union is a growth of search Institution was an outgrowth of the spirit of Hawaii. Its first preliminary the first Pan-Pacific Food Conservation pre-natal meetings were held at the Out- Conference. During its sessions the rigger Club beach in 1907. Here Jack Castle family offered the use of its old London, S. Sheba, Dr. Katsunuma, and family mansion (the largest private resi- leading thinkers of all races in Honolulu dence in Honolulu) and seven acres of met at weekly suppers under the hau surrounding grounds in Manoa Valley. trees and discussed international ques- The Pan-Pacific Research Institution was tions. Out of this grew the "Hands- organized with Dr. Jordan at its head, Around-the-Pacific Club, the progenitor and every Friday night for seven years of the Pan-Pacific Union. running from forty to fifty local and The first discussion leading to the crea- visiting scientists met at the institution in tion of the Pan-Pacific Union, however, round-table dinner discussion, ending with was at the home of J. P. Cooke. Here, an illustrated science lecture, to which after a small dinner party, the present di- the public is invited. rector discussed plans in the back of his Science house guests came from every head with his host, J. P. Cooke, Sr., and part of the Pacific. Dr. C. Ishikawa, of Frank C. Atherton. Mr. Cooke gave his THE MID-PACIFIC 205

unqualified approval, and until the day of bill was withdrawn and that of the Jap- his death was the most outspoken anese pressmen substituted. There has friend and supporter of the work, and been no trouble since with the Japanese from members of his family has always press. come the outstanding financial support of The next question before the "12-12- the Union, other than that given by the 12" gatherings of the Pan-Pacific Union governments. The Castles, Baldwins, was that of the control of the language Wilcoxes, Athertons, and Dillinghams schools. Again the aid of the Japanese have also been outstanding contributors. was called in and a bill satisfactory to Frank Atherton spent some years both sides drawn up, presented to the abroad, but finally returned to Hawaii Legislature and became a law. and became vice-president of the Pan- A most vital question at this time was Pacific Union, resigning only to become that of dual citizenship of the Japanese head of the Institute of Pacific Relations, youth. Then Consul General Yada but remaining an advisor of and contribu- pointed out that dual citizenship was tor to the Pan-Pacific Union. forced on Japan, and Germany, too, by Much of the development of the ideas American agreements. However, he took of the Institute took place at the monthly the matter up with Prince Tokugawa, "twelve-twelve-twelve" dinners given by president of the Imperial Diet and hon- the Pan-Pacific Union. At these gather- orary president of the Union for Japan, ings there were twelve outstanding men with the result that the Japanese Diet of each of the leading races in Hawaii— went to remarkable lengths to permit boys European, Chinese and Japanese. Their born in Hawaii of American parents to discussions were most intimate and not become at birth American citizens, loyal reported. only to America. Frank Atherton, Lorrin A. Thurston, It was proved at these gatherings that the Castles, C. K. Ai, C. C. Wang, Dr. interracial disputes might be amicably Iga Mori, S. Sheba, Dr. I. Katsuki, Lloyd settled at the friendly round table, and Killam, Charles Loomis, K. C. Lee- this method has been of great service brick, W. R. Farrington, W. F. Frear, since, both at the Institute and the Union Riley Allen, and, in fact, all the men who meetings. later created the Institute of Pacific Rela- The Institute calls its gatherings of its tions, were participants in these remark- own members biennially ; the Union calls able round-table international discussions. meetings of others than its own members One of the first questions to come up who wish to organize for some particular for discussion was the control of the lan- plan of understanding among Pacific peo- guage press. The Legislature had passed ples, and helps them to create permanent a bill that would practically confiscate the organizations for perpetuating their work newspapers published in the Japanese and and conferences. Chinese languages—it was an unjust bill. Locally in Honolulu the Pan-Pacific Lorrin A. Thurston and Lorrin Andrews Club is the expression of the Pan-Pacific said thus, and they used the Pan-Pacific Union. It has grown and grown until meetings to bring it out to round-table in- now it gives a home to some forty inter- ternational discussion. It was L. A. racial societies, clubs and organizations. Thurston who suggested that the Japanese Out of our Hands-Around the-Pacific pressmen themselves draw up a bill that Club branch in Sydney grew a great club- would be satisfactory to them, but would house in that city which is now the home correct the abuses. They did so ; I think of the Millions Club of New South Soga, of the Nippu Jiji, was the leader, Wales, our affiliated Australian body. In and the bill was so fair that the unjust Shanghai and in Kobe we shall have club- 206 THE MID-PACIFIC houses, and in Tokyo there are plans for to gather from every country, (with the a million-dollar Pan-Pacific clubhouse. aid of the botanists) the medical herbs The idea of a series of Pan-Pacific of each and every Pacific land, and these clubhouses around our ocean where visit- were to be brought together in Hawaii for ing athletic and debating teams may be study. The botanists and agriculturists housed, and distinguished visiting scien- were to send plants of every clime, and tists and educators may find a temporary the experiment of planting these on the home, seems to be gripping the imagina- varying zones of Mauna Kea and Mauna tion of the peoples of the Pacific. I trust Loa tried out. It was a great undertak- that the people of Honolulu will one and ing to create a vast acclimatization garden all support the Pan-Pacific Club there, in the Pacific, so vast that it would prob- for it is the center and example of the en- ably take the combined effort and finan- tire work around our ocean. cial support of many Pacific lands. This The foundation of the Pan-Pacific great project has received the approval Union has been laid in Hawaii. Some and backing of a number of research in- day a great Pan-Pacific Peace Palace will stitutions, and is up for further discus- grace our Ocean Crossroads City. sion and planning. In years gone by the legislative bodies The future conferences of the Pan-Pa- of the United States, China, Japan, Aus- cific Union will probably be on a larger tralia, New Zealand and other Pacific scale than those that have gone before. countries, have voted funds to the support The effort now is to secure government of the Pan-Pacific Union. They must do backing and funds for the calling of these so again. Japan once gave 125,000 gold conferences and carrying out their dollars to the Pan-Pacific Association of projects. Plans are being outlined to Japan with which to entertain the guests bring this about, and in this the director to the third Pan-Pacific Science Congress, of the Pan-Pacific Union is busying him- and she has always appropriated funds to self in the lands about this the greatest of send delegates to conferences called by oceans. the Pan-Pacific Union. In Honolulu the outstanding accom- The time has come now to broaden the plishment of the Pan-Pacific Union is the work of the Pan-Pacific Union and per- establishment of the Pan-Pacific Club- haps have it taken over officially by the house as a home for the social and inter- governments of the Pacific. A confer- racial clubs of the city, as well as for ence to consider ways and means of men and women of all races who will give bringing this about has been requested. The great work of the Pan-Pacific this plan their support and by member- Union lies in the future. For a decade in ship affiliate themselves with the project Japan and in America plans have been of bringing to Hawaii as a gift of the progressing toward a great Pan-Pacific Pacific nations a building of the Pan-Pa- Medical meeting, a Pan-Pacific Agricul- cific Union that will house conferences tural gathering, and one of the botanists from all countries and also provide head- of the Pacific has been promised. These quarters for the local Pan-Pacific Club three are working together in unison and and its work of friendly cooperation may hold their gathering co-jointly. among the representatives of all the races It was hoped that this great gathering that are fortunate enough to live in might convene in Hawaii, but other Hawaii. countries are asking for these confer- The work of the Pan-Pacific Union has ences. As planned, the medical men were just really begun. THE MID-PACIFIC 207

1 The Fighting Instinct and Its Utilization for Peace By COUNT HIROTARO HAYASHI President of the Education Association of Japan

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(Count Hayashi, who is Professor of Then all symptoms of disease do not Pedagogy at the Imperial University of express themselves in each patient ; there Tokyo, is also a member of the House are many exceptional cases, typhus is still of Peers, and vice-president of the World typhus. There are many varieties and Federation of Education Associations. phases of the manifestations of instincts. While en route to the federation's meet- The true nature of instinct is blind; in- ing in Denver, Count Hayashi visited explicableness should be their strongest Honolulu and addressed a group of prom- characteristic. inent educators at a dinner meeting at Some say animals have no inborn desire the Pan-Pacific Club, July 9. The gist to fight. Many animals announce their of his address is given here.) intention to begin hostilities by a special instinct is the native endowment of pose ; for instance, the coiling of snakes, every creature. It is the natural, spon- the crouching of tigers, and the clenching taneous impulse that moves animals, of the fists in man. These are excellent without reason, toward the actions that devices for preventing quarrels and con- are essential to their existence, preserva- flict. If the threatening enemy is gone, tion and development. We call it, some- the animal does not pursue it and returns times, animal sagacity. The reflex theory again quite composed. If two animals explains one phase of the origin of in- quarrel or fight each other and one is stinct. Its supporters hold that instincts conquered, the enemy runs away and the have developed by the gradual accumula- fight is finished. tion of reflex adjustment to the environ- Professor Thorndike maintains also ment. that the tendency to fight is certainly in- Some say that instinct possesses four herent in man's nature and he explains the distinct qualities ; namely (1) innateness ; situation, responses and bonds concerned (2) in the individual, immutability ; (3) in seven ways. in the species, innate universatility ; (4) Self-preservation is a very strong self- it is aroused in response to a specific sit- protective factor. The fighting instinct uation. It is generally accompanied by a might be counted as a manifestation of definite craving or want. Some psycholo- this great instinct, as imitation, food get- gists deny that fighting is an instinct, as ting, protective responses, anger, fear, etc. it does not meet these criteria well. In- It is dangerous to confine several wild stincts appear to be universal within the animals in one cage. They take an ag- limits of the species and they manifest gressive attitude because each wants to themselves by definite and specific re- live, and fighting is necessary for each sponses to definite and specific stimuli. one's safety. The male pheasant fights But the fighting instinct fails to meet the when an enemy assaults his dominion be- requirements of having a specific stimulus cause it threatens his self-preservation. which calls it into play. Cannibalism, which still exists in savage 208 THE MID-PACIFIC tribes, can be explained by the funda- instincts and innate dispositions are al- mental nutritional motives. ways transformable a n d changeable. Fear is an indispensable instinct for Otherwise we could not adapt ourselves self-preservation. National groups living to the new higher stage of culture ; and if in close proximity to one another tend to our innate dispositions are unchangeable, become less friendly rather than to be- culture must remain the same always. come affiliated. Fear drives nations to Society is raising itself in order to ap- mysticism and suspicion. They burst to proach the ideal of a pure humanity. We fight sometimes. This fact can be ex- individuals are also pursuing pure human- plained by self-preservation. ity which is imminent in us. Most of the instincts are likely to be The fighting instinct must change its explained by the law of self-preservation. mode of expression to the newer aspect Even social instincts can be explained of culture ; that is, to a higher stage. The by it. struggle for existence cannot be avoided I do not maintain that modern warfare in human life ; but we can raise this in- does not arise directly from a fighting instinct to a higher elevated stage of spirit- stinct. We are living in a very complex ual competition and this spiritual competi- civilization and our lives are no longer tion must be elevated to a stage where it blind, but artificial and intellectual. War does not damage the interests of others. is conducted by technical devices based Antagonism must become merely differen- upon natural sciences. It is a purposeful tiation. The old education was oppressive warfare. Still it is a matter of fact that and modern education is liberalizing. even a complex and artificial war is a Liberalization means the free development transformation of the same fighting in- of an innate nature in response to modern stinct due to the law of self-preservation culture. Without competition there is no deeply rooted in us during many hundred progress, no light, no development. Indi- thousand years. vidual with individual ; nation with nation, Can we stop war ? I say "yes." Be- so the world culture progresses. cause the principal cause of fighting is The opposition of the individual versus stupidity. Most animals fight because the community or every other kind of an- their intelligence is limited. They lack in- tagonism should be conciliated in a syn- genuity to solve the problem of group thetic way and this synthesis will meet a life. Men are rational beings. We must new opposition and again thesis and anti- find means to solve our difficult problems thesis will conciliate themselves, and so without engaging in war. But we do not on. This dynamic antagonism and con- know whether at this stage of civilization, ciliation will continue forever in this we are ready to stop war ; still we must world of culture. Where this conciliation try to solve it intelligently, even by means or synthesis succeeds, there is a distinct of international interference. development. In the school rooms pupils We blame egoism. Egoism is also a learn by association work much quicker very strong innate force, seen everywhere than by doing their isolated tasks. The in individuals and nations, and it can also melancholy work more cheerfully and be traced in animal life. Egoism tends slow pupils work more alertly without also to help self-preservation. It is theo- any hesitation. By tests we have reached retically quite opposed to altruism, but the conclusion that home lessons are not inborn disposition which tends to egoism recommended for this reason. can be transformed into altruism. Innate The fighting instinct, together with disposition should be crushed down ; it others, should be utilized in this way in a must be raised to a higher stage. Our spiritual competition to promote human civilization is dynamic and is transform- culture, both individual and social. For ing its present stage to a higher. Our example, when we play golf, we learn THE MID-PACIFIC 209

from the instructor the correct attitude of sultant is far more than the sum of its the body, how to lift the clubs, how to elements. This physic fact was known hit the ball, what the distance between by Windt and he called it the "Law of the ball and feet should be, etc. After a Creative Synthesis." And now the so- fortnight, a month and even years, per- called "Struktur psychologie" is becom- haps, we do not make pronounced prog- ing popular. ress, whereas a boy who has not learned, In this way all human instincts, in- but only looked on, plays golf far better cluding that of fighting, should not he than we do. Adults are more logical than crushed, but raised to a higher degree children. Adults analyze everything into owing to the modern, complex structure. its minutest detail, and finally can unify Every individual, every nation, must en- them as a totality. Youth tends to grasp deavor to do it. In this way we hope everything as a whole directly. The we may stop wars in future ; international limbs, and the whole body concentrate as cooperation with peaceful competition will one for some purposeful action. The re- promote world happiness.

Some buildings of the Imperial University in Tokyo. 210 THE MID-PACIFIC

Three Chinese delegates to the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu, two of whom are physicians. Dr. M. I. Ting, on the left, is Medical Director of the Peiyanq Women's Hospital, Tientsin, China, and went from the Conference to the Mainland United States for further study as a fellow at the University of Michigan, and later to Europe; Dr. Ellen Leong (Mrs. T. P. Chou) is a graduate of Rush Medical College, University of Chicago, and has a successful general practice in her home city, Honolulu. Miss Bae-tsung Kyong represented the industrial division of the Shanghai Y. W. C. .4. THE MID-PACIFIC 211 iwircn YrICTIWYripliznrmiKnItm The Seven Ages of Women in Medicine By KATE C. MEAD, M.D. (Parts of a Commencement Address, June 12, 1930, by courtesy of Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, in the Medical Reviews of Reviews, March, 1931.)

Though in one sense of the word women have always been considered the natural healers, it is only since the early days of Greece and Egypt that we have known anything definite about individuals, either men or women, who were physicians. Religion and medicine were so interrelated in pre-historic times that priests and priestesses, diviners and herb gatherers, regardless of sex, cured their patients when possible, and left the rest to the gods. History gives us the names of a few remarkable men and women before the fifth century, B.C., as all readers of Homer and Herodotus know. But evidently medical practice, like weaving and cooking was not considered as important to the historian as fighting and athletic contests. At any rate, between personal references to medical, literary, or scientific individuals long periods elapsed even after the days of Hippocrates. Be- tween Sappho and Aspasia, for example, there were almost two hundred years, and intervals like that between outstanding women are common all through the Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka, founder and firesident of ages. the Tokyo Women's Medical College. It was the old Egyptian physician, Ptah Hotep, five thousand years ago, who said : "The boatman reacheth the landing partly great reputations in medicine. We, thereby pulling, partly by letting go." History fore, ask ourselves anxiously, "Are we confirms this metaphor especially as re- now on a professional equality with the gards medical women ; they pulled and best medical men so that our followers let go, but they always did what work will ever continue to progress ? Or is there was in proportion to their ability. there likely to occur another subsidence It startles us to think that medical of women, as in the past, and again a women so seldom achieved recognition superabundance of the obnoxious fem- from the men doctors who acquired the inine inferiority complex." 212 THE MID-PACIFIC

It is generally supposed that man's su- chose, and to continue her practice. This periority, fostered undoubtedly by his fe- story is vouched for by Hyginus, the male relatives, was due to his physical, librarian of the Great Augustus. During not mental, superiority, which brought this period, Socrates announced with about the complementary inferiority of pride that his mother was a learned mid- woman. But, fortunately, seven times in wife, meaning thereby a superior medical history women threw off their dependence practitioner in distinction from priests, and from among them a certain number quacks, or poisoners, for in those days rose into prominence. This independence there was a good deal of hocus pocus and was shown first in the Golden Age of faith cure among sick people. Historians Greece, when Aspasia ruled even Pericles assure us that there were many other im- himself, and the country under him, but portant women doctors, nurses and mid- evidently Pericles was somewhat dis- wives in those days, though their identity turbed by women's activities, organiza- is lost, but after this period for three tions, and power, for in his great funeral hundred years we find no outstanding oration he said to them : "Great will be names except on tombstones. Then, in your glory in not falling short of your nat- 146 B.C., Rome conquered Greece and ural character ; and greatest will be hers carried home not only wonderful treas- who is least talked of among men, ures in art, but also medical men and whether for good or bad." This quotation, women, who, as slaves, were sold for the in effect at least, was used over and over, highest prices, for the Greeks far excelled before each of the seven long and silent the Romans in medicine. This, then, intervals between the high periods in the ushers in our second period, that of the work of medical women. And yet, as the Greco-Roman women doctors of the pre- intervals in music are as important as the Christian times. notes, so, even when not "talked of," we Pliny, in his "Natural History," gives can say with authority that women were us a short account of medicine, and he doing as good medical work as men, al- mentions the names of many of these though, from force of circumstances and noted Greco - Roman medical women particular education, certain great men whose writings, alas, are missing. Galen, at times rose far above the common level. Aetius, Suidas and Priscianus all give us If, however, we search for particularly data about famous women gynaecologists noted medical women we shall find them and dermatologists. One of these was a in each of our seven periods. In our first certain Cleopatra (not the Egyptian period, during the Golden Age of Greece, Queen), whose work has come down to us between the fourth and fifth centuries, through Moschion, printed in the six- B.C., women studied what and where they teenth century along with the text of pleased, with men like Plato, and women Trotula. There was also a famous like Aspasia. Medicine was then as much woman doctor named Aspasia (not the women's vocation as embroidery and wife of Pericles) and a Metrodora, weaving, and they supported each other whose work in manuscript is in the Lau- in their independent work. This fact is rentian library in Florence. well shown by the story of Agnodice, a After this period, however, again we pupil of the great anatomist, Herophilus, hear nothing important about medical who was brought before the judges in women by name for nearly two hundred Athens on the charge of practicing medi- years, though Galen mentioned the fact cine under false pretenses. The women that they were appointed to public health in a body rushed to the court in her de- offices by at least two Emperors, and fense, and she was promptly released and doubtless those in private practice were allowed to wear men's garments if she fully occupied with patients who were THE MID-PACIFIC 213

sick with all sorts of infectious diseases physical strength. Saint Augustine wrote or who suffered from the effects of the that educated women should take care of dissolute life of those decadent clays. the sick and wounded at home, attend Faith in the old gods of healing had women in confinement, bleed or cauterize grown weak, while the new religion of the all who requested it, and gather herbs for Christians had been steadily gaining their medicines. They had four text- ground in spite of persecutions of the books, but not in the least new ones ; the members of that sect. Christian women gynoecology of Cleopatra, the anatomy held as high places in the offices of the of Galen, Dioscorides' materia medica, church as men during those early years, and the Aphorisms of Hippocrates which and many of them were well educated they learned by heart. Such, then, was and systematically organized for effective the state of medicine for six hundred medical service. They conducted religious years before the eleventh century, when meetings, baptized converts, healed the the great school at Salerno springs into sick, fed the hungry, and tried to obey prominence, and brings in our fourth Christ's social teachings to the letter. period. They, therefore, bring in our next or the It is not strange that these dark ages third period of women's outstanding med- should have caused a reaction and made ial work. way for another brilliant medical era. It was in the third century, A.D., when The metaphysical formulas of the Greeks persecutions of Christians were at their and Christians had only muddled science ; height, that Fabiola and Paula, rich and few new hooks were written, and the influential patricians, escaped the fate of monks in their cold cells had copied the many of their comrades. They studied Bible over and over in order to "stab the medicine at the great school on the devil," when hordes of barbarians con- Esquiline Hill, built several hospitals tinually descending through Italy sent where they—personally—tended the pa- monks and scientists away from their tients, and went back and forth between monasteries. Many of the monks of Rome, Ostia, and Jerusalem, in their busi- Monte Cassino fled to Salerno, on the ness of giving medical aid to the needy. coast near Naples, which had long been Saint Jerome praised them very highly, noted for its delightful climate and its for he and other fathers of the church healing springs. Whether the monks had were so busy making creeds that they had originally had a medical school there or no time for other studies than mathe- whether its organization in the eleventh matics, astronomy, and theology, by century was due to a concerted movement means of which to explain the Book of of learned lay men and women is not Genesis. But then, as before in the time known. The city was fortified and pro- of Pericles, their prejudices convinced tected by a great castle, and to its harbor them that women should be humbly sub- came shiploads of pilgrims and crusaders servient to men and hereafter should keep from the west, and traders from the east. out of public and religious affairs. The Medical practice naturally assumed con- result was that women allowed themselves siderable importance in such a cosmopoli- actually to be held in subjection to the tan crowd, and the medical school became church for six hundred years, a period popular because of its remarkable teach- called the darkest part of the Middle ers, women as well as men, of whom Ages, when wars and pestilences seldom Platearius and his wife. Trotula, were ceased. Education was then considered among the most noted. Of his identity only a furbelow, chiefly for rich women, there has never been a doubt—nor of hers but not for healthy men who must be for five hundred years, when some fitted for war and therefore needed only stupid typesetter blundered and Trotula's 214 THE MID -PACIFIC

printed name became Eros Juliae, i.e., gen on the Rhine, on the other hand, Eros, a pre-Christian writer, the freed- was an outstanding medical abbess of the man of Julia, who was the (laughter of twelfth century. She was exceptionally Augustus ! Then for centuries Trotula brilliant as the forerunner of Dante, be- was sometimes herself, but most often cause of her visions, and she was also Eros, while the other "ladies of Salerno," author of the best hooks on medicine of of her period, were frequently quoted, her time. Her Causae et Curae, and her though not by name, for the Salerno treatise on the drugs which she used in school rapidly deteriorated under Arab her large practice were the textbooks for teachers. It was the time of Arabian generations, widely copied and admired at medicine and Arabic translations from the a time when there was nothing new in old classics which were thereby saved medicine but dabblings in alchemy and from fire and plunder. astrology ; therefore the curtain falls In our fifth period, a century later, the again for four hundred years on all origi- scene changes from Italy to Germany. nal medical work by outstanding women. Monasticism was rapidly gaining ground From the fifth period, therefore, we and medical women were again promi- rapidly pass over those four centuries nent. It was indeed a woman's age. when medical women were quietly prac- Noted abbesses ruled large institutions of ticing, perhaps illegally because of the men and women who had withdrawn from stringent laws of church and state the world of wars and famine and pesti- against the public practice of medicine lences, and, as the church had forbidden by any but university graduates. These monks to let blood or to leave their cells were years of religious wars, of fanati- for any public affairs, and ruled that med- cism, of crusaders and of troubadours, ical men must be celibate, it was necessary when, between their persecutions as for the women to do much of the surgery witches and the flattery of minstrels, and most of the visiting of the sick except women were continually plunged into a what was done by laymen or quacks. pit or mounted on a pedestal. The life of The abbesses, therefore, were obliged to Saint Elizabeth, of Hungary, and of Saint know all there was to be known of medi- Catherine, of Sienna, show us, however, cine and surgery, and to teach these sub- that even then, despite laws to the con- jects to their pupils. Abelard had drilled trary, women were obliged by circum- Heloise in medicine until he considered stances to do all of the midwifery and her superior to any man doctor. She most of the daily medical or nursing taught her nuns while Abelard was busy work. No prospective mother would tol- convincing the authorities of the church erate a so-called man-midwife, and few that all the universities should be hence- men would unbend their dignity to act in forth closed to women, as was finally done this capacity ; but men with no practical in the following centuries. These experience did write books for midwives, abbesses not only taught the seven liberal in German or French or English, trans- arts and medicine, but they manipulated lated from the old Latin authors, and vast sums of money. Many of their rich illustrated crudely from their own imagi- subordinates became very well educated nation with drawings of the foetus in and quite superior in practical medical utero in various impossible acrobatic posi- work to men of the universities, although, tions. as Shakespeare says, they had not "ate In the sixteenth, seventeenth and paper nor drunk ink." With few excep- eighteenth centuries, though most women tions, however, they were merely con- were grubbing along in unsanitary condi- tinual plodders, taking authority from tions, many of the richer women were others' books. Saint Hildegarde, of Bin- playing chess and doing fine embroidery, THE MID-PACIFIC 215 learning Latin and poetry, while a few period which led up to the great stirring stand out as really great midwives, and, in of women for education and organization France, the salons of the "blue stockings" in the middle of the nineteenth century. were famous. Louyse Bourgeois, a pupil Our seventh period is ushered in by this and friend of Ambroise Pare, was the revival of learning and desire of Elizabeth first of the noted midwives whose care of Blackwell to study medicine and take a queens and noble ladies brought them into degree at a man's college. After many re- prominence. She wrote a compendium on buffs in different cities, she was admitted obstetrics early in the seventeenth century, to the college at Geneva, N. Y., now Ho- dedicated to her daughter, and she tried to bart College, and there, in 1849, she re- elevate her profession in every way, but ceived her diploma. In the following the majority of the midwives were con- year loyal friends of Ann Preston and tent to plod along in the old ruts, refusing other ambitious women of her generation to take any interest in the new obstetric succeeded in founding the Female Medi- instruments, or make any change in their cal College of Pennsylvania. It was old technique. A little later the Chamber- again an age of women. Mary Lyon and lens, the great Harvey, and the noble Emma Willard had opened two schools Hunters in vain tried to induce the Eng- for the higher education of women, Mt. lish government to undertake the educa- Holyoke "Seminary" was then in its ninth tion of these women the midwives them- year and Oberlin as a co-educational col- selves were only half-hearted in the mat- lege, was in its seventh, when Lucy Stone, ter, and not in the least organized for their Elizabeth Blackwell's sister-in-law, pre- own interests. Nothing, therefore, came sided at the first suffrage convention at of this attempt at improvement in the edu- Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1848. In 1854, cation of women in medicine until the late Emily Blackwell graduated in medicine at eighteenth century, when several famous the Western Reserve College in Cleve- midwives in France and Germany at- land, Ohio, and in 1857 the first woman's tracted large classes of pupils, wrote im-- hospital in the modern world was opened portant and original books on obstetrics, by the Blackwells in New York City. In and were conspicuously successful with the meantime, these pioneers had stirred the most difficult labor cases. Such were others to study medicine in England, Madame Boivin and Madame La Cha- France and Scotland ; Marie Zakrzewska pelle, in France ; Frau Siegemundin, in had already begun her work which was to Germany ; Vrouw Cramer, in Holland, revolutionize the practice of obstetrics in and others in England. Hunter Robb has Boston. In 1860, Florence Nightingale said that these women were remarkable started the first training school for nurses for their skill, and quite superior to the at St. Thomas's Hospital in London, and average obstetrician today. Their mottoes woman doctors were henceforth to be sep- were : By art, not by force, and Be care- arated forever from nurses and ordinary ful to do no harm. They were as well midwives. In 1864 Switzerland opened trained in general medicine as the men of its medical schools to women. In 1865, their times, although they may not have the New York Infirmary and Medical known as much Latin or Greek or mathe- School for Women was opened, and in matics. Abraham Flexner. our modern 1867, France followed Switzerland. educational censor, has said that a good London capitulated to Elizabeth Garrett mind, a knowledge of how to use it, and Anderson, Sophia Jex Blake, Elizabeth a basis of facts makes a good doctor, and Blackwell and others in 1877, and we can these qualities were indeed part of the say with justified pride that most of the equipment of many of the privately medical schools in the world are now open trained men and women doctors of the to women on the same terms as to men. 216 THE MID-PACIFIC

Few of them, once open, have ever been training as men all we lack is their train- closed except for financial reasons. ing in military tactics, and therefore, there When one can point to such remarkable should be no longer inferior positions as- women as Alice Hamilton in industrial signed to us. When it is possible for diseases, Florence Sabin in anatomical re- women like Louisa Garrett Anderson and search, Gladys Dick in immunology, Flora Murray to manage a military hos- Louise Pearce and Marie Krogh in bac- pital of one thousand beds, or for Elsie terial diseases, Dean Martha Tracy in Inglis to take two war units to Serbia, public health and institutional manage- and with the Serbians evacuate their ment, Anna Broomall and Rachelle Yar- country, marching, hungry, cold, and ros in obstetrics, Clara Swain in mission- thirsty for days, like men, or for Olga ary hospital work, Maude Abbott in the Stastny, with a small Greek force of two pathology of heart disease and the man- hundred men, on a desert island in mid- agement of medical museums, Ida Mann winter, to receive a thousand sick refu- and others in ophthalmology, Alice Bryant gees daily from Turkey and treat their in work for the deaf, Louisa Martindale diseases, feed them, and keep order, or for in radiology, Bertha Van Hoosen and the Rosalie Slaughter-Morton to win ten women of the American College of Sur- military emblems, it would seem as if the geons in their specialty, and equally fa- barriers had been verily taken down ; but mous women in every country of Europe, unfortunately, they have been rebuilt since we realize that the world had need of the war, and it remains for the women women doctors, and we pity the ignorance doctors themselves to unite in so putting of those cynics who ask what women their case as to receive justice from the have done to justify their education and army and navy. the money spent on it. That we have If the advance of women in medicine not as yet a Pasteur, Lister, Osler, or depends upon their education and organi- Welch, or Gorgas, among women doctors zation, we feel that we may look forward is not surprising in consideration of the with optimism to a future of steady short eighty years in which they have had progress, for we have the trained experts, to get up momentum and adjust their ma- the educational institutions and teachers chinery to the business of practicing medi- and the national, regional and interna- cine. We must remember that the path tional medical women's organizations al- of glory leads but to the grave, and ready functioning. But one more ques- women have been so busy with the making tion still confronts us : Who are now of paths as to leave little time in which to medical women ? They once were mid- push each other up to the peaks of fame. wives in the best sense of the word, but There is still one barrier to be removed now, besides being M.D.'s, they are bacte- before women stand upon a perfect equal- riologists, like Pasteur, or radiologists, ity with men in the eyes of the world. like Marie Curie, or cancer investigators, This is the barrier of the army and navy, like Maude Slye, or hygienists, or bio- for though in France in 1918, four chemists, like Katherine Blunt, none of women were granted the rank of Aide whom has a medical degree. Should they Major of the second class, with its insig- not be honorary members of our medi- nia, and though in all the warring nations cal societies ? This puzzles a historian women did as good surgical and medical who is bound to conform to the constitu- work as men, it is only in Russia that tion of the American Medical Association women are even yet eligible for army and to which we all belong. The discussiOn navy medical posts, or for the insignia of this question must, however, be left to and commissions given to nurses. Since the future. we have the same standardized medical In conclusion, we may repeat the words THE MID- PACIFIC 217 of Isaac Barton, a great friend and bene- ship between men and women doctors, and factor of all institutions of learning, who a wider and deeper education in cultural said with pride : "Women doctors are subjects as well as in medical sciences superior to many, inferior to none." To which will result in an ever-increasing these words of confidence in women doc- service to humanity. tors, Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, true to her Then we may say with Whitman in one ideals, added a word of criticism : "Noth- of his inspired utterances (from "Leaves ing has more retarded the progress of of Grass") : medicine from becoming really scientific than its separation from general learning, This day before dawn I ascended a hill and looked at the crowded heaven, i.e., a good foundation of culture." And I said to my spirit, Therefore, let me add, that it is not a When we become enfolders of those orbs substitution of women for men that will and the pleasure and knowledge of everything in them, shall we be filled bring about a new impetus to medical ef- and satisfied then? ficiency, but a closer union of women And my spirit said, No, we but level that themselves, together with truer comrade- lift to pass and continue beyond.

Nurses of various nationalities at the Queen's Hospital, Honolulu,

The Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine held its eighth congress in Bangkok, the capital of Siam. Amongst the gold-domed temples and shrines the delegates found well-built, equipped and staffed hospitals, health clinics and research institutes. Modern medicine is well developed in Bangkok although there are not enough well-trained doctors to care for the entire population. THE MID-PACIFIC 219

Chulalongkorn Red Cross Hospital, Bangkok, Siam.

IGTIVIIVUG • 1C7M7177r The Far-Eastern Tropical Asso- ciation of Medicine EIGHTH CONGRESS AT BANGKOK, SIAM, 1930. By ERNEST HARTMAN and W. W. CADBURY Delegates from Lingnan University, in the Lingnan Science Journal.

C■nnlratiC ''---' _ATMrnEnnnrMMMI 94 authors. To give a complete account The Far Eastern Association of Trop- of the scientific papers, the discussions ical Medicine met in Bangkok from De- of the papers, the business meetings and cember 7 to 13, 1930. Previous meeting the social and entertainment features places and dates have been : Manila, 1910 ; would require more space than the official Hongkong, 1912 ; Saigon, 1913 ; Welte- proceedings of the congress will permit, vreden, 1912 ; Singapore, 1923 ; Tokyo, which will be published soon in book 1925; Calcutta, 1927. It is planned to form. This report must on account of hold the next congress in China in 1933. space limitations be somewhat abridged. The extent of the meeting can be some- There were four sections for the reading what judged by the fact that 177 mem of scientific papers in session at one time, bers and 290 associate members attended and it was only possible for the authors to the sessions. Many of the members at- attend half of them. This makes the re- tending were from Siam or nearby coun- port regrettably incomplete. tries, but some came from as far as South Those who attended the congress from Africa, Geneva and Honolulu. One hun- outside Siam were much impressed by the dred and six papers were presented by 220 THE MID-PACIFIC

unfailing courtesy and the careful plan- the guests between hotel and meeting ning for the comfort of the guests and places and to the numerous dinners, the success of the meetings. From the luncheons, receptions, tours, etc. Each time the visitors arrived at the border of member was presented with two well- Siam in Bangkok harbor until they de- prepared volumes giving information parted one or two weeks later, they were about the government, natural resources, made to feel thoroughly welcome and geology, medical features, botany, zool- every courtesy was shown them. The ogy, ethnology, industries and commerce mornings were given over to scientific and many other features of Siam. Every- papers, the afternoons were taken up with t hing was done for the comfort and in- sightseeing and inspection of medical and s truction of the members which could be health work carried on in Bangkok, and r easonably expected. There was a rumor the evenings were reserved for dinners t hat the government had wanted to pay and entertainments. On paper this ap- t he hotel expenses of the foreign guests, pears like a non-rigorous program, but I Alt that was prevented by a ruling passed in practice tinder the rigors of a tropical 1)y the Association at a former congress. "winter," not many persons had a large 'I' he meetings were well planned and were energy reserve remaining. There were e fficiently managed. One person with many interesting and instructive things to c onsiderable experience was heard to re- see in Bangkok and most of the delegates nlark that the only difficulty encountered are grateful to the local committee for so i n the whole program was when some of arranging the program that there was op- t he guests suggested changing the plans. portunity to see things, especially those of T he Siamese nation and the individuals medical interest. Many of the foreign w ho so intelligently and generously delegates were surprised and enchanted w orked for the success of the gathering to see temples, shrines and classical a re to be congratulated upon the results dances in a grandeur like that of the at tained. In return the visitors carried empires of old, and then on other days a way much more concrete ideas concern- within sight of the temple spires to see in g Siam and the progress which has been well built, equipped and staffed hospitals, in ade. health clinics and research institutes. In The Leprosy Commission of the Bangkok modern medicine is well devel- L eague of Nations Health Section held opecl, although there are not enough well in eetings in connection with the congress trained doctors to care for the entire pop- an d the members had the advantage of ulation. A considerate attitude is taken att ending the leprosy discussions and of toward the old style medicine and efforts pr esenting their views and experiences to are being made to have only licensed prac- th e titioners. commission. Beginning on the morning of December The congress was the guest of His 8th , there were sessions every morning Majesty's government and the local ex- for six days. The scientific papers were penses were borne by the government. It dis tributed among the following 12 sec- would be difficult to enumerate all the tio ns : Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology ways in which the government contrib- ant l Diseases of Pregnancy, State Medi- uated to the success of the congress. cin e Guides were provided, who at all times Int and Hygiene, Malaria, Pathology, estinal Infections and Bacteriology, were available for giving information in Me dical Entomology, Fungous Diseases reply to questions, and for helping the and Helmintholog-y, Pharmacology and visitors to get to the places they wished The rapeutics, Plague and Leprosy. to go. Fifty automobiles were hired for A t the regular business sessions there the period of the meetings to transport wer e two important resolutions adopted : THE MID-PACIFIC 221

1. Yellow Fever. The 8th Congress of Dr. Ludwick Anigstein, who has been the F. E. A. T. M. having considered the working at the Institute for Medical Re- present scientific position in regard to yel- search at Kuala Lumpur, F. M. S., re- low fever, resolves : ported on tropical typhus fever. This a. "That the attention of all adminis- disease is found in British Malaya and trations concerned be directed to Resolu- occurs as the W. or urban variety and tion 10 of the 54th session of the advisory the K. or rural type. The former is less council of the League of Nations Health common, but the rural or "scrub" variety Organization, Eastern Bureau, dated Feb. is found especially among workers on the 22, 1930. (C. 141 M. 53, 1930, III) with oil palm estates and on land covered with which it is finally in agreement. lalang grass. It is from this latter that b. "That in view of the increasing the infection seems especially to come. dangers of introduction of the disease in Considerable time was given to the dis- suitable areas of the Far East, stringent cussion of leprosy. C. D. de Langen re- measures must be adopted against the imported some apparently successful at- portation either through air traffic from tempts to infect old lepers with new infected or disinfected areas or through nodules of the disease from acute cases. introduction of the virus for experimental E. Muir, of India, detailed the various or other purposes. methods of dealing with the disease. c. "That such measure may mean the John Lowe reported subcutaneous scrap- interdiction of air traffic from certain ing of the ear lobe as the best location of areas until adequate protective measures leprae bacilli for diagnostic purposes. are found by the Office International Beriberi was defined as a disease having d'Hygiene. Publique and are in operation, the syndrome of polyneuritis, cardiac or prohibition by law under severe pen- weakness, and edema ; when only poly- alty, of the importation or possession of neuritis occurred it should not be called the yellow fever virus." beriberi. J. L. Rosedale prepared ex- Another resolution passed was to the tracts of vitamin B. Lead acetate was effect that, "This congress is of opinion found to separate an acid extract of rice that the most permanent, reliable and polishings into two portions. By giving economical method of preventing the the filtrate portion to birds and acute transfer of plague from port to port avian polyneuritis (head retraction), the through the agency of shipping lies in the condition may be cured. No cure can be rat-proofing of vessels. We consider obtained by administration of the precipi- that this method should take precedence tate portion. over all others." Vesical calculus in Siam was• discussed One of the most interesting papers was by T. P. Noble and H. R. O'Brien. W. the opening address of the president of W. Cadbury, in "A Study of Nephritis at the congress, Rear Admiral His Serene the Canton Hospital," reported that the Highness Prince Thavara Mongalwangse, parenchymatous type of chronic nephritis Surgeon General, Royal Navy. The sub- is relatively more common among Chinese ject of the address was a history of the than the intestinal variety. Ride T. art of healing in Siam prior to the intro- Lindsay read papers on blood groups duction of Western medicine, and since among southern Chinese and also frac- the introduction of the latter by medical tional test meal studies in normal southern missionaries. There exist now a National Chinese. Department of Health, a Pasteur Insti- H. H. King reported on the experi- tute, a Medical School attached to the ments on the purification of the water Government University and a number of supply of Madras. The problem is com- modern hospitals. plicated by the large amount of organic 222 THE MID -PACIFIC

matter, chiefly algae, present. Percolat- Basu studied the effects of combined plas- ing filters followed by sand filters were moquine and quinine and noted some fa- found the best for modifying the slow vorable results, although not ideal. No sand filters already installed. prophylactic effect was observed. E. P. Snijders found that there are Vital capacity of southern Indian mosquitoes present in the Far East which women was found to be lower than stand- are potential vectors of yellow fever as ards for Europe and America by Miss determined by experiments carried on in Eleanor D. Mason. Europe. Therefore it would be extremely J. Taylor described seasonal outbreaks desirable to prevent the introduction of of febrile jaundice in the Andamans. the virus of yellow fever into the Far The leptospiral nature was demonstrated East. C. Bonne described cases of chromblas- C. Manalang reported on the seasonal tomy-cosis and sparganosis found in the and yearly distribution of infected mos- Malayan archipelago. H. R. O'Brien quitoes in the Philippines. P. F. Russell confirmed the value of tetrachlorethylene reported prophylactic effects of plasmo- in the treatment of hookworm. A. Lich- chin simplex in experimental bird mala- tenstein declared that the malarial theory ria ; but in discussion declined to recom- is the only correct one as to the etiology mend it for prophylaxis in man. P. N. of blackwater fever.

A Siamese temple in Bangkok. THE MID-PACIFIC 223

IVI 'a:717J' A Nursery School In Hawaii By ALIDA VISSCHER SHINN Former Director of Castle Kindergarten Nursery School.

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The Castle Nursery School, of Hono- lulu, is probably one of the best possible examples of the manner in which peoples of different racial background and creeds are living happily and working side by side in this community. Can you picture anything more fascinating than a Nursery School, with children from 18 months to 3 years of age, being of various racial parentage: Chi- nese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino, Portu- guese and Caucasian? Even at this early stage, children learn to respect each others' rights and to overlook the trivial differences of costume and color. As to costume, however, practically every child wears American clothing, although the mother may still cling to her native dress. The second anniversary of the Nursery School, September 6, 1928, found it well established as an integral part of the community life. That it is appreciated by mothers was clearly shown by the Students of the Castle Nursery School. capacity attendance. Japanese mothers came wearing color- Most of the mothers are occupied with ful kimonos, with bright "obis" or sashes, leading chubby babies with bright, black business or school during the day. Some work in their husbands' stores, eyes. Chinese mothers dressed in gor- others in canneries or offices or are em- geous brocades ; an Hawaiian mother in a "holoku," that straight, shapeless cos- ployed as teachers. The babies are left at the Nursery School in the early morn- tume introduced by the early missiona- ing, as they go to work. This first day ries ; the Filipino costume, with its large each mother left a Japanese mat, a tooth sleeves of stiff piña cloth; all added color brush, and a crying child—all un- to the picturesque scene. Of course, American styles were also in evidence, marked. A study of registration cards showed for they are rapidly gaining favor, and that our children come from practically a number of our children are Caucas- all social and racial strata, a fact to be sian. Even so, it was a bit difficult for considered when planning a suitable pro- the "malihini" teachers to remember that gram. Racial classifications were as they were really in a part of the United follows : States. 224 THE MID-PACIFIC

Portuguese-Caucasian 1 Filipino rice. Here, then, was one of our most 1 important functions—parental education. Hawaiian-Chinese-Caucasian 1 To meet the chief problems — rest, Chinese 3 Japanese 6 speech and parental education—we have Caucasian devised the following program. (The nursery schedule is flexible with regard to 20 all activities except food, sleep and elim- Because of the warm climate, a num- ination, which occur at definite times) : ber of underweight children and the dis- 7:45 to 8:30 a. m.—Children arrive. Their covery that home conditions were not mothers send them bathed and neatly dressed. They are taken to the bathroom, after which conducive to proper rest, we allotted con- they receive a drink of water. They then go to siderable time for relaxation. Homes are the toy shed and don sun suits of lightweight frequently too noisy to encourage naps cotton prints. On the playground we have jungle jym, sand box, slide, packing boxes, and too exciting to encourage "early bed boards, and various apparatus to develop the going." Especially is this true of the larger muscles. Oriental homes. 9:00 a. m.—Some of the younger children are taken to the bathroom, which adjoins the play- It may be music or an exciting game of ground. 9:15 a. m.—Orange juice is served. shuttlecock which keeps Yoshiaka awake. 9:50. a. m.—Bathroom, after which the chil- Perhaps he hears "Mama San" and "Papa dren receive another drink of water. As the San" are going to the theatre. He knows children leave the bathroom they come to the Nursery School and lie down on their Japanese that this means putting on his white mats and many weary babies fall asleep. flannel pajamas and being "hopied" 10:50 a. m.—The mats are folded and prepa- (carried) on some one's back to the ration for lunch is begun. 11:10 to 11:25 a. m.—Look at pictures, sing, show. The mats will be unrolled and the or run to music. Following this hands are family prepares to see the play. The rinsed and all are ready for luncheon. 11 :30 a. m.—Luncheon on the "lanai," or gaudiness of the costumes, the flying porch. The children love to arrange flowers for paper advertisements, the banging or their tables and often during the meal Nobuo is strumming of instruments, or the sweet- heard excitedly saying: "Koko pretty hanna, look, Mama." 'Hanna" is Japanese for "flower" ness of the soda pop, all add to the and we are all "Mama" from his standpoint. glamour of late hours. 12:15 p. m.—Bathroom. 12:30 to 2:30 p. m.—Sleep. On awaking they Because little English is spoken in go to the bathroom, they are then given milk many of the homes, we decided the chil- and a graham cracker, and play until the mothers come. dren should be put in as many "talking situations" as possible. We talk about Besides the work with the children, we pictures. We sing simple songs. In cer- have found contacts with the parents ex- tain situations, in the bathroom, for extremely interesting. Parental education ample, we use the same phrase for the may be classified under the following same activity. This enlarges the vocab- headings : ulary by repetition and at the same time 1. Mothers observe play and habit formation avoids confusion in the mind of the child of child at school. 2. Mothers observe preparation of foods in who is unaccustomed to English. Records kite hen, with explanations given by Japanese of the development of speech have been and Chinese assistants. 3. Weekly menus are sent home by our trained most interesting, as all are now using diet itian. from one or two to several hundred Eng- Individual conferences with mother about lish words. g he problems. 5. A group of parents meet every month to Another problem which called for in- disc uss such topics as food, sleep, clothing, vestigation was the home diet. We lim illation, etc. e 6. Medical and dental examinations. found a deficiency in green vegetables and • Nutrition class for parents of underweight fruits, with an abundance of meat and c h i71 ren. 8. Home visits. THE MID-PACIFIC 225

One is quickly impressed with the Chinese home at the time of their New friendly, cooperative attitude of the par- Year. Here you will drink tea from red ents. They are most grateful for sugges- lacquer bowls and eat sweets sent from tions and carry them out as far as pos- China for that day. Such contacts open sible. It is not until the home is visited a new world to one and enlarge the un- that a complete picture of these children derstanding of the children. may be gained, with some understanding Of particular interest to our Eastern of the deep cultural background which friends is our warm, sunny climate. We surrounds even the poorest family. One have outdoor play with sun suits all win- marvels at their poise and charm and ter, with never a thought about leggings realizes that there is much that we may or galoshes. learn from them, as well as they from us. In such a setting and with such a va- In their homes "teacher" is always a riety of racial groups, can you nursery welcome guest. Perhaps you are guest school teachers think of anything more of honor on Japanese New Year, on beguiling than a "make-believe" ride "to which occasion you may be served rice Honolulu" on a palm leaf frond boat, wrapped in seaweed, to be eaten with with imaginary flower leis around your chop sticks. Or you will be invited to a neck, to the tune of "Aloha oe ?"

Candidates for the kindergarten. Three years is the upper age limit in the nursery school.

226 THE MID-PACIFIC

• • 4.18.111, 11.11 • • 999 wympv••44 maw), R.A. • • 4.1,1 S,,,14411V,,..4MMI•jt).WIMpASKIA 11 P • • • • Individual Versus Group Education By MAX OSCHWALD

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(Editor's Note : Dr. Max Oschwald, a only be restored by an international un- Swiss attorney, yesterday delivered a derstanding as to raw material, produc- strong attack on American methods of tion and consumption, including the whole education, and advised Japan not to adopt black sheep of Russia, and not by erecting them. Europe, he said, is training the huge tariff walls—but that family feeling individual. The United States is training is also a necessity with regard to our in- the group and doesn't much care what a tellectual life. Progress in science and in man's personality may be like if he fits all the other fields of intellectual life is into the common whole and becomes a based on continual exchange of ideas and good citizen, he told the Pan-Pacific Club experiences. of Tokyo yesterday. "To consider ourselves as members of Women, he said, have entered Ameri- one large family does not involve the ne- can public life and have become a menace cessity of giving up our personality. It to individuality. They may eventually would be a great mistake to think that in turn out the healthiest race in the world, order to approach other people we have to but it will be a carbon-copy race, without adopt their institutions, their manner of individuality, with standardization substi- living and so on. I am sorry to say that tuted for personal liberty and the right Japan of today seems to me exceedingly to think intelligently. anxious to change its face to an American Dr. Oschwald spoke on the differences one. Not that I consider the American in the civilizations of Europe and Amer- face an ugly one. It is ugly only in a for- ica from a psychological point of view. eign atmosphere. The law of human life Viscount Kyoshiro Inouye, in introducing seeks to realize everybody's thoughts and him, said that Dr. Oschwald had made a manners in his own individual expression, hobby of this subject. and not in clothes borrowed from another In opening his remarks, he said that country. I am quite aware of the marvel- he was Swiss and rough. He declared lous progress Japan has made in the short that the Pan-Pacific Club had asked a period of contact with foreign people and Swiss to talk to it and therefore would I deeply admire the unusual ability of have to take him, rough as he was. He combining western civilization with the also added that he welcomed every oppor- old spirit of Nippon. However, there is tunity which helped to create personal a great danger of adopting institutions contact and a better understanding be- and manners which not only change the tween peoples. His address follows, in face but also the spirit itself of Japan. part.) "Broad-minded as I know the Ameri- "We have to consider ourselves as cans to be, I feel sure that those present members of one and the same family. But will not take offense if I mention a few not only is this a necessity with regard to points in which Americans and Euro- our economic life—personally I am con- peans differ, in their manner of living vinced that equilibrium in economics will and especially in their principles of edu- THE MID-PACIFIC 227

bies than real specialists, and the ideal cation. I am told that the Japanese never education there is the one which develops make a statement ; they only suggest what as many interests as possible. They pre- they mean. In order to comply with the fer to give an all-round education and de- manners of the country, I am not going to velop personality to the greatest possible state that one point of view is better than extent. This cannot be done by concen- the other. I simply suggest to you my per- trating on business alone but in taking an sonal opinion. In doing so I want to illus- active part in cultural life. trate for those Japanese who know, apart "When travelling in the United States from their own country, only the United and visiting a great number of factories, States, that there are a great many other ideas of western civilization besides the schools, and all sorts of social institutions, American ones. As it is very difficult to the very first question which I was asked judge a foreign people by way of a short without fail, was : "Are you in that partic- personal contact, it might be that some of ular line?" If my answer was positive, I the thoughts which came to my mind in was shown round with the greatest cour- making an extensive trip through the tesy. If negative, they didn't like my visit United States cannot be generalized, and very much. To show, beside your profes- apply but to a part of the population. sional line, some other perhaps human in- "The aim of American education is terest arouses some sort of suspicion. In America they prefer a man to be labelled, chiefly to build up a good and successful to know what's what, and where he fits in. citizen. Fellowship and practical coopera- Not so in Europe. As long as you don't tion are considered as the qualities most look like a Russian and your imagination desirable. There is no tendency to create does not circle around communism, you any outstanding figure, whereas in Eu- are much more appreciated if you try to rope education wants to develop individ- develop your aims and intellect, your per- ual aims and character, to build up what is sonality, in as many ways as possible. unique in a man and to make a person- "History shows that nearly all the men ality out of him even if he doesn't fit very who have taken an active part in creative well into the organization of good citizens intellectual and cultural life—scientists, afterwards. That is,,the reason why co- writers, philosophers, musicians, artists— operation is much more difficult to establish in Europe than it is in America. In have gone their own individual way, very the United States they like a man to be a often without being good citizens or very specialist, to follow a certain line and to loyal subjects. You will find Europe more concentrate on a lifelong effort to get all ready to welcome an outstanding figure in possible success out of his special work the intellectual or spiritual sense of the or business. Why are so many business word than a successful business man, and men successful over there? Because they European education seems to facilitate spend all their time and energy in that every kind of opposition and reaction, particular job, join professional clubs and whereas in America a modern writer or keep in continual contact with all the spe- painter finds it extremely difficult to ex- their business. press new, unaccustomed ideas. Even the cialists and competitors of Business success is theo one and only thing sciences in the United States are mostly which gives satisfaction and social status controlled by business men. The practical and which pleases the women. In Ameri- results determine the value of the wor "America thinks in groups. It k.is a can eyes it is really the only justification of life. Europe envies American success country of standardized public opinion. but not its methods. You will find more The only field where new ways of think- men in Europe who divide their time and ing are admitted and appreciated is in the effort between business and personal hob- office of the business executive. Forerun- 228 THE MID-PACIFIC ners of human development, men who fol- "There are only two countries which low their own ideals and think it wiser to undertake psychological experiments on be loyal to their own law than to the pres- questions of education and race problems ent clay's morality and way of living have to an extent that promises fundamental a far better chance in Europe. Geniuses change in the very near future—America are very rare, but when they grow they and Russia. Both countries deny individ- grow in a small hidden corner of the ualism—America, at least, with regard to country. That is the reason why Europe i ntellectual life — and claim that progress thinks it more advisable to give moral and i s only pOssible through group thinking financial assistance to one single individ- and group movements. In Russia these ual. America would like to grow geniuses e xperiments are carried out by men ; in in groups, and Rockefeller, Junior, build- America by women. It is astonishing to ing up an enormous institution for musi- s ee the huge number of American women cal education, wants to see the production e ngaged in public institutions, in schools, of fifty or more American composers and i n social welfare, and to realize what an musicians every year. This institution ifluential part they play in reforming the will probably secure a good mediocre mu- e of the nation. If one sees the goal of sical education to a great many people, but life in the best-organized human group, no genius has ever been brought up in a mass-education factory. then doubtless the United States is making the finest progress of all countries. In "In recent years European education, another fifty years America will not only chiefly in Latin countries, is endeavoring be the healthiest spot in the world, not to over-estimate a man's intellect, but but everybody will have to pass a series of to give more weight to the human gift of physical and mental tests to ascertain in intuition. Intuition is the strongest force which group and work to fit best. Women and the most splendid gift man has at his will tell you what to do and not to do for command and especially is this true about the sake of your children and grandchil- women. Whatever has been done in cre- dren. And the nation as a whole will ative intellectual work has been done doubtless do wonderfully well. through the inspiration of women. Inas- "This picture, even if exaggerated and much as education and the whole intel- in accurate in detail, Shows clearly the di- lectual life in the United States is mostly re ction in which American civilization is in. the hands of women, one should imag- oving. Japan, do you really want to me that intuition would play a great and ad opt this course ? Is standardization the important part in America. However, on this is not the case. Business life does not su e and only goal of life ? Are business seem to need inspiration. Most of the of ccess, tons of money, and the applause the mass the things most desirable ? women who are engaged in public work Isn use principally their brains and their in- ide 't it wiser to cultivate the thoughts, als, and aims a man has in him and to tellect, and do not cultivate their sense of bui Id intuition. They do that even quite con- suc up character, regardless of material cess ? Is it really worth while to con- sciously, and stress it by wearing huge cen and intellectual-looking horn-rimmed spec- ext trate one's efforts exclusively on the tacles. But don't think for a moment that norernals of life and to find neither time this is different in Europe. Only Europe energy to contemplate the inner life? has not so many representative women and Japan has a marvellous old culture and is aware that not the women using ity. an inner life of remarkable profund- Japan knows the spiritual sources of their brilliant intellects are the best help life in building up character but the ones who tion and has a wonderful gift for medita- , and I most sincerely wish that Japan know their gift of intuition and cultivate will it in their homes. change only its face but not its old phil osophy of life." THE MID-PACIFIC 229

j.11r V4t1 U7151:71PC71 Philippine Independence By ISAURO GABALDOX Vd, (In the Philippine Independence League Bulletin.) Intnilathat rfil=tiattUnni=linan,

From what I have been able to observe, there existed a real prospect for success, and from such reports as have been made they did not come. to me by friends, I am convinced there Having become panic-stricken at the are sufficient votes in each of the two prospect of early independence, the lead- Houses of Congress favorable to early ers appear to be encouraging a systematic Philippine independence to pass such a campaign of defeatist propaganda to cre- measure. ate the impression in the Philippines that I am of the firm opinion, however, that there is no hope whatsoever for early if anything like immediate or even early independence. Such propaganda obviously independence is obtained, it will not be be- would tend to pave the way for the accept- cause of, but in spite of, the efforts of our ance by them of some substitute for "im- present leaders. For it is my sincere be- mediate, absolute and complete" inde- lief that these leaders are not at heart in pendence as "the best that could be ob- sympathy with "immediate, absolute, and tained in view of adverse existing condi- complete" independence, in spite of the ditions." The Filipino people should not fact that the entire population of the permit themselves to be misled by such Philippines knows that they have publicly propaganda. The prospects for obtaining proclaimed their adherence to this slogan early and complete independence are not only hundreds of times, but thousands right now the brightest they have ever of times, during the last twenty-five years. been. But the greatest single factor in the settlement of the Philippine question, in It has been my observation, and I have my judgment, is the attitude that will be reason to believe also that of many others, taken secretly—not publicly—by the Fili- that the enthusiasm of our leaders for pino leaders themselves. In view of their immediate and complete independence has long "cooperation" and intimate relation- become more and more feeble in recent ship with the leading enemies of imme- years and in almost the same proportion diate and complete independence, it is my that our economic ties with the United opinion they will bear watching. States have become closer. And now that independence has at last become actually Their interest seems to be more con- centrated upon raising another huge "in- possible, the voice with which they indi- dependence" fund through public sub- cate their passion for "immediate, abso- scriptions in the Islands than in obtaining lute, and complete" independence has be- immediate and absolute independence in come so weak as to be almost inaudible. Washington. Indeed, the voices of the two foremost I leaders, Senate President Quezon and This report is anything but the one Senator Osmena, have not been raised at would like to make ; I sincerely wish there all in Washington at the session of Con- were no necessity for it. I am well aware gress just closed. They have journeyed that I will be criticized and maligned, and it has been suggested to me that it will also here as heads of missions on various occasions when there was no prospect of ob- be wholly in vain, that those who oppose immediate or early independence in the taining action by Congress, but now when 230 I'HE MID-PACIFIC

islands have such power over the press news came that the vote on the King inde- and public opinion as to be able to ruin pendence amendment indicated strongly any man sincerely advocating it. And that the Senate was for independence, yet that the political leaders possess such flu- I arrived in Washington a considerable ency of speech that they can make black time ahead of the Mission. appear white, and white black, and, in a The latter arrived so short a time be- tight place, even reverse the colors back fore the departure of Secretary Stimson and forth at will ; and that by this process for Europe that there was not sufficient honest men attempting to unmask their time for the Senate Committee on Terri- hypocrisy are made to appear to the peo- tories to hear him before his departure. ple as demagogues, or worse, while rogues The latter's presence in London was then who meekly acquiesce to their insincere used as an excuse for the long delay of advocacy of "immediate, absolute and the committee in reporting a Philippine complete" independence are provided with bill. If the mission had sailed a month cloaks of public respectability. So suc- earlier, as it should have done, or if it had cessful have they been throughout many not sailed at all, which would have been years in being all things to all men there better, the hearings could have been begun is reason to conclude they have at last a month earlier than they were, Secretary come to believe they need fear no opposi- Stimson would have had ample time to tion, that their road has no turning, and have testified before going to Europe, the no ending, that they can continue forever Philippines bill could have been reported and anon, "fooling all the people all the several weeks in advance of the time it time." And perhaps it is destined to be so, was reported, and there is no doubt in but I for one do not purpose through my my mind but that a Philippine inde- silence to become an accomplice to their pendence bill would have been passed by deception. the Senate before adjournment. Chairman It is my honest conviction that the Fili- Bingham of the Senate Committee on pino people are being fooled so far as any Territories and Insular Affairs stated on remaining sincerity on the part of our the floor of the Senate on four different leaders for "immediate, absolute and occasions that the delay in the reporting complete" independence is concerned, and of a bill was due solely to the failure of it is frankly my purpose to make this the Philippine mission to arrive earlier. report to the Philippine Independence He inserted in the Congressional Record League a vehicle by which to caution the a letter from a member of the mission re- Filipino people to awaken and be on guard. questing him to delay the hearings until the mission should arrive. I am not criticising the leaders simply No special "independence" mission because they are leaders, nor because of ought ever again be sent to Washington. any mere personal whim, but because I These missions are not only unnecessary, believe they have been lax, if not actually but at least two of them have done more unfaithful, in carrying out the sacred mis- harm than good. The sending of a spe- sion that has been intrusted to them. cial mission is but a waste of somebody's If it had not been for the unforgivable good money. The two Resident Commis- tardiness of the Philippine delegation in sioners from the Philippines to the United starting from Manila for Washington, or, States are not only fully as capabale as better still, if it had remained there and any member of the special mission, so far not come to Washington at all, it is my as presenting the case for independence is honest conviction that an independence concerned, but they have a lot more in- bill would have passed the Senate at the fluence with members of Congress. Con- session of Congress just adjourned. The gress is in many respects like a club. Its undersigned did not leave Manila until the members will assist a fellow member

THE MID-PACIFIC 231

quicker than an outsider. However caustic criticizing, with an exception that I shall members of Congress may sometimes be refer to later, the speeches made before in debate on the floor of the House, it is Congress committees for home consump- not personal, and when they retire to the tion. What makes me apprehensive for cloakrooms, they are comrades and broth- the cause of our independence is what ers. There is no service within reason takes place privately between the heads of they will not render one another. The the missions and men like Charles D. present Philippine Resident Commission- Orth, president of the Philippine-Ameri- ers are members, and popular ones, of this can Chamber of Commerce, 67 Wall legislative club ; they know all the other Street, New York City. Mr. Orth testified members personally through years of inti- before the Senate Committee he had mate contact. Members of visiting special raised $23,000 from American firms in missions cannot possibly become well ac- the Philippines to fight Philippine inde- quainted with more than a few of the pendence. If the cause of his country's 531 members of the two Houses of Con- liberation from alien rule was as sacred gress ; they are not accepted within the to Speaker Roxas as he asserts, one exclusive Congressional fraternity, and might naturally conclude that he would they are not able to exert one-thousandth not be on very friendly terms with one of the influence for the Philippines that who was spending at least $23,000 to the Resident Commissioner can. A prevent it, to say nothing of dining and member of a visiting Philippine mission "cooperating" with him. The trouble with the heads of these "in- in Washington under the circumstances dependence" missions is that they spend described is like a fish out of water. The heads of the previous Missions too much time in New York City, and are used to pay themselves $100 a day out of too intimate socially with detractors of the the Independence Fund. Either because Filipino race to be free to campaign as

this was so raw, or because the funds are hardof the as theyFilipino should people. for the It independence is a peculiar nowbeenow so reduced low, I understand to $40 a day. the amountThere are has fact, in this connection, that almost without exception the large American invest- ingtonfour members at the timeof the of Mission writing, in whichWash- ors in the Philippines assert privately that the present Filipino leaders are not means an absolute waste to some one or-- really for "immediate and complete" in some fund of $160 a day. One hundred dependence. Well, they appear to be in- dollar -a-day advocates of independence timate enough with our leaders to know for their own race instinctively remind what they are talking about, whether they one of Gandhi—they are in such perfect really do or not. contrast ! As for myself, the independence of my But it is not principally the salaries that country has become the dearest thing in I complain of, although it does seem to life' It is my birthright and the birth- me that a patriot ought to be willing to right of every Filipino to be free. I hold labor for his country's freedom at a nom that every man, Filipino or American, final reimbursement to cover hotel and who is scheming, secretly or openly, to de- actual traveling expenses. The real reason I am opposed to these "independence" prive my country of its independence, is missions, delegations and commissions is against me, and pending the conceding of that those at the head of them have been that independence is my enemy and my altogether too intimate in the United country's enemy. I believe in working States with the enemies of independence for Philippine independence by fighting to be healthful for the cause which its enemies and cooperating with its they are supposed to advocate. Nor am I friends. But the policy of these special 232 THE MID-PACIFIC

independence missions while in the Uni ted stated that he had been asked to testify States seems to be to cooperate with its by "members of the Philippine Commis- enemies and double-cross its friends. 'rhe sion" in the face of the fact they knew he "unoffi cial advisers" of our leaders in the would oppose immediate and complete in- United States for many years—altoget her dependence ! too many years—have been such ar ch- This is what results from the time- enemies of immediate, absolute and co m- worn policy of our leaders in "cooperat- plete independence as Henry L. Stims on, ing" with and relying upon opponents of W. Cameron Forbes and General Fra nk independence as their "unofficial advis- McIntyre. Not one of the three gent le- ers." Each citizen of the Philippines is men named, upon whom our leaders ha ye of course free to draw his own conclu- so often relied for advice, have suffici ent sions, but for me, I know our leaders "co- confidence in the capabilities of the F ili- operated" with Mr. Stimson in the Philip- pino race to allow us the independei ice pines and I do not doubt in the least that that was definitely promised and rig ht- they are still "cooperating" with him in fully belongs to us. I can admire the se Washington, and not in the interest of men because they are frank and not hyp o- "immediate and complete" Philippine in- crites, but it is contrary to every defi ni- dependence, either. tion of common sense to have for advise rs The quotations I have used above may men who are chieftains in the camp of t he be very easily verified. They are all taken enemy. Why place confidence in tho se from the official records of the Congress who place none in us ? Is it any wond er of the United States. that there is doubt in many quarters in It is my judgment that Speaker Roxas the United States as to whether our lea ci- should have been recalled as head of the ers are sincerely for immediate, absolu te and complete independence? present Mission immediately following his first appearance before the Senate Can any one imagine a scene more committee when he testified : "The bill of humiliating to the Phmilippines than that Senator King proposes to grant indepen- which occurred on the floor of the United dence at an early date. We are in favor States Senate when Chairman Bingham of that. If the Senate believes or Con- of the Committee on Territories declared gress thinks that bill should not he passed that from the best information he could and should prefer to approve Joint Reso- obtain the Filipino leaders had changed lution 113 (the Bingham resolution) we their minds about immediate and complete would accept that as an evidence of a de- independence, and when interrupted by sire on the part of Congress to arrive at Senator Wheeler who stated that Presi - a definite solution of this problem." (See dent Quezon was for it, Senator Binghan hearings, page 30.) replied : "The Senator is mistaken !" This Bingham resolution had been pre- Or when John M. Switzer, of the Pa _ sented to sidetrack or kill early indepen- cific Commercial Co., declared before th e deuce just as the Fairfield bill had been Senate Finance Committee, in the ver y brought forward in 1924 to sidetrack the presence of our leaders, that he had Cooper independence resolution. Every- known them for 30 years, and that : one knew it. Speaker Roxas was too "They are asking for independence, but I smart not to have known it. dare say they just don't want it !" On the day previous, and on the morn- Consider, further, the scene that oc- ing of the day Speaker Roxas testified curred before the Senate Committee on before the Senate Committee, Washing- Territories on May 22 when Secretary ton newspapers had carried a dispatch Stimson, who sits in the cabinet of the from the Philippines to the effect Messrs. President of the United States, boldly Quezon and Osmena had held a confer- THE MID-PACIFIC 233 ence and then sent a cable to Speaker our American friends who is sincerely far Roxas in Washington directing him not independence would have "accepted" the to "antagonize" Chairman Bingham. As Bingham resolution under any circum- I have already called to your attention, it stances whatsoever ! When the leaders resisted the encroach- was Senator Bingham who had previously stated on the floor of the Senate that ments of the late Governor General from "the best information" he could ob- Leonard Wood I stood with them from tain the leaders were no longer for imme- first to last. Then they completely re- diate and complete independence. Had it versed their position toward Governor occurred to the two leaders in Manila that General Stimson, who was in every way if Speaker Roxas did "antagonize" Chair- as much an enemy of immediate and common Bingham he might disclose the source plete independence as was General Wood. of his "best information," together with Gen. Wood vetoed bills of the Philippine all the additional information that he legislature, and the leaders called him a might be in possession of ? I do not tyrant. Stimson vetoed them, and they know. But in any event Speaker Roxas made him their "unofficial adviser." not only did not "antagonize" Chairman If it is considered absolutely essential Bingham but said he "would accept" the to send delegates to Washington, it should Bingham resolution if the Senate or Con- be clone through such organizations as the gress preferred it to the King bill! Is it Philippine Independence League or the any wonder that the Committee did not Philippine Independence Congress, and further consider the King bill ? then only such delegates should be selected Senator Bingham is frankly against as are known to be so strong for imme- Philippine independence, and his resolu- diate and complete independence that their tion is the most reactionary measure con- sincerity will be a guarantee that they will cerning the Philippines that was intro- be beyond the influence or the reach of the duced in the present Congress. It declared Philippine political machine or the Fili- pino and American capitalists with which that "The question of the future status of it is allied. In other words, my confi- the Philippine Islands has never been ex- deuce in the sincerity of the political tri- plicitly determined by the Congress of the umvirate that now controls Philippine pol- United States." itics is absolutely nil. This would have completely reversed By no means, however, should this re- the position of Congress with respect to port be construed by the opponents of the promise of the United States to grant independence to indicate that there has Philippine independence, inasmuch as the been any change in the sentiment of the Jones law of 1916 had "explicitly" de- masses of the Filipino people. In a recent poll conducted by a Manila daily news- dared that it was "The purpose of the people of the paper more than 80 per cent of those par- United States to withdraw their sover- ticipating voted for immediate, absolute eignty over the Philippine Islands and to and complete independence. Let our op- recognize their independence as soon as a ponents who desire to refer to this report stable government can be established make note of that fact. It has been charged by some that it is only the lead- therein." But here was the head of the Philip- ers, and not the Filipino people, that de- pine Mission expressing himself as will- sire immediate independence. They have the cart before the horse. It is just the ing to "accept" the Bingham resolution if other way around. What is long overdue the Senate or Congress preferred it to the and badly needed in the Philippine Islands King bill. The suggestion of Speaker Roxas was entirely gratuitous, as it was is a political house-cleaning. In this connection I desire to admonish well known to all that not a single one of 234 THE MID-PACIFIC

the Filipino people that a crisis is here in forces opposing immediate and complete our long struggle for liberty. Both our independence today, and which appear to friends and our enemies agree that unless have captured bodily our political leaders. we obtain our independence soon we will While I recognize that Philippine indus- never obtain it. The more money Amer- tries will suffer in the first years of our ican investors have in the islands, and the s eparation from the United States, I do larger the volume of trade between the not subscribe to the whispering campaign Philippines and the United States, the o f our "defeatists" that we will be per- more incentive American capitalists, and manently ruined commercially. I have re- those Filipinos who also profit from tariff- peatedly pointed out and proven by offi- free access to American markets, will c ial figures that the percentage of in- have to oppose independence. The very c rease of the foreign trade of most of the lukewarmness of the Filipino leaders for r epublics on earth has been greater with- immediate and complete independence 0 ut tariff-free access to American mar- which I have alleged in this report is the k ets than the foreign trade of the Philip- result of the profits resulting from the ines has with it. I have cited the success free trade between the two countries. 0 f the independent country of Siam, only The issue is not only between the Al- 1 ,300 miles from us, and peopled by mighty American dollar and Philippine 10,000,000 Malays. It might tend to calm Liberty, but between the American Dollar the nerves of our political leaders, who and the Filipino Peso combined, on the a ppear to have contracted a bad case of one hand, and Philippine Liberty on the old feet from too intimate "co-opera- other. We have our Tories just as the ti on" with unofficial advisers like Orth, American colonies had them. Numbered S timson, Forbes, McIntyre, and other re- among the 10 per cent or possibly 20 per to ntionists, if they would visit Siam and cent of Filipinos who secretly do not de- a scertain how the Siamese are able to sur- sire immediate or early independence are vi ve without tariff-free access to Ameri- very powerful men. They control much of ca n markets. the press and many of the men in Philip- As for me, to acquiesce in American pine political life. And I do not say that sovereignty a single day longer than physi- even these 20 per cent, being Filipinos, do cally necessary, because, forsooth, my not favor "ultimate" independence, that pr operty or the products of my farms will they do not hope that some day their coun- b ing me in enhanced financial gain, try may be a republic. But I am apprehen- wr ould be to convict myself in my own sive that "ultimately" is the only time op inion as being of the inferior stuff that they do favor it. I fear they would still th e dominating race avers. No, I shall be for it, "ultimately," ten years from ne ver willingly exchange my self-respect now, or thirty years from now, or fifty fo ✓a higher price for my rice, or for my years from now. The same incentives to su gar, or for any other product that the make men against immediate and complete Ph ilippines can produce. And I have independence would exist then that exist en ough respect for the American people now. Assuming that the warning of Sen- to believe they will respect me no less on ator Borah that if we do not obtain inde- tha t account. Indeed, one of the greatest pendence soon, we will never obtain it, is ble ssings for the Filipino people that I correct, then to be for independence only ant icipate from Philippine independence "ultimately" is to be for it never. It is a is that the American people will respect matter of Dollars, Pesos, Profits, Gain. us more, and therefore like us better, as Those influences will be abroad to influ- f re e men than they do as members of ence men for all time. They have always sub a jected race. "Friendship," says Maha- attempted to block human progress and bar ata, "is the daughter of equality ; it is human freedom, and they are the unseen nev er born of inequality."

THE MID-PACIFIC 235

ronutpcnTyr„mikj.i71- Fiji and Canada The Fiji Times and Herald, May 15, 1931. _Aluuntinnpdhattonnuliiunnnimyinnrc

"Will Canada some clay rival Australia might take the whole of the Fijian sugar and New Zealand and fall into line with export. For this reason Fiji will watch the United States, by becoming directly with interest the negotiations for a new interested in tropical possessions in the trade treaty between Australia and Can- South Pacific? There are those in Fiji ada, .particularly as they affect sugar. who hope and believe that she will. Trade Pineapples is another Fijian product relations between Fiji and Canada are which might, it is thought, find a large growing close and will continue to do so. and increasing market in Canada. Hawai- And there is a feeling, which has not as ian interests are continuing experiments yet led to any definite action that in time in the growing of pineapples in Fiji. They trade interests may lead to closer relations have an option over 30,000 acres, and if of another kind," says the writer of an the tests prove satisfactory, and show that article in the Sydney Sun on Fiji the soil and climate of Fiji are right, Canada is seeking closer relations with there will be a big increase in the produc- the islands of the British West Indies, and tion of pineapples. The Hawaiians would the arguments that apply to the interests then put up canning factories in Fiji, and of Canada and the tropic islands of the send the output to Canada and Great Brit- West Indies apply also to the Dominion ain, receiving the benefit of the Imperial and Fiji. They apply with even greater preference in both cases. strength, for the islands of the West In- The softwood timber imported into . dies are far nearer to the great British Fiji already comes mostly from Canada. market than Fiji, which has, therefore, all If preference were given, Canada might the more reason to cultivate close com- supply a great part of the motor cars and mercial friendship with Canada. other manufactured articles needed by Some years ago Fiji sent a commercial Fiji. mission to Canada. Already a large part Fiji now gets her flour from Australia. of Fiji's exports go to Canada by way of Whether this, too, will one day be sup- Vancouver, and probably a larger propor- plied from Canada is a matter worth con- tion will go that way in the near future. sideration. Whether Canadian rye whisky The Australian market now takes prac- would suit the tastes of the white com- tically all that Fiji has to give. Canada munity in Fiji as well as the brands they can take all of Fiji's surplus bananas, now drink is another question. and now that bananas from Brazil can The other great export of Fiji is copra. be put on the British market, it is Little of this goes to Canada now, but it claimed that Fiji bananas can well be may be that even the trade in this will be sent to Eastern Canada via Vancouver. in part diverted to Canada. Fiji sugar used to go largely to New Fiji grows cotton, and may one clay Zealand. Now it goes mainly to Canada grow much more. For this it is likely that and to Great Britain, receiving a prefer- Canada will offer a market. Even in the ence in both countries. It is suggested case of butter, Fiji has a surplus for ex- that if the matter were properly handled port, and Canada sometimes imports as part of a trade agreement Canada butter. 236 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 237

It has to be remembered that while Fiji groups under the administration of New has a population of under 200,000, a Zealand, it seems doubtful whether they much smaller number than the islands would come into such a confederation. could support, and while much fertile land Meanwhile, Suva puts a brave front on is still undeveloped, the imports and ex- things, though it has its troubles. The ports of the group for the year 1929 low price of copra has hit Fiji's export amounted to /3,224,607, there is much trade very heavily. The sugar position is to be said in favor of cultivating the not good, but the Colonial Sugar Refining Fijian market. Company continues to pay to the growers the same price for cane, so that the low The political side is another matter. For world price of sugar has not affected to Fiji to enter into political relations with the extent that might have been expected Canada would mean a complete upset of the amount of money circulated in Fiji. the present conditions. Fiji is a Crown Dairying, from which much was hoped, Colony, under the guidance of the British has had a setback, owing to the floods, Colonial Office. The Governor of Fiji is which swept away numbers of dairy cat- also the High Commissioner for the tle. There used to be a coffee plantation Western Pacific, and as such is charged of 400 acres near Suva, but some of the with the control of island groups scat- plants were affected by disease, and the tered over a vast area, and administered whole plantation was destroyed by order in many very trying ways. of the authorities. The coffee plants were That Canada has no colonial service exterminated, but the same fate did not now is not, of course, an insuperable ob- befall the weed pest called Koster's Curse jection to her entry into the South Pa- which was, some say, introduced with the cific. Australia had none when she took coffee plants. It still grows and spreads. charge of Papua, and she had to meet yet Owing to the depressed copra market, another set of problems when she took the cutting down of public works, and over New Guinea. All the same, a great other factors, there is today a good deal many more or less conflicting interests of unemployment in Fiji, particularly would have to be reconciled before such a amongst the Indians, of whom there are sweeping change were made. It is likely over 70,000 in a population of 185,000 that in the reasonably near future nothing or so. As most of the unemployed have more will happen than a drawing closer of a patch of ground on which they can Canada and Fiji on the commercial side. grow a little rice and vegetables, they are Apart from such a change as political at least able to live, even if they are not relations with Canada would involve, earning money. there are many in Fiji who cherish the As to clothes, a little of them goes a idea of some sort of Pacific Confedera- long way in the climate of Fiji. tion, with Fiji at the head of it. Here the "If you could see our works schedule difference in status and position of the for this year—but then you could not see various areas which might form part of it, because it practically does not exist," such a confederation is a difficulty. Of said Sir Murchison Fletcher, Governor of the groups of islands outside Fiji which Fiji. He had been talking of the financial fall under the control of the High Com- position and pointing out that it had been missioner, the Gilberts and the Ellice absolutely necessary to economize. Islands are a Crown colony, and so are the Solomons. Tonga is independent, but "There are many works that I would under British protection. The New Heb- like to see carried out," he said, "but Fiji rides is under the joint control of Britain simply has not the money. So we have cut them out for the present and that is all and France. As to Samoa and the various other there is about it." 238 THE MID-PACIFIC

Sir Murchison Fletcher was a good Before coming to Fiji the Governor was deal interested in the renewal of the sugar at Hongkong. He has known China embargo in Australia. "I understand," he through all its changes since the clays be- said, "that the handling of the sugar ques- fore the fall of the Manchu dynasty and tion in Australia is a matter of national policy and I have no comment to make on holds that China will pull through. "I it. Fiji could, of course, supply sugar at like the Chinese," he said. "They have a fraction of the price that consumers in wonderfully good qualities and I believe Australia are now paying for it, but that China will emerge safe and sound whether she shall or not take it is a matter from the troubles that have beset her in for Australia." recent years." As to the vexed question of labor in As High Commissioner of the Western Fiji, Sir Murchison holds that this will Pacific, Sir Murchison Fletcher has juris- settle itself. "Those who say that the diction from Pitcairn Island to the Solo- Fijian will not work except as a kind of mons. In July he proposes to visit the joke or to get money for some immediate Solomons and the New Hebrides to see • and pressing need seem to me to be wrong. at first hand the conditions in those I believe that the Fijian can learn to work regions. steadily, that he will become an increasingly important factor in the productive Towards the end of last year the Gov- and industrial life of the country. ernor spent two months in Australia, his "Much is now being done to teach the first visit to the Commonwealth. He saw Fijian to make good use of his land, and the Melbourne Cup run and said that the results are promising. The Colonial while he has visited many race courses in Sugar Refining Company is settling Fi- many parts of the world he had never jians, as well as Indians, on small farms seen a race meeting at which the arrange- as growers of sugar cane, and the Fijians ments and appointments were equal to promise to do well. There is no reason those at Flemington. Sydney he liked why the production of other crops by Fi- immensely and the hospitality and kind- jians should not become increasingly im- ness of its people were overwhelming. portant. Today Sir Murchison Fletcher again "It is, of course, a thing that needs paid a visit to Australian territory, but his patience and care. The Fijians are ac- stay this time was under two hours. He qthring new wants and new needs, a inspected, on the invitation of Burns higher standard of living, and if they are Philp & Co., their new oilburning passen- well guided they will realize that to secure ger liner Macdhui, which was in Suva that standard they must work and pro- harbor on her way from Greenock to Syd- duce. They are a very fine race—strong, ney via the Panama Canal. With him good-tempered and clever in many ways. were the Mayor of Suva (Mr. Alport It is most important that they should be Barker), Sir Maynard Hedstrom, Sir given the greatest possible interest in Henry Scott, Mr. Mackenzie, manager their own country and be taught to make for Burns Philip in Suva, and other the best use of its fine soil and climate. leading residents. "It seems to me that the colony of Fiji "I feel it a duty as well as pleasure to will be able to supply its own labor needs see this vessel and I take a personal inter- without further importations. There is est in her," said the Governor. "She will something of a financial stringency just be running to the Solomons, for which I now. The Government is meeting that am responsible as High Commissioner of by reducing its expenditure." the Western Pacific." THE MID-PACIFIC 239

Modern Siam retains its ancient grandeur.

1C:n • 4.$•4.■•4.•_ • iptipz •.t • • larrunpapTivifitg it7nC:nUTCPUTIVIGTIT:n Early Japanese Contact With Siam By IPPEI FUKUDA In the Japan Times. • ••ristrivastr7b T trTeirreriem

Much legendary ambiguity blurs the compatriots living in comfort and at peace dawn of intercourse between Siam and with the Siamese who reciprocated the Japan. Early in the seventeenth century goodwill and pacific intentions of the or toward the end of the sixteenth century Japanese settlers with no promptings of found Japanese traders steadily develop- anti-foreignism on either side, marring ing markets for their sundry wares in the friendly contact of both. At Bangkok, the archipelago strewn in the tropical capital of the exotic land, the quixotic waters from Formosa in the north to the wanderer was warmly received by some southern tip of India. In those days no three hundred members of the Japanese national or racial prejudices hampered community where he lived in comparative their commercial pioneering and a great obscurity until his military genius ushered number of our countrymen settled down him into the limelight of Siam. He was and made friends everywhere. A rapid born in Abe-gori, Suruga province, as a succession of civil wars between ruling son of a common artisan but with an un- feudal clans all over Japan caused daring common ambition to rise to a great people to seek new homes in the strange samurai. In the humble calling of his father he showed more contempt than "lands of permanent summer." When in 1620 the dramatic adventurer, interest in his boyhood and as he grew up Nagamasa Yamada knew all about mil- Nagamasa Yamada, reached Siam after a long, wandering trip, he saw many of his itary science and use of arms. The knowl- 240 THE MID-PACIFIC

edge plus his brilliant genius as strategist ment were to alternate each other for the stood him in good stead when Siam went rotating term of one year. Directly after to war with its southern neighbor not long the death of the good king court intrigues after his arrival in the Siamese capital. with the dowager Queen as their central Seeing the King at his wit's end in face of figure became rife. The royal heir was the defeat suffered by his men and of killed by poison and Nagamasa suc- the imminent danger of his country being overrun by the invaders, Nagamasa volun- cumbed to the same ruse of cowardice in teered to fight at the head of a company 1713. With their leader gone it was not of men recruited from among his fellow long before the Japanese settlers had to countrymen. Not only did he gain a de- flee from Siam in search of a safer place cisive victory for his adopted country to live in. on land, but he gave hot pursuit to the In the Shinto Shrine of Asama one is retreating enemy fleet and captured sev- shown a discolored drawing of a quaint eral ships. His rise to prominence and ship of war with the signature of Naga- power after the spectacular feat was as masa Yamada defying the oblivion of age. easy as it was prodigious. The monarch It is a picture of a fairly large wooden lavished one honor with another on Naga- boat equipped with a bank of oars on each masa, who was later made Prince Regent side and two masts and armed with a of the land. number of guns. On the deck are seen An era of cordial relationship between dozens of Japanese soldiers in their na- Japan and Siam followed the return of tive armors and helmets. Above the sig- peace in 1621 and in bringing the two nature a date is dimly legible. The relic peoples closer Nagamasa was chiefly in- of the meteor-like hero was brought back strumental. Acting on the suggestion of to Japan by one of his friends as a token his Japanese lieutenant, then Chief of of his devotion to the gods enshrined in Staff and exceptionally capable Governor the sacred edifice at Asama. of a prosperous province, the King of Besides Siam, every member of the Siam sought to get into direct contact wide-spread family of islands in the with the Japanese government. The South Seas cast a lure of adventure and friendly gesture of the ruler brought no gains of commerce to many Japanese con- visible result, however, due to the -closed- siderably before the organization of the door policy" of the Tokugawa Shogun- Tokugawa Shogunate. Not one of these ate, whose advent nearly coincides with men, it should be recalled, secured lasting the arrival in Yedo of the Mission of footholds in the foreign marts for the friendship from Siam. produce of their country. Historians Throughout, the life of Nagamasa mention by way of accounting for the reads more fantastically than a work of failure the fact that some of the pioneers fiction, but the tragic fading of his star of our foreign trade were ex-samurai and surpasses the earlier part in dramatic evidently lacked adequate training in busi- flavor. The King died in 1708, leaving a ness. Somehow they were ready to take boy of 12 as heir to the throne. Before sides in armed clashes in the countries he breathed his last the dying ruler ap- they lived in, and it is easy to see that pointed two regents to conduct affairs of when the causes they fought for failed state, Nagamasa and a Siamese nobleman. they were the first to be driven out of These trustees of the national govern- the countries by the victorious cliques. THE MID-PACIFIC 241

Coconut palms on the edge of a lily pond—a portion of Punahou campus.

J al1 • w7nt=int7npritniviruntrunt7trunvovritnivi 1)M11 MPAKIIMA I IP 99999 • • Tropical Island Gardening By RICHARD TONGG (A portion of a book on Tropical Island Gardening now in preparation, given before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution.)

na n/ML_ rittltiectrel • inliniinuniicaiLtinainununi/Olinuni

The Design of Tropical Gardens.—The has changed greatly since then, and al- basic rules of design—harmony and bal- though many of the practices worked out ance, proportion and all that govern the by the landscape architects of the Moguls artistry of making a garden—are no dif- will repay study by the gardener in other ferent in one part of the globe than in hot, dry countries, it remains a fact that there is no such thing as a "tropical another. The differences that have resulted in such pronounced styles as the style" of gardening. Italian, the English, the Spanish and the Such a style may develop in time, based Japanese garden are merely differences in on the life of the people who will create the way these rules have been applied to it. It will be developed slowly, as all fit the differing climates and plant mate- styles are developed, from pre-existing rials ; but, more profoundly, to fit the psy- forms, modified by changing conditions. chology and the lives of the people who Occidental inhabitants of the tropics carry with them their manner of life, and created the gardens. Today, there is no such thing as a trop- the changes which it undergoes are comparatively superficial. They dress the ical style of gardening. It is true, in Per- same way, eat the same food and live in sia, at the time of the great Moguls, a the same kind of houses as they did in definite type of garden was developed, the temperate zone. Such variations as suited to a warm climate. But the world 242 THE MID-PACIFIC

may be accepted are found in the ma- not to stress its differences further. The terials for making clothes, houses, or garden, which is the liason between the for cooking, and the way of handling two, must partake of the characteristics of them as all-year warm climate dictates. both. The same is true of gardens. Trees, Thus for a colonial house, which is lawns, shrubbery and flowers are ar- essentially a formal and restrained ranged in the tropics much as they were structure, some formality and restraint is in the temperate zone, to make gracious necessary in the garden immediately about streets and the setting for livable houses. it. A large space of lawn is usually in The same general type of design with keeping and as a rule the smaller-leaved which builders are familiar will be found and more formal plants are best in its in the new garden, although the plant ma- immediate vicinity. terials from which it is constructed must be almost entirely different. The English cottage and the Spanish house, on the other hand, are more in- There are certain new factors at work, formal types and the planting can be however, and certain old ones missing, correspondingly rambling and apparently which may modify the old garden design casual. A greater riot of color and luxu- to a considerable extent. Among these riance of foliage can be indulged in. may be mentioned, as examples, the Beside these, there is the type of house greater need for shade in the tropics and design which can only be described as the predominance of high color, due to plain house—the small bungalow, built the tropical sunlight. with simple lines because anything more The matter of fitting the garden to the elaborate cannot be afforded and not such house may well deserve some considera- a bad expression of the necessity for tion at this point, especially since archi- shelter after all. With a bit of lawn in tecture in the tropics is in practically the front, with shrubbery placed in the cor- same condition as is landscape design— ners according to the general type of de- created on forms developed elsewhere, sign which can be found in many excel- and transplanted bodily to the tropics. lent books ; with creepers climbing up A good many of these exterior designs the porch and with trees at the side and are quite unsuited to the climate and it back to enframe and cast shade, the gar- behooves the garden designer, as far as it den around this type of house (which is lies in his power, to do what he can to by far the most numerous to be found in conceal their "wrong" points and fit the Hawaii) is not a bad example of simple structure into the alien setting as best he gardening design. What it usually lacks can. 's enough privacy at the sides or hack In Hawaii popular types of houses are to make the garden truly a complement the colonial, the English cottage and the outdoors to the life within. Spanish or Mediterranean stucco house. Outdoor Rooms for the Tropics.—The All of these developed under quite dis- rigors of a climate where cold weather similar conditions and sometimes, in being occupies a large part of the year have transplanted bodily, modifications were created a mode of life in most of the made to meet the climate. And some- United States and Europe in which out- times these were not made. In making a door rooms have had no part. But in setting for such houses some regard must some warmer climates, as Spain and be paid to their type, although this does Italy, outdoor rooms, usually in the form not mean that a colonial, English or of a patio or courtyard, are a recognized Spanish garden must be constructed. On part of the scheme of things. With travel the contrary, the aim must be to acclima- and a wider knowledge of the world, the tize the house to its new environment and beauty and value of the outdoor room is THE MID-PACIFIC 243 coming to be recognized, even if it is used in and out is no effort. It should be on the same, or nearly the same, level as the but three or four months. house. One or two steps can be taken But the idea is still new, and this prob- without effort, but five or six are too ably accounts for the fact that there are many. There is no necessity for building yet many houses in the tropics without a house too high above the ground on any form of outdoor room to supplement the average lot. If the land slopes, a ter- the life indoors. Inasmuch as such a race can be cut, and the level below room can find use every day in the year, filled up with what is taken out above. this omission is a curious and a not very The second requirement for a livable intelligent tribute to old habits. outdoor room is privacy—as much as an Where adequate porches have not been inside room affords. No one wants to provided as part of the original house work or play in full view of the street plan, some other form of outdoor room or watched by curious eyes from neigh- must be created. The ways of doing boring windows. It may take some in- this are many and there is no garden, genuity to contrive complete intimacy, but however small, which cannot afford space there are many devices for securing it. Walls, lattices covered with vines, shrub- for such a purpose. bery, hedges, trees, all may be manipu- The prevailing opinion, on the con- lated to shut out the world of eyes, and trary, seems to be that only a large es- create a little spot of quiet seclusion and tate can devote space to such a thing as an beauty. outdoor room. This is the result of a fundamental misunderstanding and is There is one other important point based on the thought that such a room which contributes to the livableness of the would be used only occasionally for par- lanai. This is the floor. Different con- ties or company. This opinion, in turn, ditions influence the choice of its material, is probably founded on the inaccessible but ordinarily wood invites termites and places in which such rooms are found. seems to lift one too far away from the It is quite true that a hau lanai, for in- garden. Brick, coral blocks or smoothed stance, placed off across the garden, lava rocks are fine if not too expensive. where it must be reached by a path that Cement is not expensive and need not be is often wet or perhaps sunny, away from ugly, even though it ordinarily is. It can the telephone and the doorbell, is a place be colored when it is mixed, stained with which will only be put to use occasionally. acid afterward, or even painted. Its tex- But suppose it is next to the house, ture can be varied to suit the architecture reached through a door down only a of the house. step or two? Why should it not become With accessibility, privacy and a good the actual workroom of the house, the floor provided for, some kind of roof place where the string beans are prepared must be devised. One of the most typical and the sewing machine is placed and the and attractive forms available in Hawaii baby can play within plain sight? Or if comes from hau trees (Hibiscus tilea- these tasks are performed by a maid, ceus), which will make a covering of then it can become a studio for more leaves and branches dense enough to keep congenial tasks, a dining room, or a out the average light rain and at the same workroom for the hobbies and devices time be far more appealing in its living of the whole family. greenness than any mere roof could be. The first requirement for a livable out- A hau lanai can be constructed with door room, therefore, is accessibility. It comparatively little trouble or expense and the only upkeep necessary is occas- should be reached by a door close to the working end of the house, where stepping ional pruning. 244 THE MID-PACIFIC If the outdoor room is to take the form which are not inartistic, although imita- of a summer house, there are a number of tions. When covered with vines and charming designs suitable. The Japanese creepers it takes a close look to deter- tea house, for instance, can be adopted, mine whether they are cement or wood. with sliding walls of glass or wood. Beside the hau lanai, which is a form of The use of sliding walls is especially arbor that has been mentioned, and the useful where the wind is apt to become one of coconut trunks, other arbors and too strong if paper seems too frail. A pergolas of more usual types can also be number of Shinto shrines in Honolulu constructed in the tropics. If they are offer exquisite originals from which sug- r oofed, as all such structures should be, gestions for a Japanese house can be ob- with small rustic poles laid lengthwise on tained. cross beams, they will soon be covered A summer house based on a Chinese de- with a luxuriant green roof of vines. A sign is also feasible and attractive. The strip of canvas can be nailed on the in- suggestion of using the Oriental theme side of the cross beams and sloped a little in a summer house may appeal to the to shed water, if protection is wanted person who likes Oriental things, but from the rain before the vines have had does not want to build his whole house a chance to grow. along such lines. Since vines grow so readily and so The idea of making a tropical grass thickly in the tropics, the plan of making house may sound attractive. To make a a shelter of them can be adopted for a true Hawaiian grass house is rather ex- porte cochere or a terrace or any other pensive, as the pili grass with which it is form of open lanai. thatched now comes only from Molokai. In a location where frequent light gusts These houses are also very perishable of rain are the rule, the pergola has a and the thatching must be frequently re- definite and useful function in linking the newed. But a summer house which is house with the garage. In some of the thatched with palm leaves is both easy to wetter valleys, where the rain always have and inexpensive to make, since the comes from the same direction, covered leaves may usually be had for the taking walkways with a wall on the raniy side and their size makes them easy to fasten in place. have been devised. The wall is pierced frequently with windows or gratings, so The Samoan dwelling offers sugges- that the breeze is not completely excluded. tions for a tropical garden house, one The open side offers an excellent pro- especially fitted to the luxuriant wild tec ted place for growing pot plants and a tropical growths. The Samoan house is pla ce where they will be frequently seen usually oval in shape, and its roof is an d enjoyed. supported by pillars made of the trunks Outdoor rooms can be divided into two of cocoanut palms. The roof is made of kii -ids, the patio type, which has walls, but palm leaves and sometimes side curtains no roof, and its opposite, which has a are made of coconut leaves braided to- roo gether. f, but no walls. In Hawaii the word "la nai" is almost universally used to While on the subject of Hawaiian ma- des ignate the latter type. terials it might be well to point out the The patio is developed in hot, dry eli- usefulness of coconut palm trunks for ma supporting pillars of many kinds. A per- unptes, where rain is rare, the wind either gola can be made from them which is the Ian leasantly hot or else chill, and the tropical equivalent of a rustic arbor. The tha dscape more agreeable when shut out n when included. The lanai meets wood does not last very long, however, con ditions that are exactly opposite. Its so that cement molds have been devised roo f shuts out the light rains and the too THE MID-PACIFIC 245 bright tropical sunlight, while its lack of dining room or breakfast lanai, where walls allows the balmy winds to blow eating has all the charm of a picnic and coolingly and enchanting pictures of none of its discomforts, and the kitchen mountain, valley and sea become part of lanai, where the housekeeper can perform many of her daily tasks. The latter is the room itself. also still a rarity, but it seems as if its are so many differ- The Lanai.—There good points will in time come to have a ent kinds of lanais that each needs sepa- wide appeal. rate description. To begin with, there is The location of the lanai in relation to that lanai which is one of the actual rooms of the house, or a very spacious the prevailing winds demands attention. living room verandah. The treatment of It is best, if possible, to have two parts, these comes within the province of the in- one opened to the full expanse of the terior decorator, but will be touched on wind, where all the trade breezes can be here as they have much of the garden enjoyed on the average day, and the other about them. more protected, for those fewer days in The old houses in Hawaii usually met the year when the wind is too strong to the climate problems better than do many make sitting in its full blast a comfort. of the new ones. Old pictures show early Probably the L-shaped lanai is the most missionary houses surrounded on two or practical, with one end opened directly to three sides by a verandah, sometimes both the trades and the other around the corner upstairs and down. It was the extension from them. If this is not possible, some of the grass roof to cover this porch that sort of movable wall, like the sliding gave to the island roofs the break or panels of a Japanese house, is another angle that is considered characteristic to- way of handling the problem of the day. These surrounding porches pro- breezes. This may be a good time to give vided shade to the rooms within and a a word of warning about the width of the cool breezy place outdoors. The word lanai. There is no opportunity for lanai, originally meaning a bower, a shed friendly informality in a row of chairs or covered place, came to be applied to which must remain a row because there is no room for them to be drawn up into them. If a house is being planned in Hawaii, groups. No one would think of making the wise owner will specify as the first a room so narrow that there would be requisite to his architect that the house space only for passage in front of a chair. must have a lanai. Properly placed and Yet a porch, which is an outdoor room, protected so that privacy is assured, this is not infrequently seen built on such a room will become the center of the house, plan. No lanai should be less than ten where most of the leisure hours can be feet wide and twelve is a better minimum. Having settled on the form of the lanai, passed. Fortunate indeed is the islander who the next question the builder must settle comes into possession of one of the older is to screen or not to screen. Residents houses with a spacious lanai. When of Hawaii divide sharply into two schools buildings were made more generously, on this subject. Although the housefly, these rooms often had immense floor ubiquitous pest on the mainland, is so spaces, sometimes running back into the scarce as to he negligible in Hawaii, there house as a real room and then curving is yet the pestiferous mosquito to be con- around the corner to become more nearly sidered. Old-timers in the islands seem to become immune to the annoyance of the conventional porch. these creatures and there are many old There are other kinds of lanais also, houses that have never known a wire the sleeping lanai, which for some curious screen, although mosquito bar is used over reason is all too rare in the islands, the 246 THE MID-PACIFIC

the bed. There is no denying that I ack can be used much more freely of screening increases the charm of a la on the lanai nai than in the house, since the room is al- tremendously, bringing life on it just t hat most a part of the vivid outdoors where much closer to the freshness of outdo ors. the light is brighter. The informality of But to many people the mosquito can the room also increases the opportunity drive every other thought from mind, so to use color. Gaily painted floors are that the beauties of Nature haven't a allowable and brilliant pillows and brightly chance in competition with the sting ing painted furniture. misery that they inflict. To screen or not The lanai, being the connecting link be- to screen in Hawaii, therefore, becon les tween house and garden, should bring strictly a matter of individual reaction to the mosquitoes. some of the garden into the house. Flowers and potted plants, vines and bor- If it is decided to screen the lanai, the dering- builder is met at once by an interesting shrubs offer possibilities. Vines challenge offered by the wire screening that come into the room and cover the fabric itself. Here at his disposal is a ceiling with a pattern of stems and green new material, gauzy and if rightly viewed, leaves form one of the most charming dec- beautiful and filled with unknown and in- orations imaginable. A vine which does teresting possibilities. That it is usually this very successfully over the lanai of the handled only as something strictly utili- Oahu Country Club is the cat's claw or tarian and with unattractive results sim- Bignonia unguis - cati ; another vine, ply indicates that no one, as yet, has Ficus heterophylla, will serve on a plas- discovered how to use it better. Surely ter ceiling. The former will hang from there will come, in time, some artist who the eaves and make a living curtain or will see how to fulfill its possibilities and awning of green if the hot rays of the in the meantime probably anyone can bet- sun come too brightly from the west ter the usual results by experimenting a in the late afternoon. little. It is quite common to find that a small The idea of borrowing sliding door greenhouse has been incorporated at one panels from the Japanese has been men- end of the lanai. This is a very satisfac- tioned before. There is one other device tory arrangement, as it brings close at from the Orient that suggests itself for hand, where they may be constantly en- the lanai and that is the use of lattice. joyed, many of the most beautiful plants The Chinese are past masters in design- in the world, such as the orchids and ing interesting lattices, with their satisfy- ferns. In a lanai greenhouse they can be ing and decorative, yet simple, geometrical watched over closely and given the care patterns. There are many places where a and attention which they might, not re- lattice can be of great help, perhaps in ceive if placed in a more distant location. forming the foundation on which the The lanai conservatory is usually pro- screening is placed, or in proving a help tected from the breezes and at the same to climbing plants. It can aid privacy or time made more sunny than the rest of screen unsightly or utilitarian parts of the the lanai, so that ideal growing conditions garden. may be created. Glass windows towards With the garden roof itself completed, the windy side and a pane or two of glass comes the question of furnishing. First in the roof provide for this. Frequently, of all, furniture that is practical for the too, a small fountain or pool of water is a outdoors must be chosen. Anything that part of this lanai conservatory, a device will be injured if it gets clamp and dusty is which not only adds to its charm and unsatisfactory and therefore in bad taste, beauty, but increases the humidity of the air, to the great benefit of most of the whatever else its qualifications. Color plants. THE MID-PACIFIC 247

The corner stone of old Mexico, on 'z'hich men were sacrificed in the days of Cortez.

,■,1 • • • N41,•,14,k.,1,1),•)4MrVII 41,1.1.:,%, ,I1,AQAM Unknown Mexico By SENOR MAURICIO FRESCO (In the Shanghai Pan-Pacific Association Bulletin.)

Among the countries of North and In mineral resources, Mexico is not South America, Mexico may truly be said surpassed by any other country, supply- to enjoy a privileged economic position ing 40% of the entire world consumption which is exclusively the gift of nature, of silver. It is these rich deposits of min- for Mexico has been generously endowed. erals which have given rise to the "black The Mexican soil, because of topographi- legend" of Mexico among certain foreign cal and climatological conditions, is suited elements who, in the struggle for ex- to all kinds of cultivation. It produces ploitation of its abundant resources, have an astonishing variety of fruits and other justified themselves with the contention plants, among them textile fibers which that Mexico was incapable of following the same highway of progress as other have penetrated the principal world markets, especially those of North America. countries. Its great extension of coast line and wide The development of Mexico's natural differences in altitude afford a diversity wealth has also been retarded by social of climates ranging from the tropical to and political factors which will not be analyzed at this point, but which have the alpine, with an accompanying variety always made it appear as an industrial of flora and a subsoil rich in minerals. With a few exceptions, it can satisfy dependency of foreigners. But that time has passed! For some every necessity of man. 248 THE MID -PACIFIC

years Mexico has been gathering its Lindbergh on his return from the forces to exert once more among its own Rockefeller expedition last year, have people the energy which, in other epochs caused much comment. of its historic destiny, was able to create Each of the twenty-seven states of cities and civilizations. Mexico is now Mexico has a special attraction for the engaged in removing the debris with foreign tourist, but of special charm is which time and other races have covered the beautiful city of Mexico situated at its native heritage to prevent it from an altitude of 7,300 feet at the foot of reaching the summit of civilization. How the famous smoking volcano of Popo- little is actually known of Mexico . . . catepetl. Because of its geographical lo- and how far from the truth are the popu- cation, Mexico City has the most per- lar reports ! Today, in a very brief period, fectly tempered and agreeable climate it has attained an economic progress which could be desired by man in his which is unparalleled among the younger normal state. Another specialty of the countries. The present situation in Mexi- city is the brilliant sun and beautiful sky co is sufficient security for its continua- which never fail the favored inhabitants tion in the future. of this region for a single day of the year. Among the peoples who have produced Unlike other countries which have at- brilliant civilizations, such as the Greeks, tracted hordes of tourists by propaganda the Romans and the Egyptians, may be and advertising, the lure of this land of recorded the early inhabitants of Mexico, the Aztecs has been concealed in the who also have a history. In 1519, when silence which was maintained during Hernando Cortez, who had been sent by the many years when Mexico was mis- Spain, invaded Mexico, he found the va- represented in foreign countries as being rious tribes, such as the Aztecs, Maya, in a state of savagery. Only in its music Mixtecs, Zapotecs, etc., already well ad- was the soul of Mexico revealed outside vanced in some of the sciences. Astron- its borders. Melody and harmony were omy was a special study of the Aztecs, combined in its songs and in them were who for many years had fixed the expressed its customs and its life. They periods of their festivals by the move- were offered for the world to judge and ments of the planets. The Maya Indians appreciate. Mexican music, which is and especially the "Quiches" were other known in all corners of the earth and is tribes who surprised the invaders with especially popular in neighboring coun- their high degree of civilization, and the tries, has been the object of discussion same may be said of the Mixtecs, Zapo- and commentary and finally of curiosity. tecs and Utoaztecs, who controlled the The melancholy strain of its music was Pacific coast and were the tribes who out of rhythm with the reports of the carried their culture to the Central and country. South American countries. For some years past, hundreds of Today, among the places of interest young students have come from the near Mexico City, are the famous pyra- United States to Mexico City to study mids of San Juan Teotihuacan, and at Spanish in the Summer School of the their feet is a museum which has become National University. In classes specially the workshop of famous American and prepared for them by the Mexican Gov- foreign archaeologists. The ruins of ernment they have an opportunity, amidst Chichen Itza, two hours from the charm- the most agreeable surroundings, to know ing city of Merida in the State of Yuca- and judge the Aztec people and carry tan, are ancient cities which preserve in away a vivid impression of the life and all its beauty the culture of the people customs of Mexico. who constructed them. The latest photo- Today Mexico has outlined a program graphs of this region, brought back by for itself and continues to advance to its THE MID-PACIFIC 249 fulfillment. It is with the greatest pleas- created and distribution organized, but ure that it watches the progress of China the Indian remains an artisan and his along the same path. China, like Mexico, pottery, lacquer, baskets and blankets has had to struggle to equip its new gen- are individual and beautiful in the an- eration with the facilities of modern cient tradition. science. Like Mexico, the future prom- The government has undertaken large irrigation projects, founded agricultural ises success. The revolutionary movement which schools, organized agrarian workers into aroused Mexico in 1910 and still con- syndicates, opened up inaccessible dis- tinues with scarcely lessened tempo as- tricts with highways and railways, and sumed the obligation of cultural and set disbanded troops to work on large- economic incorporation into the nation scale wheat farms. At the same time it of fourteen million Indians who after has revived the pre-Spanish system of 400 years of an imposed regime still agriculture under which every peasant maintained their ancient life and cus- works his own "ejido" or plot of the com- toms and spoke their native dialects. munal village lands. The lands for this The intellectual leaders of the revolu- purpose have been restored to the vil- tion determined to throw off worn-out lages from the large feudal estates into European influences and build a new cul- which they had been swallowed up. ture rooted in the Mexican tradition and Likewise in education the keynote has resting on this phenomenal stability of been the preservation of the integrity of the individual and of the native heritage. its indigenous stock. Needless to say, the revolution on this Innumerable experiments in rural and basis was not a frenzy of industrializa- community education are forming tion and indiscriminate mechanization. unique contribution to the whole field of Emphasis was on native values which educational research. Radio, the theater, were of a different sort. It was discov- and every form of graphic art have been ered that the everyday life of the most utilized. The graphic method is espe- ordinary peasant was rich with music cially adapted to the Mexican tempera- and poetry and that the handmade oh- ment and every care is taken that his jects which furnished his adobe but native good taste in art shall not be cor- expressed the principles of purest art ; rupted. Even commercial advertising, further, that the Indian had a strongly say the Mexicans, should be done by the philosophic nature which linked him in- very best artists so that the public ap- dissolubly with the soil. The government preciation will be kept to the high stan- set itself the task not only of preserving dards developed by the Maya and Aztec. In the same exploratory spirit as the these rare qualities of native life, but of fitting them into a modern educational educational program is the new penal system which may be said to be the most plan and agrarian policy. It was therefore not surprising that advanced in the world. The principle of agricultural missions to rural communi- absolute justice with fixed penalties has ties included ethnologists as well as soil been discarded as out of harmony with experts ; country schools introduced the philosophy of our age, and criminals dietetics together with instruction in local are regarded as victims of social con- arts and crafts ; and generals had artist ditions or of physical and mental dis- attaches on their staffs, commissioned to orders. They are to be detained and study and paint the peculiar plastic effects studied to determine the cause of their maladjustment and released not after a afforded by battles. Modern science has been used to im- period of fixed confinement but when prove the quality and technique of many they have been pronounced fit to take up handcraft industries ; markets have been the responsibilities of society. The treat- 250 THE MID-PACIFIC

ment may involve medical attention, of ancient Maya civilization, and one of psychological analysis and vocational the states of Mexico which enjoys a training, and the highest criminal board noble history. As a medical student, he is composed of a jurist, two ex- spent some time in the principal scientific magistrates, a physician and psychiatrist, centers of Europe before he was recalled and a penal anthropologist and specialist to take his place among the leaders of in the social sciences. the Mexican revolution. He has since The new forms coming out of Mexico's held a number of important positions, social experiments have attracted stu- among them that of Mayor of the City dents from many countries and its artists of Mexico. His brilliant diplomatic and musicians have supplied new impetus career has ably fitted him for the delicate to the painters and composers of New and high position of Minister to the Gov- York and Paris. North Americans have ernment of the Mikado. begun to boast that out of Mexico will In private life, Don Alonzo-Romero is evolve a distinctly American culture. The devoted to studies of philosophy and success of the movement at home could archaeology, and in this connection re- not be better attested than in the fact cently made a journey to various sites of that Mexico, famous as the cradle of in- antiquity in China. He has written sev- terminable upheavals, has remained tran- eral books of great interest and is at quil amidst the wave of revolutions which present preparing another which will has recently upset most of the govern- deal with the Far East. ments of Latin America and the de- Another well-known representative of pression and unrest which has assailed Mexico in the Orient is Don Manuel almost every other country in the world. Tello, who occupies the important post Don M. Alonzo-Romero, who occupies of Consul General of Mexico in Yoko- the position of Minister Plenipotentiary hama, in charge of all consular offices of from the Government of Mexico to Japan, Mexico in the Far East. He has been is one of the outstanding figures of Mexi- especially successful in facilitating the can political circles. expanding trade between Mexico and He is a native of Yucatan, the center Japan. THE MID-PACIFIC 251

1ivviviiwnwn •vuo, I JA IVIIVIiIVIiIVAVIIVIIVIIVilVIIVV11 iii Ill) kjkivA v i‘9 Through Chile's Switzerland By BRECKENRIDGE ARMSTRONG in the South Pacific Mail. .._Abnainunuclunuouni a • • inunnni • I • • nil/ • • • ------■

(Editor's Note : The following article, long tramp over the hills, and along the written by Mr. Breckenridge Armstrong, rugged cliffs of the sea coast near Tal- for many years assistant general passen- cahuano. ger agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, Thence southward the railway traverses one of the largest of the North American attractive agricultural and pastoral lands, lines, where he has had much to do with with occasional pleasing glimpses of the travel and touring to the United States snow-covered mountain ranges to the National Parks and to the many other east. Beautiful wild flowers are a feature places of scenic interest on the Northern of this section. Fresh fruits, especially Pacific coast. His tour of the lakes and cherries and strawberries, were offered mountains of southern Chile and south- for sale at almost every station. Numer- western Argentina has been made with ous rivers were crossed until finally the more than ordinary interest and apprecia- railway turned westward with one of tion. Mr. Breckenridge Armstrong's un- them to the interestingly situated city of stinted praise of the scenic beauties of the Valdivia. Here, the contrast which prob- Lake District will, we have no doubt, ably first strikes the eye of the traveller prove a powerful factor in directing the who has journeyed elsewhere in South flow of tourist traffic from the United America is that of frame buildings and States of America to Southern Chile.) houses. A very interesting excursion. from Val- It is very doubtful — speaking at least divia is down the river to the port of from the viewpoint of the foreign traveler Corral, where one is reminded somewhat —that any other part of South America of the pretty inlets along the coast of affords such genuine vacation interest and British Columbia. An ancient Spanish delight as the lake and mountain regions fortress at Corral proved very interesting, of southern Chile and southwestern Ar- as did the one also (even more pictur- gentina. To reach it I started from San- esque) at Amargos, farther down the tiago on the comfortable and interesting shore toward the open sea. railway trip down the fertile central val- Thankful I was at Valdivia for a con- ley of the republic, which reminded me versation with, and assistance from, the very vividly, at times, of the similarly kindly British vice-consul, which deter- situated San Joaquin valley of California. mined, as my next objective, La Barra, My first objective was Concepcion, that where the Rio Bueno meets the sea. Not prim and progressive city with its pictur- only is this river of idyllic beauty, but the esque background of wooded hills where rugged seacoast, at its mouth, is excep- I had many pleasant walks during the per- tionally fine. A hospitable old Franco- fect spring days there. Chileno has a "casa" here, directly facing Particularly fine are the vistas from the the Pacific, where he receives "paying hill-tower that bears the bronze plaque of guests" and affords them satisfactory ac- Bismarck. And most enjoyable, on one commodation. delightful day of mid-December, was a In the surroundings of La Barra there 252 THE MID—PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 253 is a combination of wildness and tran- ing in the sunshine here on Christmas quillity that is most appealing to the trav- Day, with a shade temperature of about eller. I shall long and happily remember 65 degrees Fahrenheit at midday, was a the days spent there. delightful experience, even though the Returning up the Rio Bueno to the rail solitary traveller, thousands of miles connection at Trumag, I continued south- from home, was missing the associations ward, enjoying the pleasing landscapes on and joys coupled with the day "back either side, until suddenly, as our train home !" rounded a turn, I was startled and de- The following day marked the imme- lighted to see the great snow-covered cone diate beginning of an ever-memorable of the volcano Osorno, glistening bright- lake-region tour through Chile and Ar- ly in the rays of the afternoon sun. gentina. Perfect weather favored me Somehow, I had not anticipated seeing from Puerto Varas to Peulla. Also, the it so soon, even though, in a general way, clear atmosphere and bright sunshine I knew of its location. The landscape meant so much toward the full apprecia- had been much like the central agricul- tion of this marvellous country. tural section of North America ; an apple Lake Llanquihue, bordered as it is near orchard in the foreground, with wheat Puerto Varas, with agricultural lands and fields on one side of the railway and pretty homes, has a gentle beauty that green pasture nourishing a herd of con- forms an appropriate approach to the tented cows on the other. gradually increasing wildness farther on. Suddenly, then, to see this impressive We arrived at the eastern shore, Ense- white cone, seeming so near in the very nada, about 11 a.m. clear atmosphere of that particular after- Having no baggage burden except a noon, was as though I had a dream of lightly packed rucksack, and carrying Fuji San set down in Iowa! some sandwiches from the hotel at Puerto When one reaches Puerto Montt there Varas, I set off immediately for a most is a sort of feeling of being at the jump- enjoyable walk of 151/2 kilometres (the ing-off place of Southern Chile. Here, at improved road has shortened the distance almost 42 degrees south latitude, I mar- to this figure). The beautiful Osorno velled at the contrasts I had experienced Volcano towered above me, Calbuco was since first entering Chile at the far north almost as near, on the opposite side, while Bolivian border. A most extraordinary straight ahead was the spectacular, point- geographical situation has this great re- ed peak of Puntiagudo, like a little Mat- public ! The harbor of Puerto Montt— terhorn. The latter part of the walk be- or, more correctly, the Gulf of Reloncavi tween Ensenada and Petrohue is along —is very picturesquely surrounded. The the roaring Rio Petrohue, which is a distant, snow-covered Tronador, which I succession of rapids and beautiful cas- was later to know more intimately, stood cades. forth very clearly, as did also, of course, Shortly after 3 p.m., the newly con- the nearer volcanoes, Osorno and Cal- structed launch, "Esmeralda," took us the buco. full length of Lake Todos Los Santos, Christmas Day found me at Puerto from Petrohue to Peulla. This long, nar- Varas, on the sunny shores of tranquil row body of emerald water is of super- Lake Llanquihue. Here, Chileans of Ger- lative beauty, to which is added the im- man ancestry are numerous. In front pressive wildness of its mountainous of a public garden a mixed-language sign shores. In some places the cliffs appear to advertised the specialty for the clay: be almost perpendicular, yet never are "Hoy, Cafe and Kuchen." Needless to they too steep, seemingly, to hold a thick, say, there was also good beer, from the attractive growth of trees and shrubbery, breweries of Osorno and Valdivia! Bask- whose shades of green contrast so pleas- 254 THE MID-PACIFIC

ingly with that of the water. Through "corduroy" road, serviceable only for this growth are seen numerous waterfalls travellers on horseback or afoot. All of plunging down the mountain side. And, the way from Casa Pangue to Frias leads as if one thing more were needed, there through a fine forest. has been added to Nature's bounty of I was at Laguna Frias in time to take beauty here a charming, forest-clad island a rowboat to its end and walk the re- almost in the centre of the Lake. Also, maining three and a half kilometres to there is the grandeur of El Tronador, as Puerto Blest, but as there is a passable seen from the eastern arm of the Lake, posthouse (an excellent new hotel is un- together with the fascinating views of der construction), where I reached the Osorno, Calbuco, and Puntiagudo. All shore of Frias I remained there, hoping together, this combination places Todos for favorable conditions next day for a Los Santos in the front rank of scenic tramp to El Tronador. However, the beauty. weather was again disappointing. I went Three clays at Peulla passed pleasantly on to Puerto Blest, and, two days later, and quickly, with scrambles up some of when the weather did clear, I returned to the rugged, forest-lined canyons and the near-by Laguna Frias for the splendid horseback trips to Cascada Nueva and views of El Tronador, already mentioned. Lagunita Encanto, before I started from The walk from the shores of Laguna Peulla afoot one morning for the walk of Frias to Puerto Blest (about 40 minutes) 28 kilometres to Casa Pangue, a climb of is through a delightful forest of stately seven to the summit, and a descent of coihue trees, many of them from 4 to 6 three, on the Argentina side. feet in diameter. The undergrowth, too, Taking my lunch with me from the is exceedingly pretty through here, includ- inn at Peulla, I had the freedom of the ing a wealth of wild flowers. entire clay and therefore strolled leisurely. The hotel at Puerto Blest (not fancy In spite of several showers I enjoyed it but comfortable enough) is in a striking greatly. The clouds were generally high place, as wild as it is picturesque. It is a enough to leave visible the crests of the very favorable centre for several inter- cliffs that characterise this canyon as far esting and scenic excursions. Brazo Blest, as Casa Pangue. The chief disappoint- although a long arm of the remarkably ment, resulting from this first bad break fine Argentine lake, Nahuel Huapi, is in weather was my failure to get what I almost like a separate lake, so peculiar is was told is a splendid view of El Toreador the contour of its shore line. It would from Casa Pangue on a clear day. I could take undue space, for a sketchy article of see only the lower end of one of its gla- this kind, to describe with any detail the ciers, and a small part of the snowfields. beauties of the places on the shores, or The spectacular upper heights were hid- adjacent to, Lake Nahuel Huapi. It is an den completely. However, three or four excellent provision by the Argentine gov- days later, I was compensated by superb ernment that much of this region has been views of this great mountain from La- placed under the protection of a National guna Frias. Park. The Paso Perez Rosales, by which the From Bariloche my journey took me traveller through here crosses the inter- northwestward (about 60 miles by auto- national boundary, is a comparatively low mobile) to Lake Traful. (about 3,000 feet altitude), wide saddle For those who want genuine vacation up to which, from Casa Pangue, there is benefits and enjoyment, I found no more a road of easy grade, that will soon be delightful place than this somewhat re- passable for an automobile. Argentina mote — although easily reached—Traful. has not yet done so well on her side, The environment is nearly ideal, either where there still remains the old, steep for a long or short stay, and either for THE MID-PACIFIC 255 those actively inclined or who may care ged scenic section that is most attractive only for complete relaxation and rest. and enjoyable for an outing of this char- The trip itself, approximately four acter. hours, is about the most interesting that The first day, after following the Rio can be taken from Bariloche by automo- Caleufu, we arrived at the pretty Lake bile. The road, as yet, is not in best con- Melinquina, where we spent the night ; dition, but the active proprietor, Mr. Guy this left us an easy stage on the following Dawson, of the inn at Traful, is gradually day to San Martin, a little village barely improving the worst places. It leads most 25 years old, attractively situated at the picturesquely along the Rio Limay and the east end of Lake Lacar. From here there Rio Traful, both of them being beautiful is an automobile road to a rail-head, Za- streams. pala, where my two companions went en The inn where the tourist, or vacation- route for Buenos Aires. ist, makes his headquarters for the Traful From San Martin de Los Andes my re- region, is on, in fact, a part of the estan- turn to Chile was by boat to the west end cia, "La Primavera," thus giving it an of Lake Lacar, thence 15 kilometres added interest for me. It is in a pictur- afoot, over the Argentina-Chile boundary esque valley, surrounded by very bold, line, to Lake Pirehueico. These two lakes rugged ranges and peaks, most of which are connected by the Rio Huahun, and are characterised, at their crests and on their difference in elevation is barely 100 their slopes, by gigantic rock formations feet (Lacar is approximately 2,034 feet that have been eroded into the most fan- above sea level and Pirehueico is a little tastic and varied shapes imaginable. over 1,900). These, together with the near-by lake Tra- This international route is therefore ful, and the excellent fishing stream of the devoid of any mountain pass. On Lake same name, are delightful memories. Pirehueico there is weekly boat service. I mention this Traful section somewhat From its west shore I had 35 kilometres at length because it will be, I feel sure, so afoot (a saddle-horse could likely have particularly appealing to the British and been procured but I preferred to walk) to American residents of Chile and Argen- Lake Rinihue, across which there is a tina. Unfortunately, it is not, as yet, so boat service connecting with the narrow- well known to the people of Santiago, gauge lumber railway from the west end Valparaiso, and other Chilean cities, as it of the lake to the station, Los Lagos, on is to the ardent anglers and vacationists of the main line of the Chilean State Buenos Aires. Also the creature comforts Railway. of the inn (more like a well-appointed This return route is not so well known, home than a hotel) are exceedingly good nor so easy, as my outward journey via for a remote place of this kind. Llanquihue, Todos Los Santos, and Na- It was with reluctance that I left Tra- huel Huapi, but it was very enjoyable ful, notwithstanding the anticipation of and much preferable to retracing my penetrating still farther into an even less southern route. The geographical simi- frequented part of Neuquen territory, in larity of these two lake districts, separ- southwestern Argentina. The second week ated though they are by considerable dis- in January, on one of the cool, crisp, ex- tance, is quite noteworthy. hilarating mornings, which are so common Returning from this scenic feast, so to there, two congenial companions, met en speak, it is perhaps quite natural that route, and I started from Dawson's place already I have been urged to make com- on a two days' trial trip to San Martin de parisons with other countries. I am al- los Andes, having secured horses and a ways reluctant to do this. It is not fair, guide from the estancia. The distance is nor does it serve any good purpose, to approximately 65 miles, through a rug- compare places of great scenic beauty 256 THE MID-PACIFIC one with another in different countries. hills of peculiar appeal, I have bathed in Each has its individual appeal and the salt waters of the Dead Sea (really a charm. There may be resemblances but lake) ; up on the Andean plateau, at the there is no measuring-stick for accurate border of Peru and Bolivia, I have felt or just comparisons. the mystery of the unique Lake Titicaca, For the genuine nature-lover, man- in its stern and severe setting; now, in made boundary lines mean nothing. In southern Chile and southern Argentina, U. S. A., I know and love Lakes George I have traversed the full lengths of Lakes and Placid, on one side of the continent, Llaniquihue, Todos Los Santos, Frias, and Lake Tahoe on the other, as well as Nahuel Huapi, Lacar, Pirehueico, and Lake Atlin up in Alaska ; likewise, those Rinihue, as well as having seen Traful gems of the Canadian Rockies ; in Eu- and half a dozen more. rope, I have spent happy hours around I have exclaimed at almost every the mountain-enclosed lakes of Switzer- change of vista, "Que hermosa! Que pre- land and northern Italy ; in bonnie Scot- ciosa!" Almost all of them are in superb land, Lochs Lomond and Katrine have settings of grandeur and beauty com- delighted me with their tranquil beauty ; bined. The greatest similarity perhaps, in Nippon-land, the chain of charming is to some parts of the equally far south lakes near the base of Fuji San, as well as New Zealand. This Chile-Argentina dis- the more remote Lake Towada, in their trict possesses a glorious combination of distinctive environments, have fascinated lovely lakes, snow-covered mountains, me ; in lovely New Zealand, especially the mighty volcanoes, cascading waters, rapid South Island, I have tramped through the and beautiful rivers, delightful forest, and mountain lake districts, and have revelled a wealth of wild flowers, all of which, to- in their glories ; in Palestine, 1,300 feet gether, warrant its rank as one of the below sea-level, surrounded by austere splendid scenic regions of the world.

In the Andes Mountains. THE MID-PACIFIC 257

1IV41V 1,7117.711C1n7711771171nC7uUTIGTIC78710:711C71 • Sukiyaki Made at Home By INEZ WHEELER WESTGATE • (In the Honolulu Star-Bulletin.) • banal

Cooks of every nationality have favor- origin and grew from the needs of ite, distinctive, one-dish meals that are women who worked away from their deservedly popular. They are inclusive kitchens during the day but still had to dishes that contain all the food elements contrive to feed their families well with necessary for a complete, well balanced the least amount of time and labor spent ration. All of them start with meat, on the cooking. then add various complementary veg- They are all good eating and have etables and some starch such as maca- gradually been incorporated into the roni, rice or cornmeal. Well seasoned, menus of other countries. Hawaii has and with flavors brought out by judi- need of such meals occasionally but in cious cooking, there is little but a drink this warmer climate, where most of us to be added to complete a well rounded do little hard, muscular work, most of these dishes are too hearty for our daily meal. The Mexicans, with their liking for consumption. corn, have as their national one-dish More suitable for us are the one-dish meal, the tamale pie. Cooked in their meals that come to us from the Orient. dog-kennel-like outdoor ovens, in heavy While our historians conjecture on when earthenware casseroles, it is a meal, once and how our first Oriental neighbors eaten, long to be remembered. came here—saying maybe it was hun- In spite of Mussolini's recent edict dreds of years ago when their boats against spaghetti, Italian goulash, with were driven here by ocean storms—we a base of macaroni, made rich with know that their cookery has only crept into our island menus during the last blended flavors of tomato, garli c, savory meat and succulent vegetables, 50 years. The sad commentary on a universal will go on being deservedly popular. An Irish stew, properly made and human failing—to classify that which is cooked, can be the same satisfying, strange and different as undesirable—is body-building marvel in any country, never better exemplified than in the that it has been for ages in that land amazing slowness with which some of of peat bogs and marrow-chilling fogs, these good dietetic combinations have where it helped to build first-class poets reached our tables, even after our Oriental immigrants have brought them and unsurpassed fighting men: The Cel- tic housewife developed it for her needs to our shores. by stowing the covered cooking pot in Among those 150 immigrants who the hot ashes when she left the house for first arrived here from Japan in 1868 work in the fields so the whole family there were several who became "house- boys." No doubt they cooked and ate could have something warm and nourishing when they returned chilled and that culinary masterpiece, sukiyaki, but exhausted from their hard labors at the it was another generation before it was served on haole tables. end of the day. All of these dishes are of peasant Because of the inability of the older 258 THE MID-PACIFIC

Scenes in the Pan-Pacific or Ishii tea gardens, where sukiyaki is served on a dainty balcony overlooking rushing waterfalls. THE MID-PACIFIC 259

Japanese to make themselves understood, either remembered or invented this story and because of the attitude of the young- of the origin of sukiyaki for me. er generation, who almost always deny Once upon a time—as all good legends any knowledge of how to make the should begin—a well-to-do man of old Oriental dishes, it is a difficult task to Nippon fell upon hard times and was secure workable recipes for our own reduced to hiring himself out as a field making of this dish. The hekka that laborer. Cold and hungry and exhausted has been the delicious center of Nip- at the end of the day he came to the ponese beach picnics, or family feasts kitchen of the master's house for some- ever since our first Japanese neighbors thing to eat. Contemptuous, the kitchen arrived here, has had to wait to be com- help asked if he thought they were there mercialized in high - priced sukiyaki to cook for such as he, and shoved him eating houses before it became popular out some uncooked meat and vegetables on haole tables. and some cold "miso"—bean curd. It is not a hard dish to make, but it Cooking had not been included in his is most awfully hard to learn from the education but he was cold and he was Japanese how to make it—or to learn hungry and necessity is the mother of why, when eaten at a formal social af- invention. He made himself a fire and fair, in exotic surroundings and ac- he improvised a frying pan from a flat companied by insistent, memory-awak- lid. He cut up the meat and vegetables ening strains of nerve haunting music, and put them in the center of the lid, it is called sukiyaki, when on an in- and as a rim, to keep from losing the formal picnic, it is called hekka. Most juices of the meat and vegetables, he of us found to our chagrin that this de- molded the bean curd around the edge. lectable sukiyaki that we thought was Over the fire it sizzled and sputtered a discovery was the same hekka our but he was too hungry to wait overlong househelpers made and ate several times for it to more than heat through, when a week in their own quarters. there beside the fire, with a couple of Recently I tried to find out more about sticks, he began on his meal. this hekka, or sukiyaki. While I am not The master, a jolly, democratic fellow, real sure about those names yet, I learn- hungry from an outdoor tramp, came ed some things, and among the rest that along and smelled the cooking and asked the Japanese cooks of Honolulu are not how was it. With his mouth full and above "spoofin' a haole" if they think with every symptom of satisfaction the one is too insistently prying into their eating man replied "Suitsmeeaxctly." culinary secrets. The master passed on into his house My most persistent query was, why and called for his evening meal telling was the same food—as far as my taste them to bring him some of the same could tell—sometimes called sukiyaki food the laborer was eating. Consterna- and sometimes hekka? It appears that tion ensued but they all finally saved hekka is a strictly island term for this their heads by bringing the fellow into dish, but from which tongue it comes— the kitchen to fix another portion of food Polynesian, Chinese or Japanese—there for the master just as he had for him- were divided opinions. Served formally self and thus "suitsmeexactly"—suki- to the accompaniment of fine china, yaki—was born. bright lights and music, it was sukiyaki. Now whether the story is true or not, At a home meal, or a beach party, or the basic principles of making a good the center of any informal gathering, it sukiyaki are well exemplified in it. was hekka. You have a heavy iron pan over a One Japanese, who strove to please, charcoal brazier. In this is heated some 260 THE MID-PACIFIC

fat ; into this goes cut-up meat and vege- This recipe serves four : tables and seasoning. Each individual 2 cups of lean, tender beef or chicken cut in has a bowl and chopsticks. You dip the thin strips. 1 cup mild onions sliced thin. steaming sukiyaki from the cooking pan The mild, white onions, known in our Hono- into your own bowl and eat it to the lulu markets as the Niihau onion are an excel- accompaniment of a side dish of rice. lent choice for this dish. 1 cup watercress minced fine. There must be some one to replenish 1 cup bambo sprouts sliced thin. the sukiyaki and keep stirring it for the 1 cup bean sprouts washed and cleaned. next serving, and preferably this should 2 tablespoons cooking oil. be a pretty girl in a kimono. 4 tablespoons soya sauce. 4 tablespoons pineapple juice. While the charcoal brazier is still the 2 tablespoons of sugar—powdered sugar best utensil for cooking sukiyaki at a preferred. picnic, the electric grill, or a chafing 1 egg. dish, is a good choice for the home Heat the oil in the cooking pan. The meal. Japanese use peanut oil or seed oil but The sukiyaki houses use saki for the any of our salad oils, or butter will do. extra liquid needed, but pineapple juice Stir in the diced meat until well seared; is more to most of our tastes. In the add the sugar and caramelize very lightly, before you add the soya. Let this boil up, serving bowl, each person has a raw egg then add the cut-up vegetables, and when beaten up. With the chop sticks you take they are heated through and well stirred the scalding hot sukiyaki from the cook- in with the meat and the soya, put in the ing pan and dip it into this egg; this pineapple juice. Altogether, the whole cools it as well as covers it with an egg cooking should not be longer than 15 or dressing, and then you eat it to the ac- 20 minutes. It should be served almost companiment of fresh cooked rice that at once after the pineapple juice is added. is served as a side dish. The egg can be used as a sauce, as the Other than a drink of tea, fruit juice Japanese use it, or it can be beaten and or ginger ale, and another side dish of poured over the smoking hot sukiyaki just assorted fruits such as mangoes, ba- at the last before serving, when the heat nanas, guavas and apples, this completes of the mixture will cook it enough. Serve the sukiyaki dinner. with fresh cooked rice.

Samisen music for the feast.

THE MID-PACIFIC 261

R7TIVIIVITC7rg71 IVIR.ThrOTIVIR.73)1A7M71177rP7fiR7IT7IT(711C-3n17071 The Passion Fruit By ALBERT, H. BENSON, M.R.A.C.., In Queensland Agricultural Journal tn„,amc,„c„ nInitnimannucainnauca

No recent publication dealing with the it to produce healthy, vigorous plants that culture of this fruit having been issued will yield payable returns. Slovenly work by this Department, it is considered desir- is never a success in any branch of fruit able to bring on a new pamphlet dealing culture ; and nothing is "good enough" not only with the well-known passion except the best ; in fact, as far as the fruit fruit, Passiflora edulis, but with the less- itself is concerned, the only fruit in which known fruits, varieties of the same nat- there is any profit is "the best." Purple Passion Fruit : ural order "Passifloreae," that can be Passiflora edulis: grown here, such as the Granadilla, P. This variety is the one that is most com- quadrangularis; the "Bell Apple," P. lau- monly grown, not only in Queensland, but rifolia; the Mexican Passion Fruit, P. throughout Australia. There are at least two types — the large-fruited or "giant" ligularis; and the Banana Passion Fruit, Tacsonia mollissima. Other varieties of passion fruit, sometimes called "Mexi- can," which attains a size of over 2 inches the same natural order are grown for the in diameter, and the common type, which sake of their flowers and foliage, and the average about 13/4 inches in diameter. The papaw, Carica papaya, is a very near former, though a larger and more showy relative. fruit, is somewhat disappointing, as it is All passion fruit are climbers, and the frequently a shy bearer and the fruit does varieties above referred to are either semi- not contain as large a percentage of pulp tropical or tropical, and require a well- as the common type, which is the best all- drained, friable, rich, sandy, loam soil to around commercial fruit. The best fruit be grown to the best advantage ; but the has a very dark-purple skin, which is common passion fruit can be grown on filled with an orange-colored pulp in comparatively poor soils that are natur- which the seeds are imbedded. The pulp ally well drained, provided they are sys- is slightly sub-acid and possesses a very tematically manured, well cultivated, and distinctively agreeable flavor, so that when are not subject to severe frosts. Stagnant used as an ingredient of a fruit salad it water at the roots is fatal and very soils imparts its characteristic flavor to it, and should not be selected. the salad is greatly improved thereby. As with all other fruits, the land should The plant is easily propagated from be thoroughly prepared prior to planting, seed, all that is necessary being to select so as to reduce it to a state of perfect perfect fruit, fully mature, from a per- tilth, and provide the right soil conditions fectly healthy plant that is free from leaf, in which to start the young plants. This root, vine, or fruit affection of any kind. is a matter of very great importance, and The pulp, when removed from the fruit, one that does not receive the attention it should be placed in a tub or suitable ves- should, as not only passion fruit but all sel, and be covered with water, the mass other fruits are frequently planted in land being then allowed to ferment long that is very far from being in good order, enough to free the seeds from the pulp, and which should have received much when they should be strained off, well more care and attention in order to enable 262 THE MID-PACIFIC

washed, and dried. If early spring ripened which causes secondary laterals on which fruit is selected and the seed is planted fruit is borne to be thrown out atl along as soon as ready, good strong plants will the main lateral. These secondary laterals, be available for summer planting, but if if left alone, throw out further laterals plants are wanted for early spring plant- and these again in turn make more lateral ing the seed must be sown the previous growth, with the result that a very dense autumn. The seed should be sown in a and tangled growth of vines is produced specially prepared seed bed in soil of a from which it is hard to separate the light, free nature, containing a quantity primary and secondary laterals and which, of leaf mould or humus—a good potting owing to its dense habit of growth, is soil—and the young plants should be frequently prone to be attacked by disease. sheltered from the sun and judiciously Systematic pruning is therefore desirable watered should the soil become dry. When —first to keep the plants healthy, secondly the seedlings are about 1 foot high or to produce strong new lateral growth on larger they should be planted out in the which good fruit will be grown, and permanent position, taking care to keep thirdly to bring in the crop at different them moist so that they will not dry out. periods of the year, so as to get a better Prior to planting, the land is marked distribution of the crop instead of a glut off in rows not less than 10 feet apart. A at one time and a scarcity at another. trellis consisting of good fencing posts, When an autumn or winter crop is desired placed 15 feet apart in the row, is erected the main summer crop must be sacrificed. along the row, the posts being set with This is done by pruning the vines right their width across, not in the direction of back to the secondary laterals when they the row. The posts should be about 8 are showing their blossoms for the sum- inches wide by 3 inches thick by 6 feet 6 mer crop, and this will have the effect of inches long, and be set 18 inches in the throwing out a new growth which will ground and 5 feet out of the ground. The blossom at a later period. A word of end posts must be much heavier and be warning is, however, necessary ; don't well strutted as they have to act as strain- prune hard back in dry weather—you will ers, and prevent the wires that are at- probably kill the plants if you do so— tached to the top of the posts from but wait till the ground has had a good sagging when they have to carry a heavy soaking, when the plants will throw out growth of vines. Two No. 8 galvanized a fresh growth very quickly and will not wires are firmly fixed to the top of the he permanently injured. A good dressing posts, one on each side, so that when in of quick-acting manure at this time will position they form two parallel lines, 8 be found beneficial and materially in- inches apart, on which the vines are crease the following crop. trained. The young plants are planted Mr. Brunnich, in his last edition of midway between the posts, right under the "Complete Fertilizers for Farm and wires, and are tied to a light stick or Orchards," recommends the ,following other temporary support till they reach manure for passion fruit : the height of the wires, when they are "Use per acre, in accordance with the topped and two main lateral stems are richness of the soil, a mixture of-1 to 2 allowed to develop, all other lateral cwt., nitrate of soda ; 4 to 8 cwt., blood growths on the main stem from the and bone manure ; 1 to 2 cwt., superphos- ground to the wire being removed. The phate ; 1 to 2 cwt., sulphate of potash. A two main laterals are then trained on to top dressing of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda the wires, and when they meet those of in spring will be found beneficial." the adjacent plants their growth is stopped This is a complete manure rich in or- by pinching back the terminal growth, ganic and inorganic nitrogen, citrate and THE MID-PACIFIC 263 water soluble phosphoric acid as well as When fruit fly is troublesome, trapping potash, and should not only act quickly with Harvey's (B) fruit fly lure as soon but be fairly lasting in its effect. as the first sign of the fly's presence is The passion fruit is liable to be at- seen and systematically attending to the tacked by several different pests of which traps will result in the destruction of the leaf disease is by far the most serious. large numbers of female flies, and thus This disease has only made its presence reduce the loss they would cause were felt during recent years, and so far no they permitted to lay their eggs in the im- remedial measures have been found very mature fruit whilst the skin is still soft efficacious. The disease is of an obscure and before it becomes so hard that the fly nature and attacks every part of the plant cannot pierce it. As showing the attrac- above ground—the flowers, leaves, and tiveness of the (B) lure the writer has laterals. The latter are killed by a small recently caught no less than 1,200 Queens- portion of the stem becoming affected to land Fruit Flies (C. tryoni) in one glass such an extent that it dies and all the rest trap in five weeks, of which nearly 80 per of the lateral that is beyond the part at- cent were females, many being full of tacked shrivels and dies, frequently when matured eggs ready to be deposited ; so it is covered with fully grown but imma- that systematic trapping with an effectual ture fruit which shrivels up. The affec- lure will undoubtedly tend to reduce the tion has received the careful attention of loss caused by this very destructive insect. the Vegetable Pathologist, and the result Passiflora quadrangularis—Granadilla. of his investigation has proved it to be a The granadilla is a tropical fruit that is new fungus controllable by Bordeaux better suited to the northern than to the Mixture. Red spiders and spinning mites southern part of this state, though excel- frequently injure the leaves and young lent examples of the larger type of grana- laterals. These pests can be kept in check dilla—"Macrocarpa"—can be produced in by spraying with sulphide washes or dust- the coastal districts both to the south and ing with finely-ground sulphur. north of Brisbane, provided the situation Scale insects of various kinds also at- is a warm one, free from frost and well tack the wood, leaves, and fruit. These protected. The macrocarpa, as its name may be kept in check by systematic spray- signifies, is a very large type of grana- ing, but this can only be effectual when dilla, the fruit frequently weighing sev- the vines are systematically pruned, as eral pounds. The seed cavity is small for when grown in a dense mass the spraying the size of the fruit, and is surrounded by material used has little chance to come in a thick layer of whitish flesh which has contact with the majority of the insects. no distinctive flavor, but which, when fla- Nematodes injure the roots, and here vored with lemon or other suitable flavor- the use of materials that can be worked ing, is used for pies. It is not as a rule under the soil such as cyano-gas are well a heavy bearer, and must be grown on a worth taking. Fruit fly also attacks the horizontal (not lateral) trellis. fruit, as does also a sucking hug. The lat- The Northern Granadilla —quadrangu- ter sometimes causes heavy loss, as the laris—is a smaller fruit of a somewhat punctured fruit either drops off or if it irregular, oblong shape, about 4 to 4V2 remains on the vine becomes hard and inches in diameter. The pulp cavity is woody. large and is filled with large seeds sur- This bug is very fond of the red prickly rounded with a pale yellow pulp of ex- cucumber, commonly known as the "Cape ceptionally high flavor when the fruit is or African Cucumber," and if this is used fully ripe, which is known by the outer as a trap, a large number of the bugs can fleshy covering becoming soft, and the be caught and destroyed. skin, instead of being a pale green, turns 264 THE MID -PACIFIC a dull yellowish-green color. This variety cultivation for the latter purpose is not when fully ripe is one of the highest recommended. Without hand fertilizing flavored tropical fruits, and eaten either it carries but few fruits. alone or used in combination with the Passioflora Ligularis, Mexican Passion papaw, pineapple, banana, and the juice Fruit. May be eliminated from the list. of a lemon or lime to form a fruit salad, The pulp is flavorless beyond a trace of it is very hard to beat. Unfortunately it sugar. does not carry well and consequently can Tacsonia Mollissima, the Banana- only be obtained in perfect condition Shaped Passion Fruit. Although this where grown. The granadilla requires a fruit has been seen in fruit shops of the deep, well-drained, rich loamy soil to be southern states for some years, it is only grown to perfection, and it does best when recently that it has been met with in our trained on an overhead trellis. Similar local markets. Some time ago a quantity of fruit was offered for sale locally, and manuring to that recommended in the met with a good demand at a very satis- case of the common passion fruit will be factory price. It is not, however, advis- found beneficial. able at the present time to plant this vari- Passiflora Laurifolia, "Bell Apple." ety extensively, despite the attractive ap- The Bell Apple is not grown to any ex- pearance of the fruit, as a taste for it will tent in this state though its fruit is quite have to be acquired and a demand created equal to that of the previously mentioned before there will be a market for any varieties. It is a handsome and vigorous large quantity of the fruit. Its culture is climber, and is more valuable for cover- similar to that of other passion fruits and ing unsightly edifices or for ornamental it is hardier than the more tropical varie- purposes than for fruit production, and its ties.

Fertile agricultural lands of Australia. THE MID-PACIFIC 265

i --- iyi Skiing in the Antarctic By REAR ADMIRAL E. R. G. R. EVANS, C.B., D.S.O. Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Navy 1 Before the Millions Club, Sydney, Australia. ,...incathannuatinunucalintinnatatinttnucarcluninilIrclffunnountinthathathanancv.– • • • inunalial

The story that would probably interest We were so anxious not to delay Captain you most would be about the longest ski Scott in any way that we abandoned the journey I ever undertook, which was in sledges and pushed on, marching very Captain Scott's last expedition, when I much more than the prescribed marching was forced to carry out a ski journey of time of nine hours a day. We covered 1,500 miles. Poor Captain Scott was one the great distance, and then halted to of the greater gods of polar exploration, await the arrival of Captain Scott. After and although I always think the scientific nearly six days' waiting—and I am sure and geographical results of his first ex- we are the only people who have ever pedition were greater than those of his spent six whole days on the great Ice last, I think that his example was one Barrier—Captain Scott arrived. He re- of the most wonderful things in the his- organized us, and we travelled ahead, tory of the Southern Hemisphere. I was acting as pioneers, drawing a light the last person ever to see Captain Scott sledge. Our plan was to break camp alive, and perhaps, therefore, the best three hours, ahead of the others, select fitted to tell the story. a camping site, and do the navigating The main object of his last expedition and surveying. The first supporting was to get to the South Pole, and secure party was turned homeward when it be- for the British nation the honor of that came necessary, owing to the consump- achievement. On this journey we had to tion of pony fodder, to kill the first contemplate a march of 900 miles outward pony. Thirty-four dogs and four men and back. A system of supporting parties awaited the death of that pony, and be- was organized, and my own party of four fore the poor animal was cold the dogs was sent out with three motor sledges had eaten most of his carcass, and the to pioneer the way. In those clays we pioneers had had their share. knew very little about motor sledges or At the foot of the Beardmore glacier, air-cooled engines, and in consequence we where we expected to kill all our ponies who went ahead often got our fingers and take the dogs up some little way, frost bitten tinkering with the engine. we encountered an awful blizzard, which 266 THE MID-PACIFIC

lasted over five clays, and that blizzard three and a half days, but when we got was the first set-back to Captain Scott on top we were able to march on ski. and his plans for reaching the Pole on We continued in the face of the coldest the 17th of December. That caused wind I have ever experienced. On that great delay, because the snow first plateau we experienced a constant turned to sleet and finally to rain, and tingling wind that turned our breath the whole surface was covered to nearly into coats of ice on our beards. We con- two feet with slush. Day after day we tinued this very uncomfortable march looked out of our tents hoping the bliz- until we reached latitude 87. There we zard would abate, and when it did abate established the final big depot, and then I shall never forget the condition of our Scott's team and my own advanced poor transport animals. They had eaten southward over another 35 miles, and on all their food, and stood with their heads January 3, when we camped, my leader down, knees bent, eyes sunken and tails came to my tent and asked me to send dank and dripping. However, when the my companions away. He looked very sun broke through we harnessed up the serious, and said : "Evans, I am now ponies and gave them a dreadful march quite sure I can get to the South Pole, of fourteen hours without stopping, but I am not sure that I can ever get during which we only advanced about back ;" and he asked me whether I four miles, and then we had to kill all thought I could make the return journey the ponies. We very properly christened of something between 750 and 800 miles this place "Desolation Camp." short-handed. He said if I could give Scott then reorganized the loads so him assistance, so that he could have that three teams of four men commenced five and I three men, he could increase an ascent of Beardmore glacier. The his speed, reach the South Pole, and dog teams came with us a couple of days come back at an even greater speed, and to help with our loads, and then went get home alive. I, of course, consented, back. If you follow the three teams of being quite sure that with any two men four advancing up the Beardmore in that party I could win through. glacier you can get a picture of how we If ever men's footsteps were clogged were feeling, sinking thigh deep in the by disaster and had luck, Captain Scott's snow, and so tired at the end of the day were ; and if ever fortune or Providence that we could hardly keep awake over followed men, or good luck dogged their our soup. We fell, more dead than alive, footsteps, it did my party, Next day into our sleeping bags each night, and my two men and myself harnessed up awoke at five in the morning. At last and marched with Captain Scott for two the weather got finer, and the ice harder, or three miles ; then we halted, shook and we managed to drag our sledges hands all round, and said goodbye. As quite easily, averging seventeen to the party stepped off we gave them three twenty miles a day. Scott sent hack the huge cheers, little thinking that those four men he thought less able to stand three cheers were the last praise or ap- the strain of the journey, and with him preciation that these men would ever in charge of one team of four, I in know from the outside world. Scott charge of another, and Dr. Atkinson in continued southward, and we turned charge of the third supporting party, our heads and marched towards the we saw in front of us a huge fall of ice, north, constantly looking over our which we called the Shackleton Ice Falls. shoulders till we saw the last of Captain It would have taken us months to climb Scott—a tiny black speck on the great up those falls, so we marched round white horizon—and then, for the first and up a more gradual ascent ; it took time since we left our base, we felt THE MID-PACIFIC 267 lonely. There was nothing in sight, and first with a stiffening of the knee joints, no noise unless we spoke, except the oc- and then my limbs became swollen and casional groaning of the sledge running green, and the effect was just as though over the ice to remind us that we were you had pumped poison into my veins. living creatures; it was the most weird When still nearly 100 miles from our experience. base, I collapsed in my harness and fell Three days after saying goodbye to fainting. When I came to, I told the Captain Scott we had a blizzard, and men they must leave me in my sleeping since it blew from the south I realized bag, with whatever food they could that the proper procedure would be to spare, but the men said, "No, sir, it is camp, but we dare not camp because we your navigation that has got us through knew that the mileage distance of nine this far, and now if one goes out we hours was not sufficient. So we sped will all go out together." To make a northward and ran down distances so well long story short, the men put me in my that we remained on full provisions, and sleeping bag, strapped me on my sledge, had a certain amount of distance in hand, and then dragged me for four days, but in the blizzard it was very difficult to helped by a southerly wind. At the end see, and we found ourselves at the end of that time we came to the place where of the three days' blizzard at the very we had abandoned the motor sledges, summit of the Shackleton Ice Falls. I and that night we had a new fall which then put it to my two companions and made the going so had that the men said if we took our lives in our hands could no longer move the sledges. They and went over the Falls in a toboggan, then re-erected the tent, put me in my and came through alive, we should save sleeping bag inside the tent, and went about three to three and a half days outside to decide which of them would marching, and these men said : "Well, go the next thirty-five miles to the near- sir, it is for you to decide." So we est relief camp. It was decided that started and bumped, dumped and cap- Lashley stay with me, and he knew that sized down over the Falls. When we if Crean didn't get in safely and tell what reached the more level surface of the had happened he would forfeit all Beardmore glacier we were bruised like chances of getting through alive, be- three pears, but next day were all right. cause he had already pulled 1,500 miles. Coming down the glacier we had two Crean set out, and after marching very bad days owing to a heavy fog, and through the snow for more than eighteen although we couldn't see the narrow hours, reached Hut Point, and there, way we had taken on the way up the with that extraordinary good fortune glacier, we had to go on. We were that favored us, found the only two men thoroughly exhausted when the fog lift- who could possibly have ensured our ed and, descending the lower part of the safety. He found the one Doctor within glacier, came back to the Great Ice Bar- 500 miles, and the dog driver, with both rier, found the camp where the ponies the dog teams fit and rested. Crean col- were killed, and whilst the cook was lapsed on the floor of the hut, and when getting the primus stove going, the other he came to he indicated our where- two of us dug out the hindquarters of a abouts ; the dogs galloped up, and our pony and slashed large pieces off it and lives were saved. I told the King this, ate it raw. and he gave both these men the Albert On the last stage over the Great Ice Medal for helping me win through. Barrier we had fair winds and made Now I will tell you how disaster splendid distances, but I was found to dogged Captain Scott. Poor Captain be suffering from scurvy. It came on Scott faced a strong wind, which de- 268 THE MID-PACIFIC

layed him severely, and after fighting another man showed unmistakable signs southward against this strong head wind of failing, due to his nursing Evans, and and driving snow, which compelled him on his 32nd birthday, realizing that he frequently to camp, when the blizzard couldn't keep up with the party, and abated he had only done a very poor that hope of their salvation depended on march. He sighted something to the speed, he wandered out of his tent in a southward—a black flag on the white blizzard and was lost forever. snow—and he realized that the Nor- When the blizzard abated the party wegian expedition had got in before searched for him, but never found his him, and the main object of our expedi- body, and Captain Scott wrote in his tion was not going to be fulfilled. How- diary that it was the act of a brave man ever, they spent two days fixing the and an English gentleman. Scott and position of the Pole, and, to the credit of his two companions struggled northward the Norsemen, the fixing by our expedi- for another three days, but could only do tion only differed from that of Amund- a distance of two or three miles daily, sen by half a mile. Never from one of and were again compelled by a blizzard these men came an uncharitable word. that lasted for nine clays to camp. In Captain Scott wrote in his diary : this blizzard their food ran out, and for "Amundsen has done his work, and done five days, without food of any sort, the it well." It was a terrible disappoint- men nobly awaited death. They were ment to Scott, and they turned north- only eleven miles from a camp that we ward on 19th January and started on made the season before, so you see, if their march home of over 900 miles with ever two parties serving in the same en- a closing season and disappointment. terprise, and guided by the same objec- They came back at a fine pace over the tive—which was to do some little thing ice-capped plateau, and instead of going for the honor of their country—were over the Shackleton Ice Falls marched dogged by misfortune and good luck, it round, but although they took the safer was my great leader and myself. I think route, so badly did misfortune dog them the greatest tribute any man could have that Evans, one of the men, hit his head paid to him by one whose footsteps he against the snow and got concussion. was trying to follow was that which my He gradually became worse, and died at leader wrote when he described me as the foot of the Beardmore—Desolation an irresponsible person, who faces suc- Camp. The bereaved little band excess with a cheer and misfortune with pected when they came down from the a smile. high plateau that they would get fair MR. WEAVER : "I do feel that you winds and high temperatures at the would not like to leave this gathering lower altitude, instead of which they without recording your very hearty ap- got head winds and temperatures pretty preciation of our Chairman. We all ap- constantly at 40 and 45 degrees below preciate the privilege he has given us to- zero, and, in their exhausted state, it day of listening to one of the most hu- was more than any human being could man documents that has ever been re- endure. They struggled on, and then corded." THE MID-PACIFIC 269

W71,1C7r The Maoris of New Zealand By T. M. H. • (In the Shanghai Pan-Pa, cific Association Bulletin.)

AnliMiVinffiniUrEMMUMEMIL.

The native people of New Zealand known as the Maoris were living there when the first settlers arrived. They belong to Polynesian stock and came in more than one wave to New Zealand somewhere between five hundred and thirteen hundred years ago. Their traditions tell definitely of at least one of these migra- since proved a cumbersome implement in tions which arrived in open canoes about the legitimate transfer of native lands. the fourteenth century. Students of his- In this connection a progressive and tory and anthropology say that they must original piece of legislation has been re- have come from somewhere near the pres- cently prepared by one of the Maori lead- ent Hawaiian group. They were a ers, Sir Apirana Ngata 1,1.B. Minister for swarthy and warlike people, brown in Native Affairs in the Cabinet of the Par- color and of unusually fine physique. liament of New Zealand. His two "inven- Some centuries later, when the white man tions" are being adopted as the new arrived, the Maori received him with state policy for dealing with this long- complete friendliness. standing and tangled native-land problem. It was not until disputes arose over At last through the genius of the Maori land ownership years later, that serious race itself, is coming what promises to be fighting occurred and much blood was the solution of its greatest economic and shed on both sides. A measure of agree- social problem. ment was achieved by the signing of the The Maori is capable of a high degree famous Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. By of intellectual and social development. this Maori "Magna Charta," the whole Ample evidence of this is found in the of the land of both islands was secured schools and university colleges as well as to the natives, and could only be bought in the professional and political life of by the Government as representative of the land. He is a born orator, and to Queen Victoria. This document undoubt- some extent this is his undoing. He is edly saved much unjust exploitation of never so content as when unfolding with the Maori, though it has many a time all his poetic eloquence, the intricacies of 270 THE MID-PACIFIC a claim to ownership of ancestral lands. tacle of a native race living with a white A whole tribe will travel many miles and race of overwhelmingly superior numbers, spend many weeks to attend a session of and yet able to preserve in no small de- the Native Land Court and in preparing gree its own individuality and strength." the various evidences to be submitted. This living together is really very literal Up to the end of the nineteenth cen- and very friendly. There is no distinc- tury, it was feared that the Maori race tion in social status between an educated would disappear before the advancing Maori and his white fellow-professional. westernization of the land. The Young Boys from both races attend the same Maori party, in conjunction with the high schools and play on the same foot- Government, has made a close study of ball teams. In some cases European the situation, and has been the means of men high up in their profession, or in the reducing the causes of decline. The re- affairs of state, have married Maoris, and turn for the past five census periods now no social discrimination results. In New show a steady recovery in Maori popula- Zealand the color line has probably been tion from 43,000 in 1900 to 64,800 in as nearly erased as in any other country 1928. This is claimed by the Government where similar relationships are being statistician to he "an almost unique spec- worked out.

.4 Maori war canoe on Lake Rotorua. THE MID-PACIFIC 271

Students of Mass Education night schools at their daily work of weaving hats.

psomsemakTivmstim eee 1 9 MyIMIX_• ITTIGTPICNTUNGOVIIVILIVITNIZ71 • • WIV)1 ,• • The Ting Hsien Mass Education Experiment By Y. C. .JAMES YEN General Director of the Chinese NationalNatonal Association of the Mass Education Movement, Ting Hsien, Hopai, China.

1ittectadriatiNMItrigta VI • rretrearArti• • • trIN • • r inarnitt,

(In the previous article written for the Meanwhile, other phases of our work Hawaii Chinese News, Mr. Yen em- which go hand in hand with, and follow phasized the literacy campaign con- up, literacy education, have been pro- ducted by the Movement. In this gressing steadily. "Economic education" article he deals with the "economic is gradually being extended over a wider education" phase.) and wider area, and we have been mak- You may be interested to learn that ing our first tentative experiments in the the total enrollment of students in the extension of "health education." Elementary People's Schools of Ting During the fall the extension workers Hsien is 14,210, thus exceeding our in our Department of Agriculture roused quota for this first year by more than interest wherever they went in the Agri- 4000. We are very much encouraged, cultural Fair that was to be held at the but are by no means resting on our end of the harvest season. The purpose laurels, for next year we must reach no of this Fair, or exhibit, was fourfold : less than 30,000 young men and women. (1) to encourage the farmers to take 272 THE MID-PACIFIC

pride in their own agricultural products, average Ting Hsien product when they in other words, to cultivate a proper re- were placed side by side. Another ef- spect for their own profession; (2) to fective exhibit was a scale with two awaken interest in scientific farming; white Leghorn eggs in one pan over- (3) to make the people realize the pos- balancing three little local eggs in the sibilities of economic improvement other. Similar demonstrations were through agriculture ; (4) to make con- made of the other projects of our Agri- necting links between the farmers and cultural Station. our Station. An agricultural fair is not in itself Outwardly, our agricultural fair was astonishing, even in China, but the ex- very similar to the "county fair" fa- tent to which farmers all over the Hsien miliar to our friends of the West, the took part in it is. Even after a pre- essential difference being that each of liminary process of elimination in the the many features included which had no villages, 474 farms were represented. direct relation to agriculture was mo- Crops, that is, grains, cotton, sweet tivated by a very definite social or educa- potatoes and peanuts, were brought in tional purpose. While the mornings were by 227 farmers ; vegetables, including devoted to agricultural demonstrations, fruits, cabbages, turnips, etc., by 237; lectures, etc., the afternoons were given and 6 farmers brought livestock, and 4 entirely to theatricals. Some of the plays showed their improved farming imple- were historical in nature and familiar to ments. the masses, but modified to meet present The fair was visited by the students day requirements, to inculcate group of 40 public schools of various grades, loyalty and patriotism, and others were and over 100 People's schools, and by new plays written by members of our about 25,000 individuals besides. First, Movement. second, and third prizes were awarded The plays were acted by the graduates to the villages and to the individuals and students of our own People's schools with the best exhibits. Some were do- who make most adept actors, and whose mated by the Magistrate, some by the language is perfectly understood by the head of the Department of Reconstruc- people. In addition to plays, young men tion, some by our Movement. Two vases who were skilled in Chinese boxing of and a wash basin were thus won by a the old regime performed for the admir- 70-year old farmer who raised an enor- ing farmers. These entertainments were mous cabbage weighing thirty catties intended to introduce a tone of play and (about 22 pounds). merriment, as the life of the average The most coveted prize of all, a pure- Chinese farmer is "bitter," and amuse- bred Poland-China pig four months old, ments are few and far between. was awarded by the Movement to the Just as the most effective way of in- farmer who showed the biggest year-old troducing an ethical or moral idea pig. The winning exhibit was a hybrid among our farmers is through the raised by one of our "demonstration far- drama, so the only convincing method mers," who received his award on the of persuading them to take up any new platform in the presence of about five enterprise along agricultural lines is hundred of his fellow farmers. The prize practical demonstration. The exhibit of got a little excited and broke away, the a year-old Poland-China hybrid pig next whole crowd in chase, and the speaker, to the local yearling was more effective who happened to be myself, perforce than many words. Even the layman must recognize the stronger attraction could recognize the superiority of the across the field, and wait for the return cotton grown from selected seed over the of an audience to finish his speech. THE MID- PACIFIC 273

The fair marked the end of farm work It is the policy of the Department to for the winter, and the beginning of the concentrate in the beginning on a few of so-called "idle months"—which are the the simplest and most practical projects golden opportunity of the Movement. which have already been tested out, not The Department of Agriculture takes only on our own farm, but also on dem- advantage of this opportunity through onstration farms during the past few the "Traveling Institute for Demonstra- years. The projects selected fall into tion Farmers." We have had demon- five main groups : seed selection, horti- stration farmers before, and they have culture, animal husbandry, insect injuries received little if any training. and plant diseases. The students first The Traveling Institute aims to bring specified tWr particular interest, and schooling into an even closer relation- were divided accordingly, receiving a ship with the farmers' life (an illiterate two-weeks' course of intensive training in cannot be a demonstration farmer), and the field of their choice. In addition to to give them scientific training which the technical training given, community will enable them to improve their own play and group games were introduced livelihood instead of having to rely upon after each period, and were participated the Agricultural Station of the Move- in with great enthusiasm by the village ment. At the same time through this elders as well as the young students. training, they will be even more effective The total enrollment in the Institute as "extension agents," for they will be during the six weeks was more than 600. able not only to demonstrate new proj- Approximately 500 stuck to their training ects, but to explain them in an intelligent until the end, and 451 received certificates manner. qualifying them to be Demonstration The Department of Agriculture has Farmers of the Mass Education Move- this winter conducted the Institute in ment, but less than a hundred of these three centrally located market villages, will be selected to act as demonstration spending about two weeks in each. It farmers for the various specific projects. was at first intended to train only can- The others will be "extension farmers." didates for the Demonstration Farmer We do not want too many demonstra- Certificate, that is, young farmers who tion farmers at this initial stage, for after are literate, or becoming so in People's all, it is not so much their number that Schools, and who are responsible mem- counts, as the quality of their work, and bers of the farm family ; but the demand most important of all is the technique of for training was so great that other training demonstration farmers and using classes had to be organized as well. them as extension agents for the Move- There were three groups, one con- ment. It ought to be added here that sisted of the family heads, older men these 451 students, after finishing the whose cooperation in agricultural pro- brief course in the Institute, are organized gram is essential, another, of the young into Alumni Associations, which will men who will qualify as demonstration serve, as can be readily seen, as nuclei of farmers, and the third, boys from 10 to agricultural improvement in the villages, 14. These youngsters can be trained in and are destined to play a very important some of the projects, such as raising role in the economic reconstruction of the chickens, but the main object of their hsien. training is the organization of boys' The function of the Traveling Clinics clubs, which will some day be very useful is threefold: (1) to cure sickness ; (2) units not only for agricultural work, but to give practical instruction regarding for literacy work and general civic im- the importance of preventive measures, provements as well. and (3) to create an atmosphere for 274 THE MID-PACIFIC

health education. As it is the first time body, old and young ; and the evening, that such an institution has been con- exclusively for heads of families and ducted by us, it is tackled in an experi- village elders. Through these different mental way. periods of training and lectures, a sort One of the reasons for selecting a of community health consciousness is village for this work is that it must have created. The institute has been tried out a People's School. Also it must be a con- in two villages with very encouraging venient center for at least five or six results. other villages. The Institute lasts for The young students in the health one week, and each day is divided into classes were given examinations, and 72 three main periods. The morning is de- male students and 25 female students voted to "health classes," one for men qualified and were given certificates in students, the other for women students. the presence of the entire village com- Literate members of the village community at a graduation exercise cele- munity are qualified for enrollment. The brated in a characteristic Chinese fash- afternoon is devoted to the village clinic, ion, and followed by a "social" for and vaccinations and physical examina- everybody. tions are given at this time. The evening The significance of the experiment is partly spent in health talks dealing does not lie so much in the number of with communicable diseases and their students who receive certificates, or even prevention, and partly to "health in the attendance at the lectures, as in forums," taking up with the village lead- the practical lessons that the health de- ers and other literate members of the partment has learned in evolving a community problems concerning the technique to put across to the village health of the community. people health ideas and practices which Play is encouraged, and group games are entirely alien to them. are introduced and participated in by the students after each period. "Socials," To work out an ideal health program consisting of Chinese theatricals, pea- is one thing, and to be able to put it into nuts, and candy, are also held during the practice in a backward and poor country week, and help to maintain the morals district is quite another. Similar experi- and esprit de corps of the student body. ments will be conducted from time to The Institute practically touches all time, and through them a practical the important members of the com- technique will emerge of translating munity. The morning session of inten- modern health ideas and ideals into the sive training is for the young men and everyday life of the masses of China's young women ; the afternoon, for every- rural population.

THE MID-PACIFIC 275

TR7nT.:711U1R311V.71,117 1C70:71W7IT:FITG7 • Niaufoou, Tin Can Island By B. W. de MONTALK (In the United Empire) junnntinunt innauntii_

The island of Nivafoou, where a total cases almost perpendicularly to the level eclipse of the sun was observed in Octo- of the lake shore. The water of Lake ber, 1930, by parties from New Zealand Vai Lahi, the only water on the island, and the United States of America, is one is alkaline and unpotable. of the Tongan group and is about 450 There are three tiny islands outcrop- miles east of Fiji. It is a very curious ping in Lake Vai Lahi. It is surprising island, being merely a ring of land to learn that no less than 1,200 natives about one and one-quarter miles wide, reside on this tiny waterless land, and surrounding a lake two and three-quar- yet have plenty to eat and drink. Drink- ter miles in diameter. Three-quarters ing water in very limited supply was for- of the western and half of the southern merly rain water caught in small con- side of the land rim is one continuous crete tanks without proper catchment, lava field, the result of two eruptions— and the tanks were almost always dry that on the south in 1856 destroying the except in the wet season. To improve village of Ahau, and that on the west this condition, the Tongan government in April, 1929, when the village of Futu (during the time the eclipse expeditions was overwhelmed. These eruptions de- were at Nivafoou) were supplying mate- stroyed one-fifth of the land. Excepting rials and supervision for the erecting of the lava fields, which run gradually into galvanized iron catchment roofs and the sea, the balance of the land rises out two reinforced concrete tanks, each of of the ocean in cliffs 60 to 70 feet high, 3,000 gallons in each of the eight vil- forming a gently sloping plateau about lages. The population did the work, three-quarters of a mile wide, then children of six years and adult natives rising suddenly to a ridge approximately of both sexes transporting sand and sea 400 feet high ; surmounting this ridge water for making the concrete (some are eight volcanic cones with elevations many miles), the small children carrying of from 500 to 700 feet above the sea. sand in coconut shells. Several tanks From the ridge the land drops in many were completed before the expeditions 276 THE MID-PACIFIC

left the island, and the workmanship age, measures three inches in length was equal to that of the best European and is one and five-eighths inches across. workers. The solution of the riddle of It lays up to eight eggs for a sitting. plenty to drink without a water supply It does not make a nest, but burrows is simple : there are millions of coconuts a hole as deep as six feet in the side on the island, each containing about a of a cliff large enough for it to crawl pint of splendid and cool drink. into, lays an egg at the bottom of the The native population of 1,200 to hole, covers this egg with eight inches 1,300 is of remarkably fine physique, of earth and retires. The following light copper in color with fine black eyes clay the bird returns, scratches out of and black hair—they are healthy—erect the hole the eight inches of earth and in carriage and elegant—they are a tall the egg which it laid the clay before, people, plump, but not over fat, are gen- then lays another egg at the bottom tle, kind and hospitable, as much at of the hole, scratches back the egg it laid home in the sea as on land—they are the day before to second place in the good workers. hole, covers the two eggs with eight The flora of Nivafoou is profuse. inches of earth as before and retires ; Coconut, which is paramount, bears the third clay the bird takes out the prolifically and the island is said to pro- earth covering the two eggs and lays a duce the largest nuts in the Pacific ; then fresh egg in the hole. It proceeds thus, come mango, breadfruit, banana and every clay, taking out all the eggs and orange, and several non-fruiting trees. laying the new egg at the bottom of the Of ground crops there are the yam, taro, hole until seven or eight eggs have kumara, arrowroot, tapioca, melon, pine- been laid, when it covers in the lot with apple and others. There is a ground about 18 inches of earth. The eggs re- flora of fern of several varieties, of flow- main in this natural incubator, not only ering shrubs, notably the scarlet hibis- until hatched, but until the chicks are cus, convolvuli and other climbers, and fully feathered, when they scratch their a coarse, short couch grass. The sole way out of the 18 inches of soil packed article of commerce and export is copra, in front of them, fly out of the hole and the flesh of the coconut—the yearly immediately go out to earn their own output of which is about 900 tons. living without thought of or by the The native fauna consists of a small mother ! pale brown rat, the flying fox, many Landing on Nivafoou is a difficult species of lizards, four to eight inches matter, and is often impossible. A trad- long, and a beautifully colored land ing-cum-passenger steamer, at present crab about the size of a dinner plate ; the SS. "Tofua," of the Union Steamship this is the destructive coconut crab, Co., of New Zealand, passes the island which climbs trees 60 and 70 feet high once a month. It is rarely that a pas- and eats the young nuts. In the way of senger is landed or taken aboard, and insect life are ants, wasps, dragonflies, then it is a trader or missioner. The copra bugs, butterflies and mosquitoes steamer just goes dead slow in the of f- and a praying mantis as long as 12 ing ; a surf boat, manned skillfully by inches. natives, puts out from the rocks to the Bird life is represented by duck, swal- ship, if passenger or goods are to be low, paraquet and a large grey owl— put aboard or taken ashore. But if and by a pigeon called by the natives neither of these is happening, it is only the "Malau" bird. The size of an ordi- the in and out mail to be disposed of, nary large pigeon, it lays an enormous and this is the way it is clone natives egg ; one in my possession, being aver- swim out to the ship with the mail in a THE MID-PACIFIC 277 sealed kerosene tin, or wrapped in oiled their chances of getting away is favor- paper ; the mail is tied to a long pole able only because they are such splendid held usually in the left hand of the swimmers. The said wireless station swimmer, who endeavors to keep the tin was opened for business the day the or paper above the waves ; the return New Zealand expedition arrived at Niva- mail is taken from the ship to shore by foou, and this expedition dispatched the the same method and mailman, and first press message from Nivafoou to the hence Nivafoou is called Tin Can Island, outer world. and the mail Tin Can Mail. The junior Owing to its small dimensions and member of the New Zealand expedition, smaller commercial importance, Niva- Mr. P. L. Overton, who is a splendid foou is only marked on Admiralty swimmer (and fellow), swam the New charts, and not on the common map. Zealand mail out from Nivafoou to the It has been hitherto almost unknown, "Tofua," and it got there dry. though its discovery dates from 1616 by The Tongan group is an independent the Dutch. state ruled by the native Queen Salotti, As a member of the New Zealand and is a protectorate of Great Britain eclipse expedition, I would like here to under the immediate jurisdiction of the make acknowledgment of the help we High Commissioner of the Western Pa- received. The Governor-General of cific Islands, resident at Suva, Fiji. The New Zealand, Lord Bledisloe, took a chief of Nivafoou is Fotofili, a hand- kindly and practical interest, as did also some man, tall and built in proportion— the officers of H.M.S. Laburnum, also a man of great dignity, charm and easy all local bodies such as harbor boards grace, and he rules the island with wis- and custom officials between New Zea- dom. He is loved and obeyed by his land and Nivafoou. Subscriptions were people. There are only five whites resi- sent from Great Britain and the people dent on Nivafoou—two managers of of New Zealand subscribed sponta- trading concerns, one Roman Catholic neously and liberally. The Queen of priest and two sisters. Tonga, through Chief Fotofili, assisted, There are three religious missions, in and the Americans through the splendid, order of adherents, the Wesleyan, efficient and courteous commander of Roman Catholic and the Tongan Free the United States scientists at Niva- Church. Judging from the general be- foou— Commander Chestor H. J. Kepp- havior and cleanliness of the people, the ler of the United States Navy. His col- result of these missions appears to be leagues, eight of them, also some 20 of only good. The officials, all natives. United States naval ratings, vied with are magistrate, three police, wireless op- their commander in helping us. Finally, erator, dispenser and schoolmaster, only in order to assist us to come home, Com- one of whom—the wireless operator in mander Keppler put the United States charge of the Tongan government sta- minesweeper Tanager at our service and tion—can speak English. The wireless took us to Suva. On board this warship was established to enable the inhabitants the commander and officers in vain tried to call shipping to their aid in case of to outdo the kindness of their com- further volcanic eruption—even then mander at Nivafoou.

278 THE MID-PACIFIC

• • 99 pg(IStf, 9 •I.14.1/ &PAM •• IP tkIIPAIP• m,1 -.112. .11.111,Miv"vnvilvilli- • • • TUITUITIC71117111CRI, .1 .1 • China's Jade Industry (In the Japan Times-Mail.)

• TANI • ,1rre'1 • •trtatictr i itri •Nirreadr&EihannufTh'iliiiiltinirtinrailaucau.

The jade industry is one of the most tificial mountains," and is of considerably interesting in China. It is truly Chinese. less value than green jade. Burma pro- The trade is carried on under highly com- duces the rock or ore for green jade, and petitive conditions, with a small margin Turkestan that for white jade. The of profit. Its activities, complex as they greater portion of the white jade is cut are, are conducted on an international and carved in Peiping and Shanghai, and scale, and the labor employed is well or- only a comparatively small amount is ganized into unions, or guilds. It is the worked up in Canton. only one of many such industries in China The natural colors of jades are white, that remains comparatively unknown, ex- sky-blue, green-yellow, and black. White cept in bare outline, to the outside world. is most common ; and the finest and most The terms "jade" and "jadestone" are valuable of white jades is the jasper. indiscriminately used to describe true jade Blue jades, whether of husk blue or dark (nephrite, or "ax stone") and jadeite, and light blue, are called white jades. minerals which are often very difficult to The blue color of some jades was acquired distinguish from each other. "Prehnite," during interment. Among green jades, a silicate of lime and alumina, also is the "west green" is the rarest because of sometimes classified as jade. The jade- its bright color and transparency. Yellow stone produced in south Turkestan is true jades, otherwise termed "autumn sun- jade (nephrite) ; that produced in Burma, flower," acquire their color underground. jadeite. The Chinese know nephrite gen- Black jades are very scarce. erally as "yu" or un-Shih"; deep green The discoloration of old jades varies in serpentine nephrite and jadeite as "pi- degree, but their antiquity is determined yu" ; jadeite of an emerald green and of only by appearance and workmanship. many shades other than dark green, as There is a distinction between old jades "fei-ts'ui." Prehnite is known as "yu- unearthed in southern and western China. hsi" or "p'u-t'ao-shih." Those from high and dry western China Jade is valued according to its color, have not the opacity of old jades from sonorousness and freedom from cracks south China. The chemical change from and other flaws. A rich shade of green earth interment results in colors that may is the color most esteemed, but the pure be red, yellow, drab, green, or black. At milk-white or cream-colored also is very times date-red, orange-yellow, sauce-red, highly valued. The Chinese consider that dark - green, light - green and "mercu- jade should have a soft, "greasy" appear- rous" black are found. Some jades, such ance when polished ; jade which does not as those unearthed at An Chi, Chikiang, where the climate is hot and damp, have possess this oily feel when rubbed with turned to a chalky white. By rubbing the hand they describe as "dry" and re- for a considerable time they can be regard it as inferior. stored to their original color. Green jade (jadeite) is commonly used White jade (nephrite) is found in the as jewelry, while white jade (nephrite) is micaceous and hornblendic schists of the used solely to make large decorative ar- Kuen Lun Mountains, whence it is car- ticles, such as vases, objets d'art, and "ar- ried down in lumps and pebbles of vary- THE MID-PACIFIC 279 ing size by the Karakash, Yurungkash, surface thus exposed polished so as to and Keriya rivers. The people of Kho- exhibit the color and quality of the jade ; tan, Keriya, and neighboring villages re- when the block is large, two or three cover the stone in considerable quantities places may be thus treated, but as a rule from the river beds ; formerly it was only one part of each block is cut in this mined at an almost inaccessible spot in the manner. If the cut portion exhibits a gorge of the Karakash south of Khotan, deep green color, a high price will be but the mine has not been worked for obtained for the whole block ; if a dull many years and its very existence is now gray, the price realized will be corre- forgotten locally. spondingly small. Large pieces, however, There is no longer the free market for which show a dull gray on the outer sur- the product of the river beds that there face may be of a beautiful shade of used to be. Most of it is purchased at green in the center, while the interior prices fixed by the Chinese officials, and portion of pieces that are deep green on lumps of first-quality translucent green the cut surface may be almost worthless. stone seldom or never came into the open It is a matter of considerable difficulty, market. The white and dull green jades therefore, to estimate the value of jade cost little in the uncarved state ; the value stones. The average value in Canton for lies in the carving, which is done by ar- large pieces of uncut jade varies from tists at Peiping. At Khotan the stone is about $0.13 to $.59 per pound. Small merely worked into simple articles, such pieces of fairly good color and of various as beads, bangles and cups. sizes and shapes, having no trace of the Normally, Canton imports about 4,000,- rough outer portion of the stone, are 000 Mexican dollars' worth (G. $1,000,- valued at about $2.50 to $3 per pound. 000 at present exchange) of jade rock an- Such pieces usually are imported into nually from Burma, although, according China in small lots, packed in strong to the customs reports, the importation wooden boxes. for the last few years has been declining. Once a year the market in Canton is This importing business is handled by open for the selling of the rock imported. seven houses, which buy direct. The tax The time is usually around the latter part at the quarries, transportation costs and of the first month of the old-style calen- other charges amount to approximately dar year. The amount of rock to be dis- 90 per cent. If a house pays $50,000 for posed of determines how long the sale will its rock at the quarries, therefore, the last. Purchasers may be manufacturers, cost delivered in Canton will approach shopkeepers, and even workmen them- $100,000. The time for quarrying is selves. Anyone who has the capital and about May—the dry season of the year. confidence in his ability to determine the The quarries on the top of the hill near value of jade may buy rock and send it to Tawnaw produce enormous quantities, contractors to be cut. A careful system but the quality is not good. The old river of inspection and weighing prevails, and mines produce the best quality. The jade if a contractor or workman steals any rock is imported into China in large part of the rock he is blacklisted. pieces of various sizes, weighing from a The whole year's supply is sold at this few ounces to about 1,500 pounds apiece. one season. The main reason is that the The outer portion of the uncut stone is houses want to sell their entire stock rough, coarse, and of a brown color, and before the purchasers have a chance to affords no indication whatever of the cut up the rocks, for if some should quality of the interior of the block. In strike bad bargains it would discourage order to give the purchaser some idea of further buying. Besides, it is the "psy- what he is buying, a small portion of the chological" season for buying and selling ; outer part is usually cut away and the everybody is starting business anew. 280 THE MID-PACIFIC

The rocks for sale are exhibited in the than those in Shanghai, owing largely to importing house one clay ahead of the sale. the more thorough organization of the Each piece is numbered. Prospective unions or guilds. In Shanghai many purchasers inspect these rocks and note women and children are employed. the pieces they want to buy. In making articles, there are in general The system of secret bidding is used four processes : "Ta-kung," or cutting at the sale. The seller, or "sin sang," as raw materials ; "ta-yen," or drilling he is called, stands in the middle of the holes ; "Shang-hua," or carving figures ; hall, wearing a coat with extra long and and "ta-mo," or polishing the finished wide sleeves. When the number of the product. Considerable manual labor is piece of rock for sale is announced, the required—often the equivalent of 100 buyers rush up to the "sin sang" and talk working days, to produce a 4 or 5-inch prices with their fingers. The "sin sang" figure—but attempts to introduce mechan- has a remarkable memory ; not only can ical devices have not been satisfactory. he talk price with both hands at the The workers, moreover, refuse to use same time, but he is able to remember modern tools. They retain their primi- every number and the price of every piece tive implements, such as saws and drills, of rock on sale. When he thinks that he without any cutting edges and dress them has secured a good price he shouts out with sand and water. the name of the bidder who is entitled to The jade industry owes considerable of that particular piece of rock, without its prosperity to the tourist trade. Guides, waiting for further bids. Every buyer, who are well organized, generally take therefore, seeks to present his bid first. tourists to the retail jade stores and Canton is the principal jade carving assist in the selection of articles. The center and Peiping is second. White jade average store employs about seven per- is produced in Peiping, Shanghai and sons and does an annual business of ap- Soochow, and usually confined to the proximately $10,000. In Peiping regular manufacturers of bracelets for men, belt Chinese fairs are held at various temples, buckles, and objects such as incense on days fixed according to the lunar cal- burners, vases and artificial flowers. endar. Jade dealers set up booths at Canton sets the style for many articles, these fairs, which are well patronized by and it is exceedingly difficult for work- both Chinese and foreigners. The jade men in other parts of the country to copy articles in widest demand among their it, for lack of standardized machinery or customers are Buddhas, birds, flowers, tools. Likewise, Shanghai styles are not and beads. It is said that the Peiping easily copied in Canton. On the whole, trade amounts to as much as 3,000,000 the workmen in Canton are more skilled Mexican dollars. BULLETIN of the PAN•PACIFIC UNION and PAN•PACIFIC YOUTH

CONTENTS New Series No. 139, September, 1931 Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Director Ford Is Busy in Japan 3 U. S. Debaters to Tour Orient 3 On International Houses 3 By Stephen P. Duggan America's Students 5 By E. R. Murrow Suva Women's Club 7 Women of Siam 8 The Honolulu Academy of Arts 9 Pacific Sports Demonstrated at Clubhouse 10 The Chief Scout's Visit to Australia 11 Fijian Farmers 13 Government Business 14 A Child Health Program 15

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Herbert Hoover President of the United States S. M. Bruce _Former Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister._. New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers. Japan His Majesty, Prachatipok King of Siam P. Ortis Rubio...._ President of Mexico Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT Dwight F. Davis__ Governor-General of the Philippines OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu

HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1931 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Ford is Busy in Japan (Editorial in The Honolulu Star-Bulletin July 13, 1931.)

Alexander Hume Ford, whose specialty tions wherever these can be organized. He is promoting and organizing clubs, and is urging the British and American so- who is director of the Pan-Pacific Union cieties to get better acquainted. He wants in Honolulu as well as the Pan-Pacific the American club, the American Mer- Research Institution, is a busy man in chants' Association and the similar British Japan these days. Back and forth be- associations to come into closer coopera- tween Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka and Kyoto tion. goes Mr. Ford, talking about clubs and Mr. Ford is also urging that more addressing clubs. Japanese be sent to American institutions He is organizing a Japanese English- for training, because "such training will speaking Club in Tokyo, and he reports inevitably bring the Japanese people and that the work of forming the Tokyo Pan- the American people into friendlier relationship." Pacific Club is progressing well. The Pan- To herald his message, Mr. Ford has Pacific clubhouse in Tokyo is planned to been addressing Pan-Pacific clubs at face Hibiya park. Just when it will be Kyoto, Osaka, Nara and Kobe. Prince actually built is not known, but Mr. Ford Iyesato Tokugawa, speaking at a Pan- is optimistic and he seems to have some Pacific luncheon in Tokyo, expressed keen solid support, financially and otherwise, interest in the movement to bring more in the Japanese capital. closely together the English-speaking Meantime he is promoting the financing members of the Tokyo community, both of a plan for securing an entire floor in foreigners and Japanese. another building, which also faces Hibiya The English-speaking club movement is park, where he expects to house his many being given impetus by the Pan-Pacific English-speaking clubs until the Tokyo Relations Club, of which Prince Toku- Pan-Pacific club building is completed. gawa is the honorary president, and Dr. In fact, Mr. Ford is going in for the Kenzo Takayanagi, of the Imperial Uni- promotion of English-speaking associa- versity, is president.

>0< U. S. Debaters to Tour Orient (In Honolulu Advertiser.)

Join a college debating team and see has the cooperation of Carnegie Endow- the world ! ment for International Peace, the Pan- Three debaters from University of American Union, the National Student Oregon will match their skill during Federation of America and the United the next eight months with students of States Bureau of Education. eight countries of the Pacific basin. The debaters — David Wilson, of They will travel 35,000 miles, and have 52 engagements for the trip. Portland ; Robert T. Miller, of Pendle- The tour will be the first of its kind ton, and Roger A. Piaff, of Eugene, to rim the Pacific basin, although the were appointed good-will ambassadors university in 1927 and 1928 sent a de- for Oregon by Governor Julius L. Meier. bate team around the world. From Portland the trio will go to Civic bodies will back the tour, which New Zealand. They will debate at New 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Zealand union and will fulfill several Lingnan University, University of speaking engagements. Amoy, Fukien Christian College, Shang- From there they will go to Sydney. hai College, St. John's University, Soo- After a series of debates and speeches, chow Academy and Yenching Tsing they will go to Colombo, Ceylon. Hua, Waseda, Meiji and Doshisha Uni- While in Asia intercollegiate debates versities. will be held with the University of Alla- The students plan to return to the habad, India ; University of Hong Kong, United States about January 1, 1932.

=>0< On International Houses (By Stephen P. Duggan, of the Institute of International Education.)

One of the most stimulating studies a the proportion is one-half. The propor- student of education can engage in is the tion is also big at Berlin. The large rise of the medieval university (Univer- number of non-English students at Lon- sitas magistrorum et scholarium.) To don are chiefly from the Dominions, In- the medieval university came students dia and the United States — English- from all countries to sit under celebrated speaking. In the United States foreign masters. This was possible because all students are more widely scattered, but the instruction was in Latin. For pur- there are large groups in certain cities, poses of administration, the students more than 1500 in New York ; more than were organized into Nations, and each 1000 in Chicago, and a like number in Nation elected a representative to the San Francisco. University Council. As there were but four faculties, each of which also elected The French are reverting at Paris to a Dean to sit on the University Council, the medieval custom of life. Already it is obvious that originally the admin- eleven national houses have been erected istration of a university was largely in at the beautiful Cite Universitaire and the hands of the students—as they are there will eventually be twenty. With today in the universities of the Latin- the splendid gift of Mr. Rockefeller, a American countries. central house for all students is being It is also evident that the division into erected, with dining rooms, reception Nations caused the students of each rooms, library, auditorium, etc. This is country to segregate by themselves and to be the focus of student life and the a good deal of the history of a medieval building is to be surrounded with the va- university consists of the story of the rious opportunities for athletics, such as difficulties a Nation had with the local au- tennis courts and running fields. More- thorities. This sometimes resulted in a over, it is the intention to have a certain Nation packing up and going elsewhere to proportion of French students in each found a new university. Thus Oxford national house, e.g., one-quarter in the was founded by seceders from Paris, American house. However, even when Leipzig by seceders from Prague. all the national houses contemplated are The present movement of students to built, they will not meet the needs of foreign universities has begun to assume more than half of the foreign students. proportions somewhat similar to those Those unable or unwilling to live in of medieval times. Of the 28,000 stu- them will continue to seek shelter in the dents attending the University of Paris, Latin Quarter, which has already begun one-quarter are foreigners ; at Geneva to disintegrate. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

Other countries are of necessity meet- League of Nations, but with the United ing the influx of the foreign student in a States and Russia represented. different way. No other university cen- In all probability the majority of the ter has so large a number of foreign foreign students who come to the United students from different countries as has States will in the future as in the past Paris. Hence the practice of putting the attend the large universities in the great foreign students in hostels for native cities. To most of them the Interna- students wherever hostels exist as e.g., tional House will be a great boon, offer- at Munich and Prague. In the United ing much in the way of material comfort for a moderate sum. In addition, States a middle course is being followed. the efforts made by their administrators At the universities where large numbers to bring the foreign students into con- of foreign students congregate, as at Co- tact with American customs and atti- lumbia, Chicago and California, an In- tudes and homes will have great value. ternational House has been erected (is Of as great weight are the attempts being erected at Chicago) as a home for made to get the students from different foreign students who are attending the lands to understand the problems and university. In these cases also, one- difficulties of nations other than their quarter of all the students in the Inter- own. The International House is a real national House are Americans. Each agency in the development of interna- International House is a miniature tional understanding and friendship.

America's Students (By E. R. Murrow, President, National Student Federation of America.)

The sixth Annual Congress of the Student self-government as a training National Student Federation of America for good citizenship cannot be over-em- held at Atlanta, Georgia, during the re- phasized, neither can the fact that no cent Christmas holidays, served as an real progress has been made during the excellent barometer of student opinion past four or five years in removing that throughout the United States. This an- provincialism which is at the same time nual Congress of 275 college student the glory and the curse of the American leaders, representing approximately 200 educational system. The average Amer- leading colleges and universities and a ican student cannot discuss intelligently constituency of over 400,000 students, either his own government and political proved conclusively that the undergrad- parties, nor the international relations uate leaders of America are capable of which fall, so easily from the tongue of sane and serious consideration of prob- the European student. lems affecting students' interests. It The question most frequently asked of also proved that the average college stu- American students in Europe is : "Why dent is not "world minded." With few are American students not interested in exceptions, their interests center on politics and international relations?" their own local problems of student ad- Perhaps the answer is the policy of iso- ministration, publications, debate, ath- lation adopted by our government, per- letics and the multitude of extra curricu- haps it is the failure of our educational lar activities which crowd the life of our machine to stir up interest in the aver- undergraduates. age student on questions of national and 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

international importance. The condition into the World Court on the basis of the exists and no sure remedy has been Root formula. However, the majority of found. The National Student Federa- those voting on the question stated that tion is attempting by means of interna- they were undecided and therefore cast tional debates, intelligent student travel neither an affirmative nor negative vote. to Europe, a weekly student news re- Race or color shall not be a bar to lease, semi-monthly radio broadcasts, membership in the National Student and annual student conclaves, to pro- Federation of America. The Executive mote an understanding between the stu- Committee was instructed not to dis- dents of the world in the furtherance of criminate against any applicant because an enduring peace. of race or color. Here again the dele- At the recent Atlanta meeting the gates demonstrated an open - minded delegates introduced and passed a reso- frankness which is most encouraging. lution deploring the subsidizing of ath- This rapidly expanding undergraduate letes. The American student body is student organization, with the assistance not in favor of the present athletic poli- and advice of its national board of ad- cies used by their respective institutions visors, is attempting to achieve a spirit and are more and more coming to realize of cooperation among the students of the that the remedy, if there is to be one, United States to give consideration to must come from the students themselves. questions affecting students' interests. As a result of a poll taken at the Con- We would develop an intelligent stu- gress, it wgs found that the majority dent opinion on questions of national present favored a low protective tariff. and international importance. Some indication of the way in which the We would foster understanding among nation's future leaders will deal with the the students of the world in the further- prohibition question was indicated when ance of an enduring peace. the majority expressed a desire for mod- President Hoover has stated in a let- ification of the present prohibition law. ter to the Federation that "wisely di- These serious-minded college leaders rected efforts looking toward greater en- who are very familiar with local condi- lightenment upon international problems tions also indicated that drinking among and a more intelligent sympathy between college students is increasing. Only 16 nations deserves commendation and sup- believed that a decrease in drinking has port. The work of the National Student taken place. Federation in this field is most promis- The principal political query, "Is there ing and encouraging." any fundamental difference between the Believing that future harmony and so-called platforms of the two major po- mutual understanding both nationally litical parties ?" was answered in the and internationally depends upon the negative. There was an even division of youth of today, the students of America opinion concerning the advisability of a are attempting to perfect a meaningful third party. student organization which will make of It is interesting to note that only one the present and future college genera- delegate was opposed to American entry tions better citizens of the world. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 Suva Women's Club

About 80 members were present at the tained at a luncheon and addressed a "At Home" given by the Suva Women's - meeting at the Guild Hall. Club in honor of their patroness, Lady "The same month a Study Circle was Fletcher, at the Grand Pacific Hotel on formed, and prepared matter for the Con- Saturday afternoon, and the function ference. proved a very pleasant and enjoyable one. "As delegates from Australia and New The president, Mrs. Henry Marks, in Zealand were to pass through Suva on welcoming Lady Fletcher, thanked her their way to the Second Women's Con- for honoring them with her presence. ference, it was felt desirable to make ar- Miss Maud Griffin, B.A., then ad- rangements for meeting and entertaining dressed the meeting, in part, as follows : them. "I have been asked by the committee "Two courses were open : (1) to call to give a brief history of the origin of the on the ladies of Suva to offer hospitality Suva Women's Club. Before doing so, I to this special group of visitors ; or (2) should like to say that we regret having to form a permanent group of women received a message on behalf of Miss who would have, as one of their aims, Rogers-Harrison that she would not be the entertaining of women of note and able to be present with Lady Fletcher ; of international interest, who may from also the absence of the Mayoress, and of time to time visit Suva from overseas. our very energetic and efficient secretary, "The second was the course approved Miss Atherton, at present a patient in the by the committee. The circle members War Memorial Hospital. and others were therefore invited to a "A year ago none of us dreamt that meeting and the matter put before them. there would be in Suva today a As a result, the Suva Women's Club Women's Club, with a membership of came into existence, the Circle Committee 140, linked together by common aims. being made the first committee of the "Many of you have heard of the two club. Pan-Pacific Women's Conferences held in "All present know how the delegates Honolulu. The first was held in 1928 and were entertained, and later, on their re- I had the pleasure of attending it. Some turn journey, they addressed a gathering of those present today will rengember the of the club members. Since then several little gathering addressed by Miss Eleanor functions have been arranged by the com- Hinder, to whose organizing abilities mittee and have been well attended. It much of the success of that conference has been very gratifying to the committee was due. that there has been such a splendid re- "Some time after my return, I was sponse to its appeal for members, and it is asked, by the Continuation Committee, to hoped that there will be a further linking nominate a National Committee in Suva, up of women in a club that has such wide and to form a group of women who interests. would prepare matter for the 1930 con- "I should like to call to mind the ad- ference. In July, 1929, Dr. Georgina dress, given by Mrs. Keesing, in which Sweet, the present chairman of the In- she emphasized the importance of a na- ternational Committee, paid a visit to tional group in Suva, because of the re- Suva and discussed ways and means. lationship of Fiji to the other groups of "In June, of last year, Dr. Ethel Os- the Pacific. borne, program secretary of the 1930 Con- "In closing, I should like, on behalf ference, passed through Suva on her way of the club, to express to Lady Fletcher to Honolulu and Europe. She was enter- our appreciation of her acceptance of the 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN position of patroness of the club ; to Mrs. Mayoress—f or the interest they have Marks, our appreciation of her response shown in all our gatherings." to our request that she be our president, Lady Fletcher, in responding, said she and of the able and gracious way in which felt very strongly in favor of the move- she has presided at our functions ; and to ment, and congratulated the members on our vice-presidents — Mrs. McOwan, the formation of the club and wished it Lady Scott and Mrs. Alport Barker, the every success in the future. Women of Siam If one studies the religion and laws of Washing is only an excuse for meet- Siam, one concludes that women have ing other women and hearing all the few privileges. On paper that is true. gossip. Frequently a -member leaves her But the Siamese man is too prudent to wash drying on the bank and swims down concern himself with paper theories. He the klong to hear what is going on at the knows where peace lies ! So he allows next club. the little women to help in business, man- Home Economics Are Simple age the klong, in Bangkok, the capital, The ordinary Siamese woman lives simply, and confines herself to the essen- the house, and do about as they please. tials. A few clean mats to sleep on, some Perhaps that is why so many smiling pots for cooking, some cushions to sit on, faces are seen in Siam ; why the natives a lithograph of the King and Queen, and laugh out loud, unlike many Orientals, her interior decorating problems are and seem to get a rollicking good time solved. Western beds with their mat- out of life! tresses, pillows and coverings are too un- The average woman in Siam has no comfortable in that hot country. cultural nor political clubs, as do her Such are the habits of the ordinary Occidental sisters. But she doesn't lack Siamese. At the top of society are a few for social intercourse. Not so long as court nobles and some wealthy common- there is a spot where she can wash her ers. There is a small middle class. clothes. And there are plenty of these, Under the present government of the en- for Siam abounds in canals, called klongs lightened and progressive king this class by the natives. It is a flat country with is slowly increasing. But as yet the mass few roads, so almost all the traffic flows of her 10,000,000 population are plain along, nearly every street is edged with people. So when this article describes a canal, and some of them even with a Siamese conditions, it is referring to the canal on each side. One might say, there- mass of women and not the rich excep- fore, that there are more "women's clubs" tions. in Bangkok than in any place else in the For wealthy women keep house as world. wealthy women do in the West, without The meeting starts early in the morn- the servant problem. For who needs to ing as soon as two women arrive at a bother about servants in a country where place on the klong where a tree protects they can be had for about £3 a month ? them from the sun and the bank shelves When a servant is employed his whole extend conveniently down to the water. family is hired with him. Living quarters While the clothes are soaped, slapped on somewhere ott the grounds are furnished a board and rinsed, the chatter begins. As for all of them, but the man feeds them more women join the meeting, the chatter from his wages. And in an emergency mounts until the klong sounds like an the whole family, down to the smallest aviary full of birds with merry little child, turns out to help without expecting giggles. any extra money. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 The Honolulu Academy of Arts (In the Honolulu Advertiser.)

The Honolulu Academy of Arts is and governors of the Honolulu Academy doing a work of superior importance. of Arts. Therein have been inaugurated It is not spectacular. Like the arts schools to teach almost every branch of themselves, it is a silent force. Its in- estheticism. Lectures, discourses on an- fluence is felt rather than heard. cient paintings, sculpture, etchings, cop- It was built and dedicated to the per and wood embellishments. Music is uses of Hawaii. In the few short years not neglected. Concerts of excellent since its opening it has grown far be- character are given in the patio of the yond that ; it has become international building. And the permanent exhibits in -character. It houses the art treas- are of interest to travelers. ures of many nations. Workers in pig- There is a magic in Art beyond de- ments, in wood, in metal, come here scription. And when all the arts of the bringing their best and exhibit it under world can come to Honolulu, in the mid- the most favorable circumstances. dle stretches of the Pacific, and meet as Oriental art is having a tremendous one big family in one beautiful build- effect upon Art in the Western World. ing, it is something to stir our pride. And the Orient is accepting the feeling We have here not only the material, but and methods of the Occident. This wed- ding of the arts may be seen in the the spiritual melting pot, the spiritual architecture of all American cities. It force that must finally establish peace has permeated the canvases and enriched on earth and good will to men. the poetry and drama of all the countries bordering on the Pacific. (In Honolulu Star-Bulletin.) The Japanese have taught us how to The Honolulu Academy of Arts, the draw and paint birds and flowers in a home of art and mecca for children, new and lifelike fashion. Chinese deco- rations have become intertwined with nestles in a setting of art—a setting that • is tropical, exotic, Hawaiian, alluring. our own to the advantage of both. The buildings have been hailed as repre- To the Honolulu Academy of Arts senting Hawaii faithfully and feelingly come savants from Europe and from the in their architectural design. Whatever Orient to exhibit and explain their else may be said of them, they are beau- works. We see in the Academy frequently exhibitions of American artists tiful. The academy is situated on Beretania and hear lectures on them. Our local Street, opposite Thomas Square. It is artists exhibit several times a year and the gift of Mrs. C. M. Cooke to the the result is not only local recognition, community—and it is one of the most but it has taken their work to New York, munificent gifts ever received by this Philadelphia, Chicago and the coast community. cities. The inspiration that comes from It is a storehouse of treasures. It is contact with the fine arts of other coun- the home of some of the most unusual tries urges our own artists to greater en- collections imaginable. It is the head- deavors. How much the artists of Hon- quarters of those who love art for art's olulu owe to the Academy of Arts will sake. The academy is popular—and never be known. The influence has been well it should be. subtle, but definite and lasting. Paintings of the masters are here. Education is the aim of the founders 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Paintings of contemporary artists, the lulu Academy of Arts in groups, single known and the unknown, are exhibited file and in big ensembles. here. There are priceless tapestries. This treasure house has often been There are rugs and fabrics from many described. Its treasures, likewise, have lands. There are costumes on display, been described. This article reminds modern and ancient—all worth their weight in gold. local residents and visitors alike that the academy is in our midst. If you are The Orient, the Occident, the South motoring in the vicinity, you will be Seas, Europe, America, march through amply repaid by pausing, parking and the corridors and the halls of the Hono- entering.

>0, Pacific Sports Demonstrated at Clubhouse (From Honolulu Star-Bulletin July 7) About 100 persons gathered for din ner Keun Sung Lee, Samuel Chang, Eun Hee at the Pan-Pacific clubhouse, Hotel a nd Kwon, William Kim and James Kwon. Richards Streets, last night, to h ear Following an introduction by Wilfred plans for the Pan-Pacific internatio nal C. Tsukiyama, president of the Japanese games discussed and the sports of 13' cific countries demonstrated. a- Civic Association, Professors Shikuma and S. Yamamoto gave an exhibition in Active support of the games, which jiu-jitsu. have been planned for next summer, f ol- Mr. Tsukiyama explained that jin- lowing the Olympic games in Los A n- jitsu performers were ranked according geles, was promised by Mayor G. Fr ed to their proficiency and that Professor Wright on behalf of the city and count y • Shikuma held the first degree and Pro- Capt. J. D. Wilson of the U. S. nav y, fessor Yamamoto the fourth. The high- and Maj. R. M. Milam, department re c- est ranking jiu-jitsu performer of the reation officer, Lieut. M. F. Stober, at h- islands is Professor Yochibana, of 'Hilo, letic officer at Schofield, and Lieut. Wa1- ter who holds the fifth degree. L. Weible, athletic officer in the Hon o- lulu sector of the Army. A short exhibition of tumbling was C. Dudley Pratt, president of the Ha given by Chareon Wadhana, a Siamese ; a talk on American Indian gambling waiian Association of the A. A. U., tol how the plans of the games had bee d games by T. T. Waterman, and a de- the outgrowth of international athletin scription of the weet-weet dart and c boomerang of aboriginal Australians by competition since 1927, when the men's national outdoor swimming champion John F. G. Stokes followed. - Charles O'Connor sang "Waiata ships were held in Honolulu. or• ,, Ma- The games were described by Dr i, a song descriptive of the Maori Francois D'Eliscu as an unusual oppor . haka dance, accompanied at the piano - by Mrs. Pearl Fishbourne. tunity to demonstrate to the world the success of Hawaii's "melting pot" and In the last number Basaliso Pajas to foster more athletic competition. and Marcello Ramarez gave an exhibition of Filipino fencing. Korean wrestling was demonstrated by six boys from the Korean Christian Charles R. Frazier presided at the Ingtitute. They were Bong Cho Chung, meeting. A special feature was the sing- ing of the firemen's glee club. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 The Chief Scout's Visit to Australia (By Mary Jay in the United Empire.)

Take any Scout in any part of the reception in her honor at the Town Hall, British Empire and ask him whom he where she has a charming suite of re- would like to see at close quarters more ception rooms. The Chief Guide re- than any other person. Without the marked that in every corner, no matter slightest hesitation, he will reply, where they traveled, there they found "Baden - Powell." The advent of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. This sis- Chief Scout and the Chief Guide was terhood and brotherhood is a growing looked forward to with intense excite- one. The Girl Guide movement is 20 ment by thousands of young people in years old and has proved its worth. Australia. Scouts from every part of N.S.W. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell arrived came to Sydney in spite of the bad in Sydney from New Zealand, and from times ; they hurried to Sydney from the the moment they set foot on the wharf back of beyond. They came from the in Sydney • until their departure today, "Never - Never," from Murwillumbah, one triumph succeeded another. After from Wagga Wagga and from Wooloo- the civic receptions, His Excellency, the mooloo—it was a great arrival. It was a Governor, and Lady Game set the ball a- week of demonstrations. The great day rolling with a dinner at Government was that on which the march past took House. The guests included officers of place, and on which the Chancellor of the Girl Guides' and Boy Scouts' Asso- Sydney University (Sir William Cul- ciations, and they mostly came in uni- len) conferred on Lord Baden-Powell form. The Chief Scout, the Governor, the degree of Doctor of Laws. Colonel Le Breton, the Chief Scout's Nearly 8,000 Scouts took part in the secretary, and the N.S.W. officers of the march through the city, all bedecked and association were in khaki shorts and beflagged, and the march past the hero shirts of the Boy Scouts. Among the in khaki. Many of them were up at guests were the Lord Mayor of Mel- daybreak, polishing and brightening and bourne (Councillor H. D. Luxton), the getting ready for the great day. head of the Boy Scouts, Colonel Maug- It dawned—one of Sydney's best, and han, Chief Scout Commissioner of when Sydney smiles she is very lovely— N.S.W., Mr. Eric Booth, head of the a very lovely queen city of the southern Rover Scouts, Mr. Samuels, Chief Cub- hemisphere. The Scouts assembled in the Domain (the people's open space on master, &c. At the reception were to be seen the the harbor shores), and at 1 o'clock they heads of the Youth Movement, and the marched through the city amid cheers ladies donned their smartest gowns to and wavings of great crowds assembled honor the Chief Scout and the Chief at every vantage point, their eyes Guide. It was a brilliant gathering in bright—their steps brisk—their heads the beautiful ballroom of the historic held high ; there was a beating of drums Government House on the shores of —a flying of flags—the music of bands. Sydney harbor, standing in lovely gar- The "Westmead" boys' band headed the dens among tropical palms and flowers, column and then came the Wolf Cubs, with a full view of the wonderful har- 4,191 little fellows, some looking like bor bridge. The Chief Guide, Lady little native bears, so small were they, Baden-Powell, received a full share of but so brave in spite of tired feet. They the honors. The Lady Mayoress gave a held their heads up, and with stout upper 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

lip they did the march. They would from a broad tapestry of mediaeval pag- show the great Chief that they were eantry. There was movement every- made of the right stuff. Lord and Lady where. The little jersey-clad Cubs from Baden-Powell, His Excellency the Gov- an aeroplane looked like a suddenly dis- ernor and Lady Game arrived at the sa- turbed nest of ants. Such displays there luting base—a dais in front of our love- were : the building of wonderful rope liest old residence, "Burdekin House," in bridges ; the feats of strength ; the sig- old colonial architecture, with ten Greek nalling amid the fluttering of their columns supporting the long balcony, garter ribbons, so cute. There were and with great palms in front, and sit- Brownies' fairy circles, and Guides uated in the most beautiful street in Aus- pitched tents with the ease of pioneers. tralia, Macquarie Street. On one side They bandaged wounded comrades ; are the Mint, in old colonial style, the they danced on village greens. The Sydney Hospital, the House of Parlia- amateur firemen extinguished a fire in a ment, the Mitchell Library, the Botan- blazing building right in front of the ical Gardens and Government House. Chief Scout. The ambulance men were On the opposite side of the wide street quick and efficient. The motor crash are huge new up-to-date buildings, of two motor cars in collision (card- where hundreds of doctors have their board) gave the Girl Guides an oppor- consulting rooms, and there in the midst tunity of rushing to the rescue and ban- is old Burdekin House. daging the wounded. The Chief Scout mounted the dais, Australia was won for the Empire holding in both hands his long staff ; and over again when Captain Cook's landing bursts of cheers greeted him, and he party appeared before fearsome abor- waved to the crowd. He also waved to igines carrying spears and boomerangs. a sick Rover propped up with pillows The Chief Scout decorated Cubmaster at a window of the Sydney Hospital, and Thomas for his bravery in outwitting that Rover is the happiest Rover ever. two bank robbers, though badly hurt. It took 40 minutes for the procession to The Cubmaster feigned death, released march past the Chief—the Scouts looked himself, and gave the alarm to the police. like giants, marching behind the wee The men were arrested and got penal Cubs. Their green flags and the Union servitude and the Cubmaster got the dec- Jacks dipped in salutation of the Chief oration. Scout—the Cubs held two fingers up- The Chief Scout read a message from wards and the Scouts three fingers up- the Prince of Wales, and the Chief Guide wards. One Cub carried on the back of read a cable from Princess Mary, and a Scout, and a one-legged Scout, with Her Majesty the Queen also sent a true Scout determination, marched all message—a cable. the way on two crutches. There were On Sunday there was a service at the two blind Scouts—even they had over- Sydney cricket ground, when the Arch- come difficulties. Roaring cheers bishop of Sydney offered up a prayer. greeted these. Sir Alfred and Lady Lady Baden-Powell had tea with her Meeks, of the Royal Empire Society, Girl Guides and spent the evening with were on the dais. A rally on Saturday at them. the Randwick race course was a magnifi- This happy visit, so much looked for- cent affair, in which 10,000 Brownies, ward to, will be long remembered as a Girl Guides, Wolf Cubs, Boy Scouts and red-letter day in the annals of the young Rovers took part. It was like a scene people of Australia.—March 24, 1931. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 Fijian Farmers (Editorial in the Fiji Times and Herald, April 29, 1931.) The experiment being conducted by the changing modes of life, the Fijian will Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., in also attain the stage where he can be training Fijians to become tenant farmers, placed on the land. During the past two and which was the subject of a very inter- years several large blocks of land have esting article by Sir Maynard Hedstrom, been opened up for Maori settlement, published in the June Mid-Pacific Maga- money for this purpose having been taken zine, will be watched with considerable from that held by the Native Department interest by the community. If this proves and also from the Consolidated Fund. Re- successful not only will it be a big factor ports received by the last mail state that in the preservation of the native races, in many instances the Maoris engaged in but a decided advantage to the Colony as dairy farming are working as consistently a whole. It will remove the monopoly of and as skillfully as the average Pakeha. this class of work being enjoyed by one The New Zealand experiment is an ap- race, spread the spending power over a propriate example at the present moment. greater number of people, and generally More so because of the fact that there it make for much better living and social is attended with more dangers than what conditions for the members of the native will need to be faced here. Cane growing is not nearly as difficult a proposition race so employed. It is interesting to note that this scheme as buying large areas of land and dairy coincides with the experiment at present stock for natives to be entrusted with, and being conducted in New Zealand to place under the tenant system employed by the Maoris on the land. As in Fiji, the ob- Colonial Sugar Refining Co., careful and stacle experienced in the past to such experienced supervision is at all times schemes has been the generally accepted possible. First of all the native will ob- idea that the Maori was not tempera- tain his experience and training as a free mentally fitted for continuous effort. He laborer, which can be regarded as a pro- came of a race that regarded work as bationary period. Then, when the native being fit only for women and slaves while is placed on a block of land, by a were he attended to the major business of fight- happy thought on the part of those re- ing, hunting, and eating. In New Zealand sponsible for the scheme he still retains a the Maoris who live in the country dis- comforting element of the communal life tricts still have their natural sources of he has been accustomed to ; but with an food supply and, if they are content individual financial return. Thus, although merely to exist, those without landed in- they may combine together to do their terests can scratch along in native fash- work, the incentive is there for each ten- ion. But the Maori has fast acquired the ant to put in as much time as possible in pleasures of the Pakeha—European food improving his own registered block. By and clothing, picture shows, race meetings this very sound arrangement there should • and the like—and to enjoy them he has to be good prospects of weaning the younger obtain money. A native existence no generations from the old communal habits longer appeals to the Maori, so those who which are so disastrous to individual ef- have not inherited land or money go to fort. It is also fortunate that the Colony work. To this state of affairs they have has an efficient and well-managed organization to lay the foundation and super- adapted themselves quite well. The Maori and the Fijian, having much vise such a scheme. In every respect the character- arrangement appears to be ideal, and one in common as regards racial. istics, it is not unreasonable to assume worthy of the full support and coopera- that, with the progress of time and with tion of the Government. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Government Business (From the Fiji Times and Herald, April 21, 1931.)

One of the effects of the world-wide latter course generally being preferable depression has been the shattering of to putting men off. If he is compelled to the old tradition that to get employment reduce his staff, which he does as far as in the Government service meant a life possible by not filling any vacancies that job. This particularly applies to New might occur, he looks to his employees Zealand where, in addition to a 10 per to share the burden of work amongst cent cut in salaries, orders have gone them. With such conditions prevailing forth that all men with 35 years' service in private employment one can naturally to their credit shall be retired forthwith. expect more than a little public resent- The heavy decrease in the price of pri- ment when no appreciable speeding up mary products has found out the weak can be seen in what is commonly termed spots of the various countries with the "Government stroke," and when very searching thoroughness. It has empha- easy conditions of employment, such as sized the fact that a country is subject to apply in Fiji to hours of work, holiday the same natural law as a private busi- leave and passage money, are permitted. ness and can carry a staff only in pro- It has always been somewhat of a portion to the amount of business done. mystery why easier conditions of work New Zealand had the reputation of hav- should apply in the Government service ing more civil servants per head of pop- than in private enterprise. With depart- ulation than any other country in the mental heads and other officers of senior world and a new Government, looking rank perhaps there is no great objection around in haste to find a suitable subject to them working two hours a day less for its pruning knife could hardly over- than the average business man, but when look its claims for attention. the same privilege is granted to all and Hitherto Government employment has sundry, even to the merest of junior always been considered safe, but even clerks, it creates a harmful impression the most optimistic civil servant could that there is not enough work to keep hardly expect the Government service to everybody going, which impression escape the retrenchment that has been might easily create a universal demand found necessary in almost every private for a reduction in the salary bill. On the business. Apart from the fact that fall- part of the younger members it also ing returns and a diminishing volume of tends to create a superiority complex to- public business everywhere obviously in- ward the remainder of the community dicates that smaller staffs could handle that foots the bill for their wages, which the business, Government employees the is not in the best interest of the service world over are rather prone to fly in the or the country. If it is necessary for the face of providence by deliberately ad- principals of private firms to arrive at vertising the fact that they are not over- their places of business at 8 o'clock in burdened with work. An employer who the morning, the same necessity should finds that he cannot afford to keeep his surely apply to the employees of the Fiji staff up to its usual strength is coni- Government, a concern in which the pelled either to reduce his staff or reduce community as a whole is vitally inter- the amount of salary paid to each, the ested. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 1.5

A Child Health Program

The program presented at the Sixth While in Mexico there will also be Pan-American Child Congress is given opportunity for them to attend the herewith as a suggegtion for further sessions of the Press Congress of the child study in the various Pacific coun- World which is holding a regional meet- tries. A full account of the meeting, ing in Mexico from August 10 to 14. All given in the June, 1931, Mid-Pacific are interested in forwarding child health Magazine, was prepared by Miss Kath- programs throughout the world. erine F. Lenroot, assistant to the chief, The World Federation of Education Childrens' Bureau, United States De- partment of Labor, and chairman of the Associations, which is holding its Fifth official delegation from the State De- Congress and Fourth Biennial meeting in partment to the Congress in Peru. Denver, Colorado, from July 27 to A number of delegates at this confer- August 1, also devotes a considerable por- ence will also meet again at the Third tion of its program to Child Health. A Congress of the Pan-American Medical regional meeting of the Federation will Association being held in Mexico City be held in Honolulu in the summer of from the 26th to the 31st of July. 1932.

I-MEDICINE III-HYGIENE 1. Amoebic colitis in infants. 1. Standards of height, weight and physique 2. Rickets. for American children. Breast feeding of infants. Use of commer- 3. Whooping cough; means for early diagnosis ; 2. value of vaccines in prevention and treat- cial foods ; value and importance of each ment; clinical complications. method. 4. Epidemic encephalitis. 3. Children of American aborigines ; their bi- ology and social condition. Infantile paralysis. 5. 4. The employed child; his physical condition 6. Anemias in children ; blood count in in- and social environment. fants ; agranulocytosis; Schilling's hemo- 5. Housing and the home and their influence gram ; Whipple's method. on the health of the child. 7. Spasmophilia and convulsions in infants ; 6. Smallpox and its present importance in the interpretation and pathogenesis. American Republics as a cause of infant 8. Malaria in children. mortality. Alastrim. 9. Tuberculosis in children. 7. Infant mortality in the American Republics 10. Diphtheria and its prevalence in American and means for estimating it from present countries. vital statistics. Practical charts for its 11. Classification of the digestive disturbances computation. of infants. Pathogeny of toxicosis. 8. Stillbirths ; statistics; causes and prevention. 12. The adenoid problem in the Americas. 9. Pure milk supply ; means adopted in Ameri- 13. Congenital and acquired syphilis in children. can countries for securing it. Legal pro- II-SURGERY visions and administrative standards; results. Treatment of clubfoot in the newborn. 1. 10. Value of new preventive methods in tuber- Osteosynthesis in children. 2. culosis. 3. Pyloric stenosis in infants. 11. The pacifier and effects of its use. 4. Treatment of osteoarthritic tuberculosis. Prevention of measles. 5. Tarsalgia in adolescents. 12. Treatment of congenital pseudo-arthrosis. 6. IV-SOCIAL WELFARE Treatment of paraplegia caused by Potts' 7. The American Institute for the Protection disease. 1. Congenital malformations of the anus. of Childhood at Montevideo ; its present 8. status, extension, functions, and results 9. Treatment of spinal bifida. 10. Treatment of hydrocephalus. obtained. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

2. Present status of maternal welfare in 8. The orphan, foundling, and deserted child ; America. present problem on the American conti- 3. Child health centers in American countries; nent and program for future action. their organization, purposes, and results ; 9. The morally neglected child ; legislation on programs for future development. this subject. 4. The family as a unit in the protection of 10. Investigation of paternity as treated in maternity and infancy. American legislation. 5. Institutions ; their present condition in 11. Children's codes ; their necessity and impor- America, proper functioning, organiza- tance in the protection of American child- tion and results. hood. 6. Social service as related to the child; its 12. Juvenile courts in America; results of their development on the American continent. work. 7. The backward child and his care in Amer- ica. VI-EDUCATION 1. 8. The mentally abnormal child and the mor- New aims of social education. 2. ally neglected child; their care in Amer- Financial aspects of public education prob- ican countries. lems. Budgets for primary education. 3. 9. Administrative centralization and decentral- Alcohol, opium, cocaine, and other habit- ization in the primary school system. forming drugs; their influence on the 4. Cooperation of the Ministries of Education child and campaign against their im- proper use. and Public Health in the education and care of the child. 10. Popular education in the hygiene of mater- 5. Preparation of teachers for health educa- nity and infancy; methods practiced in tion. American countries and their results. 6. Education in the campaign against poverty 11. The specialized care of the pre-school child. and alcoholism. 12. School medical inspection. 7. The function of the school nurse. 8. The cooperation of the family in the moral V-LEGISLATION education of the child; character train- 1. ing. Eugenic marriage and its possibilities in 9. America; the prenuptial examination and Sex education; its beginning in the home and continuation in the school. health safeguards in marriage. 10. 2. Psychology as the basis for the educational Rights of the mother ; their recognition in system. specific American legislation. 11. The problem of the aborigines in America 3. Rights of the child as they have been for- and its relation to elementary education. mulated on various occasions and their 12. The classification and grading of pupils. incorporation in the legislation of the Application of mental tests. countries of this continent. 13. Readers as a medium for health education. 4. Paternal responsibility for deserted chil- 14. Instruction in child care in primary schools. dren. Would it be possible to establish 15. The education of undernourished children. inter-American standards for securing 16. Open-air schools. such responsibility in cases of expatria- 17. School excursions. tion or repatriation? 18. Education of the abnormal child. 5. Legal means for the prevention of poverty 19. School playgrounds. and suffering of children. 20. Courses in health education. 21. 6. Standards which should govern the rela- The organization of the kindergarten. 22. Courses in physical education. tions between private child-welfare insti- 23. tutions and the State. The Junior Red Cross and its present status in America. 7. The illegitimate child ; present legal status 24. The Boy Scout movement in the school; its in America; desirable changes in legislation. educational importance and health value in America. ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

A sketch of the world-famous Wanganui River, New Zealand's scenic stream

IN NEW ZEALAND

"In New Zealand there are mountain tions of the old land. No Arden ever ranges grander than the giant bergs of saw such forests, and no lover ever Norway ; there are glaciers and water- carved his mistress's name on such trees falls for the hardy hill-men ; there are as are scattered over the Northern Island ; sheep-walks for the future Melibeus or while the dullest intellect quickens into shepherd of Salisbury plain ; and there awe and reverence amidst volcanoes and are the rich farmlands for the peasant boiling springs, and the mighty forces of yeoman ; and the coasts, with their inlets Nature, which seem as if any day they and infinite varieties, are a nursery for might break their chains." seamen, who will carry forward the tradi- —J. A. Froude, in Oceana.

New Zealand is on the route of the Ca- of the Union Royal Mail Line between nadian-Australasian Royal Mail Line be- Sydney, Wellington (N. Z.), Rarotonga tween Vancouver, Honolulu, Suva (Fiji), (Cook Is.), Tahiti, and San Francisco. Auckland (N. Z.), and Sydney. A capi- Theo. H. Davies & Co. are the Honolulu tal grand tour of the Pacific may be made by combining this route with that agents.

ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian and the Moana Hotels at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., those who go to the city in the morn- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ing and to the beach or golfing in the Hotel, Moana Hotel, Seaside Hotel and afternoon. The grounds are spacious Bungalows, and the Waialae Golf Club. and the rates reasonable. This hotel has The Royal Hawaiian has been voted the been under the same management for a world's finest hotel by ten World Cruise score of years, which speaks for itself. Steamers. Rates upon application. Cable Both transient tourists and permanent address Royalhotel. guests are welcomed.

At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Child's Hotels and Apartment Service accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real homelike style. If you wish to live in town, there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- Famous Hau Tree L,anai wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- we haven't the accommodation you de- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at sire, we will help you to get located. Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai The City Transfer Company, and House Without a Key. Rates from at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and steamers and it gathers baggage from up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, owner and manager. every part of the city for delivery to the outgoing steamers. This company Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on receives, and puts in storage until needed, the King street car line above Thomas excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu Square. This is the ideal location for and finds many ways to serve its patrons. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

One of the Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., Lumber Yards

Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., have, since They are also agents for Celotex cane- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties fibre products, Blue Diamond Stucco, of building material, lumber, hollow tile, cement colors, corrugated steel sheets, cement, brick, glass, hardwoods and oak Lupton's metal windows, Gladding Mc- Bean's brick, roof and floor tile, and flooring ; as well as tools of the leading Pabco prepared roofings. A Home Build- manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong ing Department is maintained to help linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, small home builders, and a Home Service W. P. Fuller & Company's superior Department to assist home owners in re- paints and Sargent Hardware. decorating and modernizing. OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY I

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Ha- climate, and remarkable facilities for waiian Pineapple in delicious desserts, canning immediately the sun-ripened salads and refreshing drinks are sug- fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained gested in a recipe book obtainable with- a superiority enjoyed by no other canned out cost at the Association of Hawaiian fruit. Pineapple Canners, P. 0. Box 3166, Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Honolulu. Readers are urged to write, ing favor because of its convenience in asking for this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the islands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5

MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First National Bank of Honolulu, successor to The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., (established 1858,) The First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu (established 1900,) the First American Savings Bank, and the Army National Bank of Scho- field Barracks, which were consolidated on July 8, 1929. "Old Bishop," as the bank is still called, is one of the oldest west of the Rocky Mountains, and has capital funds in excess of $5,500,000, and deposits in excess of $30,000,000. Mr. A. W. T. Bottomley is chairman of the Board, and President.

The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- to its other banking facilities. Its home porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, business office is at the corner of Bishop substantial growth of the islands since and King streets, and it maintains the period of annexation to the United branches on the islands of Hawaii, States. Over this period its resources Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to have grown to be the largest of any give to the public an extremely efficient financial institution in the islands. In 1899 a savings department was added Banking Service.

ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd.

Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd.; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 3o years by & Marine Insurance Co.; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd.; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd.; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd.; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT.

8 THE MID-PACIFIC

CASTLE & COOKE BREMEN., MALOLO BERLIN OK MANHATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered without obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,0oo,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian. Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the terred in your own plot on the mainland, Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- street, make office equipment their spe- range all details for interment in Hono- cialty, being the sole distributor for the lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the National Cash Register Co., the Bur- Pacific for any other, but if you must, let roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal your friends talk it over with Williams. Construction Co., the York Safe and Lock Company and the Underwood Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock ing music store in Hawaii, is located at all kinds of steel desks and other equip- 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete ment for the office, so that one might in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano at a day's notice furnish his office, safe and a Victor talking machine. The against fire and all kinds of insects. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you Honolulu is so healthy that people with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano don't usually die there, but when they do for your mansion, or a tiny upright they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you are a transient it will rent you a piano. liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number 1408, and he arranges the after-details. The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone If you are a tourist and wish to be in- 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- children and adults in Honolulu. It nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- also supplies the city with ice cream waii with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organization is distinguished especially for its methods of handling milk and de- originality in the creation and presenta- livering it in sealed bottles to its customers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- ants, administrators, insurance agents lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches and as your stock and bond brokers. almost daily excellent passenger vessels You will need the services of the First to the island of Maui and twice a week to Trust Company in Hilo whether you are the island of Kauai. There is no finer a visitor, or whether you are to erect cruise in all the world than a visit to all a home or a business block. of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of Company. The head offices in Honolulu Hawaii, one of the most spectacular are on Fort at Merchant Street, where trips in the world, thirty-four miles, every information is available, or books costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 on the different islands are sent on re- sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 ranged. to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 feet long, and many precipitous gorges Connected with the Inter-Island Steam lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Navigation Company is the world-famous terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- Volcano House overlooking the everlast- lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- conut trees and palms along the way, maumau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House in the Hawaii National Park on with the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- The Haleakala Ranch Company, head offices at Makawao, on the Island toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. of Maui, is as its name indicates, a There are other excellent hotels on the cattle ranch on the slopes of the great Island of Hawaii, the largest of the mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 group, including the recently constructed feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Coast—the most primitive and historic a future when it will supply fine bred cattle to the markets and breeders in district in Hawaii. Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— which is conducted The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life.

ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu

service embracing the following : Trusts, Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit Vaults in Hawaii. The Pacific Engineering Company, Ltd., construction engineers and general contractors, is splendidly equipped to handle all types of building construction, and execute building projects in minimum time and to the utmost satisfaction of the owner. The main offices are in the Yokohama Specie Bank Building, with its mill and factory at South Street. Many of the leading busi- Youngsters on Surfboards at Waikiki. ness buildings in Honolulu have been constructed under the direction of the The International Trust Company, Pacific Engineering Company. with offices on Smith street, is, as its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers financial organization, with leading in the Damon Building, have a branch American and Oriental business men office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- conducting its affairs. Its capital stock manu Street. This firm does a general is $200,000 with resources of over surveying and engineering business, and $500,000. It is the general agent for has information pertaining to practical- the John hancock Mutual Life Insur- ly all lands in the group, as this firm ance Company of Boston, and other in- has done an immense amount of work surance companies. throughout the islands. The blue print department turns out more than fifty per cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu. The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and leading automobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the corner of King and Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. Here one may find almost anything. Phone No. 6141. Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. The Chrysler Four and Six-Cylinder The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- Cars, the culmination of all past ex- est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located periences in building automobiles, is at the corner of Bishop and King Streets, represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu It offers Honolulu residents as well as Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. mainland visitors the most complete The prices of Four-Cylinder Cars range trust service obtainable in the islands from $1200 to $1445 and those of the today. The Company owns the Guardian Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers Trust Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, ords as a distinct departure in motor and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive cars. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1017 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty. splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richards Streets has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, s o that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business.

ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wonderful New Zealand

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the benefit of the tourist. New Zealand is splendidly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. A Maori Mother and Child

SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours

Travellers and Tourists journeying between Tokyo and Peking should Modern Hotels under the South Man- travel via the South Manchuria Rail- churia Hotel Company's management are way, which runs from Antung to Muk- established on foreign lines at Mukden, den and passes through magnificent Changchun, Port Arthur, Dairen and scenery. At Mukden the line connects Hoshigaura (Star Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Main line of the South Manchuria Rail- Illustrated booklets and all informa- way, running from Dairen to Chang- tion post free on request from the South chun, where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAIREN The ordinary daily trains have sleep- Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's excellent passenger and mail steamers. Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES : A.B.C. 5th, tors 6th on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's, Bentley's and Acme.

ADVT. THE MID- PACIFIC 15

The Matson-Lassco Steamship Com- visitors are welcomed to the gardens at pany maintains a regular, fast, reliable all times. Adjoining these gardens are passenger and freight service between the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Honolulu and San Francisco, Los the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Angeles, South Seas, Australia and Hilo. Castle & Cooke, Ltd. are local agents for the line, whose comfort, service and cuisine are noted among world travelers. The Consolidated Amusement Com- pany brings the latest drama films to Hawaii to provide evening entertainment. Its leading theatres are the New Princess on Fort Street and the palatial Hawaii Theatre nearer the business district. Those and the outlying theatres served by the Consolidated Amusement Company keep the people of Honolulu and its visiting hosts entertained, matinee and evening. Phone for seats.

Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's Smith's" has be- "Meet me at Benson- leading book and stationery store, is lo- come a password in Honolulu because at that oldest of Hawaii's drug stores every cated on the ground floor of the Young one finds real service, accompanying re- Hotel Building in the heart of Hono- liable drug store items. There are six of lulu's business district. The company these Better Benson-Smith stores for has a complete stock of all the latest your convenience. fiction, travel, biography and books re- lating to Hawaii. It is also distributor for Royal Typewriters, Adding Ma- Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, chines, Calculators and steel office fur- at 223 South King St. is Hono- lulu's leading establishment for women niture. who set the pace in modern dress. At "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress in Honolulu are set. Here the resident The Office Supply Co., Ltd., at 110 and tourist may outfit and be sure of acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has Merchant Street, is, as its name denotes, its branch and a work shop in New the perfectly equipped store where every York City. kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the Remington typewriter and of typewriter Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on repairing. Offices are completely out- Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, fitted at quickest notice. The Company constitute one of the finest Japanese tea also maintains an up-to-date completely gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- stocked sporting goods department. ful Japanese dinners are served, and

ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The outrigger canoe carved out of a log of Hawaiian mahogany, is still in use and the surf- riders at Waikiki still send their narrow planks to shore a4 a thirty-mile an hour speed.

Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully correspond. There are spacious cot- located seaside hotel at Waikiki where tages on the grounds, tea roms and the very best sea bathing is right at the wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, door ; you put on your bathing suit in either American or Eurdpean plan. The your own room. The rates are moderate, Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in and in the main building all are outside Honolulu. rooms. There are a number of cottages on the grounds. You should visit Gray's The Sweet Shop is the name of the Beach first. American plan, excellent leading downtown popular-priced res- cuisine. taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on Hotel Street and adjoining the Central The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was main restaurant, soda and candy coun- the home of Jane Addams during the ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- popular as a luncheon meeting-place for vites the delegates to all the confer- clubs and small groups that wish to ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to confer in quietude. ADVT. (;inling College, the Chinese Women's University, adjoining the Nanking University.