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Magisterská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Magisterská diplomová práce 2011 Bc. Lenka Kolísková Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Religionistika Bc. Lenka Kolísková Popularizace théravádového buddhismu na „Západě“ Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Luboš Bělka, CSc. 2011 2 Prohlašuji, že jsem magisterskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ……………………………………………….. Podpis autora práce 3 Zde bych chtěla poděkovat svému vedoucímu práce doc. PhDr. Luboši Bělkovi, CSc. za jeho podporu a odbornou pomoc při psaní. Můj dík patří rovněž Mgr. Silvii Kotherové a Ing. Jiřímu Kolískovi za jejich cenné rady. 4 Obsah: 1. Úvod ........................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Rozšíření théravádového buddhismu na Západě v novodobých dějinách ............................ 10 2.1. Západní obrazy buddhismu ............................................................................................ 15 2.1.1. Racionalistický obraz buddhismu ........................................................................... 17 2.1.2. Romantický a ezoterický obraz buddhismu ............................................................ 19 3. Vybrané směry théravádového buddhismu a jejich rozšíření na Západ ............................... 20 3.1. Lesní tradice Adţána Čá ................................................................................................ 21 3.1.1. Rozšíření lesní tradice Adţána Čá na Západ .......................................................... 22 3.2. Tradice Mahási Sayada .................................................................................................. 24 3.2.1. Rozšíření barmské tradice Mahási Sayada na Západ .............................................. 27 3.3. Zakladatel tradice Ayukusala Mirko Frýba ................................................................... 29 3.3.1. Tradice Ayukusala a její šíření ............................................................................... 30 4. Přístupy k výkladům Buddhovy nauky v návaznosti na aplikaci meditace vhledu .............. 32 4.1. Hlavní zdroje pouţívané při výkladu meditace vhledu ................................................. 34 4.1.1. Způsob výkladu meditace vhledu ve vybraných tradicích ...................................... 36 4.2. Etika v meditaci vhledu ................................................................................................. 38 4.3. Výklad soustředění v rámci meditace klidu a vhledu .................................................... 41 4.3.1. Meditace klidu kontra meditace vhledu .................................................................. 42 4.3.2. Meditační pohrouţení v meditaci klidu .................................................................. 45 4.4. Výklad moudrosti v rámci meditace klidu a vhledu ...................................................... 47 4.4.1. Vhledy v meditaci vhledu ....................................................................................... 48 4.4.2. Konečný cíl meditace vhledu v pojetí jednotlivých tradic ..................................... 51 4.5. Rozdíly ve výkladu meditace vhledu na Západě ........................................................... 53 4.5.1. Tradice učitel - ţák a sangha ................................................................................... 56 4.5.2. Psychologizace buddhismu na Západě ................................................................... 59 5. Praxe meditace vhledu a klidu .............................................................................................. 63 5.1. Rozdíly v meditačních stylech v rámci jednotlivých tradic ........................................... 63 5.1.1. Pojetí meditačních center v „klasickém“ a „západním“ provedení ........................ 66 5.1.2. Porovnání rozvrhu meditačních kurzů vybraných tradic na Východě a Západě .... 68 5.2. Rozdíly v technikách meditace klidu ............................................................................. 73 5.3. Rozdíly v technikách meditace vhledu .......................................................................... 77 6. Závěr ..................................................................................................................................... 82 7. Slovník pojmů ....................................................................................................................... 85 8. Seznam literatury .................................................................................................................. 88 8.1. Primární literatura .......................................................................................................... 88 8.1.1. Internetové zdroje ................................................................................................... 89 8.2. Sekundární literatura ...................................................................................................... 90 8.2.1. Internetové zdroje ................................................................................................... 92 9. Seznam příloh ....................................................................................................................... 93 10. Anotace ............................................................................................................................... 94 11. Klíčová slova ...................................................................................................................... 96 5 1. Úvod V současné době se stále častěji můţeme i na Západě setkávat s velkým zájmem o buddhismus. Buddhistická témata se objevují v reklamách, v knihách, časopisech či rádiích. Populární jsou také filmy s „východní“ tématikou (Sedm let v Tibetu, Kundun, Malý Buddha, apod.), kde „západní“ prezentace buddhismu hraje významnou roli a utváří do jisté míry obraz o tomto „východním učení“ u široké západní veřejnosti. Tento obraz se v průběhu dvousetpadesáti let, kdy můţeme zaznamenat vzrůstající zájem o Buddhovo učení, zprvu u západních intelektuálů a později u široké veřejnosti, vyvíjel a měnil. Stopy tří obrazů buddhismu (racionalistický, romantický a ezoterický), které souvisí nejen se způsobem etablování buddhismu na Západě, ale také se soudobým vnímáním Východu a západním vymezováním se vůči „náboţenství“, můţeme sledovat i dnes u „západních“ buddhistů. Východ a jeho filozofie či „náboţenství“ byl euroameričany v postkoloniální době idealizová nebo vykládán podle západních představ o tom, co „Východ“ a jeho kulturní aspekty jsou. Často se stávalo, ţe Východ byl „anti-obrazem“ Západu a tedy interpretován jako zaostalý, nevědecký, nemoderní. Snaha o západní porozumění a s tím související „ovládnutí Východu“, nejen v rámci politických a mocenských ambicí Západu, vedla k vytváření „specifických představ“ o Východu a jeho kultuře. Právě zde mají počátky také „západní představy“ o tom, co buddhismus a jeho meditační praxe je a co naopak není. Často jsme svědky toho, ţe je buddhistická nauka a praxe interpretována jako určitý druh filozofie, ţivotního stylu nebo východní obdoba západní psychologie. Vnímání Buddhovy nauky a meditační praxe jako náboţenského systému s vlastní praxí je západními buddhisty často odmítáno. Proč tomu tak je? Proč je buddhistická meditace vnímána jako druh psychohygieny, psychoterapie či relaxu a proč jsou na západě upozaděny náboţenské aspekty buddhismu a cíl meditační praxe? Nemohou za tuto situaci i „východní“ buddhistické tradice, které od druhé poloviny 20. století působí na Západě? Toto jsou některé z otázek, na které se snaţím ve své práci odpovědět. První část diplomové práce je zaměřena na popis etablování théravádového buddhismu na Západě v novodobých dějinách a utváření „západních obrazů buddhismu“, které hrají důleţitou roli nejen v současném „západním“ vnímání Buddhovy nauky, ale také v chápání meditace vhledu (vipassaná). Pozornost je věnována především třem směrům théravádového buddhismu a jejich rozšíření na „Západ“. Těmito směry jsou barmská tradice Mahási Sayada, 6 thajská lesní tradice Adţána Čá a tradice Ayukusala, kterou zaloţil buddhistický mnich českého původu Kusalánanda (Mirko Frýba). Ve druhé části je kladen důraz zejména na rozdíly ve výkladu některých aspektů meditace klidu (samatha), meditace vhledu a formální praxi těchto meditací u jednotlivých tradic nejen na "Západě", ale i v jejich „tradičním“ prostředí. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována popisu významových posunů v těchto tradicích s ohledem na změnu sociokulturního prostředí. Poukázáno je například na změnu západního pojetí sanghy, psychologizaci buddhismu na "Západě" či tradici učitele a ţáka. V rámci výkladu a praxe meditace klidu a meditace vhledu nalézám společnou linii všech tří zmíněných tradic, která je odvozena od přímého Buddhova učení a tvoří základní aspekty ušlechtilé osmidílné stezky. Jedná se o aspekt etiky (síla), soustředění (samádhi) a moudrosti (paňňá). Tyto tři aspekty, ze kterých vychází všechny tři tradice, tvoří jakousi „pomyslnou kostru“, na níţ jsou přidávány a rozvíjeny další „prvky učení“ jednotlivých tradic. Tyto „prvky učení“ jsou pak následně rozličně interpretovány a je na ně kladen odlišný důraz. To co je spojuje, je jejich vliv na chápání účelu meditační praxe. Svoji pozornost jsem zaměřila také na posuny v meditačních technikách a cíle samotné meditační praxe, které se v rámci komparovaných tradic liší. Zásadní vliv na tyto rozdíly
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