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Constructs of Parenting in Urban Ghana

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Constructs of Parenting in Urban Ghana Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations (6 month embargo) 1-23-2012 Constructs of Parenting in Urban Ghana Molly Pachan Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss_6mos Part of the Developmental Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Pachan, Molly, "Constructs of Parenting in Urban Ghana" (2012). Dissertations (6 month embargo). 8. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss_6mos/8 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations (6 month embargo) by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2012 Molly Pachan LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO CONSTRUCTS OF PARENTING IN URBAN GHANA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY MARY (MOLLY) K. PACHAN CHICAGO, IL DECEMBER, 2011 i Copyright by Mary (Molly) K. Pachan, 2011 All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the product of support and faith of many cherished advisors and friends who persevered throughout the long process of completing this project. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Joe Durlak, who taught me early in my graduate studies how community actions are essential to the individual psyche. He held me to rigorous standards in his laboratory, introduced me to the Meta-analytic Maniacs of Loyola and UIC‟s CASEL, and encouraged me when my line of research diverged from his project into one of my own. Many thanks are due to Drs. Patricia Mooney-Melvin and Samuel Attoh of the Loyola University Chicago Graduate School for their assistance in planning and obtaining a fellowship for the year of research in Ghana, and to the Schmidt Foundation, which funded the writing of this project. My sincere admiration and gratitude are owed to Samuel Akainyah. Sam took an early interest in my research and welcomed me into his stunning gallery on many occasions, introduced me to knowledgeable resources on Ghanaian cultures, and shared his fascinating family history. I hope that this dissertation may be accepted as a tribute to the Dualism approach Sam has created his oil paintings over the past several years. In this style, a painting tells different sides of a story when rotated in various directions. Likewise, this dissertation is merely one side of the research project, which encompassed the process of my travel to Ghana, the process of the professors and graduate students in iii Accra who guided me in the work, the views of the parents themselves, and the phenomenological experience of everyone who interacted with me throughout the project. I am grateful to have had Dr. Noni Gaylord-Harden on my committee throughout the years. She is a broad scholar, an engaging professor, and a generally admirable person. She has the rare gift found in great teachers to plant seeds of lessons that grow long after the course has ended. Dr. Jim Garbarino is owed great praise for widening my ideas regarding the possibilities for cultural and intercultural psychological processes. I‟ll never forget the first time I sat in his office, surrounded by photos of the wartorn countries where he had researched children in conflict zones. His passion for the human rights of children, whether in Chicago neighborhood or distant lands, is a reminder of why I was drawn initially to this field. My great appreciation goes to Dr. Christine Li-Grining, who generously stepped onto my committee near the end of this project when another member was needed. I am grateful for your flexibility, and feel fortunate that someone with your expertise was willing to join this endeavor. In addition to my superb committee, I must thank several important people who made this project possible. My husband Dr. Jason LaHood deserves an award for “most patient.” On our first date, I told him about this glimmer of an idea to study families in Ghana. Despite my leaving, or perhaps because of it, he remained steadfastly supportive of me, the project, and many other initiatives related to Ghana. Jason, thank you for iv never doubting me, even when I doubted myself, and for pushing me to pursue the work I felt drawn to do. This project would have been nearly impossible to execute were it not for the assistance and friendship of Kofi Anaman. I will never cease to be amazed by his optimism, which seems to be contagious. I‟m honored to be one of the many people who can name him as a friend. I also wish to thank Drs. Grayson Holmbeck and the late Anne Updegrove. As training director, Grayson has stirred the spirit of investigation in many doctoral students at Loyola, including myself. Moreover, he modeled a sort of boundless care for the people around him that I had not experienced before. His wife Anne was also a beloved teacher at Loyola. Their synergistic enthusiasm for the science and practice of psychology will remain with me always. In addition to professors at Loyola, I am indebted to the faculty at the University of Ghana who welcomed me, advised me, and connected me to their incredible graduate students. My gratitude goes to Drs. Charity S. Akotia, J. Y. Opoku, Ben Amponsah, Charles Mate-Kole, and Araba Sefa-Deddeh. Additional thanks are due to Dr. Vivian Dzokoto of the Virginia Commonwealth University for her guidance. This research would have been severely stilted without the expertise of several graduate students in psychology from the University of Ghana. My thanks and love go to Esther Malm, Mustapha Alhassan, Gabriel Tetteh, Stephen Kumako, Dzifa Attah, and many more. Their knowledge, research skills, and vitality vastly improved the quality and scope of this project. I could not have done it without them. v My sincerest thanks are extended to my „family‟ in Tema, Ghana. If not for you, I would have been lost and lonely on my path. You were noble hosts throughout every challenge. Thank you and God bless you all. I also wish to thank Romana Testa of Beacon House Children‟s Home, Madam Angela, the Mothers, and the children. You remind me why a study of parenting in Ghana is relevant. I love you and miss you. Lastly, thanks to my family for support throughout my studies. Most of all, I wish to thank my mother, who passed away during the writing of this dissertation. She taught me how much parenting mattered. vi To Teresa vii Woforo Dua Pa a When you climb a good tree, you are given a push. - Adinkra symbol viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 3 Euro-American Constructs of Parenting .......................................................................... 3 Authoritative Parenting ................................................................................................. 3 Authoritarian Parenting ................................................................................................. 5 Permissive Parenting ..................................................................................................... 7 Limitations of Parenting Research ................................................................................ 8 Introduction to Intercultural Research ............................................................................. 9 From Cross-Cultural Psychology to an Intercultural Psychology Paradigm .............. 10 Contemporary Intercultural Psychology Research Paradigms ................................... 14 Background on Ghana ...................................................................................................21 Urban Life ................................................................................................................... 24 Family Life in Ghana .................................................................................................. 26 Researching Urban Ghanaian Parenting Styles .......................................................... 26 Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................... 30 Hypothesis One ........................................................................................................... 31 Hypothesis Two .......................................................................................................... 33 Hypothesis Three ........................................................................................................ 33 Hypothesis Four .......................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER III: METHOD ................................................................................................ 35 Sample ............................................................................................................................35
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