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American War of Independence 1776-1783: From the Massachusetts Privateer Washington to the French Corvette le Dragon. by Florence Prudhomme Figure 1, 2, & 3. Comparison of the rigs of the three ships; Massachusetts privateer brigantine Washington, British privateer brig Dragon, French Royal Navy corvette le Dragon. Watercolor by Thierry Moné: author’s collection. Underwater Archaeology Wednesday January 22, 1783, after a chase, Chevalier Joseph de L’Espine in the Service of History (1759-1827) blew up his corvette to pre- Off the north coast of Hispaniola, vent it from falling into the hands of the now the Dominican Republic, on eighteen-strong squadron of British Rear- NAUTICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 209 Figure 2. 210 Vol. 62, No 3 AUTUMN 2017 Figure 3. NAUTICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 211 Figure 4. The ex-voto model in the nave of the Capuchin Church at Ostend. Author’s photograph. Admiral Samuel Hood (1724-1812). tion similar to a 501c(3) corporation in More than two hundred years the United States) since 1910 under the later, a very degraded wreck was reported auspices of the Muséum nationale d’His- in the same area. ADMAT-FRANCE— toire Naturelle (National Museum of the Anglo-Danish Maritime Archaeolog- Natural History)—then conducted sev- ical Team, an association specialized in eral dives and tried to identify the wreck the search for wrecks in the Caribbean, using a collection of three elements that whose French department is in the Insti- were, at first glance, contradictory. In tut de Paléonotlogie Humaine (Instutute November 2000, on the remains of this for Human Paleontology), an association ship, which was of typically American d’utilité publique (charitable organiza- construction, divers found several Scot- 212 Vol. 62, No 3 AUTUMN 2017 Figure 5. The model’s hull and its copper sheathing. Author’s photograph. tish 9-pounder guns cast in 1778 at Car- tional Archives where the Campagnes ron and a uniform button bearing the aux Ameriques (Campaigns in the Amer- number “90” that was identified as spe- icas) archive provided a report by Cheva- cific to the Irish Regiment of Dillon, in lier de L’Espine on his naval action on the service of France, for the period from January 22, 1783. This important docu- 1779 to 1783. This type of button corre- ment linked the area where his ship sank sponds to the period of the participation to the location of the excavation wreck of Louis XVI’s armies in the American site, since he indicated that the final po- War of Independence. sition of his corvette lay between Pointe Armed with this information, re- Isabellique and Pointe de la Grange; two search was undertaken at the French Na- characteristic points that served as day- Figure 6. The six-pointed star carved on the model’s stern. Author’s photograph. NAUTICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 213 marks for navigators approaching the reef-lined coast along the north of His- paniola. Having left Brest in France a month earlier in command of the Royal corvette, le Dragon, L’Espine was ordered to transport as discreetly and as quickly as possible Captain de Courrejeolles of the Engineer Corps, carrying a letter of the highest importance to be delivered in person to General de Bellecombe. (From 1781 to 1785, Pierre Guillaume Sarrazin de Bellecombe (1728-1792) was “Gover- Figure 7. One of the 13 six-pointed stars of General George nor of Santo Domingo, Lieutenant-Gen- Washington’s command pennant. Courtesy of the Museum of the American Revolution, Philadelphia. eral of the French Windward Islands, and inspector-general of the troops, artillery, Figure 8. The pennant with 13 six-pointed stars flown at General George Washington’s command post (George Washington’s Head- quarters Flag). Courtesy of the Museum of the American Revolution, Philadelphia. 214 Vol. 62, No 3 AUTUMN 2017 NAUTICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL RESEARCH NAUTICAL 215 Figure 9. The figurehead of the model. It is difficult to say whether this sculpture was an incomplete carving or the result of damage. Author’s photograph. Figure 10. A representation of the figurehead of the privateer brigantine Washington. Only new research diving on the wreck could reveal the presence of a figurehead located under the bowsprit. Watercolor by Thierry Moné: author’s collection. 216 Vol. 62, No 3 AUTUMN 2017 Figure 11. The copper plate with the coat of arms of Louis XVI’s Navy, attached to the stern of the model. Author’s photograph. militia and fortifications of the said is- Louisiana and in the Caribbean, in Santo lands”.Captain de Courrejeolles (1736- Domingo in particular.) This encrypted 1805) was an unusual officer, who was letter from the Minister of the Navy or- both the author of several inventions and dered Bellecombe to place at Courreje- a warrior capable of fulfilling the most olles’ disposition the means necessary perilous missions. This “Vauban of the for the capture of the Turks Islands north Americas” exercised his talents in of Hispaniola. (The Turks and Caicos Is- NAUTICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 217 Figure 12. The copper plate engraved “1783”, fixed to the port side of the model. Author’s photograph. lands are now a British overseas terri- the Americas, carrying a courier for Gen- tory.) These islands had strategic impor- eral Rochambeau. Because of heavy seas, tance because of the presence of the and the state of its hull, which was tak- Grande Saline (a large salt lake on Grand ing on water from all sides, the corvette Turk Island) which would have allowed failed to reach Philadelphia and made a the King of France to ensure the monop- forced stopover of more than three oly over salt in the Caribbean zone. months in Boston. On May 24, 1782, le Dragon, then armed with sixteen 4- An English Dragon pounder guns and four 6-pounder how- itzers, was moored in Boston Harbor at Sailed from Brest to Boston the Ballard Wharf on Ship Street (now Commercial Street). (This armament in- The two-masted Liverpool priva- dicates that the transformation into a teer Dragon was captured off Brest on corvette was accompanied by a modifica- September 12, 1781. At that time the tion of the type of artillery. However, English privateer was armed with four- none of these new pieces of artillery cor- teen British 6-pounders. The French responds to those found in the wreck, frigate la Friponne, aboard which then- which were 9-pounders. The artillery enseigne de vaisseau Joseph de L’Espine was modified again when the hull re- was serving at the time, was credited ceived copper sheathing at Brest.) This with this prize. shipyard within the great Massachusetts After its capture, the English two- port restored the operational effective- masted Dragon was modified by the ad- ness of the corvette by completely re- dition of a mizzenmast and became the building the hull, including replacing French corvette le Dragon. In April 1782, frames, part of the keel, and the de L’Espine was sent with his corvette to bowsprit. (Record of the ship carpenter 218 Vol. 62, No 3 AUTUMN 2017 Joseph Clarck, Boston, May 1782) Fol- A Washington with lowing this, L’Espine’s corvette returned to Brest where the brand-new hull of an Impressive Record American white oak planks was quickly sheathed with copper, thus protecting it The privateer brigantine Washing- from the attack of shipworms in tropical ton was commissioned on October 3, seas and increasing its speed. 1776 at the Beverly shipyard north of Boston, Massachusetts. It was armed with twelve 6- and 8-pounders, six When the Privateer Washington swivel-guns and four blunderbusses. The Turns into Dragon captain, Elias Smith, distinguished him- self by capturing nine enemy ships While searching the archives of the within a single year. His successor in Royal Navy, we realized that the Liverpool 1777, Captain Nicholas Ogleby, recorded privateer brig Dragon was itself a captured no prizes during the six months of his vessel. This is also confirmed by Lloyd’s command. The last captain of the priva- registers which recorded the privateer for teer Washington, Nathaniel Wardell, was the years 1779 and 1780, stating that it captured when he first put to sea. was of American construction. (The brig The known technical characteris- Dragon was not yet on the registers of tics of the French corvette le Dragon 1778, and was no longer on those of match the main characteristics of the 1781.) By picking up the lists of American Massachusetts privateer brigantine prize vessels of the year 1778, all clues Washington. Examination of the differ- lead back to a single ship, built in the ent types of brigantines constructed dur- State of Massachusetts in 1776: the pri- ing the same period by American vateer brigantine Washington. shipyards reveals that Washington was On May 30, 1778, when the ship similar to the privateer brigantine Fair left Plymouth, Massachusetts, com- American of 1776, a name carried by manded for a few days by Captain many American ships of the period. The Nathaniel Wardell, the privateer brigan- latter was armed with fourteen guns tine Washington was captured by Captain arranged on a single deck about 21 me- John Mulligan’s British (ex-French) frigate ters long by 7.3 meters wide (69 feet by Blonde. Sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, the 24 feet). vessel was declared a legitimate prize and sold. Acquired by the shipowners Warren A Belgian Surprise Visitor & Co. of Liverpool (England), the brigan- tine underwent some modifications be- in the Form of an Ex-Voto fore being put into service as a privateer brig under the name of Dragon. Research in the archives revealed Between September 1778 and Au- the three lives of the American brigan- gust 1781, the Liverpool privateer Dragon tine Washington from its origin in 1776 captured at least five enemy ships, includ- to its end in 1783, becoming in turn the ing the French privateer la Modeste in English brig Dragon and, eventually, the February 1779, before being captured by French corvette le Dragon.
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