Formal E Informal) En El Contexto Educativo En La Ciudad De Tefé (Amazonas, Br): ¿Diversidad O Fracaso Escolar?

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Formal E Informal) En El Contexto Educativo En La Ciudad De Tefé (Amazonas, Br): ¿Diversidad O Fracaso Escolar? VARIACIONES DE LENGUAJE (FORMAL E INFORMAL) EN EL CONTEXTO EDUCATIVO EN LA CIUDAD DE TEFÉ (AMAZONAS, BR): ¿DIVERSIDAD O FRACASO ESCOLAR? Maria de Fátima Castro Amorim de Moraes Valladolid – España – 2014 Tesis doctoral dirigida por la Dra. Fátima Cruz Souza UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social Departamento de Pedagogía A Naiandra, Dayana, Marcely, Isabel y Raimundo (éste en memoria) Agradecimientos Los años, los días y las horas que una necesita para dedicarse a la investigación de una Tesis doctoral deja evidencias de que el éxito alcanzado involucró a un gran grupo de personas. Por ello, también sería imposible manifestar por escrito un agradecimiento personal a todas ellas. Sin embargo, aunque no aparezcan citadas, sus contribuciones aparecen concretadas en cada línea de este trabajo. Y son personas a quien manifiesto mi más sincero agradecimiento y a quienes siempre recordaré. En primer lugar, quiero manifestar mis más sinceros agradecimientos a mi directora de tesis, Dra. Fátima Cruz Souza, por su apoyo humano en los momentos difíciles y su orientación científica; sin ella, seguramente, no habría llegado hasta aquí, porque hacer un doctorado fuera del país de origen y escribir en otro idioma exige una superación constante de dificultades. Igualmente, quiero agradecer a mi Universidad (UEA) y a mi Centro - CEST - Universidad Estadual del Amazonas – Centro de Estudios Superiores de Tefé), en la persona del Ex Rector Dr. José Aldemir de Oliveira y del Actual, Dr. Cleinaldo de Almeida Costa, y en la persona de la profesora Drª. Luciane Lopes de Souza, actual directora del Centro, por el apoyo jurídico a mis solicitudes de permiso que, en algunos momentos, fueron necesarios para ausentarme del trabajo y poder dedicarme a la investigación y a la redacción de la tesis. Igualmente deseo agradecer a los compañeros de mi colegiado que supieron entender mi ausencia, en las ocasiones que al iniciar el periodo lectivo no podía estar presente; y ellos de manera profesional y amistosa solucionaban cualquier traba académica; las personas que no ponen dificultades a los trabajos de los demás, ya les están ayudando Mis más sinceros agradecimientos a las directoras de las escuelas: María Marcilene Amorim de Souza, Raimunda Lima da Cruz y Jocinete Auxiliadora Brito da Silva, por facilitar mi acceso a las escuelas y colaborar con la investigación; a los coordinadores pedagógicos Helena Freitas, Mª de Lourdes Vasconcelos, Assunta Castro de Araújo y Anna Ruth; a los profesores Lindomar Castro Guimarães, Maria Ivanete Alves Serafim, Maria Aparecida Lopes da Silva, Cilse Moraes Cavalcante, Rossi Antunes Oliveira de Araújo , Ronaldo Barroso Salvador y demás profesores de estas escuelas, por las entrevistas concedidas, el apoyo e incentivo y la amistad. Todos forman parte de un equipo cuyas contribuciones fueron imprescindibles en este trabajo. Sus narrativas donde expusieron sus experiencias, facilidades y dificultades en el día a día como profesores, fueron primordiales para los análisis y las conclusiones en este trabajo. Gracias a todos por la confianza, la amistad y el respeto construido y adquirido durante las actividades desarrolladas para la recogida de datos y las actividades experimentales. El espacio concedido por esos profesionales para la investigación científica en el contexto educativo marca el inicio para la desmitificación de las problemáticas con las que todos los educadores se enfrentan y que solos no pueden solucionar. No se puede enmascarar el abanico de problemas que entrañan los contextos escolares y que, desgraciadamente, muchas veces, los gobernantes no quieren dejar traslucir a la sociedad porque son conscientes de que está bajo su responsabilidad la calidad del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje y, además, es un derecho de toda la ciudadanía. Finalmente, mi más profundo agradecimiento a mi familia (mi madre María y mi padre Pedro y Urquison), porque sin ellos no estaría aquí; mi familia que siempre me incentivó y, en ningún momento, me permitió sucumbir frente a las dificultades que, en algunos momentos, pensaba que no sería capaz de superar. La separación y la soledad no son fáciles para quien se marcha con incertidumbres en busca de sus sueños y tampoco lo es para quien se queda, con la esperanza de volver a ver a la persona querida realizada y vencedora. INDICE INTRODUCCIÓN.............................................................................. 1 CAPITULO I: ADQUISICIÓN DEL LENGUAJE Y EL PROCESO DE INTERACCIÓN SOCIAL.................................... 11 1. Lenguaje, apropiación y creación de cultura............................................12 1.1. Contexto y lenguaje ..................................................................................12 1.2. Cultura y lenguaje ....................................................................................16 1.3. Variaciones de lenguaje y la Pragmática................................................21 1.4. Lenguaje y diferenciación intergrupal....................................................27 1.5. Lenguaje y construcción del Yo ..............................................................30 2. Aprendizaje de la lengua padrón culta.....................................................35 2.1. El andamiaje en el aprendizaje de la lengua en la escuela....................35 2.2. Proceso de adquisición del lenguaje........................................................39 2.3. Importancia de la lectoescritura en el mundo globalizado ...................46 2.4. El lenguaje informal en la escuela...........................................................49 CAPITULO II: AGENTES EDUCATIVOS Y EL LENGUAJE EN LOS PROCESOS DE ENSEÑANZA-APRENDIZAJE .............. 57 1. Contexto familiar y desarrollo del lenguaje..............................................57 2. Familia, lenguaje y medios de comunicación............................................65 3. Estructura de clases y lenguaje en el ámbito escolar ................................68 4. Códigos lingüísticos y roles sociales diversos............................................73 5. Códigos lingüísticos e ideologías en el contexto de aula............................77 CAPITULO III: LA REALIDAD BRASILEÑA, PLURALIDAD CULTURAL Y DIVERSIDAD DE LENGUAJES........................ 87 1. Historia y lenguaje ...................................................................................87 1.1 Colonización en detrimento de la lengua, de la cultura y de las identidades diversas. ..........................................................................................91 1.2 Originarios (indígenas) y lenguajes: ¿estigmas y estereotipos de la subcultura? .........................................................................................................95 1.3. Vertientes de la formación de la lengua en Brasil..................................98 2. Cultura amazónica, identidades y lenguaje............................................102 2.1. El caboclo: ¿valoración o estereotipo de un pueblo?...........................102 2.2. Inmigración y lenguaje...........................................................................107 2.2.1. Influencias indígenas y lenguaje ......................................................111 2.2.1.1. Grupos indígenas......................................................................113 2.2.1.2. Términos, significados y costumbres ......................................119 2.2.2. Influencias africanas/nordestinas ....................................................122 3. Tefé: contexto histórico, socio-cultural y educativo................................126 3.1. El Municipio de Tefé en Amazonas-Brasil ...........................................126 3.2. Contexto histórico y sociocultural tefeense ..........................................128 3.3. Contexto educativo tefeense...................................................................132 3.3.1. El sistema educativo local a partir de las leyes que rigen la Educación Nacional .....................................................................................136 3.3.2. El Sistema de Evaluación, la exclusión y el fracaso escolar...........142 3.3.2.1 MEC: nueva Propuesta Pedagógica con instrumentos y técnicas evaluativos .................................................................................147 CAPÍTULO IV: DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO ........................... 151 1. Planteamiento del problema ...................................................................151 2. Método...................................................................................................157 2.1 Estudio de casos múltiples .....................................................................158 2.1.1. Los centros educativos.......................................................................162 2.1.1.1. Descripción de las clases de los casos escuelas..........................180 2.1.1.1.1. Selección y presentación de los mini‐casos .....................191 2.2. Instrumentos de recogida de datos ..........................................................201 3. El papel de la investigadora .....................................................................207 CAPITULO V: ANÁLISIS Y DISCUSIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS: IDENTIDAD CULTURAL, LENGUAJES, VIDA ESCOLAR Y EXCLUSIÓN SOCIAL .............................. 211 1. Aprendizaje del lenguaje informal en la vida cotidiana .........................212 1.1. Medio familiar y adquisición del lenguaje............................................213 1.2. Lenguaje y los grupos de compañeros
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