Review of Cibotium barometz and Flickingeria fimbriata from Viet Nam
(Version edited for public release)
Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General Environment ENV.E.2. – Environmental Agreements and Trade
by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
November, 2010
PREPARED FOR
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CITATION UNEP-WCMC (2010). Review of Cibotium barometz and Flickingeria fimbriata from Viet Nam. UNEP- WCMC, Cambridge.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...... 4 2. Species reviews ...... 5 SPECIES: Cibotium barometz ...... 5 SPECIES: Flickingeria fimbriata...... 11
Introduction
1. Introduction Export quotas are usually established by each Party to CITES unilaterally, but they can also be set by the Conference of the Parties or result from recommendations of the Animals and Plants Committees. In general, there is no specific requirement in the text of the Convention to establish quotas to limit the trade in CITES-listed species.
When a country sets its own national export quotas for CITES species, it should inform the Secretariat [see Resolution Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP15)], which in turn informs the Parties. Early in each year, the Secretariat publishes a Notification to the Parties containing a list of export quotas of which it has been informed. Quotas generally relate to a calendar year (1 January to 31 December) except for sturgeon quotas, which since 2008 are issued according to quota-years spanning from 1 March to 28 February. UNEP-WCMC produced an ‘Analysis of 2010 CITES export quotas’ (circulated intersessionally on 28/06/2010) from which thirteen species/country combinations and three genera were selected for review based on new or increased quotas in 2010. These reviews were presented at the 53rd meeting of the Scientific Review Group. Following an update on quotas published since the analysis was produced, the SRG requested that two additional species/country combinations be reviewed: Cibotium barometz/Viet Nam: Quota of 250,000 kg dry weight in 2009 and 2010 Flickingeria fimbrata/Viet Nam. Quota of 10,000 kg dry weight in 2009 and 2010
The latest quotas for these two species/country combinations were published on the CITES website (www.cites.org) on 01/09/2010.
Trade data included in this report were downloaded from the CITES Trade Database on 07/10/2010
Cibotium barometz
2. Species reviews
REVIEW OF CIBOTIUM BAROMETZ AND FLICKINGERIA FIMBRIATA FROM VIET NAM
DICKSONIACEAE
SPECIES: Cibotium barometz
SYNONYMS: -
COMMON NAMES: gou ji (Chinese), goudharige hondsvaren (Dutch), felci arboree (Italian), cau tich (Vietnamese), Scythian Lamb, Tartarian Lamb, Golden Lamb, Chain Fern Rhizome, Cibot Rhizome, Cibota, Cibotum, Lamb of Tartary (English)
RANGE STATES: China, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China), India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan (Province of China), Thailand, Viet Nam
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: -
TRADE PATTERNS: Viet Nam issued an export quota of 250 000 kg (250 tonnes) dry weight for C. barometz in 2009 and 2010. There have never been any reported exports of C. barometz from Viet Nam to the EU since its listing in Appendix II in 1985, nor has there been any reported indirect trade into the EU of C. barometz originating in Viet Nam. Direct exports from Viet Nam to countries other than EU-27 over the period 1999-2008 consisted of wild-sourced dried plants and roots, totalling 568.5 tonnes of dried plants and 456 tonnes of roots, as reported by Viet Nam (Table 1). Annual exports of both dried plants and roots decreased over this ten year period.
Cibotium barometz
Table 1. Direct exports of Cibotium barometz from Viet Nam to countries other than EU-27, 1999-2008. All trade was in kg of wild-sourced specimens for commercial purposes. Importer Term Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Japan dried plants Importer Exporter 10000 10000 roots Importer Exporter 10000 10000 Republic of Korea dried plants Importer 213000 113000 58000 56500 131000 571500 Exporter 160000 97000 56000 38500 136000 3500 67500 558500 roots Importer 138809 66788 61000 68500 335097 Exporter 185000 123000 75500 42500 426000 Singapore roots Importer Exporter 20000 20000
Cibotium barometz
CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Cibotium barometz is a large terrestrial tree fern with leaves over 2 m long (WHO, 1990). It was described to have a stump-like rhizome, about 5-8 cm in diameter (Chandra, 1970). Maturation was reported to take over four years, after which a large quantity of spores are produced yearly (Nguyen et al., 2009). Old rhizomes were reported to be capable of sprouting lateral buds (Nguyen et al., 2009). C. barometz was reported to occur in acid soils (Zhang et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2010), amongst non- calcareous rocks and on steep ground in mountain forests (van Steenis and Holttum, 1982) and in valleys, forest edges and open places at elevations up to 1600 m (Wu et al., 2010). It was reported to form sometimes large and dense communities in valleys and forest edge areas (Nguyen et al., 2009). The species’ distribution was reported to cover southern parts of China, northeast India, western Malay Peninsula, Indonesia (from Java to Sumatra), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Japan (Zhang et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2010), Taiwan (van Steenis and Holttum, 1982), Laos and Philippines (Nguyen et al., 2009). The global population trend was estimated to be decreasing (Zhang et al., 2008; Nguyen et al., 2009). C. barometz was reportedly used in Southeast Asia for medicinal purposes and as food and fibre (Lemmens et al., 1989). Its rhizomes and roots were reported to be collected for medicinal uses, including use as blood coagulant and treatment of ulcers, rheumatism, typhoid and coughs (Puri, 1970; May, 1978; Nguyen et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2010). The hairs that cover the rhizome were reportedly used for stuffing cushions (Chandra, 1970; van Steenis and Holttum, 1982) or as packing material (May, 1978). Oldfield (1995) noted that tree ferns were used in the horticultural market as pot plants as well as for landscaping, and to act as substrate material for orchids. Viet Nam Distribution and Population Status: Nguyen et al. (2009) reported C. barometz to occur in the mountainous provinces in northern Viet Nam, including Cao Bang (Ha Quang, Nguyen Binh, Thach An districts); Lang Son (Huu Lung, Loc Binh dist.); Quang Ninh (Ba Che, Hoanh Bo, Van Don dist.); Lai Chau (Phong Tho, Than Uyen dist.); Lao Cai (Bat Xat, Muong Khuong, Bao Thang); Yen Bai (Mu Cang Chai, Tram Tau dist.); Dien Bien (Dien Bien Dong, Tua Chua, Tuan Giao dist.); Son La (Quynh Nhai, Song Ma, Thuan Chau, Mai Son dist.); Hoa Binh (Mai Chau, Da Bac, Tan Lac dist.), Tuyen Quang (Na Hang, Yen Son, Chiem Hoa dist.); Bac Can (Ba Be, Na Ri, Bach Thong dist.), Thai Nguyen (Phu Luong, Dai Tu, Dinh Hoa dist.); Phu Tho (Thanh Son, Tam Son dist.); Vinh Phuc (Tam Dao dist.); Thanh Hoa (Quan Hoa, Ba Thuoc, Cam Thuy dist.) and Nghe An (Ky Son, Tuong Duong, Con Cuong dist.). Furthermore, the species was reported to occur in southern Viet Nam in some high mountainous areas, including Ngoc linh (Dak Gley, Dak Ha, Tu Mo Rong, Kon Plong dist.) in Kon Tum province, Quang Nam province (Tra My, Tay Giang dist.); Chu Yang Sin in Dak Lak provine and Bi Dup in Lam Dong province (Nguyen et al., 2009). The species was reported to be common in Viet Nam, being particularly abundant in the Son La and Dien Bien provinces of northwest Viet Nam, and Kontum province in the Central Highlands (Nguyen et al., 2009). However, its distribution was said to be uneven (Nguyen et al., 2009). In the richest (unexploited) areas in Son La province, the maximum yield of fresh C. barometz rhizomes per 4 m2 sample plot was reported to be about 12-16 kg, and in an area in Kontum provice, the maximum yield of fresh rhizomes per 4 m2 sample plot was reported to be 20-25 kg and the minimum was reported to be 10-12 kg (Nguyen et al., 2009). In contrast, based on a survey conducted in two communes (32 villages) in the Lai Châu province, northwestern Viet Nam, Lecup and Tu (2000) reported that the availability of wild C. barometz for trade purposes was limited, and the species was “almost depleted”. Similarly, in the Ben En National Park, the species was said to be threatened at the local level and it was stated that “the species is rare, and although local people can find it with special effort, the species will be endangered if collection continues” (Hoang et al., 2008). It was stated that “population estimates for Viet Nam are lacking and reports on its abundance vary. It has been described as becoming rare in most range States owing to uncontrolled collection for the
Cibotium barometz medicinal trade, but has also been described as common and even locally prolific in disturbed sites in Viet Nam” (CITES Secretariat, 2006b). Nguyen et al. (2009) considered “approximately thousands of tonnes” of C. barometz to be present in Viet Nam, with results from a recent survey indicating an estimated total stock of 10,000 tonnes of dried rhizome material. C. barometz was reported to be occasionally an “important component” of the closed evergreen montane broad-leaved forests in the South Annamese floristic province, southern Viet Nam, along with other woody tree ferns (Averyanov et al., 2003). Typical habitats were reported to be wet, mountainous ravines (WHO, 1990) and valleys, forest edges, pine forests and steam banks at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1000 m (in the north) and 800 to 1500 m (in the south) (Nguyen et al., 2009). Nguyen et al. (2009) reported that the species was listed as Threatened in the 1996 Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Viet Nam Red Data book Editorial Board, 1996) but was subsequently not included in the 2007 Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Viet Nam Red Data book Editorial Board, 2007) nor in the Red List of Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam (Nguyen Tap, 2006). Threats and Uses: Harvesting and habitat loss/degradation were mentioned as the main threats for the species in Viet Nam (Nguyen et al., 2009). An estimated 200 tonnes of dry sliced rhizomes of C. barometz (called “cau tich”) were thought to be used for traditional medicine every year in Viet Nam (Nguyen et al., 2009). C. barometz was reportedly used for its anti-inflammatory and anodyne properties for the treatment of several illnesses (WHO, 1990; Hoang et al., 2008). The daily dosage was reported to be between 10-20 g (WHO, 1990). Nguyen et al. (2009) stated that “there is no artificial cultivation of C. barometz in Viet Nam; all the materials used are collected from wild populations”. According to Nguyen et al. (2009), the collection of the rhizomes was usually done during the dry season, in autumn or winter. The fresh rhizomes were either cut into slices, or boiled in hot water before slicing, after which they were dried under the sun or in an oven (Nguyen et al., 2009). Surveys conducted in the Bach Ma and Ben En National Parks showed that the species was collected for medicinal purposes by the local communities (Thien An and Ziegler, 2001; Hoang et al., 2008). In Ben En, about a quarter of the interviewed households reported the use of C. barometz (Hoang et al., 2008), and in Bach Ma, the local people were said to “still practice and rely on traditional medicine to a large extent” (Thien An and Ziegler, 2001). Ogle et al. (2003) also reported the root of C. barometz to be used as food in the Central Highlands area. Although not referring to C. barometz specifically, Thien An and Ziegler (2001) reported that “the local medicinal plant resource had been sustainably harvested but since the development of the market economy in 1986, and with a growing human population, this system is now threatened by commercial exploitation”, and that in Bach Ma National Park “due to unsustainable resource utilization, several species are at risk of overexploitation and their wild populations are declining rapidly.” Nguyen et al. (2009) reported that the commercialization of C. barometz by state-owned and private companies started several years ago. The species was reported to have a relative high market value (Lecup and Tu, 2000), although according to Hoang et al. (2008), the market demand for the species was medium, and the species was difficult to sell in large amounts. It was listed as a commercial medicinal plant species in the Ben En National Park, with prices of USD 0.32 per kg of dried root (Hoang et al., 2008). Due to its relatively high value, the enrichment planting of C. barometz was suggested as a viable option for increasing the income of local communities from Non-Timber Forest Products, but it was noted that the local farmers lacked the technical knowledge needed for such planting activities (Lecup and Tu, 2000). Nguyen et al. (2009) stated that “so far, no illegal trade [in C. barometz] has been found in Viet Nam”. Management and legal protection: C. barometz was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process in 2006, with the population in Viet Nam categorised as of ‘possible concern’ due to concerns regarding large scale exports and domestic use, incomplete information on the species’ status and the unknown basis on which non-detriment findings were made (CITES Secretariat, 2006a,b). Several recommendations were made to the Scientific and Management Authorities of Viet Nam, including
Cibotium barometz that within one year, they should conduct a preliminary inventory of the standing stock, establish estimates of sustainable off-take, establish a scientific monitoring system and establish a revised export quota (CITES Secretariat, 2006a). After being given an extended deadline to implement these recommendations (CITES Secretariat, 2008), Viet Nam was then removed from the Review of Significant Trade process, having provided the Secretariat with a copy of its non-detriment finding (CITES Secretariat, 2009). In Viet Nam’s non-detriment finding for the species, management efforts were reported to be in place to “constrain the annual export from Viet Nam, as well as domestic use by medicinal factories”, in order to achieve sustainable use (Nguyen et al., 2009). Whilst the species was reported not to be included in any protected or threatened plant list regulations, the collection of C. barometz was reported to be prohibited in the National Parks and Nature Reserves (Nguyen et al., 2009). Outside of protected areas, it was reported that permits were needed for the collection of wild C. barometz; these are issued by the Forestry branches of each Province, who are also responsible for controlling localities and exploitation quantities (Nguyen et al., 2009). In addition, since 2001, export quotas of about 30-150 tonnes were reported to have been set by the Vietnamese CITES office (Nguyen et al., 2009). Using data from field plot surveys and data gathered from other sources, the total biomass of rhizomes of C. barometz in Viet Nam was estimated to be about 10,000 tonnes (Nguyen et al., 2009). Based on this, the annual sustained yield was estimated to be around 400-500 tonnes, which accounts for 5% of the standing stock (Nguyen et al., 2009). Export quotas of 300-350 tonnes per year were suggested to be “reasonable within five years, from 2009” (Nguyen et al., 2009). However, it was noted that due to the wide and uneven distribution of C. barometz in Viet Nam, and the small number of sample plots, the field survey conducted to draw these estimates was “very limited” (Nguyen et al., 2009). Collection of C. barometz rhizomes in Viet Nam was reported to be focused on a forest area in northwestern Viet Nam that was shortly to become a reservoir for the Son La hydroelectric project (Nguyen et al., 2009). Since 2006, the Forestry branches in Son La and Dien Bien provinces had reportedly issued permits for the collection of about 200-300 tonnes of C. barometz per year in the areas that were about to become a reservoir, and other areas outside the National Parks and Reserves (Nguyen et al., 2009). Between October 2008 and February 2009, an estimated 300 tonnes of fresh C. barometz rhizome were reportedly bought by a pharmaceutical company from the areas in Son La that were designated to become a reservoir (Nguyen et al., 2009). Nguyen et al. (2009) suggested that to improve the management of the species, only plants with a rhizome weight of over 1.5 kg should be allowed for collection, and that there should be a minimum rotation period of 10 years. Artificial propagation and cultivation in suitable areas were seen as important potential tools to reduce pressure on the wild resources (Nguyen et al., 2009). Whilst collection of the species was prohibited within National Parks and Nature Reserves (Nguyen et al., 2009), C. barometz was reportedly collected for medicinal purposes in the Bach Ma and Ben En National Parks (Thien An and Ziegler, 2001; Hoang et al., 2008). The control of unauthorized access to the Bach Ma National Park was reported to be very difficult to implement due to difficult accessibility of the area (Thien An and Ziegler, 2001). REFERENCES: Averyanov, L. V., Ke Loc, P., Tien Hiep, N., and Harder, D. K. 2003. Phytogeographic review of Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina. Komarovia, 3: 1-83. Chandra, S. 1970. Vascular organization of the rhizome of Cibotium barometz. American Fern Journal, 60 (2): 68-72. CITES Secretariat. 2006a. CITES summary record of the sixteenth meeting of the Plants Committee. Lima (Peru), 3-8 July 2006. PC16 Summary Record. CITES Secretariat. 2006b. Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species: Species selected following CoP 11 and CoP 12. Sixteenth meeting of the Plants Committee, Lima (Peru), 3-8 July 2006. PC16 Doc.10.2.
Cibotium barometz
CITES Secretariat. 2008. Review of Significant Trade: implementation of recommendations of the Animals and Plants Committees. Geneva (Switzerland), 14-18 July 2008. SC57 Doc 29.1 (Rev. 2). CITES Secretariat. 2009. Review of Significant Trade: implementation of recommendations of the Animals and Plants Committees. Geneva (Switzerland), 6-10 July 2009. SC58 Doc. 21.1. Hoang, V. S., Baas, P., and Kessler, P. A. 2008. Traditional medicinal plants in Ben En National Park, Vietnam. Blumea, 53: 569-601. Lecup, I. & Tu, B. Q. 2000. Report on a participatory diagnosis of the local non timber forest products (NTFP's) and their market environment in two communes in Tua Chua District, Lai Chau Province. Vietnamese - German Technical Cooperation, Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP) Song Da, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) -GTZ. Lemmens, R. H. M. J., Jansen, P. C. M., Siemonsma, J. S., and Stavast, F. M. 1989. Plant resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. PROSEA Project, Wageningen, the Netherlands. May, L. W. 1978. The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies. Botanical Review, 44 (4): 491-528. Nguyen, T., Le, T. S., Ngo, D. P., Nguyen, Q. N., Pham, T. H., & Nguyen, T. H. 2009. Non-detriment finding for Cibotium barometz in Viet Nam. SC58 Doc. 21.1. Annex 2. Nguyen, T. (2006). “The Red List of medicinal plants of Viet Nam - 2006" [in Vietnamese], Journal of medicinal materials, 11 (3): 97-105. National Institute of Medicinal materials, Hanoi, Ogle, B. M., Tuyet, H. T., Duyet, H. N., and Dung, N. N. X. 2003. Food, feed or medicine: the multiple functions of edible wild plants in Vietnam. Economic Botany, 57 (1): 103-117. Oldfield, S. 1995. Significant trade in CITES Appendix II plants. Tree ferns. Prepared for the CITES Secretariat by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Puri, H. S. 1970. Indian Pteridophytes used in folk remedies. American Fern Journal, 60 (4): 137-143. Thien An, T. and Ziegler, S. 2001. Utilization of medicinal plants in Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Medicinal Plant Conservation, 7: 3-5.van Steenis, C. G. G. J. and Holttum, R. E. 1982. Flora Malesiana - Series II Pteridophyta. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague/Boston/London. Viet Nam Red Data book Editorial Board (1996). Viet Nam Red Data Book. Natural Science and Technology Publisher, Hanoi. Viet Nam Red Data book Editorial Board (2007). Viet Nam Red Data Book - Part II. Plants, Natural Science and Technology Publisher, Hanoi. WHO. 1990. Medicinal plants in Viet Nam. Regional Publications, Western Pacific Series No 3. World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila. Pp. 95.Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H., and Hong, D. Y. 2010. Flora of China. Vol. 2 (Psilotaceae-Thelypteridaceae). In Preparation. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis. Zhang, X.-C., Jia, J.-S., & Zhang, G.-M. 2008. Non-detriment finding for Cibotium barometz in China. NDF Workshop Case Studies. WG 2 - perennials.
Flickingeria fimbriata
REVIEW OF CIBOTIUM BAROMETZ AND FLICKINGERIA FIMBRIATA FROM VIET NAM
ORCHIDACEAE
SPECIES: Flickingeria fimbriata
SYNONYMS: Desmotrichum fimbriatum, Dendrobium fimbriatum
COMMON NAMES:
RANGE STATES: China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore (ex), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam
RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam
IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated
PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS:
TRADE PATTERNS: Viet Nam published an annual export quota of 10 000 kg dry weight for F. fimbriata in 2009 and 2010. There have never been any reported exports of F. fimbriata from Viet Nam, either to EU-27 or to the rest of the world, nor has there been any reported indirect trade into the EU of F. fimbriata originating in Viet Nam. Global exports of F. fimbriata 1999-2008 have mainly come from the Philippines (48 live artificially- propagated specimens, reported by the importers only), with smaller quantities from Malaysia and Thailand. The only imports of F. fimbriata to the EU 1999-2009 were of 10 live artificially-propagated specimens from the Philippines (four specimens imported by Belgium and six by the French overseas region of Guadeloupe). There has been no trade in wild-sourced specimens of this species from any country since 1997. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Flickingeria fimbriata is an epiphytic orchid (Smith, 1991; Wood et al., 1993; Kress et al., 2003; Averyanov et al., 2003b), although according to Beaman et al. (2001), it may also grow on the soil surface. It was recorded to grow on rocks and trees (Averyanov et al., 2003b), “often completely covering tree trunks and branches, particularly those overhanging rivers or the sea” (Comber, 1990). Its flowering was reported to last less than a day and be triggered by a drop in temperature (Beaman et al., 2001). F. fimbriata was reported to be widespread in South-East Asia (Comber, 1990; Wood et al., 1993; Beaman et al., 2001). Its range was considered to include Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, The Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam, China, Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands (Agoo et al., 2003). It was also reported to occur in Laos (Inthakoun and Delang, 2008; Schuiteman et al., 2010) and India (Bose and Bhattacharjee, 1980). Yan Chong et al. (2009) reported it extinct in the wild in Singapore.
Flickingeria fimbriata
Viet Nam: F. flickingeria was reported to occur in the Vietnamese part of the South-Chinese floristic province (i.e. northeastern Viet Nam), as well as the North and South Indochinese and Central and South Annamese floristic provinces (Averyanov et al., 2003b). F. flickingeria was found to occupy broad-leaved, mixed and coniferous montane and lowland forests in Viet Nam (Averyanov et al., 2003b). It was reported to grow on rocks and bases of large trees along montane streams and rivers, as well as in forest undergrowth (Averyanov et al., 2003b). No specific information was located about the threats to F. flickingeria in Viet Nam. However, Averyanov et al. (2003a) noted that in addition to habitat loss and degradation, collection for trade was a significant threat to the Vietnamese orchid species. Averyanov et al. (2003a) reported that international orchid dealers and companies “encourage wide-scale collecting of the plants from the wild all over the country and have formed an extensive network of local dealers and collectors.” The exported plants were reported to move either directly or via Hong Kong and Taiwan to the markets in Japan, United States and Europe (Averyanov et al., 2003a). Averyanov et al. (2003a) reported that there is “absence of any real control of collecting of wild plants”, and that “the competition for new species between nurseries and growers involved in orchid breeding and the desire of many growers for wild-collected novelties support an illegal trade that still continues.” F. flickingeria was also listed as a plant species used in traditional medicine (CITES Secretariat, 2002). The pseudo-bulbs were reported to be used for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, fever, burning sensations, biliousness and blood diseases in India (Ganeshaiah et al., 2009). F. fimbriata was not included in the list of protected plants of Viet Nam (Government of Viet Nam, 2006a). REFERENCES: Agoo, E. M. G., Schuiteman, A., and de Vogel, E. F. 2003. Flora Malesiana: Orchids of the Philippines Vol. I. ETI/National Herbarium of the Netherlands. Averyanov, L. V., Cribb, P., Phan Ke Loc, and Nguyen Tien Hiep. 2003a. Slipper orchids of Vietnam. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Averyanov, L. V., Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, and Harder, D. K. 2003b. Phytogeographic review of Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina. Komarovia, 3: 1-83. Beaman, T. E., Wood, J. J., Beaman, R. S., and Beaman, J. H. 2001. Orchids of Sarawak. Natural History Publications in association with Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Borneo. Bose, T. K. and Bhattacharjee, S. K. 1980. Orchids of India. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, India. CITES Secretariat. 2002. Trade in traditional medicines. Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Santiago (Chile), 3-5 November 2002. CoP12 Doc. 64. Comber, J. B. 1990. Orchids of Java. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom. Ganeshaiah, K. N., Vasudeva, R., and Shaanker, R. U. 2009. In search of Sanjeevani. Current Science 97 (4): 484-489. Government of Viet Nam. 2006a. Decree No. 32/2006/ND-CP of March 30, 2006, on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Forest Plants and Animals. Government of Viet Nam. 2006b. Decree No. 82/2006/ND-CP of August 10, 2006, on management of export, import, re-export, introduction from the sea, transit, breeding, rearing and artificial propagation of endangered species of precious and rare wild fauna and flora. Inthakoun, L. and Delang, C. O. 2008. Lao Flora - a checklist of plants found in Lao PDR with scientific and vernacular names. Lulu Enterprises Inc., Morrisville, NC. Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R. A., Farr, E., and Kyi, D. Y. Y. 2003. A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Smithsonian Institution - Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45, 1-590.
Flickingeria fimbriata
Schuiteman, A., Bonnet, P., and Bouakhaykhone S. 2010. Preliminary checklist of the Orchidaceae of Laos URL: http://www.orchisasia.org/orchids%20list.html (Accessed: 23-9-2010). Smith, A. C. 1991. Flora vitiensis nova - a new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Volume 5. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Wood, J. J., Beaman, R. S., and Beaman, J. H. 1993. The plants of Mount Kinabalu 2. Orchids. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Yan Chong, K., Tan, H. T. W., and Corlett, R. T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore - native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore.