The Conflict of the Characters in Dickens a Christmas Carol

THE CONFLICT OF THE CHARACTERS IN DICKENS A CHRISTMAS CAROL

A THESIS Submitted of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain A Graduate Degree In English Department

By: SABRI RESKIAWAN F21113037

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF THE CULTURAL SCIENCES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahi rabbil ‘alamin, the researcher expresses his highest gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala for blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy to complete this undergraduate thesis. This undergraduate thesis entitled A Christmas carol is submitted as the final requirement in accomplishing undergraduate degree at Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University. In arranging this thesis, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice, and support for the researcher. In this valuable chance, the researcher intended to express his gratitude and appreciation to all of them. First, the researcher’s deepest appreciation goes to his beloved parents, his Hasmiati for the endless love, pray, and support, and his father Supriadi for the phone call every week in order to remind me to keep going and never giving up. The researcher presents his sincere appreciation goes to Prof. Dr. Akin Duli, MA. as the dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences Also this thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my first advisor, Drs. Raden SM. Assagaf, M.ED for his supervision, advice, and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as giving me extraordinary experiences throughout the past few years. Then to his second advisor Drs. Husain Hasyim, M. Hum who has helped him patiently finishing this undergraduate thesis by giving suggestion, guidance, and correction until the completion of this thesis. My gratitude also goes to my beloved aunty Mipta Kurniawan for every support in any form especially for letting me stay at your house for a couple of month. I am sorry that I rarely visited your home recently. Also to the entire brothers and sisters of ETCETERA 13 who cannot be mentioned here one by one. Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of this undergraduate thesis. This undergraduate thesis is far from perfect, but it is expected that it will be useful not only for the researcher, but also for the readers. For this reason, constructive thoughtfull suggestion and critics are welcomed.

Bulukumba, 26 October2017

Sabri Reskiawan

TABLE OF CONTENT

FRONT PAGE ...... i

APPROVAL ...... ii

LEGITIMACY SHEET ...... iii

AGREEMANT SHEET ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi

ABSTRAK ...... viii

ABSTRACT ...... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Identification of the problems ...... 3 1.3 Scope of the problames ...... 4 1.4 Research question ...... 5 1.5 Objektive of the study ...... 5 1.6 Sequence of presentation ...... 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous study ...... 7 2.2 Structural approach ...... 8 2.3 Structure of the novel ...... 11 2.3.1 Character ...... 12 2.3.2 Plot ...... 15 2.3.3 Theme ...... 17 2.3.4 Setting ...... 18 2.3.5 Conflict ...... 20

CHAPTER III METODOLOGY

3.1 Metod of collecting data ...... 23 3.2 Metod of analyzing data ...... 24 3.3 Reseach procedure ...... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

4.1 Structure of novel ...... 25 4.1.1 Character ...... 25 4.1.2 Setting ...... 34 4.1.3 Theme ...... 35 4.1.4 Point of view ...... 36 4.1.5 Plot ...... 36 4.1.6 Conflict ...... 40

4.2 How were the nature of scrooge trasformed? ...... 41

4.3 What are the different amount the three spirit visited scrooge? ...... 54 4.4 How does the time schem of a christmas carol function? .. 56

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. CONCLUSION ...... 56 5.2. SUGGESTION ...... 61

BIBLIBIOGRAFI

APPENDIXS

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ABSTRAK

SABRI RESKIAWAN. NIM F21113037. The Conflict Of The Character In Dickens A Christmas Carol. (dibimbing oleh Raden S.M Assagaf dan Husain Hasyim).

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah, yang pertama adalah mengilustrasikan sifat Scrooge yang bertransformasi, yang kedua menganalisis berbagai sifat ketiga roh, dan yang terakhir menjelaskan skema fungsi waktu A Christmas Carol.

Penulis menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme yang berfokus pada setting dan karakter. Penulis juga menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan untuk mendapatkan data pendukung melalui buku referensi, jurnal dan artikel lainnya yang terkait dengan penelitian ini. Data yang telah diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif.

Penelitian ini membuktikan, pertama sifat karakter utama yang semula kikir, lalu berubah menjadi baik, karena adanya intervensi dari ketiga roh tersebut. Semangat pertama menunjukkan kehidupan Scrooge masa lalu bahwa sebelum Scrooge memiliki kehidupan normal seperti manusia biasa, roh kedua melihat tentang kehidupan yang sedang terjadi di sekitarnya. Semangat ketiga menunjukkan masa depan ketika sifatnya tetap sama. Kedua, perbedaan sifat dari tiga roh saat Scrooge dikunjungi, roh pertama adalah pencitraan hantu seperti muda dan tua, memerintah, mengalir dengan cahaya, roh kedua adalah sifat dermawan dari hantu ini tercermin dalam penglihatan berlimpah makanan. roh terakhir itu menakutkan dan mengerikan. roh itu tidak mengatakan sepatah kata pun kepada Scrooge, tapi roh meluncur dan menunjukkan adegan kepadanya. Dan ketiga fungsi waktu yang digunakan dalam A Christmas Carol mengacu pada kekhawatiran Dickens tentang inkonsistensi sementara yang menggarisbawahi kekuatan roh yang luar biasa. Jika mereka dalam keadaan biasa tidak akan berdampak pada perubahan sifat karakter utama, namun berbeda jika kejadiannya hanya terjadi dalam novel.

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ABSTRACT SABRI RESKIAWAN. NIM F21113037. “The Conflict of The Character In Dickens A Christmas Carol”. Thesis. Faculty of letter, English department, Hasanuddin University. (Supervised by Raden S.M Assagaf, and Husain Hasyim). The purpose of this study are to illustrate the nature of transformed scrooge, analyze the different traits among the three spirits visited by temptation, and explain the time function scheme of A Christmas Carol. The writer uses a structuralism approach that focuses on setting and character. The writer also uses library research to obtain supporting data through reference books, journals and other articles related to this research. The data that have been obtained, then analyzed using qualitative method. The study reveals firstly that the nature of the main character who initially miserly, then turned into good because of the intervention of the three spirits. The first spirit show the life of the Scrooge past that before the Scrooge had a normal life like an ordinary human being, the second spirit looked about the life that was going on around it. The third spirit shows the future when its nature remains the same. Secondly the difference in the nature of the three spirits when visited Scrooge, the first spirit is the ghost imaging like young and old, commanding, streaming with light, the second spirit is the generous nature of this ghost is reflected in the abundant vision of food, the last spirit is frightening and eerie. It doesn't say a word to Scrooge, but glides along and points out scenes to him. Thirdly the function of time used in A Christmas Carol refers to Dickens's concerns about temporary inconsistencies that underline the extraordinary powers of the spirit. If they were in ordinary nature would not have an impact on the change in the nature of the main character, but different if the incident only takes place in the novel.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Literary work is offered to public as a description of social fact. It is created together with author’s view, aim, way of life, experience and even his emotion. As Austin Werren and Rene Wellek wrote in teori kesusastraan:

Literature is a social intuition that uses the medium of language. Social techniques because they are conventions and norms of society. Moreover literature "presents life" and "life" largely consists of social reality, although literary works also "imitate" nature and the human subjective world (1995:109). Literary work cannot be separated from the society. Besides that, it also describes society’s hope and felling.

Novel as one of the literary work presents the history of civilization lively of civilization it does not offer an empirical data objectively where our thought is needed rationally in reading it. However, novel is presented in fictive prose, which needs our feeling in order to understand the story.

The novel consists of some aspects: character, plot, setting, etc which cannot be separated one other. Character in a novel may have all sorts of link with the people we meet everyday. In some cases we feel closer about them then those of the real people, but we only meet them in a book.

(Gill, 1995: 127)

Conflict in literary refers to different drives of the characters or force involved. Conflict may occur within a characters mind or between a character and exterior forces. Conflict is most visible between two or more characters, usually a protagonist and antagonist, but can occur in many different forms. A character may as easily find himself or herself in conflict with a natural force, such as an animal or a weather event, like a hurricane.

There are several reasons why the writer chooses a literary work, especially a novel. First, the writer is interested in studying literature about novel by Charles Dickens. His novel has mark able character. Charles

Dickens is not only talented in imaginative and fantastic but he is always active in social work, because he likes help the other people. A Christmas

Carol is one of the other famous novels. This book was important because it can help him to pay of obligation when he gets a problem in finances. A

Christmas Carol is a novel about the success a businessman who he cannot respect in a Christmas and he is not care to another peoples. This novel was good to spiritual reflection. So, the readers feel enjoy entertainment and involved in the narration because of what the presented is mirrror of life.

Secondly, this novel has a value to all people. We all have religion who we must respect with our religion. The value in A Christmas Carol are

“we must respect in religion, care to fellow, each other helping and respect, and love with our family”. Because the writer of this research can get an understanding of more general aspect through it such as human character, love, relationship, behavior, mystery or massage of life that may not hate

2 someone else. And it often spoke about family, love and the luxury of a life in the city.

The writers choose a study of literature about The Conflict Of The

Characters Of Charles Dickens’s “A Christmas Carol”. As we know that conflict has a very close with the story. To support the study, the writer reviewed the reference material such as books and some literary theories.

1.2 Identification of the problems

After doing a close reading on A Christmas Carol, the writer finds some cases that possible taken as issues to discuss such as the story of the transformation of the heart of a stingy Scrooge, A classic Christmas story, social life in a Christmas carol. I find that the Christmas featured by Dickens in A Christmas Carol is a Christmas that has nothing to do with the Nativity story. The title of this novel really fools the expectations of readers like me, who expect the presence of Christ in this novel. A Christmas Carol is

Dickens' belief about how Christmas should be celebrated and a Christmas solution to address the problems of British society in the 1840s, The identified problems are as follows:

a. In the novella, Scrooge represents all the values that are opposed

to the idea of Christmas--greed, selfishness, and a lack of

goodwill toward one's fellow man.

b. The Ghost of Christmas Past, with his glowing head symbolizing

the mind, represents memory; the Ghost of Christmas Present

represents generosity, empathy, and the Christmas spirit; and the

Ghost of Christmas Yet to come represents the fear of death and

moral reckoning.

c. On Christmas Eve, Jacob Marley's ghost tells Scrooge that he will

be visited by three ghosts on three successive nights. On

Christmas morning, Scrooge awakes, having already been visited

by all three ghosts. The three nights seem to be compressed into

a single night. The presence of the spirits apparently bends the

normal flow of time. A view further supported by the fact that

Scrooge goes to bed at two o'clock in the morning after Marley's

visitation and awakes at midnight the same night--two hours after

he fell asleep.

1.3 Scope of the problems

The researches choose a literature of study. Literary work has two main elements, they are: extrinsic element and intrinsic element. The writer gives a limited knowledge in element intrinsic of literature. The elements intrinsic of literature are: plot, setting, theme, point of view, style, atmosphere, character and characterization. The study is primarily taken within the scope of studying of the conflict character of Charles Dickens’s “A Christmas

Carol”. In order to make the discussion more specific. That is why the writer

4 wants to limit discussion in this study of the conflict character of Charles

Dickens’s in “A Christmas Carol”. At this time, the writer chooses a novel to him topic of this study.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the background explains in the previous subchapter, the writer identify some cases that are going to be issued as the object of the study. These are the following statements:

1. How were the traits of Scrooge changed?

2. What are the differences in the traits among the three spirits?

3. How does the time scheme of A Christmas Carol function?

1.5 Objective of the study

In relation to the statement of the problems, the objectives of the study are;

1. To describe the nature of scrooge transformed.

2. To analysis the different traits among the three spirit visited scrooge.

3. To explain the time scheme of A Christmas Carol function.

1.6 Sequence of presentation

Sequence of the explanation in this thesis is divided into five chapters as follow:

The first chapter provides background, identification of the problems; scope of the problems, research questions, objective of the study, and the sequence of presentation. This chapter explained the reason why the writer chose “A Christmas Carol” as the object of her thesis.

The second chapter explains the literary review which consists of previous studies, structuralism approach which, structure of the novel is used by the writer. The third chapter reveals the methodology used by the writer in analyzing the object.

The fourth chapter discusses the writer’s analysis about the novel.

The writer uses structuralism approach which identify about plot, characters, theme, setting and also the writer will answer to the problem formulation are describes in the first chapter. The fifth chapter explains the conclusion of the research and suggestion of the study.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of previous studies, definition of structuralism approach, and explain the structure of novel such as Plot, Theme, Setting,

Characters. Based on the title of the research, the study analyzes The

Conflict Of The Characters in Dickens A Christmas Carol novel.

2.1 PREVIOUS STUDY

2.1.1. Oktaviana, Lia (2014), English Education of Faculty of

Teacher Training and Education Universitas Muhammadiyah

Surakarta. She write a thesis with the tittle The Different Of Social

Status Reflected In Charles Dicken’s A Christmas carol. The

difference between her work and this study is she focuses on

different of social status. The major problem of this study is to reveal

how the difference of social status is reflected in A Christmas Carol

novel. The study focuses on the difference of social status. While this

study focuses on the nature of scrooge transformed.

2.1.2. Susana Sunarsasi, (2002). Yogyakarta: Department of

language and art education. Faculty of teacher training and

education. She write a thesis with the tittle The Cold And Closed

Heart Character Ebenezer Scrooge, The Main Character In Charles

Dicken’s A Christmas Carol. The different between her work and this

study is she focuses on Ebenezer scrooge ass the main character of

the novel. this study has two sub-objectives, namely (1) to expose

the reason and happenings that make scrooge become a cold- and

closed- hearted character and (2) to reveal the role of the ghost of

marley and the three spirits towards scrooge’s new character. While

this study focuses on the different amount the three spirit visited

scrooge.

2.1.3. Lia, Pipit Anggraini (2015). English Educational Department.

State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Tulungagung. She write a thesis with

a tittle A Study on The Characterization of The main Characters of A

Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens”. The different between her

work and this study is she focuses on Characterization and Character

Characters are people in narratives and characterization is explains

about things done by a character. While this study focuses on reveal

the time scheme of A Christmas Carol function.

2.2 STRUCTURAL APPROACH

In analyzing of the novel A Christmas Carol the writer uses a structural approach. Structural approach that is introduced firstly by

Ferdinan De Saussure. It is one of literary theories that starts from assumption that the literary work are composed of several element, which are bound up as unity, influence each other, and finally work as an

8 autonomous structure. Therefore, it is important to take first step based on the structure itself. In this case, close reading is the most important process.

Aminuddin (1987: 52) states that in one hand literature is a verbal structure, which has its own autonomy apart from the other elements outside of it, and the other hand, a literary text is viewed as a complete work and has its inner coherence. Therefore, to understand a literary work means understanding the whole aspects, which is develop the structure of story.

Therefore, to understand the meaning, literary work should be analyses based on its structure apart from historical background and his attention from social background and its effect to the reader.

In the autonomy structuralism or history structuralism, jean piaget

(1970:72) states that:

Structure word has three main ideas, they are:

a. Wholeness means that the part of structure itself adjust to the concept

intrinsic, which determines the overall of structure and its parts.

b. Transformation means that structure conducts continuously

transformation procedure to product some new ideas.

c. Self-regulation, means that the structure does not need other element

outside of itself to keep the transformation procedure.

From the explanation above, it gives us assumption that structural approach considers the text of literary work as a unity and wholeness, which refuses the involving of extrinsic aspects, such as a psychology, biography, history, culture, economy, and etc.

Structural analysis that counts the aspect that build a literary work, but it focuses on the contribution on the whole aspect, so the total meaning of the work can be grasped. Because of that we also must understand the component of the literary work itself. Structuralism approach tries to see the literary work objectively. More clearly by Teeuw (1988:26) states that to understand the literary work means to understand the whole aspect which develop the structure on the other words, structural analysis aims to analyze and explain carefully the interrelatedness of the literary aspects to generate the whole meaning. The total quality is energy of the literary work, which creates the reader’s imagination the literary work itself. Furthermore, there are many factors that support the creation of literary work.

From the above explanation of the structural approach, the writer can understand that literature consist of several interrelated elements and because of the interrelated elements of the work, then a story can be built.

Those element means are the character, plot, theme, setting, writing style and point of view. In accordance with the aims of this research is to analyze the character traits and range of human behavior that is impact by setting or environmental factor. Therefore, the writer can conclude that structuralism approach is the right approach to use.

Novel is a part of literature which is inspired from reality life, even sometimes the character or acts on it is a representative of human daily life.

According Rees (1973:106) in his book English literature states that:

A novel is fictitious prose narrative of considerable length in which character and action representatives of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. Novel is a word that derived from the Italian novella, kind of elderly prose tale which longer than a short story. Novel also as a long fictional story in prose, it can be the author’s view of life and some problems of life, or the author’s criticism (Kennedy, 1991: 276).

The main purpose of a novel is usually to entertain, giving enjoyment to the reader but it may also help readers to understand life and the history of mankind. As a part of literature, novel is a branch which could help to make a reader more understanding and tolerate to other. It is also became useful research in studying literature, moreover novel is a kind of light reading than literary text. According to Soemardjo, he says on his book that novel is one of branch of literature, which has most reader because a novel besides providing various and interesting themes, it is also, using simple and denotative language so that the readers can understand the story easily.

In studying literature especially novel, there are some elements of novel, in order to get more understanding about it. It is the theme, setting,

11 character, and plot. To analyze that consist of analyzing character and setting.

From several explanation above the writer can conclude that through novel the literary lover especially the reader can also take a lesson from it, some of them may be the value, traits and character of human is ultimately a reflection of the real word.

2.2.1 CHARACTER

Character aspect is important component in a story because through character the story can be written or can be constructed. In character there is no difficult in classifying the masterplece literary works. Every figure has characterization which different each other. The character or characterization of each character is determined by the author of the literary work.

According to the idea of laming (1989:375) in his book literature the power of language states that:

Character is the from people in fiction, the heroes and villains, allies and enemies, love interest and comic relief. Character are the human element in the story, they appeal to our curiosity and our sympathy.

The definition above gives description that the characters are the term for people in fiction to handle a story. Even though, the fictional people are resulted from the imagination of author but they reflect the human reality

12 problems as in family, love, faith, view, norm, value, culture, and social affair. So, the author put each characters I a story has analyzed the attitude and behavior of their roles.

The role of characters at least can be divided in two, namely antagonist and protagonist. Protagonist characters usually have a good action and follow norms values of community. They are like a hero to help other character from difficult situation and have sympathy from reader. On the contrary for antagonist character, related to good characters, Lictona

(1991:51) states that:

Character consists of operation values in action. We progress in action. We progress in our character as a value become virtue, a reliable inner disposition to respond to situations in a morally good way.

Also, Nurgiyantoro (1995) states that the protagonist is the character that we admire or called as angel or hero, a character who takes the norms and ideal values in society. While the antagonist is the character that causes the conflict, a fiction must contain conflict and tension that experienced by the antagonist.

The position of fictional characters what the writer knows that they are major characters and minor characters. The major characters are the characters that have the important position in the fictional story. They come full in all events of story and become source of problems. On the other hand, the minor characters are the character of supporting major character to

13 create problems. They just join in the events according to functional like babysitters, servants, farmers, sailor’s, and soon. So they are rarely appearing totally events of story.

The writer can differ both of the major characters and minor characters referring to Sudjiman’s idea (1992:18). He gives three categories to distinguish them in the following as:

a. The intensity of figure involvement in the events that build the

story.

b. Duration of figure storytelling.

c. Figures which associate more with another figures.

In some works, a character may offer signs of the progress and the completion of narrative pattern. Gerber (1946:68) states that:

… explain about a character score of novelty in an unchanged scene may be a change in the character himself and a character is sense in a scene in a scene which remains the same in another narrative, may show a shift in thought and feeling.

From the description, the writer knows that character is a change in view of is character in a narrative. A character also shows a fiction figure of characters which is different each other. So, character that in the story is a figure of vital importance person associated to character.

The character consist of the values, in fact, character as value to become the kindliness where character a disposition in it reliably to do everything to situation go the good road or morally. Character is the aggregate of feature and traits that from the apparent individual nature of some person or thing. So, the writer concludes that characters become characteristic patterns to form the real and nature individual in some cases.

2.2.2 PLOT

Plot is the storyline the novel. Plot can be defined as a series of events that occur in the novel. Explain of the plot leads us to understand that incident command in the novel. In addition, it help us see the casual relationship between events that effect characterization.

According to Perrine (1974:43):

Plot is the sequence of incident or events of which a story is composed. When recounted by itself, it bears about the same relationship to a story that a map does to a journey. Just as a map may be drawn on a finer or grosser scale, so a lot may recounted with lesser or greater detail. It may conclude what a character says or thinks, as well as what he does. But it leaves out description and analysis and concentrates ordinarily on major happenings. The plot would answer the significant action of all action in it. If there this a conflict between man and man, the conflict must be explained clearly.

The plot is not about “what” but is about “why” and “how”. Plot is about how to give suspense to the reader. A story that has a good quality will give some

15 suspense to reader, a good plot will give a surprise ending. (Perrine,

1974:45-47)

The plot is different from the story but it cannot be separated from the story. The storyline is the events in a story but the plot is something that drives these events to shape a story. Plot develops the events with elements such as the introduction, the early appearance of a conflict, the rising conflict, the climax, and the problem solving (Sumardjo and Saini K.M,

1997:49). Meanwhile, according to Mochtar Lubis (1951:10), the plot elements considered of five part:

 Situation: the author stars to describe the situation.

 Generation circumstance: the related incidents begin.

 Rising action: the situation already move on.

 Climax: the event culminate.

 Denouement: the author gives a resolution of the entire events.

This is the fifth element which can determine whether the reader will be taken in the atmosphere of novel or not. With the exciting plot in a novel, the reader will go to keep reading the work. But actually the plot has some types of the structure. These types are divided into four types of structures, namely:

 Dramatic or progressive plot: the first part of this is setting and conflict

which is followed by rising action then a climax and closing.

 Episodic plot: similarly with the types or dramatic but this type consist of a

series of incident. Generally, it consists of several chapters which are

bound by a common theme or character. It can also be said that this type

has some climax.

 Parallel plot: in this type, there are two or more plots on the same theme

or a general character.

 A flashback: in this type, there is usually also a story of the past which

were reported in mid-scene where the mysterious events finally can be

understood.

2.2.3 THEME

The presence of the theme in a literary work is one element that constructs the story together with other elements to form unity. Its existence depends on the other element such as character, plot, and setting. Theme is composed by the novel writers to convey the aim of novel, wether it tells about gender, social reality, heroism, or other.

The theme of piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is unifying generalization about life started or implied by the story.

To drive the theme of a story, we must ask what its central purpose is; what view of life it supports or what insight into life it reveals. (Perrrine, 1974:102)

The theme is a noun that is defined as the central idea or the holding control, unifier, and constructor of a story. The theme can also be said as

17 the issues in a story. The theme usually implies a purpose or a message from the author. It may be in the way of character’s life or character behavior in the story (Perrine, 1974:104).

According to Selly (2011) that theme may come from the experience, the research or observation, the opinion or belief, and the imagination. The theme is different than the topic and the title is the name given to the writing, the theme is a main message which is conveyed by the author.

2.2.4 SETTING

Setting represents one of the important element in a novel. In this section, the writer will explain that the setting in the story has function to influence or impact the situation, mood, traits, and personality of character.

Setting reveals to where the character are, when the events happen in the society, how the situation of place, and other. Setting has an importance to know more about the character existence. It means every aspect around the characters known as setting.

Setting can bring the atmosphere of the novel to the reader that is why setting became one important elements of novel. Setting in the story of novel can be differentiated to become two namely physical setting and social setting. Physical setting include time, place, and the nature around the character in the story. And the social setting includes life view, attitude to life, custom and habit as the history in a literary work.

Donel (1983:175) states that setting is the time and place in which the action or narrative occur. Generally, setting is a place and time where the story happens. Setting can be describe as the space, which it can observe as the day, date year, season, period, and so on. Landy (1972:160) in his book Insight: study of a short story also states more that the setting in location and period in which, a story occur. A story must take place and time, and therefore must have the same setting.

Setting in which an event occur can also be said as the environment in which individuals life. Shadily (19802021) divided setting or environment into two parts, he starts that:

Environment is everything that is outside an organism that includes; 1). Dead (physical) environment, environment outside an organism consisting of non-living nature or factors. Such as: chemicals, temperature, light, gravity, and others. 2). the environment (biotic), the environment in which an organism consists of a living organism. Such as: plants, animals and humans. Furthermore, Timmer and Jennings (1985:4) also explain the mention of setting in a story as setting is the time, place, social reality within which a story taken place. Setting seems to be significant element in some stories; they could take place just as well in any time or place. We have understood where the character in which are period of time society and at which level in that society if we are to interpret correctly the other elements in the story.

According to the several definitions above the writer can be seen that the main point of setting is the time and place including location and period

19 which the story happen or occur. The setting can influence the situation, mood, traits, and personality of characters and also covers the place where the characters live and their social context such as their family, friends, class, custom, beliefs, and rules of behavior of society. The setting in the literary work has an important role. It is because setting can influence or impact the whole elements in the story like character, plot, even the theme.

2.3 CONFLICT

The big role in story showed by a part of plot. That is conflict. Conflict is something dramatic exist in the story because of disagreements. “Conflicts may resolve at any point in a story, particularly where more than one conflict. If a story ends without resolving the main or major conflict(s), it is said to have an “open” endings. Open ending which can serve to ask the reader to consider the conflict more personally, may not satisfy them, but obvious conflict resolution may also leave readers disappointed in the story”

(Fawzy, 2014)

According to Nurgiyantoro (1995: 124), conflict can be divided into two categories: Internal and External. Internal conflict is a conflict that exist inside a character’s mind. In other worn, conflict is a fight against himself.

Meanwhile, external conflict is defined as a conflict that exist between character in the story and something beyond his power. Conflict makes the story more exciting to be enjoyed by readers. There are two types of conflict that appear in a story, those are internal conflict and external conflict.

2.3.1 Internal Conflict

Internal conflict is complication that happens within a character’s inner self. The inner conflict can take shape of a struggle with morality, desire, fate, fear, and believe. Internal conflict helps characters to build their personality and also can help them to take certain actions in a story. Internal conflict may have a strong relation to external conflict. The writer choose to include inner conflict in their character to gain certain effect and emotion from their readers. A strong internal conflict usually takes more readers attention.

2.3.2 External Conflict

Different from internal conflict, external conflict deals with problems outside the character’s inner self, it is with the word. Story with external conflict leads the characters fight against certain circumtances in a story.

External conflict occurs when characters are involved in the world’s afflictions such as issues as community, future, nature, government, and problems among other characters. External conflict manifest itself as man versus man conflict, man versus nature, and man versus society. External conflict involved characters to interact with setting and other character in the story.

External conflict makes a story becomes more fascinating to read.

Conflict among characters makes the interaction among them becomes more intens. External conflict could also be the motivation of characters to take action in a story.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In analyzing the object, the writer needs a methodology as instruments in order to get the purpose that the writer wants. The definition of analysis itself is a process to solve a problem with collecting data as a based in take a conclusion. This chapter explains about the methodology that is use to analyze A Christmas Carol. The method covers method of collecting data, method of analyzing data and research procedure.

3.1 Method of Collecting Data

In the research, aspect of validity, reliability, objectivity and consistency of data is a very noted aspect, because it is the research activities of scientific activity. Similarly, data collection techniques must be adapted to the problem, paradigm, theory and methodology (Safi’I, 2005:142).

The data of the study are paragraph and dialogue quoted from the novel.

They have been collected based on the purposed of the study. In brief, the writer had to select carefully the data needed in “A Christmas Carol.” And the notes were used by the writer for the analysis.

3.2 Method of Analyzing Data

In this research, the writer applies descriptive qualitative research. The data sources are library and literary data. Descriptive qualitative method is use to analyze the data. It means that the writer describes the text and content to get the characteristic of structuralism approach. Then, the writer interprets those data through the study.

3.3 Research Procedure

In order to write the result of this research, the writer uses several procedures, which are:

1. Read the novel two or three times, and then takes little notes to be

identified in this research.

2. Finding other references that are connected with structuralism

analysis. The references are collected from books in the library,

articles, thesis and journals.

3. Analysing the data from the novel and describes the explanation with

some help from the data from other references.

4. Explain the life aspects identified in the novel, so the writer can

conclude the result of this research.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

4.1 Intrisic Element

In understanding the novel, intrisisc elements are the important aspects that construct the content of the novel. The writer elaborates intrisic elemants of the novel “A Christmas Carol” such as character, setting, plot, point of view, and theme.

4.1.1 CHARACTERS

There are fifteen characters in the novel as follows:

1. Ebenezer Scrooge

The narrative of Ebenezer Scrooge, a tightfisted, men-lively, man,

the sort of individual who rains your parade with his acrid attitude,

continually grumbling and discovering issue with everybody.

“…on which one drinks the health of such an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr. Scrooge. You know he is, Robert! Nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow!” (Dickens, 1843: 3:57).

2. Bob Cratchit

The account of Bob Cratchit, Humble, Hardworking, Family

man. Weave Cratchit is Scrooge's agent and works in unsavory

conditions without grumbling. He complies with Scrooge's tenets and

25 is tentative about making a request to go home to his family at an opportune time Christmas Eve.

“Bob was very cheerful with them, and spoke pleasantly to all the family. He looked at the work upon the table, and praised the industry and speed of Mrs. Cratchit and the girls.” (Dickens, 1843: 80). At the point when the Ghost of Christmas Present takes

Scrooge to visit the Cratchits on Christmas Day, he sees Bob Cratchit conveying his wiped out child Tiny Tim, and later raising a toast to

Scrooge for giving the devour.

“…for there he went, and took Scrooge with him, holding to his robe; and on the threshold of the door the Spirit smiled, and stopped to bless Bob Cratchit’s dwelling with the sprinkling of his torch. Think of that! Bob had but fifteen “Bob” a-week himself; he pocketed on Saturdays but fifteen copies of his Christian name; and yet the Ghost of Christmas Present blessed his four-roomed house!” (Dickens, 1843: 52). At last, when Scrooge improves his ways, Bob Cratchit is charmed. He respects Scrooge's newly discovered liberality and companionship.

“Hallo!” growled Scrooge, in his accustomed voice, as near as he could feign it. “What do you mean by coming here at this time of day?” “I am very sorry, sir,” said Bob. “I am behind my time.” “You are?” repeated Scrooge. “Yes. I think you are. Step this way, sir, if you please.” “It’s only once a year, sir,” pleaded Bob, appearing from the Tank. “It shall not be repeated. I was making rather merry yesterday, sir.” “Now, I’ll tell you what, my friend,” said Scrooge, “I am not going to stand this sort of thing any longer. And therefore,” he continued, leaping from his stool, and giving Bob such a dig in

the waistcoat that he staggered back into the Tank again; “and therefore I am about to raise your salary!” Bob trembled, and got a little nearer to the ruler. He had a momentary idea of knocking Scrooge down with it, holding him, and calling to the people in the court for help and a strait- waistcoat. “A merry Christmas, Bob!” said Scrooge, with an earnestness that could not be mistaken, as he clapped him on the back. “A merrier Christmas, Bob, my good fellow, than I have given you for many a year! I’ll raise your salary, and endeavour to assist your struggling family, and we will discuss your affairs this very afternoon, over a Christmas bowl of smoking bishop, Bob! Make up the fires, and buy another coal-scuttle before you dot another i, Bob Cratchit!” (Dickens, 1843: 90).

3. Tiny Tim

The narrative of Tiny Tim, Kind, Disabled, Thoughtful. Minor

Tim is one of Bob Cratchit's children. He strolls with a bolster and has

'his appendages upheld by an iron edge'. Regardless of his physical

challenges, he is a positive and liberal youngster. He considers

others and is very much adored by his family.

“…Alas for Tiny Tim, he bore a little crutch, and had his limbs supported by an iron frame!” (Dickens, 1843: 3:53)

Scrooge is influenced by the youngster and when he is

demonstrated the Cratchit family Christmas by the Ghost of

Christmas Present, he stresses whether Tiny Tim will live. The Ghost

of Christmas Yet to Come demonstrates a conceivable future in

which Scrooge's feelings of dread are acknowledged and Tiny Tim

has kicked the bucket.

“Where had Scrooge heard those words? He had not dreamed them. The boy must have read them out, as he and the Spirit crossed the threshold. Why did he not go on? The mother laid her work upon the table, and put her hand up to her face. “The colour hurts my eyes,” she said. The colour? Ah, poor Tiny Tim! “They’re better now again,” said Cratchit’s wife. “It makes them weak by candle-light; and I wouldn’t show weak eyes to your father when he comes home, for the world. It must be near his time.” “Past it rather,” Peter answered, shutting up his book. “But I think he has walked a little slower than he used, these few last evenings, mother.” They were very quiet again. At last she said, and in a steady, cheerful voice, that only faltered once: “I have known him walk with—I have known him walk with Tiny Tim upon his shoulder, very fast indeed.” “And so have I,” cried Peter. “Often.” “And so have I,” exclaimed another. So had all. “But he was very light to carry,” she resumed, intent upon her work, “and his father loved him so, that it was no trouble: no trouble. And there is your father at the door!” At the end of the novella, after Scrooge changes his character, we learn that he becomes like a second father to Tiny Tim.” (Dickens, 1843: 79).

4. Jacob Marley

In the living world, Ebenezer Scrooge's equally greedy

partner. Marley died seven years before the narrative opens. He

appears to Scrooge as a ghost condemned to wander the world

bound in heavy chains. Marley hopes to save his old partner from

suffering a similar fate. “… Mr. Marley has been dead these seven

years.” (Dickens, 1843: 12).

5. The Ghost of Christmas Past

The Ghost of Christmas Past is the first spirit to visit Scrooge

after the ghost of Marley. It arrives as the clock chimes one. It is an

ephemeral spirit that appears to be both old and young at the same

time with light streaming from the top of its head. The ghost imaging

like Young and old, Commanding, Streaming with light.

“It was a strange figure—like a child: yet not so like a child as like an old man, viewed through some supernatural medium, which gave him the appearance of having receded from the view, and being diminished to a child’s proportions. Its hair, which hung about its neck and down its back, was white as if with age; and yet the face had not a wrinkle in it, and the tenderest bloom was on the skin. The arms were very long and muscular; the hands the same, as if its hold were of uncommon strength. Its legs and feet, most delicately formed, were, like those upper members, bare. It wore a tunic of the purest white; and round its waist was bound a lustrous belt, the sheen of which was beautiful. It held a branch of fresh green holly in its hand; and, in singular contradiction of that wintry emblem, had its dress trimmed with summer flowers.” (Dickens, 1843: 29).

It takes Scrooge to scenes from his own past, showing him

visions of his own childhood, of his young adulthood and of happier

times.

“…“It’s dear old honest Ali Baba! Yes, yes, I know! One Christmas time, when yonder solitary child was left here all alone, he did come, for the first time, just like that. Poor boy! And Valentine,” (Dickens, 1843:32).

6. The Ghost of Christmas Present

In this analysis, the ghost was Jolly, Welcoming, prophetic.

The Ghost of Christmas Present is a huge and vibrant character

who appears as the bell, once again, strikes one. It appears in

Scrooge's room, surrounded by a feast. The generous nature of

this ghost is reflected in the abundant vision of food. “…when the

Bell struck one, and no shape appeared,” (Dickens, 1843: 45).

Scrooge is more humble in the presence of this second

spirit and is willing to learn any lessons the ghost will show. It

shows Scrooge visions of the world on Christmas Day, including

heart-warming scenes of celebration at the homes of Bob Cratchit

and Scrooge's nephew, Fred.

“…He felt that he was restored to consciousness in the right nick of time, for the especial purpose of holding a conference with the second messenger despatched to him through Jacob Marley’s intervention. But, finding that he turned uncomfortably cold when he began to wonder which of his curtains this new spectre would draw back, he put them every one aside with his own hands, and lying down again, established a sharp look-out all round the bed. For, he wished to challenge the Spirit on the moment of its appearance, and did not wish to be taken by surprise, and made nervous.” (Dickens, 1843: 45).

Before it leaves Scrooge, the Ghost shows him two 'yellow,

meagre' children who are hiding under its cloak. These are called

Ignorance and Want and are a warning to Scrooge to change his

ways.

“They were a boy and girl. Yellow, meagre, ragged, scowling, wolfish; but prostrate, too, in their humility. Where graceful youth should have filled their features out, and touched them with its freshest tints, a stale and shrivelled hand, like that of age, had pinched, and twisted them, and pulled them into shreds.” (Dickens, 1843: 66).

7. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come

The story of ghost of Christmas yet to come, Silent, Dark,

Ominous. The final Ghost is frightening and eerie. It doesn't say a

word to Scrooge, but glides along and points out scenes to him.

“THE Phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached. When it came near him, Scrooge bent down upon his knee; for in the very air through which this Spirit moved it seemed to scatter gloom and mystery. Next the Ghost takes him to the Cratchit household where Scrooge is upset to realise that Tiny Tim has died.” (Dickens, 1843: 69). Finally the Ghost shows him a tombstone engraved with the

name: Ebenezer Scrooge. Clutching at the spirit's robes, Scrooge

pledges to change his ways if he can avoid this solitary death. The

Ghost disappears and leaves Scrooge clutching at his bed curtains.

“Holding up his hands in a last prayer to have his fate reversed, he saw an alteration in the Phantom’s hood and dress. It shrunk, collapsed, and dwindled down into a bedpost.” (Dickens, 1843: 84).

8. Fred

Scrooge's nephew, a genial man who loves Christmas. He

invites Scrooge to his Christmas party each and every year, only to

be refused by his grumpy uncle.

“A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!” cried a cheerful voice. It was the voice of Scrooge’s nephew, who came upon

him so quickly that this was the first intimation he had of his approach.” (Dickens, 1843: 9).

9. Fezziwig

The jovial merchant with whom the young Scrooge

apprenticed. Fezziwig was renowned for his wonderful Christmas

parties.

“Yo ho, my boys!” said Fezziwig. “No more work to-night. Christmas Eve, Dick. Christmas, Ebenezer! Let’s have the shutters up,” cried old Fezziwig, with a sharp clap of his hands, “before a man can say Jack Robinson!” (Dickens, 1843: 36).

10. Belle

A beautiful woman who Scrooge loved deeply when he was a

young man. Belle broke off their engagement after Scrooge became

consumed with greed and the lust for wealth. She later married

another man.

“And now Scrooge looked on more attentively than ever, when the master of the house, having his daughter leaning fondly on him, sat down with her and her mother at his own fireside; and when he thought that such another creature, quite as graceful and as full of promise, might have called him father, and been a spring-time in the haggard winter of his life, his sight grew very dim indeed.” (Dickens, 1843: 42).

11. Peter Cratchit

Bob's oldest son, who inherits his father's stiff-collared shirt for

Christmas.

“…The two young Cratchits laughed tremendously at the idea of Peter’s being a man of business; and Peter himself looked

thoughtfully at the fire from between his collars, as if he were deliberating what particular investments he should favour when he came into the receipt of that bewildering income.” (Dickens, 1843: 57).

12. Martha Cratchit

Bob's oldest daughter, who works in a milliner's shop. (A

milliner is a person who designs, produces, and sells hats.)

“What has ever got your precious father then?” said Mrs. Cratchit. “And your brother, Tiny Tim! And Martha warn’t as late last Christmas Day by half-an-hour?” (Dickens, 1843: 53).

13. Fan

Scrooge's sister; Fred's mother. In Scrooge's vision of

Christmases past, he remembers Fan picking him up from school

and walking him home.

“I have come to bring you home, dear brother!” said the child, clapping her tiny hands, and bending down to laugh. “To bring you home, home, home!” (Dickens, 1843: 34).

14. The Portly Gentlemen

Two gentlemen who visit Scrooge at the beginning of the tale

seeking charitable contributions. Scrooge promptly throws them out

of his office. Upon meeting one of them on the street after his

visitations, he promises to make lavish donations to help the poor.

“…They were portly gentlemen, pleasant to behold, and now stood, with their hats off, in Scrooge’s office. They had books and papers in their hands, and bowed to him.” (Dickens, 1843: 12).

15. Mrs. Cratchit

Bob's wife, a kind and loving woman.

“Then up rose Mrs. Cratchit, Cratchit’s wife, dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown, but brave in ribbons, which are cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence; and she laid the cloth, assisted by Belinda Cratchit, second of her daughters, also brave in ribbons; while Master Peter Cratchit plunged a fork into the saucepan of potatoes, and getting the corners of his monstrous shirt collar (Bob’s private property, conferred upon his son and heir in honour of the day) into his mouth, rejoiced to find himself so gallantly attired, and yearned to show his linen in the fashionable Parks.” (Dickens, 1843: 52).

4.1.2 SETTING

Base on the novel, it clearly explained about the aspects of setting, such as setting of place and time. The novel begins in London, England.

The time is winter and it starts the day before Christmas, also known as

Christmas Eve.

1. Setting of place

This story takes place in London, England. The time is winter and it starts the day before Christmas, also known as Christmas Eve. The settings of the book include Scrooge’s Counting House, Scrooge’s Home, Bob

Cratchit’s home, assorted places throughout Scrooges childhood like the schoolhouse and the Fizziwig’s place where Scrooge was an apprentice, this is where a Christmas party took place and he met the one love of his life. Then it skips to Scrooge’s love of his life when she is married and they

34 speaks about Scrooge and how he is now in a world of his money. Also it shows the exchange, homeless people under a bridge, and a cemetery.

2. Setting of time

Like many of Dickens' novels this one is set mainly in London sometime in the middle of the 19th century. Time in the novel is happening at night, and in the morning. The time flow used is present, past and back to the present.

3. Atmosphere

This novel tells of a rich Ebenezeer Scroge but very miserly, then in advice by the spirit of his business partner that is Marley and 3 other spirits that Scrooge not fared with Marley is punished for greed and miserly during life in the world.

4.1.3 THEME

The change of Scrooge is key to the story. Dicken's compose that the change is reflected in the depiction of Scrooge, who starts as a two dimensional character, however, who at that point develops into one who

"have a passionate profundity a lament for lost open doors".

Dickens composed A Christmas Carol in light of how British social strategy treated kids at the time, and wished to utilize the novella as a way to advance his contentions against it. The story indicates Scrooge as a worldview for self-intrigue, and the conceivable repercussions of disregarding poor people, particularly kids in destitution embodied by the figurative figures of Want and Ignorance. The two figures were made to excite sensitivity for perusers as was Tiny Tim. Dickens to introduce his message of the requirement for philanthropy, without estranging his to a great extent white collar class readership.

4.1.4 POINT OF VIEW

In novel “A Christmas Carol”, Charles Dickens uses “first person point of view”. This point of view has the vocal character addressed directly, without an intermediary. This character refers to himself or himself as “I” in the story. Dickens uses the main character, Scrooge, to tell his story to the reader. By means of Scrooge, Dickens tells each character and the plot of the story.

4.1.5 Plot

Plot gives information about the details of the story in the novel. From the plot, readers can find the theme of the story itself and how the author characterization the characters in the novel. Plot consists of idea, tendency, motive and message leading from both of the incident and the character.

After reading A Christmas Carol, the writer identified that this novel categorized as the chronological plot. This kind of plot usually starts with situation, generation circumstance, rising action, climax and denouncement or resolution (according to Mochtar Lubis 1951:10).

 Situation

Scrooge lives an angry and miserly existence, hoarding his money and rejecting the positive emotions of the Christmas season. He's a monstrous bummer.

“Oh! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. A frosty rime was on his head, and on his eyebrows, and his wiry chin. He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog-days; and didn’t thaw it one degree at Christmas.” (Dickens, 1843: 8).

 Generation circumstance

Scrooge's bitterness isolates him from anyone he ever comes across. On Christmas Eve, we see him get into a fight with his nephew Fred who just wants to invite him over for dinner, accuse his clerk Cratchit of theft because Christmas is a paid vacation day, and yell at a neighbor collecting money for the poor. Nice attitude, buddy.

“The clerk promised that he would; and Scrooge walked out with a growl. The office was closed in a twinkling, and the clerk, with the long ends of his white comforter dangling below his waist (for he boasted no great-coat), went down a slide on Cornhill, at the end of a lane of boys, twenty times, in honour of its being Christmas Eve, and then ran home to Camden Town as hard as he could pelt, to play at blind man’s -buff.” (Dickens, 1843: 15). “Indeed, I think he loses a very good dinner,” interrupted Scrooge’s niece. Everybody else said the same, and they must be allowed to have been competent judges, because they had just had dinner; and, with the dessert upon the table, were clustered round the fire, by lamplight.” (Dickens, 1843: 62).

 Rising action

Since none of the living can get through to him, the dead take over, and Scrooge gets a visit from the ghost of his partner Marley, who tells him to shape up or ship out.

“Even this, though, when Scrooge looked at it with increasing steadiness, was not its strangest quality. For as its belt sparkled and glittered now in one part and now in another, and what was light one instant, at another time was dark, so the figure itself fluctuated in its distinctness: being now a thing with one arm, now with one leg, now with twenty legs, now a pair of legs without a head, now a head without a body: of which

dissolving parts, no outline would be visible in the dense gloom wherein they melted away. And in the very wonder of this, it would be itself again; distinct and clear as ever.” (Dickens, 1843: 29). “Scrooge entered timidly, and hung his head before this Spirit. He was not the dogged Scrooge he had been; and though the Spirit’s eyes were clear and kind, he did not like to meet them.” (Dickens, 1843: 48). “… He felt that it was tall and stately when it came beside him, and that its mysterious presence filled him with a solemn dread. He knew no more, for the Spirit neither spoke nor moved.” (Dickens, 1843: 69).

 Climax

One by one, the phantoms of Christmas Past, Present, but to Come appear to remind Scrooge that he was before an ordinary individual, that his riches could do a ton of good to those affliction ideals close him like the most youthful child of the Cratchit family and that on the off chance that he doesn't patch his ways he will wind up dead and absolutely unmourned.

“No, no,” said Scrooge, “I am in earnest. Go and buy it, and tell ’em to bring it here, that I may give them the direction where to take it. Come back with the man, and I’ll give you a shilling. Come back with him in less than five minutes and I’ll give you half-a-crown!” (Dickens, 1843: 88). “He went to church, and walked about the streets, and watched the people hurrying to and fro, and patted children on the head, and questioned beggars, and looked down into the kitchens of houses, and up to the windows, and found that everything could yield him pleasure. He had never dreamed that any walk—that anything—could give him so much happiness. In the afternoon he turned his steps towards his nephew’s house.” (Dickens, 1843: 89).

 Denouement

After the ghosts leave, Scrooge takes some steps in the right direction. He gives Cratchit a raise and sends him and his family a giant turkey for Christmas dinner, he gives a bunch of money to the charity collector, and he shows up at Fred's party after all. Scrooge no more.

Scrooge proceeds with his self-reconstruction and turns into a totally upstanding, incredible, liberal, and cordial kindred all around. Everybody who knows him says that he is the very meaning of the Christmas soul. Well that was quick.

“Scrooge was better than his word. He did it all, and infinitely more; and to Tiny Tim, who did NOT die, he was a second father. He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew, or any other good old city, town, or borough, in the good old world. Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh, and little heeded them; for he was wise enough to know that nothing ever happened on this globe, for good, at which some people did not have their fill of laughter in the outset; and knowing that such as these would be blind anyway, he thought it quite as well that they should wrinkle up their eyes in grins, as have the malady in less attractive forms. His own heart laughed: and that was quite enough for him.” (Dickens, 1843: 92).

4.1.6 CONFLICT

A. Internal conflict

a. The Ghost of Christmas Past takes him to see the memories of him

as a child. "Good heaven! said Scrooge, clasping his hands together,

as he looked about him. I was bred in this place. I was a boy here!"(

Dickens, 1843: 32).

b. Scrooge views the visions from his past and sees himself as a boy.

He remembers how he use to be lonely and feels sorry for himself. "I

wish, Scrooge muttered, putting his hand in his pocket and looking

about him, after drying his eyes with his cuff; but it's too late

now"(Dickens, 1843: 36).

c. Scrooge starts to cry because he sees all the places where he grew

up and he was always alone and had no friends to play with while the

other kids are out playing. "A solitary child, neglected by his friends,

is left there still"(Dickens, 1843: 34).

B. External conflict

a. The cause of the spirits coming is because of Scrooge's personality

and attitude in the beginning of the novel. "Scrooge! a squeezing,

wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!"(

Dickens, 1843: 3). Since he was such an unkind man, people usually

thought of him this way.

b. Scrooge changes his attitude and becomes a happier, kinder, more

selfless man. "I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a

schoolboy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. A Merry Christmas to

everybody! A Happy New Year to all the world!"( Dickens, 1843: 105).

From the beginning to the end of the novel, he is a complete new,

happier person. The spirits made him want to be a better man.

c. Scrooge is wanting to change the kind of person he is after visioning

his past, present, and future life. "I will honor Christmas in my heart,

and try to keep it all year"(Dickens, 1843: 103).

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 The Nature of Scrooge Transformed

In this analysis the author was the direct illustrated of the main character, that Scrooge is a successful businessman. I think many people know him in business world. Many business come him. According

Wordsworth Classics (1843), it is include personality who he is a good businessman. It can to be seen by following statements:

“…but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral,” (Dickens, 1843: 3).

Actually, Scrooge has a partner. Until he have a firm with his partner.

They are cooperation many years. Until his firm know many businesses.

And many businesses come in his office and recognize them. Many business cannot differentiate them. Until his partner was die. Any

42 businesses call him with his partner name. He is developing his firm with his clerk. According Wordsworth Classics (1843), it is include personality who he is a good businessman and a kind of person who create the condition. It can to be supported by following statements:

“…Sometimes people new to the business called Scrooge, and sometimes Marley, but he answered to both names. It was all same to him.” (Dickens, 1843: 4).

Besides that, he is a miserly man who he was undoubted bargain for his partners. In here, the author direct illustrated who the main character never respected with the other people every day. He is only care with himself and his wealth. He is an accounting people and he does not like disturb. So, he always busy with his world who he like live in alone without friend, love, child and family. He does not like noisy. According Wordsworth

Classics (1843). It is include a personality who he is not care the condition around him. It can to be seen following statements “…on the very day of the funeral, and solemnized it with an undoubted bargain.” (Dickens, 1843: 3).

Although, they are a partner, Scrooge never feels dreadfully cut up by the sad event. So, he looks that with his friend and it can looks with the other people, too. He was pretend respect with his partner before die. So,

I think it is the reason why Scrooge does it with his partner?

Besides that, the author was describe the Scrooge was accounting people with his clerk. So, his clerk looks very pity. He is working only little light that cannot help him to good job. He cannot fill the fire again. But his

43 clerk only silent about it. He only tries to good job in order to Scrooge not angry with him and not cut his pay. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is a personality. It can be seen following statement:

“Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerk’s fire was so very much smaller that it looked like one coal. But he couldn’t replenish it. . . ” (Dickens, 1843: 6).

Scrooge never feels pity with the other people. He always keeps something himself. And will not distribute with the other. He always onomical anything. And he always good keeps. He looks a stingy people. So, his clerk only silent. Although he feels not comfortable work with him. It can be supported with other statement:

“… for Scrooge kept the coal-box in his own room; and so surely as the clerk came in with the shovel, the master predicted that it would be necessary for them to part.” (Dickens, 1843: 6).

In addition, the Scrooge was illustrated himself, too. He always lives lonely. But he likes it. He lives without friend, love, child, family, etc. He only lonely. He does not like a noisy. So, his always in calm and quiet every day, every time and many years. He lives was differently with other people in around him. He looks not need other people in his life. According

Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is a careless personality for Scrooge. It can to be supported following dialogs “I wish to be left alone,” said Scrooge.

(Dickens, 1843: 11).

Because he lives in lonelines. He lives in darkness every day.

Without light in around him. So, he always lives not needs the other people.

And it can make his very bad. If he always lives in lonely, it can make him not respect and not know other people in around him. It can be supported with this dialogs Scrooge with the other people:

“Since you ask me what I wish, gentlemen, that is my answer. I don’t make Merry myself at Christmas and I can’t afford to make idle people merry.” (Dickens, 1843: 11).

According Wordsworth Classics (1843) that is dialog is not good personality Scrooge with the other people. He is not care the condition around him.

And any his dialogs whose describe him an accounting people. He is very stingy with the other and he was not like lose out. He is very details people who in money. He does not care the other people doing. He only was thinking himself and his wealth. So, he always busy with his work and he want not know other people importance doing. He is not want to feel lose out. It can be seen this dialog. Who this dialog include careless according

Wordsworth Classics (1843) “…, you don’t think me ill-used, when I pay a day’s wages for no work.” (Dickens, 1843: 13).

In his dialogs he explains whom he is not caring with other people.

He dislikes a contribution anything with the other people. He do not like if

45 any people ask contribute to poor people who they never work to their live.

So, he thinks he is work to live. And he never cares and never contributes anything with the poor people. It is include not care the condition around him. So, it is an according Wordsworth Classics (1843) it can to be supported following dialog “If they would rather die,’ said Scrooge,”

(Dickens, 1843: I: 11).

It can forceful with his comment. He is very creditor to everyone. He dislike to contributor to poor people. Because they only demand to other people and not work. So, he was like if they decrease. It is include not care the condition around him. So, it is an according Wordsworth Classics (1843) it can to be supported following dialog “...‘,they had better do it, and decrease the surplus populations.” (Dickens, 1843: 11).

Scrooge was illustrated himself in the dialog. In this dialog he just insults and berate. While him only boasting himself. He felt rich and entitled to do whatever he wants with what he has. According Wordsworth Classics

(1843) this illustrated include careless. So, it is a personality. It can to be supported following dialog: What’s Christmas time to you but a time for paying bills without money;… (Dickens, 1843: 7).

He feels a rich. And he is very arrogant because he has anything and much money. So, he feels reserve do anything. But he do not respect with the other people. He only can insult, lower and mocking the poor people because he feel very rich. So, this Scrooge dialogs he is include careless who he does not care other people, according Wordsworth Classics (1843).

This dialogs can be supported:

“… a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer; a time for balancing your books and having every item in ‘em through a round dozen of months presented dead against you? If I could work my will.” (Dickens, 1843: 7).

Another illustrated for Scrooge was describing in his dialog. He never cared about anyone and anything. In celebration of Christmas was he did not pay attention. He is only concerned himself and worldly. He lives in aloneness every day. But, he is very like it. According Wordsworth Classics

(1843), it is a personality because the Scrooge is careless. It can to be supported following dialog “Let me leave it alone, then,’ said Scrooge.”

(Dickens, 1843: 7).

Scrooge is very egoist and stubborn. In the dialog Scrooge was describing who he is only respected with himself and never listen the other people. He is only thinking his worldly. He does not care what happens around him. He is like a man who does not need other people in his life and makes himself busy. This statement according Wordsworth Classics (1843)

47 is a personality. Because he is a careless people. It can to be supported following dialogs:

“Nephew!’ returned the uncle sternly, ‘keep Christmas in your own way, and let me keep it in mine.” (Dickens, 1843: 7). Scrooge was describing him in his dialogs. He is a businessman who he feels rich with his business. He was not care with other people. And he always busy with his worldly in his business. So, he want not know importance other people. He only focuses with his firm. It can be following dialog: “It’s not my business,’ Scrooge returned.” (Dickens, 1843: 11).

In here, Scrooge was describing him if he not cares with other people. And he only busy with his business. He do not like if any people disturb him and interfere the importance other people. So, he is not care with other people around him and never care with other. He only thinking about his worldly and he lives without love, family, child, friend, etc. So, he is an ignorant people. According Wordsworth Classics (1843), it is including careless. It can be supported by following dialog:

“‘It’s enough for a man to understand his own business, and not to interfere with other people’s. Mine occupies me constantly. Good afternoon, gentlemen!” (Dickens, 1843: 11).

His partner was describing him in dialogs. Who the Scrooge was not caring him with other people. And he was forget a Christmas. So, he was never care about the celebration of Christmas Day. He only focus in business and forget at all in himself. According Wordsworth Classics (1843)

48 it is a careless. It can be supported by the following dialog “Man of the worldly mind,’ replied the Ghost,… (Dickens, 1843: 21).

Next, the Scrooge was change become to be a nice people. He was illustrating himself in his dialogs. He was afraid to see his future. Who he always not care with other people, forget the Christmas and arrogant. He was journeying with the three Spirits who they were learning him with looks other people around him. And the last Spirit was asking him to his grave. In there, he sees a mystery in his grave. So, he wants to change a good people. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include a personality, because it is a romantic who the people can create them condition or situation becomes beautiful. This can be seen in the following dialogs “I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year.” (Dickens,

1843: 100).

He was promised to three Spirits if he will change to be good people.

And always to be good people. He started helping and care with other people. And now, he lives in learning of three Spirits. In here, Wordsworth

Classics (1843) stated that it is a romantic who the people can create them condition or situation becomes beautiful. This can be seen in the following dialogs “I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future.” (Dickens, 1843:

100).

He started aware with his mistake. He feel deeply regret what he had done once before who never respect others, Christmas and only selfish and

49 worldly. He began to ask forgiveness for what he had done very badly.

According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include a personality, because it is a romantic who the people can create them condition or situation becomes beautiful. This can be seen in the following dialogs “Holding up his hands in a last prayer to have his fate aye reserved,”… (Dickens, 1843:

100).

In his actions, he was describing him in his dialog, too. Now, he is understand the true meaning of Christmas and he began to ask forgiveness to other people who his attitude not good. He felt very happy because his change. He began to say “Hello” to other people. He felt happiness like a school boy. He is feeling bored and lonely dizziness in his life like as a drunk and without a friend. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include a personality, because it is a romantic. It can be supported, too who the

Scrooge describes dialog “… A Merry Christmas everybody. A happy New

Year to all the world. Hallo here. Whoop. Hallo.” (Dickens, 1843: 102).

Scrooge was asking the donation to come back for him. Now, he will help and give anything to poor people. He is understand the true meaning of Christmas and he began to ask forgiveness to other people who his attitude not good. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is a romantic. It can be following dialog: “Come back with the man,…” (Dickens, 1843: V:

105). And supported again with this dialog “Allow me to ask your pardon.

And will you have the goodness” – here Scrooge whispered in his ear.”

(Dickens, 1843: 105).

Any supported other who the Scrooge will helping the poor people.

Now, he is lives in humanity to others. So, many people like him now. And now, he becomes to be good businessman. He not an accounting people again. But he will become donor a people to other people. And not care anything to help other people. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is a romantic. It can be supported by this dialog:

“…, and I’ll give you a shilling. Come back with him in less than five minutes and I’ll give you half a crown.” (Dickens, 1843: 103).

Scrooge was said to forgiveness with other people who he ever makes disappointed them. And he started good with other. It can be supported with his change in this dialog and it can is romantic stated

Wordsworth Classics (1843): “Thank you,’ said Scrooge. ‘I am much obliged to you. I thank you fifty times. Bless you.” (Dickens, 1843: 106).

And he started, too, with his clerk. He feels happy and fun. He goes to his clerk house with a smiling face. He started friendly with his clerk and his family. Maybe they are not believe it who he always lonely and never accost to other people. But they are try to believe him who he is refer the good change attitude with them. And they are smiling looks him. It can be following dialog “Happy Christmas, Bob, you are my good friend, likes I must said years ago!” (Dickens, 1843: 107).

In clerk house, Scrooge has good plan to clerk’s family. Maybe he wants to become useful people and good relation with his clerk’s family. He tries intimate with him. And he promised who he wants to help his clerk family. Because he fell pity with Tiny Tim who his family cannot suitable life.

With it, he hopes can make his clerk family happy fun and can become nice.

According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include a romantic. It is to be supported by this dialogs:

“I would be to increase your wage, and try to helping your family in trouble, and we will talks about your problem this afternoon, while smoking together, Bob! Flaming the fire, and buy the place of fire again before you certain place the candles on it place, Bob Cratchit!” (Dickens, 1843: 107).

The author was illustrated his change, too. In here the author explain that the Scrooge was a cheerful face pay attention to people on the street with a sweet smile. So, his attitude can build adaption with the other people.

He was never expected as they do today can make him very happy rather than days ago. His attitude can close him with Tiny Tim. He is become a good friend, a good employer and one of the best he had ever known.

According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include romantic who the author was illustrated him to become a good people and many people like him. It can to be supported following statements:

“…, Scrooge regarded every one with a delighted smile. He looked so irresistibly pleasant, in an afterwards, that of all the blithe sounds he had ever heard, those were the blithest in his ears.” (Dickens, 1843: 105).

The author was describing him. He will go to prayer and please to forgiveness. And he looks good attitude to other people. He started adaption with the other people and he get along with other. It can be following statement:

“He went to church, and walked about the streets, and watched the people hurrying to and fro,…” (Dickens, 1843: 106).

Another description about Scrooge is he started with the poor people and he ask for them. He very looks change his attitude to other people.

Many people like his change. He feels happy and fun. He is not thinking if he will feel happy now. Many people were comfortable his attitude that he can mak e other people was happy and smile with him. According

Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include romantic who he can make other people fun. It can be supported with this dialog:

“…, and patted children on the head, and questioned beggars, and looked down into the kitchens of houses, and up to the windows, and found that everything could yield him pleasure. He had never dreamed that any walk – that anything – could give him so much happiness.” (Dickens, 1843: 106).

The author was describing him in statements. Who he feels grateful to Tiny Tim. He is always cares and helps the other people. He try to good and many helps for other. He started smile and say Hallo with others. So, many people like him, now. And he feels happy with Tiny Tim because he does not die. They both became close like a father and his son. Now,

Scrooge is many helping other people. It can be following by this statement:

“Scrooge does more good than his says.” (Dickens, 1843: 107-108).

Now, Scrooge was very happy every day. And many people like him, now. He was like good businessman. Particularly changes Scrooge being very good and make Tiny Tim likes him. They are always happy if they look together. Many people like them. And Scrooge is become the good people in anywhere. So, it cans makes they are very close. And now, Scrooge and

Tiny Tim were happy. According Wordsworth Classics (1843) it is include romantic. It can be supported by this statement:

“He all does it, and very much until not account, and for Tiny Tim, he was not die, Scrooge became his second’s father.” (Dickens, 1843:107- 108).

4.2.2 The Different Amount The Three Spirit Visited Scrooge

 Ghost of past

In the story of A Christmas Carol, the Ghost for Christmas secret word speaks to memory. The age-old presence of the incorrupt figure touches on the part of memory Likewise an energy that associate those diverse phases of an individual's existence. As much glowing mind infers the lighting up the force of the psyche. Those ghosts initiate the Scrooge's transformation starting with the anti-Christmas Grinch will a poster person for the Christmas season. Every scene in the montage of scenes reveals to a more youthful Scrooge, who at present possesses the capacity should love, an individual who is at present clinched alongside touch with as many

54 individual people. Similarly, as the visions pasquinade When him, Scrooge watches himself ended up ever more chilly Also greedy until the intimacy, feeling As much all-consuming desire to cash wrecks as much cherish for looker and completes as much inversion with a miserly venomous loner.

Those tours through as much memories, strengths Scrooge to recall the passionate scenes about as much secret word. This dreamlike arrangement about hallucinatory home motion pictures acquires the Overall solidified ghost should sorrowful. This breakdown and the reconnection for as much inclination self initiates the transform for Dissolving far Scrooge's frosty bah- humbug outside.

 Ghost of present

Those Ghost of Christmas present serves similarly, as those vital images of the Christmas ideal--generosity, goodwill, and festival. Showing up around a throne aggravated by food, those souls brings out musings from claiming prosperity, satiety, What's more happiness. Similarly, those moral viewpoints of a Christmas song need less to do for the seriousness of a religious event. Christmas, clinched alongside the Dickens' mind, ought to not realize self-denial, renunciation, alternately passionate withdrawal.

Christmas may be a period for claiming offering one's riches--emotional, spiritual, monetary, and so on. --With those groups keeping of mamoncillo.

A feast will be an eminent thing, be that as just if person need adored ones for whom should allotment it. In this sense, the Ghost from claiming

Christmas present Additionally speaks to sympathy empowering Scrooge with not main view the Cratchits Be that as to feel the sadness Also hardships of their everyday work. In essence, the celebratory viewpoints of

Christmas that dickens pushes need aid grounded in this compassionate liberal. Christmas ought to invigorate inside people a worry for those needs what more needs about others Also a euphoric bliss in satisfying these longings.

 Ghost of Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come

In the story, those silent, rapier-like figure of the Ghost about

Christmas yet to fallen speaks to the dread of death, which refracts

Scrooge's lessons around memory, empathy, What's more generosity, insuring as much inversion with a open, cherishing individual. Done A

Christmas Carol, the dread of passing connotes the expectation about good figuring and the inescapable regulation about discipline and reward--literally the part the middle of paradise What's more heck. In this way, those Ghost of Christmas yet to heal quickly interjects An that’s only the tip of the iceberg somber, strictly Christian viewpoint under those secularized stories. This service should remind Scrooge of Jacob Marley's fate, those horrific results about greed and selfishness--a destined that will fate Scrooge, Likewise well, unless he could transform as many routes.

4.2.3 The Time Scheme of A Christmas Carol Function

Chance may be exceptionally imperative clinched alongside A

Christmas Carol, which is structurally focused around different components for Past, Present, and future. But, the period plan of the story, it appears to be should settle on little sense. With respect to Christmas Eve, Jacob

Marley's ghost recounts Scrooge that he will make visiting eventually Tom's peruses three ghosts for three progressive nights. For Christmas morning,

Scrooge awakes, Hosting recently is visited toward everyone three ghosts.

Those three nights appear should a chance to be compacted under an absolute night. Those vicinities of the spirits obviously curves the ordinary stream of period. A perspective further underpinned via those certainties that Scrooge dives on the couch toward two o'clock in the morning following

Marley's visitation and awakes in midnight the same night--two hours after he fell sleeping. Dickens employments those transient inconsistencies will underscore those extraordinary forces of the spirits--when they are around, ordinary natural standards, including those streams about time, have no impact.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestion based on

data analysis in previous chapters. The writer put forward the

conclusions as follows:

5.1 CONCLUSION

After reading this novel "A Christmas Carol". Then we can understand many things in this life. We can learn a lot about love, friendship, honesty, ambition, morals, power. This can be encountered in the conflict, both about the conflicts that occur within the characters and conflicts that occur between characters in the story, as often shown by Dickens in his works.

With all the storytelling and high imagination of a world writer, Charles

Dickens displays the life of a family in the background of London, a city of various dynamics, with problems that cause conflicts between personalities and conflicts within oneself, to the various endeavors taken by the characters in solving every crisis that hit themselves.

Told Jacob Marley (business associate Ebenezer Scrooge) has passed away 7 years ago.

At that time, Scrooge was working in his office with his employee Bob

Cratchit. Scrooge is a miser, cold and never cares about anyone else as an example, in winter, he does not want to buy warmers (coal) office space.

Once upon a time, Scrooge's nephew Fred came to his office and said

"Merry Christmas" with joy. However, he asks about the reason Fred happily, he said that Fred is still poor and unfit to be happy. Every time Fred said Merry Christmas, Scrooge always replied with "Good afternoon" which means he wants to end the conversation (more concerned with his business affairs). He invited her to eat in a Christmas celebration but the scrooge rejected her with an insulting tone. He thinks that Christmas is just like any other day and makes no difference, in contrast to Fred, he interpreted

Christmas as a day of peace, forgiveness, giving each other, and a happy time.

Scrooge does not like to connect with people or have relationships because he thinks relationships will only encourage him to spend money.

Coinciding with Christmas day 2 people who are fat begging to his house, they ask the scrooge to willingly give a little concern for them. But Scrooge did not flinch as if he did not know. Then they sing a Christmas song.

However, he even scare the two people when it was very cold weather.

Scrooge like a person who is very anti with Christmas. As usual, after work he regularly ate at a tavern and then he went home to his dismal. However, when he wanted to rest, there was a voice knocking on the door from the outside and he felt the person's face similar to his colleague Jacob Marley who has died 7 years then. She was afraid but tried to console herself with the assumption that the sound was the sound of a passing funeral train.

Then he went to the sound source to make sure that nobody was near the

59 bell with a candle as a light source but, there was no one. After that the bell rings again and then all the bell in the house come also. After that, the sound of the bell stopped but Scrooge heard the sound of the open warehouse door.

With a startled feeling, he sees a ghost that is none other than his business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge asks who the ghost is, and the ghost replies that he is his business partner Marley. Previously, Scrooge also asked why he was wandering on earth, Marley replied that he was not calmly chained with chains and always haunted. He came with the intention to help his colleagues so as not to fate with him that is curious because death during his life was only thinking about business matters, miserly and without thinking about social life. Marley warns Scrooge, that's 3 days to come 3 ghosts to him (1 night 1 spirit) exactly at midnight. The first night of the Christmas ghosts past, 2 present, and last the future Christmas spirits after that, the ghost of Marley disappeared and Scrooge fell asleep. The next day Scrooge was awakened by his neighbor's church bell. He almost does not believe because he fell asleep until 12 noon because this is not his habit.

Night arrived, Scrooge was visited by the spirit of the past. The ghost tells Scrooge to put his hand on the chest of the ghost and immediately scrooge watches his past life when he was a child there he saw a small scrooge running to school and saying "Merry Christmas" but he was ignored by others, he was alone in school and crying. There he also saw a scrooge

60 in a dilapidated house reading a book in the light of a candle. Scrooge was reminded of the beggar who came to his house he said "I really want to give something to the carol boy who asks in front of his house door that night."

Scrooge began growing up. He then saw his sister Fan was bringing gifts / food and they ate. Then the ghost member knew that his sister died after giving birth to his niece Fred.

Furthermore, the ghost shows Scrooge was partying with his friends.

There the workers were rewarded by Pezziwig, a cheerful old man. Then he was also shown an older period when Scrooge was abandoned by his wife because he preferred to pursue his ambition of Money. Instantly Scrooge asked the ghost to be returned back at that time. But Scrooge dropped fatigue on his bed and fell asleep.

The next day, the scrooge woke up and prepared for the next ghost.

Then came the ghost voice and told Scrooge to enter the room next to him.

When entering the room suddenly the decor of the room turned into a full

Christmas decoration. There he saw a giant ghost. The ghost told him to touch his robe. When his cloak was touched, he saw a crowd of people at

Christmas partying, eating and drinking happily. Then Scrooge was also shown the house of Bob Scritch where they were having a family dinner celebrating Christmas. Scrooge is shown his nephew who is Fred who came to his house and apologized to his wife and sister that Scrooge changed since he became a miser and get pleasure from life, he did not want to

61 celebrate Christmas. After the ghost shows about the beauty of Christmas, the bell rang 12 o'clock then the ghost disappeared.

The next day, the ghost of Christmas from the future came to him by going into Scrooge's shirt. Then Scrooge is shown a city and listens to the conversations of business people talking about someone's death while joking. Then Scrooge was thinking what he meant he was shown such circumstances, but he did not see the figure there. Then, Scrooge, is shown a shop where there are people who are handing out the spoils acquired from people who have just died. Then the scene moved on to a house containing happy young couples because the sadistic mortgagee had died and they were free of debt. Scrooge asks the ghosts to showcase examples of some late-dead tenderness. Then the ghost shows Cratchit's house. There was the death of Tiny Tim's son Cratchit. The ghost tells Tiny's kindness. Then,

Scroge asked about the creditor who died who was who it was. Then the ghost shows the office of Scrooge being led by the company by others. And

Scrooge saw his name written on the tombstone. Then scrooge again ask the ghost whether it will happen or a possibility only? But the ghost does not say anything. Afterwards, in his heart he promised to Honor the Christmas day and learn from the past, present and future. Then the ghost shrinks and disappears.

The next day Scrooge awoke and realized after learning the advice of the three spirits then he ran to church. There he met the little boy who said

"Merry Christmas" and then Scrooge came to his senses and immediately bought a Turkey Gift and sent him home to Bob Scratchit.

Now he's dressed nice and always smiling and always giving money to those who beg for him. Then he became Tiny Tim's second father.

Finally he was never visited by other spirits but the lessons that have been obtained are always embedded in Scrooge's heart.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

At the end of this study, the author would like to propose some advice to the readers and especially those who pursue the field of literature: a. The study of conflict problems in a literary work should not be separated

from the understanding of aspects of psychology and humanity. b. Literary works are not just readings of spare time, but they are full of

moral values and teachings of reality. Therefore, the assessment of the

work of literature needs to be done continuously by using various

approaches to reveal the values contained therein.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aminuddin.1987. Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra. Malang: YA3 CV. Sinar Baru Bandung Fawzy, Ahmad. 2014. The Struggle of Fate In Martel’s Life o Pie. SKRIPSI. (Unpublished). Makassar: Hasanuddin University.

Gill, Richard. 1995. Mastering English Literature. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. Kennedy, x. j. 1991. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. Boston: Little, Brown and company. Lamghin. 1984. Literature the power of language. New York: Harcourt, Brance and world inc. Lictona. 1991. Character development in The Family. New York: Preager Traylor, Michael. 1987. A Christmas Carol. Ware: Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. Nurgiyantoro, burhan. 1995. Teori Pengkajian Fisik. Yogyakarta: Gajah Madia Universty press. Piaget, Jean. 1970. An Autonomy Structuralism of History Structuralism. New York: Harvest Soul Brace Publisher Rees.r.j. 1973. English literareture. London: mac milan press Safi’I, Asrop. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Pendidika. Surabaya: ElkAF. Soemardjo, jakob, & k. k, saini. 1997. Apresiasi kesusastraan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama Tew,A. 1988. Membaca Dan Menilai Karya Sastra. Jakarta: Gramedia Wellek, Rene and Austin Werren. 199. Teori kesusastraan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia

Source by internet: www.library.usd.ac.id/Data%20PDF/F.../951214126.pdf http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/2843/ https://www.biography.com/people/charles-dickens-9274087 http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/christmascarol/summary.html http://eprints.ums.ac.id/31772/ http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/2843/ https://www.biography.com/people/charles-dickens-9274087 http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/christmascarol/summary.html

APPENDIX

A. SYNOPSIS

A mean-spirited, miserly old man named Ebenezer Scrooge sits in his counting-house on a frigid Christmas Eve. His clerk, Bob Cratchit, shivers in the anteroom because Scrooge refuses to spend money on heating coals for a fire. Scrooge's nephew, Fred, pays his uncle a visit and invites him to his annual Christmas party. Two portly gentlemen also drop by and ask Scrooge for a contribution to their charity. Scrooge reacts to the holiday visitors with bitterness and venom, spitting out an angry "Bah!

Humbug!" in response to his nephew's "Merry Christmas!" later that evening, after returning to his dark, cold apartment, Scrooge receives a chilling visitation from the ghost of his dead partner, Jacob Marley. Marley, looking haggard and pallid, relates his unfortunate story. As punishment for his greedy and self-serving life his spirit has been condemned to wander the Earth weighted down with heavy chains. Marley hopes to save Scrooge from sharing the same fate. Marley informs Scrooge that three spirits will visit him during each of the next three nights. After the wraith disappears,

Scrooge collapses into a deep sleep.

He wakes moments before the arrival of the Ghost of Christmas Past, a strange childlike phantom with a brightly glowing head. The spirit escorts

Scrooge on a journey into the past to previous Christmases from the curmudgeon's earlier years. Invisible to those he watches, Scrooge revisits

66 his childhood school days, his apprenticeship with a jolly merchant named

Fezziwig, and his engagement to Belle, a woman who leaves Scrooge because his lust for money eclipses his ability to love another. Scrooge, deeply moved, sheds tears of regret before the phantom returns him to his bed.

The Ghost of Christmas Present, a majestic giant clad in a green fur robe, takes Scrooge through London to unveil Christmas as it will happen that year. Scrooge watches the large, bustling Cratchit family prepare a miniature feast in its meager home. He discovers Bob Cratchit's crippled son, Tiny Tim, a courageous boy whose kindness and humility warms

Scrooge's heart. The specter then zips Scrooge to his nephew's to witness the Christmas party. Scrooge finds the jovial gathering delightful and pleads with the spirit to stay until the very end of the festivities. As the day passes, the spirit ages, becoming noticeably older. Toward the end of the day, he shows Scrooge two starved children, Ignorance and Want, living under his coat. He vanishes instantly as Scrooge notices a dark, hooded figure coming toward him

The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come leads Scrooge through a sequence of mysterious scenes relating to an unnamed man's recent death.

Scrooge sees businessmen discussing the dead man's riches, some vagabonds trading his personal effects for cash, and a poor couple expressing relief at the death of their unforgiving creditor. Scrooge, anxious to learn the lesson of his latest visitor, begs to know the name of the dead

67 man. After pleading with the ghost, Scrooge finds himself in a churchyard, the spirit pointing to a grave. Scrooge looks at the headstone and is shocked to read his own name. He desperately implores the spirit to alter his fate, promising to renounce his insensitive, avaricious ways and to honor

Christmas with all his heart. Whoosh! He suddenly finds himself safely tucked in his bed.

Overwhelmed with joy by the chance to redeem himself and grateful that he has been returned to Christmas Day, Scrooge rushes out onto the street hoping to share his newfound Christmas spirit. He sends a giant

Christmas turkey to the Cratchit house and attends Fred's party, to the stifled surprise of the other guests. As the years go by, he holds true to his promise and honors Christmas with all his heart: he treats Tiny Tim as if he were his own child, provides lavish gifts for the poor, and treats his fellow human beings with kindness, generosity, and warmth.

Source by http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/christmascarol/summary.html

B. BIOGRAPHY

Charles Dickens

Author (1812–1870)

Charles Dickens was the well-loved and prolific British author of numerous works that are now considered classics.

 Synopsis

British novelist Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in

Portsmouth, England. Over the course of his writing career, he wrote the beloved classic novels Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Nicholas Nickleby,

David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations. On June

9, 1870, Dickens died of a stroke in Kent, England, leaving his final novel,

The Mystery of Edwin Drood, unfinished.

 Early Life

Famed British author Charles Dickens was born Charles John

Huffam Dickens on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, on the southern coast of England. He was the second of eight children. His father, John Dickens, was a naval clerk who dreamed of striking it rich. Charles Dickens’ mother,

Elizabeth Barrow, aspired to be a teacher and school director. Despite his parents’ best efforts, the family remained poor. Nevertheless, they were happy in the early days. In 1816, they moved to Chatham, Kent, where

69 young Charles and his siblings were free to roam the countryside and explore the old castle at Rochester.

In 1822, the Dickens family moved to Camden Town, a poor neighborhood in London. By then the family’s financial situation had grown dire, as John Dickens had a dangerous habit of living beyond the family’s means. Eventually, John was sent to prison for debt in 1824, when Charles was just 12 years old.

Following his father’s imprisonment, Charles Dickens was forced to leave school to work at a boot-blacking factory alongside the River Thames.

At the rundown, rodent-ridden factory, Dickens earned six shillings a week labeling pots of “blacking,” a substance used to clean fireplaces. It was the best he could do to help support his family. Looking back on the experience,

Dickens saw it as the moment he said goodbye to his youthful innocence, stating that he wondered “how [he] could be so easily cast away at such a young age.” He felt abandoned and betrayed by the adults who were supposed to take care of him. These sentiments would later become a recurring theme in his writing.

Much to his relief, Dickens was permitted to go back to school when his father received a family inheritance and used it to pay off his debts. But when Dickens was 15, his education was pulled out from under him once again. In 1827, he had to drop out of school and work as an office boy to

70 contribute to his family’s income. As it turned out, the job became an early launching point for his writing career.

Within a year of being hired, Dickens began freelance reporting at the law courts of London. Just a few years later, he was reporting for two major London newspapers. In 1833, he began submitting sketches to various magazines and newspapers under the pseudonym “Boz.” In 1836, his clippings were published in his first book, Sketches by Boz. Dickens’ first success caught the eye of Catherine Hogarth, whom he soon married.

Catherine would grace Charles with a brood of 10 children before the couple separated in 1858.

 Early Writing

In the same year that Sketches by Boz was released, Dickens started publishing The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. His series of sketches, originally written as captions for artist Robert Seymour’s humorous sports-themed illustrations, took the form of monthly serial installments. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club was wildly popular with readers. In fact, Dickens’ sketches were even more popular than the illustrations they were meant to accompany.

Around this time, Dickens had also become publisher of a magazine called Bentley’s Miscellany. In it he started publishing his first novel, Oliver

Twist, which follows the life of an orphan living in the streets. The story was

71 inspired by how Dickens felt as an impoverished child forced to get by on his wits and earn his own keep. Dickens continued showcasing Oliver Twist in the magazines he later edited, including Household Words and All the

Year Round, the latter of which he founded. The novel was extremely well received in both England and America. Dedicated readers of Oliver Twist eagerly anticipated the next monthly installment.

Over the next few years, Dickens struggled to match the level of

Oliver Twist’s success. From 1838 to 1841, he published The Life and

Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop and Barnaby

Rudge.

In 1842, Dickens and his wife, Kate, embarked on a five-month lecture tour of the United States. Upon their return, Dickens penned

American Notes for General Circulation, a sarcastic travelogue criticizing

American culture and materialism.

In 1843, Dickens wrote his novel The Life and Adventures of Martin

Chuzzlewit, a story about a man’s struggle to survive on the ruthless

American frontier. The book was published the following year.

Over the next couple of years, Dickens published two Christmas stories. One was the classic A Christmas Carol, which features the timeless protagonist Ebenezer Scrooge, a curmudgeonly old miser, who, with the help of a ghost, finds the Christmas spirit.

 Fame

During his first U.S. tour, in 1842, Dickens designated himself as what many have deemed the first modern celebrity. He spoke of his opposition to slavery and expressed his support for additional reform. His lectures, which began in Virginia and ended in Missouri, were so widely attended that ticket scalpers started gathering outside his events.

Biographer J.B. Priestly wrote that during the tour, Dickens “had the greatest welcome that probably any visitor to America has ever had.”

“They flock around me as if I were an idol,” bragged Dickens, a known show-off. Although he enjoyed the attention at first, he eventually resented the invasion of privacy. He was also annoyed by what he viewed as Americans’ gregariousness and crude habits, as he later expressed in

American Notes.

In light of his criticism of the American people during his first tour,

Dickens launched a second U.S. tour, from 1867 to 1868, hoping to set things right with the public.

On his second tour, he made a charismatic speech promising to praise the United States in reprints of American Notes for General

Circulation and The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit.

His 76 readings earned him no less than $95,000, which, in the

Victoria era, amounted to approximately $1.5 million in current U.S. dollars.

Back at home, Dickens had become so famous that people recognized him all over London as he strolled around the city collecting the observations that would serve as inspiration for his future work.

 Later years

In 1845, after Dickens had toured the United States once, he spent a year in Italy writing Pictures from Italy. Over the next two years he published, in installments, his next novel, Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son. The novel’s main theme is how business tactics affect a family’s personal finances. It takes a dark view of England and was pivotal to

Dickens’ body of work in that it set the tone for his other novels.

From 1849 to 1850, Dickens worked on David Copperfield, the first work of its kind; no one had ever written a novel that simply followed a character through his everyday life. In writing it, Dickens tapped into his own personal experiences, from his difficult childhood to his work as a journalist.

Although David Copperfield is not considered Dickens’ best work, it was his personal favorite. It also helped define the public’s expectations of a

Dickensian novel.

During the 1850s, Dickens suffered two devastating losses: the deaths of his daughter and father. He also separated from his wife during that decade, with Dickens slandering Kate publicly. He had also met a young actress named Ellen "Nelly" Ternan, with whom he had an intimate relationship. Sources differ on whether the two started seeing each other

74 before or after Dickens' marital separation; it is also believed that he went to great lengths to erase any documentation alluding to Ternan's presence in his life.

His novels also began to express a darkened worldview. In Bleak

House, published in installments from 1852 to 1853, he deals with the hypocrisy of British society. It was considered his most complex novel to date. Hard Times (published in 1854) takes place in an industrial town at the peak of economic expansion. In it, Dickens focuses on the shortcomings of employers as well as those who seek change. Also among Dickens’ darker novels is Little Dorrit, a fictional study of how human values come in conflict with the world’s brutality.

Coming out of his “dark novel” period, in 1859 Dickens published A

Tale of Two Cities, a historical novel that takes place during the French

Revolution. He published it in a periodical he founded, All the Year Round.

His next novel, Great Expectations (1860-1861), focuses on the protagonist’s lifelong journey of moral development. It is widely considered his greatest literary accomplishment. A few years later, Dickens produced

Our Mutual Friend, a novel that analyzes the psychological impact of wealth on London society.

 Death

In 1865, Dickens was in a train accident and never fully recovered.

Despite his fragile condition, he continued to tour until 1870. On June 9,

1870, Dickens had a stroke and, at age 58, died at Gad’s Hill Place, his country home in Kent, England. He was buried in Poet’s Corner at

Westminster Abbey, with thousands of mourners gathering at the beloved author’s gravesite. Scottish satirical writer Thomas Carlyle described

Dickens’ passing as “an event worldwide, a unique of talents suddenly extinct.” At the time of Dickens’ death, his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin

Drood, was left unfinished.

Source by https://www.biography.com/people/charles-dickens-9274087