61 [PART A.

~gII 01"O ,' a hor se.' Ta le . for..nic he, 'below, ' dh~re for paS, (I:ear,' .are CHAP. I; G. \ gener al ly used . The hIll male ct of th e State ISth at of the Simla hills. ••. .... : In th e to wn s the Persi an ch ar ac ter is ge ne rally ufed . Nagri is used De 'scrljjtlve. I by Brahm an s for relig ious purpo se s. Shop -kee pe!"'s ac count books are POPULATIOif. \ kept in La nde. In Patiala proper som e Mu hammod an shop-keepers use \ th e Urd u ch ar acter, but tot als are show n in LaucL numerals. A few of Language. the well -to-do Sikhs kee p th eir account s in GU r"mukhl .

TRIBES AND CAST ES . Ne arly every cast e in th e Punjab is repres ent ed in Patiala, but the Jats, Jat,. who compri se 30 per ce nt. of the popul atio n (4 85,170), are by far the str ongest element . Th e Jat s of the Miilwa , in "hich the main part of the Pati ala St at e is in cluded , hav e been cal led the fi nest peasantry in India . A description of the Malwa Jat , and the po int s in which he differs from th e Jat of the Miinjha, will be foun d in the Ga zet tee ~ of the Ludhiana District . The Jats of Patiala mostl y claim Rii jpu t or igin, and appear to hav e migrate d from Jaisalmer into the Mal wa , or the te rritory south of the Sutlej whi ch stretch es toward s Delhi and Bi kan er,

IFor a detailed accou nt of the Sidd hus see Grif fin 's Rajas of the Punjab and the Alita-i. Bara, Ban s in 3 volume s by Wa li Alia Sadlqf, pub lished by order of the Faridkot Darbcir. CHAP. I, C. r~hief of the Dhallwals, Mihr Matba~l is said to ha, A given a daughter in - : marriage to that emperor, whence the DhaHwals and +'i. e35 ]at tribes which Descriptive. concurred in the besto\"al of a Jat girl on the emperor acquired the title POPULATIOH. or status of Darbarl. The Darbarl ]ats in this State are the Tiwanas of DUllwAlJats. Chinarthal , the ]halle Gils of Dhamot and Siawara , the Manders of ]arg, ' the Mangats of Rampur and Katani, the ]hij of Gidrf and Bawanf, the Panders of GahIod, and the Gandhas of Raunf. Darbarf ]ats pay special fees to th eir m£rasls at weddings. The Dhaliwals, ,after the decline of Mihr Math a's family, dispersed and some migrated into the State, where they are mainly found in tahslls Bhatinda and Bhikhf, and in stray villages in Sunam, Amargarh and Sah ib garh. The main Dhalfwal septs are th e Manf, Udi, Rureka, Dina and Ramana. The tribe is chiefly represent ed by the family of the late Sardar Ganda Singh, c.s.! ., Bakhshi of the State, and his son Sardar Hazura Singh is now an officer in the State forces. A man of note among the Dfnakes was Milln Mahtab Singh of Fa rid kot, whose daughter was married to Maha- raja Mahindar Singh and be cam e the mother of Maharaja Rajindar Singh. NAn Jat.. The Man ]ats say they migrated from the north, and claim descent from Mandhata, a Rajput, by Bhadon, Jhagar, Baril la, Karora, Kand, Jaji and ]hala, th e last of which is strongly repres er,te d in tahsil Sahibgarh, where it holds I[ viIlageB.

Martal1ats. The Marr als , re turned as ]ats in the Censuses of 1891 and 1901 I are mainly Mu hammadan, but a few are Hindu s. The Mu hammadan Marrals of Samin a lay claim to an lra nia a origin and say they are descen dant s of Yazd-i-jard , the las t Sassanian king of Persia, who was conq uere d by the Arab Sa 'd- waqas .The y migr at ed from Kabul -J in the tim e of Prith wi Raj, king of Delhi , unde r Malik Salah- \ ud.di n. On th e recom me ndati on of the N'lw

received a grant of villages in that part together with the title of Mande CHAP . I. C. · or lord of 100 villages (mandai) from Khanda Rao, brother of Prithwf Raj. \ In the time of Ala-ud-din Khiljf, Qutb-ud-dln Marral obtained the fiefs of Descriptive. Samana and Malkana, and the latter, which is a bastf of SamBna, is still POPUUTIOll. held in jag£r by the Mandals of Kamal . Malik Suleman Yar Jang, a Marral Jats. descendant of Nawab Arastujah Wazir-i-Azam of HaideraMd, Deccan, also holds a jatlr in Samana itself. Malik Barkat Ali Khan of Samana is the Assistant Advocate at Patiala. The Dhlndsas claim descent from Raja Karn. They migrated from Dh!ndsaJats. Sirsa in the time of the Mughal emperors and settled in Chaunda Manvi, in tahsil Amargarh, round which place they own a number of villages. They are also found in scattered villages in tahsils . Rajpura, Ghanaur and Patiala, and Ubhewal in SUllllm tahsll is a village of Muhammadan Dhlndsas. The Randhawas 1 hold only two villages in Sahibgarh, and M!msa RandM wa Jats. village in Amargarh tahsn, but they offer one or two points of interest. Their ancestors settled at Mimsa, near which, on their migrating thither from Tamkot, the axle of one of their carts broke, and its owners took this as an omen that they should settle at the spot . The others went on, and failing to persuade their comrades to accompany them, they uttered a curse upon them that they should be compelled to seek a new horne every 12 years. Every 12th year on the 8th Sudi of Asarh they take a cart to the spot and worship it, and an uncle cuts a lock of hair from his nephew's head. On their return home, it is said, the axle of the cart invariably breaks on the road. The Tiwana Jats claim descent from LakkhU, seventh in descent from Tiw'na Jats . Tiwana, a Punwar Rijput. They migrated frbm Dhara Nagri in the 13 th century, and now hold several villages in Sihibgarh and two in Rajpura tahslls. Like Rajputs, their women observe par4a and they discountenance karewa. Their leading family is that of the Chaudhris of Chinarthal, and Sardar Sawai Singh of this family held important posts in the State under Maharaja Narindar Singh . Two Tiwana chaudhrfs, Majlis Riii and Wazir Khan, were prominent chiefs of this tribe in the Mughal times. There is also a Muhammadan Tiwana village in Gh ana ur tahsil. The Sarahs Of Sarars are mainly found in niZ3mats Anahadgarh and Sar 4hJats. Karmgarh. The Kaleke Sardars belong to the Sarae got. They trace their descent K4leke. from the Bhatti Rajputs of Jaisalmer, and are named after their ancestor Chaudhri Kala, who founded the village of KalyanwaIi in Sirsa; his grand- son Maluka foumled IHleka .- ne~naula ,.- wlrere -l1is descendants still hold land. Sardars Gurbaksh Singh and Haria Singh, brothers-in-law of Maharaja Ala . Singh, were fifth in descent from Chaudhri Kala. Sardar Gurbaksh Singh was Maharaja Alii Singh's Dlwan, and accompanied him in all his expeditions. He is best remembered for his services when Maharaja Ranjit Singh came to Patiala to visit Maharaja Sahib Singh. Mat Fatto, wife of Maharaja Ala Singh, belonged to this family, and Maharaja Karm Singh also married into it. , The Paws ni as are of Shiv go!1-a, like the Man, Bhular and Her, with the Paw41lia ]ats. \ two latter of wh om they do not intermarry. They migrated from Bissar and .. \ ~own four villages in tahsil Sunam. The Ghuman Jats also claim Rajput descent. Migrating in the time Ghum4n]ats. (of Jahcingfr from Rcijputana, they settled at Sajuma in the Jind State and I now hold 11 villages near Bhawanigarh, Ghumana in Ra,jpura, and a village Iin PaH ala tahsll.

JO r Radh4was . 64 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I. C. The Nains 1 claim to be by origin Tar Rajputs. Their an cestor Mainpal D it" imarr,ied a widow and his son Nain is their eponym. They hold many villages Q$Qrp W~. in the Bangar (tahsil Narwana), such as Dhamtan Sahib, etc., and stray POPUr.ATION. villages in the Sunam and Pati£l1a tahslls. They are said to have Nain Jats. \migrated from Delhi, where they ruled prior to the rise of the Chauhan 'j ,dynasty. Their sub-septs are }aja, Bamir and Narain. Sardar Ude Singh, , Nain, was Superintendent of the Palace in the time of Mar Askaur, D!wan and Judicial Minister, guardian to Maharaja Narindar Singh and member of the first Council of Regency. His son, the Mashfr-Ala Sardar Bahadur Sarclar Gurmukh Singh, is now (1904) President of the Council . M4ngat Jats. The Mangats are only found in tahsil Sahibgarh, where they hold six villages. G4ndhe lat;: ' { The Gandhes are descended from Gandhu, son of R.i ja Gopal, TioD! \ Rajput, by a Jat wife, and are found in tahsils Banur, Rajpura and Amargarh. Sindhu Jats. The Sindhus appear to have immigrated into the St ate from the Manjha in the 16th century and are found in scattered villages in tahsils Ghanaur, Rajpura, Amargarh, Bhatind a and Barnala. Bhlllar Jats. The Bhulars are said to have been driven from Mari in Ferozepore by the Siddhus and then to have dispersed. They own nearly the whole of seven villages in Barnala and four in Sunam tahslls . Their sub-septs are four in number, vz·;;., Kosa, Munga, Dahr and Bhatia .. GarewAl Jats. The GarewaPor Girewal is a well-known sept which once held , rule over Raipur and Gujarwal in Ludhiana. Maharaja Narindar Singh married into this family, and one of its members, Sardar Ghamand Singh, became Bakhshi. Sardar Mihman Singh was father-in-law, and his son Hlra Singh brother-in-law of the MaMril.ja. Sardar Kishan Singh, also of this family, is now muafamad to the Punjab Government . They cl aim descent from Raja Mahan Chand of Chanded in Ind ore, a Chanded Rajpat. Sekh ol'i Jats. The Sekhon Jats claim descent from the Punwar Rajplits. They are named after their ancestor Sekhon, who had seven sons, after whom were named seven munhis or septs. Mai Askaur, mother of Maharaja Karm Singh, whose life sheds a lustre over Patiala history, belonged to this family, and her brother Sardar Diwan Singh was Commander-in-Chief . Two daughters of the family are now married in the Phulkian States, one to Raja Hira Singh of Nabha and the other to His Highness the Hon'ble Sir Kanwar Ranbir Singh, KC.S,I ., of Patiala. Maharaja Amr Singh made Daria Singh his Diwan. Himmat Singh and Sawai Singh were Bakhshis, Mal Singh was Adalati or Judicial Minister, and Sardar Sedha Singh was Diwan. They hold Bakhshiwala (in Sunam tahsil), Kaulgarh (in Pail), Kishangarh and Kanhgarh (in Bhlkh1), and Karmgarh (in Anahadgarh tahsil). Utw41 Jat.~ Among the Utwals the family of Chaudhrl Charat Ram, member of the second Council of Regency, is the most important. His grandson Sardar Sapuran Singh is now Financial Minister of the State. Mand erJals. Sardar Bhagwiin Singh, Mander, is a Judge of the Patiala Chief Court. His father Sardar Basta Singh held the post of Nazim for a long time. M'hillat.. The Mahils trace their descent from the Tor Rajplits. They came from Delhi. The clan holds Shah pur Khurd, Shah pur Kalan and Namol in Sunam tahsil and Khinpur in Dhuri. Sardar Fateh Sin~h of this tribe held high posts in the State, and was a member of the first Council of Regency. His son Sardar Man Singh is Nazim of Amar-garh n:'samat.

lNain is ' a Hindi Bhasha word meaning eye. There are said to be Nains in Bikaner also. '2The sept is so named because a Chander! R:ijput settled at Gire, a village in Rupar tahsil, and fell in love with a Jat woman whom he kept as his mistress. 65 [ PART A.

The follo wing are some prov er bs abo ut the Jat pea sant ry; -

Ch an a 1t" ja ne bah . fat 1tajane rah - l< Gr am does not requ ir e much ploughing , and a l•t. can do withou t a path" (CI. M.aconach ie,l No. 1022). Descriptive. 'jat jata n de sale k2rde gh ale male- " Jats are all bro ther s-;',- law of one another and POPULATION . keel> the ir own cOl tnsel (comb ine to help one ano ther); i. e., Jo 1" 3,:( cl03ely rela ted and scheme to pr ote ct om~ rarrot her"' (Ma 'Con. chie,NO/938). Proverbs o.bollt · 'Ja t, dha tta . b.kra, ch

U The ·)at is not grateful Ilnd gram do es not reqpire much plou ghing: but shoe.beating can cor· rect th e Jat and whey digest the gram " tel MiLco nachle.No 936, for a more polite version ). 'Ja t gannti na de bheU de- •• A Jolt does not gi ve a stic k of sugarcane when asked, but give s a hheU (a lump 'of raw sug 'r) when pressed " . Tu t jeki lakrl nahln je tire na Jat n~h{1 t Ie phi re na fwd jehd bha,td" noM n je rurhlte nl -" There is no timber like tut if it does 'not solit, no cast e like that of the JOlt if he is true to hi s word, no atens illike ·tind (Persian wheel pot) if it ·do es -not ' tumble of f." Nat bidyipai Jat bidya naMn ptU-" The trick s of a Nat - (rope. dancer' can be kno wn but not , t Rose of . a J at. " Tind our 'Jat dd U basdft .-" A tind and a Jat can no t· be trusted" Rann J ·tll hor sab chatU-" A Jat wife for me : all the rest al'e a mere waste of money ." The last prove rb show s that . the J at wife is the best and most economical and helps her 'husband "in agricu ltur al pursui ts CI, Macon1c hie, Nb. 37". Rijpt1ts in Pa ti cila number 65 ,296. Though they have beaten their Rajputs. swords into ploughs hares , th ey do not take ki ndly to agriculture and are far inferior · as · cu1tivators to the Jats. The Ta 'onis -and Chauhan 5 are the largest sub-divisions . of them in this -State, but - th e' BhaUis rank highest. The Bhattfs · are Jadu ·Bansi and are said to have been con- Bh atti Rajp4 t •• , verted to Islam by Sayyid JaW-ud-dln , Makh dum-i-Jahanian, JaMn~asht, in the time of ' Ffroz SMh Tughlaq . They ar e now found in scattereQ grauBs, but .still own some villages in tahsH Bhatinda. The Tiol lis claim J.idli ~Bansi descent, thu s- Raja Salvcihan of Patta n in Gujrl 'it .. I Raja Tan (gran dso n) . . I Uggar Sa in (7th in descent from Tan).

Migrated !rom Agroh a in 699 Bikrami and set tle d il l this PClrt of the ,Punjab becoming king of Bur as . I . Raja Gopa ,l (7th in des cent from Uggar Sai n). ______.J ( Dhi rpal, or Nawcib Abu'l-Karim, embraced IsI 'olm unde r Shahab-ud-din of Ghor after his victory over Ptithwl Rlij at Taniin (Tarawarl) in Kamal District 'in I 193. :~i s·tomb is said to be at Banur i which is a great Taont eentre, for Taonis a'e numerous in that tahsil and 'in Patiala, Rlijpura 'and \1 6hanaur. The H;,ldu TaOilis hold Bular (in tahsil Patiala), Lilr 'u. Nagla \ and Khelan in tahsil Banur, and Dhakansu, 'fepla, Bamdri , Piibra and D hamoli in Rfl jpura. . They have 12 septs,sald to be named after the sons of Raja Gc;>pal, viz .., Dhitpa .Ii, Ambpali, Bh:iti~n, Mot i~n,RaiGhazi, Jaisi, Sarohd, AJemal , Jhagal and Lagal , th e last six be ing rais.

IThe referen cei ar e to • Panjab Agr icultura l Pro verb s' f'dited by R. Mr.oonach .ie , 8·••••· R.C.S. 66

PATIALA STATE. ]

Social ly they have 14 cMats and 24 maM1ls, the cMats in this State being Ban6 r, S6hron, Ajniwar, KauH, Ghanaur Pat ton, Khera Gu iju. DescriP tive : Shamdo, Cham~hli, Manakpur and Jallsla , and in Britis ' territory Kha rar, POPULATION. Khanpur and Mo rind a. The Ba rah or Varah RiijpUts claim descent from Binepal of Bhatind a and emigrated at a very di stant period from Udaipur. They have a pro - verb-Beha mas na chaRhde singh, btiz, Variah, ' the lion, the hawk and the Vara hs never taste stale meat .' Rai Khlu of K:ikra near Bhawiinigarh embraced Islam in Jahangir's reign, so tha t their conversion is some- what recent , an d the Barahs of Bakhtd in tahsil Su nam are still ' Hindus. They ow n ne arly 30 vil lages in tahslls Su nam, Bhawani- .\ garh and Amargarh .Their organization is the us ual RlIjp6t one of ! chhats or vil lages of the fi rst rank and ma kans or villages of the second

J rank , other villages be ing inferior to these in soda l status. The Barahs _ j have 12 cMats and 24 makti1 ls , the ch/zats in this State being Samana, Talwandi, Ktikra. Bhum si,Jhal, Jhondan , in Nib ha Baena, Badbar , Baragraon, in J1nd Bazld pur, and in British territ or y Budl ada and Maranda. Ma ster M uham maCi Khu da Bakh sh, Kh il n of Haryau Khurd, was the tutor of Maharaja Mohin dar Singh. He also held the post of Canal Agent and that of Director of Public Inst ruction, Patia .la Stat e. His eld est son Muhamm ad Abdul Ghaf6 r Khan was a judge in the High Court of Patiala; at his yo unger so ns Mu hamma d Abdul Majid Khiin is Foreign Minister, Mu - hammad Abdul Hamid Kha n is Nli zim of Anahadgarh, tvJuhammad Abdul Hakim Khan is State Vaki l at Ambala, and Muhammad Abdul AZlz Khan is Colone l of Infa ntry. 1danddhar The Manda hars are fou nd in tab81 1 Narwana, an d are sa id to have R& jputs. I) migrated into .the Bangar fro m Ajudhia 2,000 yea rs ago , and to have taken . the anc ien t town of Ka lait from the Chandels . That place and Bata are .. j \ now held by Hind us, Badsikd and Hittho being held by Mu hammadan Manda- hars. They cal l th emse lves Lachman. Soc ially they have 12 tapas (as th ey call their chhats) and 360 gaons or village s, the tapas in this State be ing Dhanaurl, Kala it an d Badsikrl . The Hin dus in marriage avoid only . their own got . At a fu ner al they giv e pagrls to. th eir ndras£ s. J'tIi Raip~ts ; The Jatus give their genea logy as fol lows:- Raj a Jairath of Patlan , Tu nw ar. I Jatli. I r J Assar. Harp al. I Rana Amr, who mignt ed from his countr y and drove the Guj ars from Khod ana some 400 yee fs ag o. The Jatu s of Kanaud (Mol iin darg arh) tahsil, in which they }>:,ld 25 vi ll age s, are hi s des cendants . Ja tl i was so (:alled because he wa s L.. ..(1 1 with long ha ir (jata n) on his bod y. The latus do Jlot intermarrv wit h tbe Tu nw ars, an d in marriag e only avo id thei r own got .. At a wedding, bot h :it the ph era or circ umambulation, and at the 'wadJ,; ()r leav e-taking, the bri degroom's barber spread s a sh eet, cal le d chhat, ov er the bridegroom 's he ad and his father put s into it as mu ch mo ney as he can afford . The Ja tus als o give tya g and lekh to their mlrasis . Li ke the other Ra jputs of tahs il Kana ud, they ate sun-wors hip per s and fa $t on Sunday s.

The Hin du Kac hw ah as or Kushwahas of parg ana Kana ud, in which the y b-old seven villag es, are (:aJle d Sh aikh:iwat bec ause thei r anc es to~ was horn thr ou~h the benedicti on ot Shai kh Bu rha n, Da rves ~.On the bir th oJ 61 [ PART A• T;ibes• and Castes . a male child they put a blue thread round its neck , and on the bat?ing day CHAP . r. C. (the third to sixth day af ter birth) a se cond thread is put round Its neck, a tagr a round its waist, and kurta on it s body, all th ree of a blue colour. Descri pti ve. They worsh ip the sun by off ering wat er and fasting on Sundays. At a POPULATIO N. we dding they gi ve tyag and leU to a mir asi. The Shaikhawat Kachwahas Kachw4ha Rl1j. do not eat jhatka. puts. PatMns live chiefly in th e town s, and though they own land, rarely Path!ns. handle the plough. Khilj!s , Lodis , Mulla gods, Adilz ais, Mamuzais and Um arzais ar e fo und in the St ate. Muhammad Namd ar Khan, Umarzai, wa s a mem be r of the las t Coun cil of Re gency, and his elder son Muhammad As hr af Khan is no,""Nazim of Kar mg arh . His YOunge r son Muhammad Sharif Kh an, B.A. (Ca m.), is a barrist er-a t-Iaw. The PatMns generally marry among thems elve s and do no t pra ctise ka re wa. Sh alkhs (23,131) ar e chiefly found in th e town s as traders and shop. Shaikhs . keepers, but th ey own villages in th e Suniim , Ghanaur an d Rajpu ra tahslls. The Shaikhs of Kar el in Sunam are the mos t impo rta nt family. The social aspi rations of conver ts from Hinduism, wh o are gener ally included among the Sha ikhs, are expres sed in th e follo wing couplet: Sdl-£-awwrll Slza£kh bud'll 'JZ, sal-£ ·do z' m M£rza,o gh alla clzun ar zan slzawad £msat Sayytd Miska - wam-" The fi rs t year a Shai kh , the second a Mirza. If corn is cheap thi s year, I sha ll be a Sayy id ." Oth er cu ltiv ating cl as ses ar e the Ah i'rs, Aralns, Dogars, Gui ars and Min or agricul- Ka mb ohs, and in th e hil ls the Kan ets. The Ahirs, here as els ewh ere tural classes: in dustrio us cu lti vat or s, are con fi ned to Mohind arga rh m·u),mat. They Ah lr s. are di vid ed into two endogamous sub- ca stes, Jadu-B ans! and Gop al-Ba ns!, bo th cla imi ng to be Jadu- Ba ns! Rajp li ts by descent. The form er su b- ca ste compris es 64 got s, of whic h the prin cipal are the Kar fra, Bha ngar, Chau ra, Gat wal, Dew a and Saup. The latter worship black sn akes and do not kill on e if the y see it. The Ahirs are devotees of Krishna. Their lea ding rep resen tative is Ch audhrf Budh Singh of Nangal Sirohi, whose fa mil y has hel d the of fi ce of Chaudhri since the Mughal time s. This . famil y als o obse rves pa rd a and dis count enanc es widow re-m ar ria ge , which ot he r Ah irs pr ac tis e. Th ough usually lan do wn ers and cul ti vators, th e Ahlrs also tak e servi ce in th e army. The Patia la An Hn s belong to the Sirsew al branc h and are sa id to have Adfns. imm igrated hi th er from Sirs a. All are Muhamm adans , ex cept a few in Sanaur and Ajr awar, who are Hindus. Ara!ns are num erou s in the Sirhind, Patial a an d Rajpu ra tahslls , wh ere they hol d groups of vi lla ge s and own land whi ch th ey thems elve s cultivat e. Their more important gots are Siya hl, Naur , Mund , Ghalan, Bh atian and JatiaH. The Dogars, who ar e ex ciusively Muhamma da ns, came from Seohna Dogara. near Lahore in the time of Mah araja Ala Sing h. Some of them were in for mer ti mes Bakhshfs of the State, and of th ese the mo st famous was Lakh na, Bakhshl of Al a Singh . The Dogars hol d a consi de rable tract of la nd at Das ka in Sunam tahsil, and one of them, Wazlr Muhammad, is a· RisaHir in the State service. They bear the titl e of Mal ik. Th e Guj ar s are not as num erous as the. ArMns , and are a pastoral Guja rs. rat her than an agric ultural tribe, bearing much the same charac ter here as el sewher e. They ho ld many villag es in tahslls R.ijpura and Na rnaul . Some of them ar e Mu hamm adans and som e Hin dus. In this Sta te thei r mo re im portan t septs are the Bharwal, Lodl , Chich i, Ba rga t, Duchak, Kat oria, Latala, Ja ndar, Chand!ja , Gor s! and R& .wat ,of whom th e last regards its elf as de scende d from Jag deo Punw ar, whos e son alan Palan married th e fair daughte r of Mor Dh aj, Kat ana Guj ar. Males of th e Chawa ra sep t are bel ieved to be abl e to cur e pn eumoni a by to uching th e suffer er wi th a piece '68

PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. of iron. The Gujars of Rasulpur (in RAjpura) and Ghd (in Fatehgarh) have considerable influence. Rah jm Bakhsh, a Gujar, attained to the position of De~crlptlve. Bakhshi in the State in the reign of Maharaja Narindar Singh and was POPULATION. appointed ,a member of the Council of Regency on the death of Maharaja Narindar Singh. The Kambohs are rather more numerous than the Khatri's. They are divided into two endogamous groups, Bawani or the S2 gots and Chaurasl or 'the 84 gots,' and are 'found in tahslls Ban ur, Ghanaur and Sunam, the Karribohs in the latter being of the Biiwani sub-caste, many of whom emhraced Islam in the time of 'Qutb-ud-Din, Ibak . The Chaurasls at a wedding give apresent to 'the Kamachls, a caste of musicians, in remem- brance of their having been delivered 'from prison without being fo rc ed to ,~ become Muhammadans by Diliiwar Khan, Kamlichi, in the time of Shams- '\' ud-Din Altamah . Their leading families are the Muhammadan Bawanis at Masingan, an ancient village in Ghanaur tahsil, the Hindu Bawanis of Hasanpur, and ;.the Hindu Chaurasis of Mohi, S6ratgarh and Jalalpur) all in tahsil Banur. At the shan! rite ,on the occasi~n of .a marri .age the Hindu ! Kambofls make a goat (j ,{ mash flour, which IS sacnficed by the , maternalunole of the bridegrQom. The manner of sacrifice is to press it to pieces with the hands . Now-a-daysseven cakes of mash are made instead of the goat . They celebrate the tonsure under a jandi tree.

Sa .inis are chiefly market-gardeners. They are found in the: Banur and Ri jpura i.:lhsils, and are all of the Gala sub~aste, an endoga- 'mousgroup which avoids four gots in marriage and practises karewa. Sardar Suj<'m Singh is the leading Saini in the State.

KalaIs are found chiefly in the towns , thou gh they sometimes own ,,land. S.lrdar Bhagw~n Singh, Deputy Inspector -General of 'Police, and \ Hfra Singh of Banur, jdgird rir of Govindgarh in the Hoshiarpur District, I are leading Kalals. The Kanets are the agriculturists of the hills as the Jats are of toe plains. They claim to be Ka jputs who lost caste by karewa. FormerIy peaceable and simple-minded, they .a~e. now becoming quarrelsome and fond of litigation. They have two dlvlslons, Kanet and Khas, but these intermarry freely. They a,:oi~ four gots (locally called khels). in marriage. A 'wedding involves 7 ph eras .1Ostead .of,th~ usu~1 4- Max:nage ceremo - nies among the~ are of two ~lOd~, btyo:h, m which the bndegroom ges with the proceSSion, and paryana 10 which he stays at home. The Kanen have developed the karewa custom i~to what is called rit . A wo.man who is tired of her -"busband, leaves hIm for some one else. The new husband pays the old the value of the woman and nothing more is said. Women frequently change their husbands more than once. Brahmans and Fakirs make up about 7 per cent. of the population Professional castes: Sayyids, Bhats, B~arais and M~rasis are of lesser importa~ce, wh~le t?e Brahmans. , remaining professIOnal cast;s m the ~tate, such as Bhands, D~mna~ ., Ballg .alls, Garris and KlIpns, are few 10 number. The Brahmans In thiS State are found mainly in the towns, but some few hold land as proprie- tors or ttustees of religious endowments, in the vill :ages, and they now OWl; a k\ .V mozra,s or villages , e.g., Brahman, Bhat, Malo and Chhajju MazrRs, and some villages in Ghanaur, Rlljpura, Banur and Narnaul tahslls. The mass of the Brahmans belong to the Sarsut branch, but the Gaurs are also represented, especially in the Mohindargarh ni;samat and the Bangar tahsil . 69 Tribes an d Caste s. [PART A. t The Sarsut Brahm ans of the towns are usually of Athb an s or Chhebans status, and su peri or to the Bunj lih is, who are found in the villages. Some are emplo yed in the service of the State, or ar e eng aged in trade or ag ricul- ture, but the ma jori ty are fa mily pri ests. Their leadin g representative is Sard ilr Pattap Singh , now a Sp ecial Magistrat e, an d his father Sardilr Jagdi s Sin gh al so held a hig h po siti on in th e St ate. Among the Gaur Brah man s the Maihtas form an impor ta nt se ct ion, whose members do not ac .cept al ms or act as fa mily priests, pad has . In Kil.n aud tahsil the family of Miss ar Jaw ala Singh sti ll enjo ys a jag il' of Rs . 300 granted by the British Govern me nt for his ser vice s in 1857. Missar Nauni dh Rii (Naudha Missar) of Narik e in Dh6rl tah sil wa s a great man in th e Sta te aIr.ong the Brahmans . The Siir su t Brahmans are divided into gotras , named after rish/s, such as Bhar dw aj, Kaushik, Atas h, Bashist, Maric hi , Batsa, Mudgal, etc., but in marri ages these gotras are not, as a rule , ta ken into account. The unit which is taken into account in marriage is th e got or , as it is more usually called , the at ; in Narnaul this un it is called sasan. It takes its name from the original sect of the sution, such as Kanaudia, Bhat india, etc. These gots or a!s are frequen t) ;' split up into sub-sections, thus - ( (i) Malamma. I ... ~ (£ i) Ma rth . I l (z'H) Bhardwaj\ . ... { (z') Khir Khana . (ii) Machhikhana .

(i) Ratan . .. i. (z' z') Rur.

Women of the Josh i section do ' not wear bangles of country glasS ', ~"T more than four ear-rings (dandian). The Khatrls an d Banias are the most im portant trading caste~. The Commercld--J Banias (80 ,764) are near ly five times as nu me rous as - the Khatris ana castes. I Aroras combined . i The Ba nias are the principal trading cast e of th e State .. They hold a good deal of land on mortgag e, and, though only forming strong communities in the towns, are found scatt ered throughout the rural areas of the State . ,I Th~y also ente r the service of the State freely . The JAgg arwal branch is I most strongly represented, but the Osw aIs (or Bhabr

INan u M~l. an Aggar wal Bania of Sun5m , was Dlwan of Mah~dja Amr Singh andPrim 'e Min ister of the State duri ng the minor it y of Mali~ra}a 5thib Singh~ :' Griffin's Pun jab - R'jaS\' ~' 7° PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. tied up in a corner of her dopatta, or sh aw l, as a memorial of their Rajput origin. Popular esteem is hardly the Ba nias' lot, as the following sayings Descriptive. show-

POPULATION . I Baya, bt 'sjar, Bttnt 'a, bais , bandar, bok , Jo t'n se rah ~ 't t'ara , so: s:'ttna BaDi~l. 10k '_I He who keeps clear of a bay a (a bird) , a snake , a Bani a, a crow, a monkey and a he-goat, is a wise man .' I Yay mar Ban t'a , pachh an mar chor'-' The Bania injures hi s fri end, the thief only him who id ent ifies him .' • Jt'ska mittar Ban z' rf, use dushma n kt' kt'a lor ?' _I He who has a Ban ia. for his frien d, has no need of an en emy.' 'Jat N da jath era na hf n, Ban: '' ;' da Hera nahfn' -' A Jatti Oat wife) has no jatlzera (lit er ally, 'tribal ancestor,' who is commonl y worshipped), and a Bania no vill ag e.' The Khatrfs form an imp ortant el ement in th e town s. Though mainly engaged in tra de, they are also larg ely employed in th e State service, while some ar e landowners, though not the mselves cul tiv ators. The sub-divisions of the Khatris in this St ate ar e Ka pur, Khanna, Malhotra and Seth. Of th ese the Kapur, Khann a and Seth sub -div isions are exclusively Hindu , Sik hs numbering only 1,695. The ma in di visi on of the Khatrls is into Bunj ahfs and Sarf ns .The Bunj4h fs have four independent sub-secti ons-Dh aig har, Chcirgha r, Bcih rf and Bun jahi . The first two consider th emse lves grea tly su per ior to the rest. They avo id one got only in ma rr iag e as the ir ci rcle is ver y limited. Th ese two sections are interesti ng as an exam ple of th e imposs ibil ity of a consist- ently hypergamous system. Whe n the y fo und the ir choic e of wives was be - coming restrict ed, th ey be gan to take wi ves from th e other sub- sections, though still refusing to give th eir dau gh ter s to those th ey co ns ider ed th eir so cial inferiors. In the year 1874 A.D. an infl uentia l com mittee of Bun - jahi Khatris was or ganise d at Pa tiala to brin g abo ut eq uali ty among their sub·s ections and to popula rise inte r-marria ge amo ng them, without res- triction. The first step the committ ee took was to pr ev ent the sup erior groups from getting wive s from the infer ior unless th ey we re willing to give their daughters in return. The mov ement has at tai ne d a large mea su re of success. The most importa nt got s ar e the Se onf , Matk an, Nan cM hal, Tannan, Purl, Phandf, Budh war , Du ggal and Dhc iwan (al l Bunj ahfs) . The Kha tris of Pail Are an infl uential body, whos e memb ers own lan d Or are employed in the Stat e. Rat n Chand , Dahriw ala of Ranjit Sin gh's court, was a, Khatri of thj~ pla ce. Dewa D3 S Pu rl is no w the la rgest landowner at Pail . Th: Khatris of Sun am were Qan ung?s under the Mughals and held Vcir ious posts und er Akbar . R'. i Sah ib Li la Nanak Bakhsh, Dhawa n, j" the Ind ian guardian of the pr esent Maharaja, and his son Lala Gora Lal is a Mag istrat e at Patiala. Th e Sarln s are mainly repres ente d by the So dh i and Khos la gats , of wh om the form er hol d extensive m,.' afis as descend an ts of th e Sikh Guru s. Th e Kho slas hav e long hel d i'n portant pos ts in th e State, and of th e son s of Lala Kalwant Rai, a fonn er Diwan, U.la Shib Sa rn Das is Su pc'i nte nd en t of Po li ce, L:\la Bha gw an Du s a mem ber of the Co uncil of Reg ency, an d Lala Dwarka Das Compt roller of th e Pa lac e. His young er so n,,) Lal lis Ram Prasad and Shadf Ram, both B. As . (Ca nta b) , are ba rr isters -at -Iaw. 'Several Kh at ri go ts have di stin ctive custom s. Thu s the Budhwars send thei r par ohz' t on the day before the to ns ure of a son to inv oke a bit ch and a ki te , and on the day of the ceremony fe ed the bitch and then the kite with a mi xtur e of ba rley , sugar and ghi. It is regar ded as a bad omen if th e kite re fuse this of ferin g. The Pu rl s celebr at e the ton su re in the da ytime , and th e boy's sist er, placing hair s plucked from hi s head on fo ur bits of bre <\ d, bur ies them under an aunla tree~ In the ,evenin g the boy touch~s a donke y's back wi th his G 71 [ PART A. feet, and then beats the barbel' with seven shoes, giving him also some pice. CHAP. 'i, C. The Nanchlihals of Pail reverence Baba Jagla, and the story goes that a woman once gave birth to a son and a snake. The latter was burnt in a Descrip ti ve. hara (a small round vessel for heating milk), whereupon the boy also POPULATION. died. Hence the serpent, called Baba Jagla, is still worshipped, the tonsure Khatrl customs. of the boys being performed at his shrine outside the town. The Kandrus also invoke a kite before a wedding and offer food to it on the day appointed for the ceremony; after the bird has accepted the food the members of the family may eat. On the return of the marriage pro cession the jand£ tree is also worshipped. Milk is never churned on a Sunday by Kandrus. The Malhotras send the pl1roMt to invoke a kite the day before the deokaj ceremony, and on the day itself offer the bird meat . At a wedding the ear of a goat is slit open and a mark made with the blood on the bride~room's forehead prior to the phera rite. The Markins also summon a kite to the tonsure rite and feed it with bread, boiled rice and mash. The Kapurs and Tannans observe the deo .kdi cer emony, and the husband kicks his wife who takes refuge in the house of the parohif. The husband then binds a wreath of flowers (sekra) on his head and follows her . At the parohit's house he eats some boiled rice and milk, and conciliates her with a present of jewellery. Among the Ghatis the parohit makes an image of a goat out of kardh parshad or sacramental food, which is pretended to be sacrificed, on the occasion of a tonsure, the rite being repeated for seven successive days. The Bates avoid the use of the madhan£ (churn) and glass bangles, nor may they weigh ghi in scales. The Seonis avoid wearing red clothes or glass bra cele ts, and must not make baris, or chhappar of pannt. The Balotas onl y celebrate the custom of clothing a child for the first· ti me, pahnf, in the month of Asauj, after the child is five years of age. The day be fore the ceremony a jandt tree and a kite are selected, and all the · day itself they make ready khz'chrt of bviled rice and dat under the jandt tree and first feed the kite with It. Five yards of red cloth are then offered to the jandt and the boy is clothed in a shirt for the first time. The Sahgals have two sub-sections, (t") the Bajnas (bajna, to ring), whose women must not wear ringing ornaments, and (£i) the Bainganis, whose women must not eat baingans or brinjal (Solanum Mongena). The few Aroras in the State are found mainly in the Amihadgarh Aroras. ' nizamat and in the capital . Chiefly traders, they also enter the State ser- vice, and some few even own and cultivate land. The Utradhi branch is most largely represented, the chief gats in the State being the Manaktale, Sachdeo, Madan, Kataria, Kaleje, Dhingre and Bate. Sardar Dewa Singh, K.C s.! ., Arora, was President of a former Council of Regency, and his son Parb 1p Singh was Diwan. The present representative of the fami- ly is a minor. Amongst the pedlars the Maniars are found in large numbers, while the Maniar,. Banjaras and Lobanas represent the carrying castes. The Jhinwars are also called Kahirs or, honorifically, Maihras. They jhfnwars. are Muhammad ans, Hindus or Sikns, but all worship Khwlija Khizr, the god of water , with offerings of wheat flour, cooked and sweetened, and sacrifice s of goats. Hindus and Sikhs also reverence Baba Kalu, a saint to whom they make offerings in kind or cash at weddings and births. Some Jh1nwars of either sex and any age wear a kantM or necklace of black wool and so are called I

CHAP.l"C. . gots. Some of the gots bear occupati 'onal name!, e.g., the Banbatas 01' D -I tl rope-makers, ]hokas, firemen, Bhati:iras or cooks, who sell viands. . Otber escr P VB. gots are the KhwRS, £.e., sons of concubines, Rangrus, descendants of Raja POPULATION. Gopal, a Taonl Rajput, by his ]h1nwar wife, and Tells. Muhammadan Jhrn~ Jhfnwars . wars earn their livelihood by basket-making and are disdnct from the Mu- hammadan water-carriers who are cililledSaqqas. . These two groups . do not The Saq qu. intermarry. The Saqqas have again three territorial group6, Sirhindii Bagri and Lahod. which again are said to be endogamous. The Saqqa is a water c1rrier or menial servant, but the ]hlnwar is 1I0t only a· water.man) but a doli· bearer and a basket, fan and matting maker, and he will also take to cultivation and service. The ]hlnwars have a panchtIyat system, with cltaudhris who settle all disputes. No one can ent .er the ca.te by adopting its occupation. Nif.. Nil is a cor ruption ofthe Sanskrit napik, 'one wno cuts nails;' and the Nal's chief business is shaving and cutting nails, liut he is the principal man among th e clients (Ugis) and like the Brahman parohit is entrusted with the arrangement of betrothals. with the distribution of bhajis on the occasion of a birth or wedding, and with certain duties on the death of a member of his patron family. At the DiwaH festival he brings hats · (toys made of grass) as presents to his patrons (jajmtIn), and for these · receives his Lag or dues. Nals are by religion Hindus, Sikhs, or Muhammadans; the latter being termed Hajjam or - honorifically khalifa. Hindu Nafs are . similarly entitled raja. Sikh Neils are called Naberna Sikhs. THe Hindus worship DevI, Sultan and Guga Plr, and pay special reverence to Sain Bhagat, the patron saint of the NilS, to whom .they make offerings in kind at weddings. The Hindu NilS have 3 khaps or divisions,-(t') the Banbher6s, descendants· of Ban ' Bheru, the Nal; (ii) the Golas, or descendants of hand-maidens (go It') ; and (iii) the BHrls: The latter ' appear to be those who for practising karewa · were excommunicated by the Banbheras ; Banbherus only are found in this State, and they alone follow the Khatd caste system, having Dhai (2!J, Char (4), Ath (8), Rid (12), and Bunjahl (S2Lgroups, like the Khatrfs. Tney are also foHowing the Khatds! lead in the matter of social reform . As a rule the Banbherus · do not practise karewa, but the Kachcha Bunjah! group of them permits it. Their · gots are Phal, Kank!; Sungare, Lambes, Chhadfr , Rajanwal, Bhatti; . Lakhanpal) Sindhrao, Beot, Pesl, Manjhu, Kankardan, Balas!, Panju; Bhagrit, Pander, Arjanwal, Piye, ]allall, Kiliye, Rikhl, Khatr!j Rala, Seopal, Pains!, SindhU, Gadaiwal, Bhuram and Rarya. These names show that the caste is one of mixed odgin, recruited from various castes . Thus the origin of the Khatri go! is thus accounted for: A Khatri once went to a shrine for the shaving ({hand) ceremony . of his son accompanied by his family. A Na!, however, could .not be found, and the operation was · therefore performed by the boy's uncle. When this became known the uncle was excommunicated and called a Khatd NaL The Banbherus were Hindus originally, but some of them embraced Islam, retaining however their original caste system; Hindu women wear a ghagra (gown), but Muhammadans as a rule do not. The Ghagrail Banbheros. are so called because their women wear the ghagra. The Turkman NilS are Muhammadans , so called because their ancestors embraced the religion of the Muhammadans, who were generaly called Turks or Turkmans. The Gorias as the word denotes are Rajplits. In this State, Husaini , Bhatti, Goraya and Bcah Hajjams or Muhammad.In Ni!s are found everywhere. The Husainls are Brahmans by origin, and the others Raj .puts. The Bu .njahi, Barl and Ath groups of the Hindu Nals avoid four go!s in m

•. • To tak e sweets to the orideg roo m's Annas 8 to Re . I. ho use . Mu nd a; , Shaving . Re. I or some piCe. '(fane ••. To ring jh4nj Di tto .. Be trothal An 8 anna piece and piC e amount. in g to Rs 2~ (Khat rls) or Rs .4 . (Bani6s) . Mahdh at k it. .••• ., . Some pic e, Sdh ach itth{ •.. take letter to the brideg room's Eight annas, house . Ban •• r A couple of pice. Sh ant Annas 4. Ghar{ Re. I. Te l tal d! Up to Re, t. Ph,r4 Re . J. Ba"i '{ Four co uple of pic~. Khat Rs.2. S,II t! Some pice . f'a gr{s Some pice dr Re i.

Chhfmba ,Chh im pa of thhipa means (cloth) pri~teY. The Chhlmbas Cbhlrn6ali. !l ye as well as print cloth. They are Hindus, Sikhs or Muhammadans ; The Hindus an d Sikhs worship De'll; Stilt iin and Guru Ram Rae , and visit that Guru 's dehra every yea r. At weddings they off ef a rupee and ~ nari al to the Gur U. Nam Dev, the famous bliag at, was a Chhimba. and is the patr on sai nt of this cas te. At a weddi ng they mak e off eri ngs at his shri ne. . Th e Muhammadans resort specially to Plran Kal ia r and S,:dhaura ; The Hmdu ChM mbds are div ided into three O"rou ps.- Tank; Rhllla and Dhob f. Those of the Tank section print cloth, the Rh il las v,' Orkas ta~l.or;, and th e Dhobls as washermen. Th e Tank being the nam e bf a RaJput : dan cla im Rajput d~sce~t . The Rhillas a-ppear .to be Rohelas,. a, Rajpul clan, aI ,ldsome of th eir gots are the same as those of the RRJput s, but other s belong to the Jats, e.f., Man, Dh il lon and Sado are Jat, and Madahrr~ Ut hwa l and Punwar are Ra ,jpuL The Rain and Kit mbohgots must have once belo nged to these castes. Int ermarr iage is confined to the groil Pi and fhe memb er s of one group do not smoke or eat with th os e of another. The Muhammadan Chhfmbas have thr ee terr it or ial divisions,-D eswals; Mu lt anls and Sirhindis . The Sirhindfs marry in their ow n group, but the l? e~wals .,:nd Mliltanls intermarry. The got s of t~e .Sirhindis are :- Guslamye, Smg , Phap 'al, Jhakkal, Latthe, Sa tt ar, Pa :mtIye, Phutte and Ba&k ha. ,!,he Ta nk gots are :-Mardle. Muk kar, Beql f Bharth, Ta!hgur i S~fJare Kanr, Bha t, Dh aunku, Sarao, Ra :tan , Bh au u, KJlUrp e, Role, Kayath, 5<: 1;>0, Par th , Ja lla , Rikh Rao, Panned , GUr ;J, Man, Mohal, Taggar, Brah , Ram, Khat te, D addu, Hara, Hattu, Tokl . Pon ia , Par'll , Banjar, kong, Be 's, ~aht1, Pa tt:aDd Paroth f. The go ts of the Rhi llas are :-Lakhmara, Gandin, Kokachh ,Thera , Kachhot, Chi o'Val, Gadf ra Ka :otan, Nohaty a,. Kaiab ; 74 PATIALA· STATE :.]

'C HAP. I, C. ChUrmaband, Padl a, Mir l and Nat tha. The Muhamma da n Dhob fs have five D-'-. tl divis iom, vis " Lahorf, Sirhi ndf , Mul tanf, Purb ia and Deswa l. Only th e latt er escnp ve. two ar e foun d in th is St ate. They do not int er mar ry, The {!. ots of the POPULATION. Deswal Dh obi s are : - Go dya, Ch auh fi n and Kan akvnl l, all Ra jpu t ebhfro bas. clans. In marriag e th e Hindu Ch hi mba s av oid fo ur got s, Muhamm ad - an s only one. Th ey pra ct is e kare wa, and the dewar (hu sband's brot her) is considered t:o have a prior cl aim to the widow's hand In ad di- tio n to their own occup at ions th ey take to ag ric ultur e and se rvice. Hindu Chhlm b. s do not grind turmer ic excep t at a wed ding . They do no t make barf s The ir females do not wea r kan ch bra ce lets or use henna . Femal es of the tv J uhamm ad an D hob ls and Chhlmb as wear no nos e-r in g,latm g, ivory, glass bangles, or bl ue cloth. Muhammad an Ch hlm - bas do not prepar e ac hir and barfs and will not make a dou ble he art h, N{) on e ca n en ter the caste by adoptin g its occup ati cn. 1here is a panch ay at 'Syst em am{mg the Hindu Chh lmbas . The chaudhr f is he redi - tary and the panc hayat settle s all the int ernal dispu te s in the cl an or cas te. Th e chaudh ri give s tag at marri ages and gets a rup ee and dou bl e !:!:. dJ i for thf' perfor mance of his duti es. Snyyids. The Sayy ids who num ber 8,665 are an impor ta nt com muuity in the St ate . They are landown ers (tho ugh not cultivat ors ) in Samlin a, Banur, / 1{i\ jpur a and Nar naul . Th e im po rtan t clan s are Bu khari , Mus\ d. Ti rmizl, " : Rizwi and Zaid. Th e most import an t fam ily is tha t of the Bu khari r Sa yyids of Sam fina descri be d belo w.

The KhaHfas (I( A descendant of Sayyid JaW-ud- Dfn, Bukharl, settl ed, at Saman a in Sam3Da . th e 15th century . Several me mbe rs of the fam il y ha ve distingu ished them - selve s in the servi ce of th e State. Ha k;m Sa vy ,d Ghuj {,m Ha ss an was Cou rt Ph ys ician to thr ee Mahar i\j as -Ala . Singh, Am ar ~ingh and S,; hi b Sing h. His 'Son, Sayy id Sa'ada t Ali, wa s tutor to Ma haraja Na ri nda r Singh , and sub se qu ently Foreign Minist er. Th e titl e of KhaH fa, or Tut or's sen, ha s th us beco me her edit ary in th e fam ily. Of Sayyid Sa 'i1da t Al i's six sons, two- Kh alf fa Sa yyid Muh am mad Hass an, C I.E., an d KhaHf a Sayy id Muh amma d Hussain-s erv ed in the Mut inyan d co ntinu ed to hold high office s, unti l the eld er died in 1895. Th e you nger, Kha llfa Sayyid Mu ha mm ad Hus sain , Ma - sh fr-ud-d aul a, Mumta z-ul ·Mulk, Khll n BaMdur, is th e pr esent rep rese nt at iv e of th e fami ly. He was mad e Foreig n Mi nis ter in 187 0, and hi s service s and th ose of hi s br oth er in con nec tion 'with th e admin istratio n and adv ancement of Patiala have bee n ac kno'wl edge d by successiv e Vice roys and Lieut enant- Go ve rno rs. The Khalifa is a t pr ese nt a me mb er of th e Coun ci l of Reg ency and his son Kh alifa Sayy id Hil mid H u ss ain is As sista nt Settle ment 0 ffi ce of Rajpura. Anoth er important family is that of Mi l' Taf fazul Hu ssain Judge of the Pati ala Chi ef Cou rt .

The Pfr z

Hindu ism is the preva iling rel ig io n of Patiala . Of th e total popul a" ; tion 55 per cen t. are Hindu s, 22 per ce nt. Sikhs, and 22 per cent. Muha m- ma dar .s. The l\Iuh amm adans sl ight ly outnu mbe r the Si khs .

Th e prin cipa l Sikh gurd1IJri ra s ar e- 1.- At Dham tallJ where ther e is a larg e gu rdw cir a. Guru Tegh Ba hri du r once stayed for a month here in 75 PATIALA 's TA TE. J Religion. [ PAR T A.

or about the ye ar lfi7 5 A. D. (73 2 E.), wh en he wa s summo ned to Delhi by CHA~. C. th e Emp eror Aura Jgze b, and the pla ce is also famou s for the Guru Sar Descriptive . Tirath, a famous tank whi ch date s from the era of Ram Chandra, the p hero of th e Ramayana . H.- At Ta lwandf, fam ous as the Damdama OPU LATION. Sihib . Guru Govind Singh dwel t here for 9 mo nt hs 9 days 9 pa /z rs GurdW~ras. and 9 g~ar is. The gurd wura is a larg e buildi ng , and a fair is held there un me 1st of Bais lkh . It is regard ed by th e Sikhs as the fifth throm:, ra nKing after Amr itsar, Anandpur, Pat na an d Apchalnagar , and its ma hallt s ar e always consulted in import ant que stions of do ctrine. Guru Gov ind Singh re wr ote the Ad Granth here. Some of the ma/ zants still make copies of th e book. m.- At Sir hin d. the place wh ere the two inf an t sons of Guru Govind SlI1 gh were bu ri ed alive in 1704 A D. by Bazi d Khan, Subah of Sirhind . Two fairs ar e beld at the gurd wara calle d the Fatehgarh /ill' Fort of Victory,-on e on the 12th of Poh , the other on the Hola. East of Sirhind ne':l .r Rauza of Mujaddid All-i-~anf is . the darbdr of Mat a Gujri, the mother of Guru Govind Singh. IV .- At Lakhnaur near Ambala is a /furdwa a of Guru Govind Singh , who lived there f.or five years as a chiLd. Th e hir is · held at the Dasehra. V. - There is a gurdwara at Bhatinda. In 705 A. D. Guru Govind Singh stayed for a few days in the fort ,. and to comm emorate his stay there a gu'd1tara was built and Bha tinda re-named Govindgarh . Vl .-At Bahldurgarh in tahsil Pati >tla is . a gUI d7f Ja, >,a which comme- morates a msit of Guru T egh , Bahadur . in the time of Saif KM ,n. in 1675 A. D.

The Sodhf Khatrls of Sangatpura are descended f\ 'om Pirthf Chand, Sikh orderc ·: the eldest son of Guru Ram DiIS·, They possess a book (pot/d), a mala Sodh is.

()r. rosary, and a ha t (top) of. Guru Nil nak , an d hold villages worth Rs. 10,000 a year ir . mu' ·ifi. There is a gurdwara at Sangatpura and a fair is held on the 1st of Bai~hkh~

The masands or tithe -<:ollectors ·. of the Gurus wer ,e d'ismissed by Guru Maund" Govind Singh on account of th eir ex acti ons and their oppr ession of the Sikhs, but other Gurus retained th eir nzasa nds, and at 6hur sni, in Silhib- garh tahs il, the Marwahe Sarin Khatris, who are de scendants of Bh i\! Baltl of Gondwnl in Amritsar, whose shrine is at DH dan in the Ludhialla District, are still masa nds of Guru Ram Rii i of the Dehra Dun . BMf Balli was appoint ed by Guru Am r D,.s. and these masands now serve the J:urd wara in Dehra Dlin , and the darbdrs of Mata Rajkau r at Manf Miljra and Bawa Gurditta at Kfratpur.

. The chief dera of the Nirmalas is at Pati iil a, and its maltant is - the Nirmalas . head or Sri Mahant of Hie -order. '---This - d~ -;':ii s call ed the DI -,drm Dhaja and was built at a cost of Rs . 82,000 by the munific ence of Maharaja Narindar Singh. Attached to it are also two villages worth Rs . 4, .100 a year, granted as its mu'tijf . The pr ese nt Sri Mahant is BMf Udho Singh. There is also an akh tira dependent on this dera at Hardwar , and at this akhara the Nirmalas are able to distribute bhandrira or alms to pilgriIlls, as is done by 'he Bairagis and Saniasfs, but which the Nirmalas had no meal'S Dfdoing prior to the reign of Maharaja Narindar Singh. The dera of BMj Sidhu Singh is at Patiala, and is noteworthy as containing the library of Bhai Tara Singh,l a well-known Nirmala scholar in Gurmuk hI and Sanskrit. The NirmaJas as a body study both these languages . At BarnaJa Biwa Gandha Singh, . Nirmala, has a large dera, with a. smalfer dependent dera at Patiala. 76 PATIALA STA TE, ]

The Akali s have the foHowing deras at Patiala :- Those of Bhai Molak Singh, BMl Bisha n, Singh and Bhai Ram Singh, Amritsaria, in front of the Moti Bagh , a,nd of Bh ai Hlra Singh Hazuria north of the Mohinder !'OPULA TI,ON. Co llege. Rill,da rel igi\lU. The 06g in of the Diwa nas is . very obscure. , One sto ry is hat the or der prders: wa s founded by Bali and , Haria, sons of Bahbal , a Siddh li Jat. Bali, who, remained celibate, was cal led diu'ana or the ec static by the Guru . Others ascribe their origin to Gu ru l{ al,"Rai, others to GU n,1 Ram Das, and others again to his grandson Guru Mihrwan, a view which is. accepted by the Diwanas themselv es. The Diwana$ wear red clothes, with a necklace of shells , and a peacock 's fea the r I," ouud the pagri, and they do not cu t the hair. They al~ o carry an earth ern cup, called thutlza. This sect is mainly recruited from the Sidd hti Ja ts , and is mostly fOilnd in Ana hadgarh nizamot .. Its members , are gener ,ally cultivators . Mal," riage is usual . Their princi- pal deras are aU?~ :!!$~! _ and ~ahman Di"~fma, and they cla im to levy a tlz zl,tM (lit. cup) or benevO Te nc e of I.t n~a ns of grai n froin each village every, seventh y,ear . A,not!:! -er,de ra wa~ by Hira, a descendan t of Haria in the time -or-Mahara ja Ala Singh . H1ra is said to . have remained standing on , one le g for twelve years, after which he sl ept ()n a bed whic h is still kept in th e dera as . a rel ,ic and is worshipped. as also , is his . sam6dh ., The Diwanas also hav e a dera at Mansa wh ic h is attached to their ~~ dera at P.ir Ko.L it was . f() ~iirlded,Tj Y'B.1la ,i G\lrdas, who was . married in Mansa and whose sam dd h is also there. A fair is held on the 14th badE of Che t. The dera of BAba Ra m Da s is at Pat ilila, anda fair is. neld 011 the 8t h sud£ ' of eac h month at his . sam odh. On the death of a 1J2ahant the niwlna s. di&tr ihu ;te bhanddra or alms. This they ca l~ bO ,chh .

M"ihmllt The head dera of the Maihma Shahf~ at L,£p.oo in tahsH Sa hibgarh wa!! , SMM•. found ed by a Jat peasan t nam ed Mohar S11 1g hwh O on ce &hOrand wo un ded a deer, but it es .cape El, . and on hi ~ purs .uing it he s,aw a faqIr sitting and washing the wound. Hie fort hwith became his, dis,ciple and settled at Lopon, where on his death i'1 1835 a sam Adh was built to him. At this , tomb a fair is held every ye ar at the HolL Th e Maihma Shahifaq .Ers re peat the Sat -I;l,am and have a Gr a ': th of the ir own , but th ey als o follow the Sikh Granth . They wear red ck .hes and are mai nly re cruited from the . Rim , Dasias and Mazhabis . . The Ba iragis hav e50ur main sects, R! iman an di or Ramawat, Nimanandi or Nimawat , E [shan SwAmi and Guria . of wh o.m the first two . are strongly represente d in the State . The Ramana ndis adore Ram, La chhmal) and SJta, ma rkin g th e tddent on their foreheads. wh ile the Niman ,an ,dis are devotees of K; ris hna and Radhka and use ~he two -pI:o nged symb ol. These two sect s co mbi ne, as it we re. to Form a third" th e Sukha- pand's, whQ observe bot h the Ram naumi) or birt hday of Ram Chandra, and that of Krishna, th e Jan am Asht mi . Th e Sukhan'andfs , are numerous , in the jangal tract, an d thei r stro nghold is at Tapa in tahs il Anah adgarh. Th is pl ac e was , foun ,ded by Sukha Nand, a Bl,"ahtnan, dis cip Jeo £ Baw a. Madho D;is.. His sa mddh is . wo rship pe d here and , a fair is held on the gth badi of BMdon . Peopb also 'worsh ip the sam ,adh cf Mai Dati, a girl who . was de dicated to Sllkha Nand by her fa the r. In a similar way the Ramawat sec t has, in MCJ: .hindargarh , an offShoo t in the Nir anjni sub- sect fou nd ed by Dy,,,1 Dos. ,yhos e s,am ,adlt is in Q11 wA !1a in laipu r. He imposed bhagw e7l or ochr e colou red clothes and the custom of\ vaSl lin g br ead, befo re eati ng it on his fo llo wers. Th e principa l Niranj ani der a is ~!Narnaul. rThe chief Ram Rnandi dera s are those of Bab a-S~ uR ::m at Lau~ l "'lt~ 0L La l~aI; 'hl of l3 .ucl h l} .am ~t To iew.i\ _ in SUl\3m , ]apk i Db :act l\la :nwi 71 [ PART A.

in Am rgarh, and Biasji at Ba reta l in N:~Iwlin:l tah slIs. At the latter CHAP. I, c. offerings aremaae on the 2nd sud z of Bl iadon and Chet , and at weddings a rupee is offer ed by the people. The Nimanandfs ha ve a dera of Baba Descriptive. Ridhka Das at Laungow al, to which a small pr ivate Sans kr it school is POPULATION. attached. Ano ther off shoot of the Bairagis is the sect of the Nirankarfs, Bair4g!l. fo und ed bl Sar ju Das, who s.e samadk is at Patiala . Th e Nir an kar f der a is at Nang e- ,; ;·Kherf, which vi llage they hold in mu'a!;. The followers of this se ct eto -no t wor shipldol s' i they wear no clothes ex cept a tagra of munj an d a red langot, but besmea r the body with ashes, an d they use wooden ~ho es ca ll ed kharawan. They keep the hair uncut (f aUn). Of the ten Sanilisl orders , four, Girl, Purl, Nat h and Ban, are represent- Sani~s!•• ed in the State. Their most important centre is Pail , where members of the fr at er nity have been buried alive at a plac e calle d the Das ntzm Ba AH ara. There is also a sam adh here cal led Baw d Jad o Gir, at which mannt (a sweet thick bread) is of fered on Tues day or on th e 14th sud; of the month . There are also Sania sl deras at Sun ..a.rrL,(o fGanga and Mathra Puris), at Du di f.n (of Nihal Gir ), and at Chh ajl j (o f Nand Ba n). All these deras are in tahsil Sun am. At Sirhind is the ,amridh of Hardit Gir, at Narwana that of Bawa Sars uti Pun, wher e a fair is held on the t'Udshl of each month, alld at Bha tinda of Gulilb Nath , at which a fair is held yearly on the Gug a naumi . Other dera s ar e th e larg e mat of Bhagwan Gir at Kh~r Qa Eda, of Jado Nath at C~~und '! .(in tahsil Amrgarh) , and of Lac hhman Gir and Parm Hans at MansuI Pu r. Besides their orders , the San i: isis have al so. fiv e ak ha r~s ,- Juna, Nf ranjani, Nirwan , Atal and Bohgur. At Ujh8na Khur d in tah ~il Nar wa na is the shrine of Ph~lo, a Brahmin who was "a'disc ipl e of a Gi r Sania sf an d a protector of kine, wh erefore milk and ghi are als o off ered a,t his tom b. His bowl (tu mba) is also wor~ shipped, being filled by pe asants with gra in at bot h har vests . Close to his shrine ther e is a plot of sa creu grou nd kept by hi s di scip le s for grazing cattle. At Narw8na, Ghaibi Sha h, Sa ~i asi , has a shrine at which ght, and at a bo y's marJ;'i age a rupe e, are of fer ed . In times when disease is ep iden* people offer a st aff (sota ) of ka ir woo d, It sers of grain and 51 se rs of puras on Sundays. No oa th ma y be tak en on this shrine. At lH ta is th e modern shrine of Baw a Sar sutf, Purl, who settled there in 17 59. The offerings are gM. and milk. . Th e fair is held on the Asau j sudi il ui ds hi . . . The Gharfb Das ls, who are followers of the poet Gharib Das , are con- Gharlb Dlis! •• fined to tahs il Sahi bgarh . They wear r-ed dothe s, but no choN or scalp- lock , and burn their dead. They celebrate the Holl at Jandiall in Delhi at the tomb of Gharib Das. Some of the Gharfb Da sfs obser ve celibacy . At Ghal'~ in tahsil Bhawanfgarh is the shrine of Bawa Fuqn\ Kutfwa1 a, a native of the Manjha, who settled there in the Mughal times . He was a Sat Sahibfa and practised austerities at the pla ce where his shrine now stands. It is visited by people both korn the Manjha and beyond the Ganges . The a~: .,; tic order of the DdRsIs was founded by Srkhand, son of UdAllI . Guru Nina ". The Udas .ls are always celibate. Some wear red coloured clothes (bL 'gwen), others go entirely naked except for a langoN , but rub ashes on the body. They congregate in monasteries (deras) and are divided into four dhunas,-(I) P~ul Sahib or Mi lln Sahib, (2) Blilu Hasna, (3) Almast and (4) Bhagat Bhagwan. There is also a Bakhshlsh Sangat Sahib wh "'lcIlwas founded bfBhai Pheru with the permission of Guru Govind Singh. They

ITa these R~manandr dems may be added those of B. Jamn~ D~s at BlInmauhra , of L~~ P&,- lit Mirosa alld ~rel1 ! Db . at !{'r!k~ (all in I?htl!( tahsfl) . . 78 PATIALA STATE. ]

pay special reverence to the Ad! Granth. The four do'as have one aHara and the Sangat Sahib another, so that they are only grouped into two Descriptive. okharas in all . Th~ best known deras in the State are the dera of Bharam POPULATION. Sarup at Pail; the del'a of Sukham Das, whose samadlz is also r:c vered, at Sirhind; the dera of Bhai Narr.a, whose samadh is also worshipp F'\ at Laun- gowal; the de · a of Avdhut at Thulewal; that of Barham Deo ::.'. Katron; that of Ram DHS at L'lda; and that d Biiwa Barham D:is, whose samadh is also revered, at Raesar. At Barn ala is the dera of Balrim, the sJmadh of one of ,,,,hose chda f, B"wa Dyil Dil s, is also worshipped. At T:J.saull tin Ban6r tahsil) is the dera of Tahal Das; at N,ibha in this State is that of Sant D3S; and at Banur that of Santokh Das, where there is also a sl1mad h at which offerings are made at the Dasehra. At Tarkban Majra (S irhind) is the der '4 of Gurs ar. .n DAs , at Kaddon (Pail ) that of Tahal Das, where the samadh of Bawa Siddhli Das is revered~ At Akar is the dera of Bishan Das. At Patiala is the dera of BHwa Magni Ram. The mahan! of this den] is the Sri mahant of the Udasis. BH .wa Magnl Rilm was a famous Ud .'lsi of the Mfan Sahib dhun!i, who celebrated ' a great bhanda' a. He built a chhatta 1 in Pati ;ila, and the street contain- ing it is known by the nam e of Chhatta Magni Rim. Another Ud .lsi dttra is that of the samadhan, ais o in Patiala. The Suthras owe their orlgin to Guru Har RE . They follow Guru Nanak and keep the Adi Granth in their deras. They wear a seli topf of black woollen ropes twisted round their heads , a chha'a (necklace) of the same stuff round their necks, a mark made with lamp-black and red lead on their foreheads, and carry two dandas (short stav es) in their hands. They do not wear trousers (paz/am ,,). Their head de'" called the darbrir of Jhangar Shah is at Lahore. Th ey have 8 se ctions (gharrinas), 4 large and 4 small . Out of the four large sections thre e have their head dO'as (called gaddfs) in this . State. At Patiala is the gaddi of Mus.htaq Shah, at Sanaur that of Mahbub Shah, and at Sanghol that of Lill Shah. The fourth gaddf is at Maler Kotl a. Of the small sections there are two gaddis in this State, that of Tanak Sh iih at Mulepur , and that of Sangat Sh >th at Jarg . There are mahants at each - gaddf~ Bes ides these gaddfs, there ar e some small deras of this . or der. There are deras of the D, idu Panthis at Bhatinda and PatiAla. At Narnaul some Banias are caIle d Dadil Panthfs. They ~re gMrzstf (married) , and followers of DadO .. The patron sain t of th e MaMnlja of Pati~Ha is Bhaf Mill Chand surnamed the Baggi-bo diwa la , 'white-locked, .' a Dugal Khatri, who was born . at Bhatinda in 1664 'with a lock of white hair. I-lis father ha ving no . son had besought Bab a Ganga Ram, a Sarsut Brahman, of Bhatinda , to bes- tow a son on him, and th e Baba foretold that on e would be born to him with a lock of white hair. The boy in accordan ce with his ' fath er's vow was given to the Baba on his birth and became his disciple. The Biba and Rhai M61 Chand left Bhatind a and settled in Sunam in the time of . Maharaja Ala Singh, who found ed the village of Bhaf ki Pasaur ne ar Sunam and conferred it on the Bhai in mu'ofi with some oth c. lands. The Bhai died in 1764 and after h}s death a shrin e was built abou t a mile from Sunam, which is held in re\ 'erence by Hindus and Sikhs. The popular saying runs, BhlU Mula bachna dri pura-' Bhai M6 la 's words were fulfilled .' This shr ine is visited by people from considerabl e distances, to fulfil a vow or obt ai n some desired bl essing, and the offe rings are taken by Baba Ganga Ram 's des cendants.

lWhen two oppo site house s in a street helon g to the s,a .me per,on he ltllf :nl ly connedll o. them by means of a ro uf , A strec:t thus roofe d in is called "' hatlfl. 79 [ PART A.

The samtidh of Baba Ala Sing h at Patiala and hi 'S chul lhUs (hearths) at Barnala are revered and offerings made at them It is also of inter est to note that the samridh of Ba ba Sabb ha Singh, broth er of the founder ·of the State , is revere nce d by the pe opl e. lt is at Hadiaya in tahsil Anahadgarh . Samadh of Baba Ala Singh • . ,At Sajuma in tahsil r-;a~wa?a is t~e cav~ of Suk?d eQ, son of the .sage i Othe r Hindu Vlyasa (who wrote the Mahabha ratal In whIch he dIe d after undergOIng a(hrines. long penan ce·. Clo se to it is a tank call ed the Sur aj Kun d, and there is held here an annual fair 011 the 6th BMdon sudf. At Kalait in N arwana tahsll is a tank sacred to the sage Kapal .Mu ni, the author of the Siinkh system of phil osophy, who flour ishe d in ancie nt times. At Karaota in tahsil Kanaud Bh ikam Ahir has a shr in e, He was a resident of Khudana and was told by a Mah atm a to set fo rth with a cart and settle wherever it stopp ed. Th is it did at Karaota, wh ere he eventually placed hims el f alive in a samadh and wa ited tillEfe was extinct . His fair is held on the Guga Naumi of Bhadon . At Mansurpur in tahs :! Bha wan lgarh is th e droal or shr ine of Maghl Ram,I who came from the east of the Jumna in the time of Maharaja Amar Sin gh. Becoming a disciple of Ba wa Dit, a Vedantl, he eventually founded the Apo-Ap sect, who se members wear a blue to pa, a giUE or loose wrapper of white cloth, and a langot. They ke ep the head and beard shaved. The sect wors hip s the sun and calls its mah 'lnt Sahib or Master , as Maggh i Ram hims elf was called. The mahrl11t neve r leaves his room during his lif et ime, in accordan ce with the rule laid down by the founder . At Ujhana in tah<;il Narw fma is the samadh of Baba . Khak Nath, a disciple of Sidh NHh. It is sai d that the Pach: .idas of Kaithal lifted the ki ne of ,Uj hiina and refused to retur n the booty; so the Bawa went to negotia te thei r ranso m. He fill ed his beggar's bowl (tumbi) with water fmm a wel l and thus caused all th e Pachadas' wells to dr y up. The Pachadas seeing this came to th e Baw~, who secured the return of the ~tolen cattle before he allowed the wells to fill again. The peopl e out of fea r re frain from swearing or taking an oath (sugand) on his nam e. It is said that he voluntarily gave up his life. He is worshipped on Sundays. At Phaphera in tahsi l Bhikhi is a samadh of BMi Baihlo , Si ddh6 ]at, at which offerings are made. In th e time of Guru Arjan he took a gr eat part in digg in g the tank of Amrit3ar . There is a proverb about him -B Mf Biah Lo kilmm tare sa b se paihlo, 'B hai Ba ihlo is the first to he lp those who have fai th in him' Betwe en Ba bial and Ralla is the shr ine of Baland Jog! Pir, the JatheY li of the Chahil ]ats. He foug ht with the Bhatti Rajp6ts at Ch :mgH Ghanaurl and was kill ed. His hea d fell on the spot, but his body remai ned on horse- back and fe ll fighting at a place between Babial and RaHa, where a sh rine was bui lt. There are al so tom bs of the dog, hawk and ho rse that were with him. The Chahil Jat s do not use the milk of a cow aft er cal ving or the grai n of a harvest without first making an offering to the Pir .

At Sirhind is the shrine of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani ,2 a Mu hammadan descendant of ShaMb -u d-Din Faruk h Shah 3 Alfaruqi, the KabuH, who orders: The came to India from KI. iibu. The family were first settled in Sunam, Naqshbandis.

,. Ren e,v er of the 2nd thou:sand ,' SJ ca lle d bec ause he was born after 1,000 ye ars had el ap sed sin ce the Prop het's deiloth. . •His shrine is said to be at Chha. tor Lakhnautl ,and is pODula rlysupposedto be the tomb of Sh aha b-ud-Dfn Ghar,. •. ao PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. hut Imam Rafi-ud-Din took up his abode in Sirhind in the time of Firoi Shah. Muj~ddid, his descendant in the 6th generation, was born th~re in Descriptive. 1563. He was a disciple of Baqi Billa of Delhi and founded the Naqshbandi POPULATIOlf. Mujaddadia order in India, introducing the practice ot z£kr khafi or silent prayer. He wrote many religious works, of which the Maktubat ,is the most Muhammadan orden: important, and died at Sirhind in 1617 at the age of 64. His tomb is The the principal shrine of the Naq8hba~dis in India,and is a beautiful structure, Naqshbar;d!s. built in the reign of Shah Jaban. The itrs is held on the 27th of Safar and is the occasion of a considerable gathering. Pilgrims from Kabul visit th is shrine. The Naql!lhbandis absolutely forbid music and singing, but they are said to advocate the use of fine clothes and luxurious food. The Qadtia order was founded by Sayyid Muhi-ttd-Din Ab6 Muham- mad Abdul Qadir, G:llini. It uses both the s£kr jali and Haft (loud and silent prayer), but regards the use of hymns in religious services as unlawful . Its members ate distinguished by green turbans. The Naushahis, an offshoot of the Qadrias, have some minor deras in the Banur tahsiL At Pail is the shrine of Shah Maula; a Qadria and a disciple of Sha~ Daula Daryai of Gujret . The Qazls in his time were in power at Pail, and when he fired a rick belonging to them they scourged him, whereupon he foretold that their race would die out, and his prophecy has been fulfilled ; Another Qadria shrine at Pail is that of Shah Ghulam Flizil, a Gilli n} Sayyid of Sadhauta. At Banur is the shrine of Lal Shah, Qadria, a de s- cendant of the well-known Shah Qumes of Sadhaura. The urs is cele - brated on the 11th of Rabi-us-Sani . Nabi Shah; the mast or spiritually intoxicated, was afaqfr of the Qadria order; who smoked sulfa (charas) an d tobacco, lived naked, and did not take food with his own hands, being ser ved by Dittu, a Hindu barber, who eventually murdered him, whereupon a tomb was built in his honour at Sunsm in the time of Maharaja Karm Singh; His urs is celebrated on the 12th of Safar.

The JalaHs, an offshoot of the Suhrwardia order, said to have been fou~ded by S. Jalal-ud-Din Bukh?rl o.f U~h, are faq£rsdistinguished by' theIr glass bracelets. When epIdemIC dIsease breaks out among goa tS people offer goats to them to stop the evil . They repeat the words • Panj Tan' and' Darn Maula .' The JalciHshave a lierll of Llilan Shah; a Sayyid of Samana, at Ghanaur. Here lamps ate lighted every Thursday" SMh NizRm-ud-Dln, another descendant of Jalal-iJ .d"Din; migrated from Delhi and settled at Samana; founding the family of the Btikhliri Sayyids of that place. 1

At Ha ji Rata~; .3 mil~s frofu Bhatinda, is the shrine of Haji Ratanj a large buildmg WIth a mosque and gateway, and Surrounded by a w!iH on all sides. Outside th~, Shrine is a large. tank, now nearly fiJled WIth earth, and a grove of Jal tre es. The SIte of the shrine is now sur;ounded b~ hillo;ks of. sand. Rat~n Pal or Cha? Kaur (sic) was the Dlwan of BIlle Pal, Raja of Bhatmda, and With his aid Shahab-ud-Din Ghori conquered that fortress, massacritig the Raja and all his family; Ratan Pal then became a Muhammadan; and made ' a pilgrimage to Mecca. On his return he became known as Hajl Ratan, and on his death in 1321 this shrine was built by royal command. The mujawars of this shrine are the descendants of Shah Chand, a Madari, who came from Makanpur near Cawnpore to Bhatinda in the time of Sardar Jodh. Madaris are one of the be-shara or irregular orders of Islam, and owe their origin to Badi'-ud-D1n Madar;

IS.e above, p. 7l o 81 [PA RT A.

so n of Ab u Is hi q, the Syrian (Shami). Besi des the above it has a CHAP. I, C. de ra at Ma nakp ur in Banur tahsil, founded by Hijf Shah Gha ri b Zinda PIr of Maka npur , and the tak ia of Mur ad Ai[ Shah at Bamir. Descriptive. The latter is con sidered the Mir bera or chief shrine, and off erings POPULATION , are made ther e at wedd ings. At Bhlkhi is the shr ine of Gudar Shah, a Mad ~rf faq 'i r, who rode an ass and exhibited miracu lous powers . Th e fair her e is held on the 6th sudt of Magh .

Amo ng the minor shr ines ar e the tomb of Makki Sh ah, Shabld , at Pinjaur, Minor and that of KhRki Shah, Sha hl d, at which latter chUr mas and bat ti sh ds are Ma.hammadan offer ed on Thursdays. At Samana is the shr ine of Im am Alf.i-WaH , believ ed shnnes. to be a gra ndson of the Imam Musa Riza, whose tomb is at Mashhad. He accompanied one of the earliest Muhamm ad an inv asi ons of India and fell in battl e. His shrine, a fine building , is said to hav e te~n restored by ShaMb- ud-Din Ghori . It is believed th at a tig er visits th is .-;hrine every Thursday night to worship the saint, which is loca ll y kncwn as the Mashhadwalf . Other tombs at Samana are those of Muha mnca d Shah Ismail ~ or Plr Sam an ia. the first Muh ammadan to settle at th at place, which is now fa lling into disrep air; of Mir Imam-ulla Husai n!; of Shah Nizam·uu-Dfn Bukhiirf, and of hi s grandson Abdu lla II. These three shrines li e dose together. At Patiala itself is the small shri ne of Ja/far SMh , the mojaub or distraught, who lived in the reign of Maharaja Karm Singh. At Narnaul is the fine tomb of Shah Qu H, a Nawab of Narn aul '~ who accompanied Hum ayun from Badakh sMn . Shah QuH er ected many fine buildings in Narnau! , such as the Khan Sarwar~ the mandf or market, the Tarpol ia Gate and a sarai . He di ed in 1592, and offerings of fried gram and gur are made at his sbrine on Fridays . At Banur is the shrine of Shaikh Painda, . an Adalzai Pathan ,. whose ancestors migrated from the Sul eman Khe1 country in the Mugh al Lperiod . This saint was a disciple of Nizam-ud-din of TMnesar , and ••his spiritual power was such that wh en he prayed the locks of doors burst open and trees bent to the grou nd. A Brahm an woman used to com e to him daily to hear the Qur a.n, and when she di ed none could lif t her bi er, so the saint directed that she sho uld be buried ' beneath the pl ace wh er e she used to sit, at his feet. Of fe rin gs are made at this shrine on Thursd ays. At Dha rson in tahsil Narn aul is th e shrine ' of Sh aikh Hamza, a descenda nt of Shaikh Bahll -ud-dfn Zak arfa of Multan , who di ed in 1549 . Evil spirits are driven out of men an d wo men at this shrine. At Narnaul also is th e shrin e of Niztim Sh ah, a des cendant of Ibrahim Adham. His ances tor Hazrat Alm astauff cam e from Kabul to Hissar in the time of Halak ti, and thence Qazi Ain-ud -DiD migrated to Narnaul, wher e Nizam Shah was born in 15°0. He be ca me a disciple of Khwiija Khanun Al ai Ta j Nagaurf of GwaI io r, and died in 1588 ', being a contemporary of Akbar . At his shrine are two mosqu es, on e built by that emp eror , the other by hi s son Jahang ir. His urs is held on the 27th of Safar. There is a popular saying th at 'bad tl Z juma jo '."re kam uske /rami Shah N£sam' or Sh ah Niz am helps those who ,.ork after (the pr ayers on) Friday. And he is suppos ed to fulfil the wishes of thos e who remain 40 days at his shrin e. At Bhatinda is th e tomb of Sayyid Miran Sha h bu ilt in 1738 . Bet we en Bhatinda and Haji Ratan is th e shrine of Mama BM nja or 'The Uncl e and his Sister's Son ,' said to have been the leaders of Shah ab-ud ·Din · Ghorf's army who were kill ed in the capture of Bh atin da. At Sanaur ' is th~ tomb of Roshan Ali Shah, at which no one may remai n aft er dark. Outside the walls of Barmlla is the tomb of Pir Nas'ih WaH, at which lamps are lighted eve ry Thursd ay. It is forb iddeu to remove piec es 81

PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. of brick from this shrine. At Sunam is the shrine of Kazl Muizz-ud-Din, who came there from Mecca some seven centuries ago. In building Descriptive. his shrine milk was used instead of water in the mortar, and the POPUL~TION. c!lstom still subsists, milk being mixed in the whitewash used for the Minor shrine. At Sanaur in tahsil Pati ala is the shrine of Shah Wilayat Muhammada. Mubariz-ud-Din Husaini, a descendant of the Imam Husain a ,ld a dis- ,hrinu. Ciple of Hafiz Mahmtid Biabinf, who came from Arabia ~?me cen- turies ago. His u,rs on the 27th of Rabf-us-Sanf ig the occasion of ~ large gath ering. It is not permitted to cut even a twig from the trees in the enclosure of this shrine , At Bhatinda there is also a tomb of Surkh Biaha.nf, at which salt is offered on Thursdays_ At Kaulf is the shr ine of Shah Husain, famous for its power of curing boils on the knee (z anua ). The patient goes to this shrine taking with him a small axe, and in his circuit round the vill age when he meets some one he throws it down. This person picks up the axe and touches the sore ' with it. After completing a circuit of the village it is believed that the boil is cured, and the axe is then offered with some sweet- meat at the shrine. Saif Khan, a brother of Fidaf Khan, a famous official of Aurangzeb, ha d been Stibah of Kashmir, but he had a quarrel with the Wazlr and , resigning his post, founded SaifabRd, nuw called the fort of Bahadurgarh, 4 miles north-east 'of Pati.Ua, where his shrine is still reverenced. He is said to have been in the habit of paying the workmen on his palace every fourth day with money taken from beneath a carpet spread on a platform, but when the men searched there for his hoard one night they found nothing, and he acquired a reputat ion for miraculous powers . Sajna QureshI, called the GhvranwlHa, has a shrine near the ga te (if the uld fort at Sunam. He is said to have been a general of Taimur who fell in battle at this spot, and clay horses are offered at his shrine. But nothing certain is known of this saint's origin or of that Qf Nizam Shah Palanwala, which is also at Sunam. The Ganj Shahidlin also commemorates ~ the warriors who fell in some battle at Sunam, probably when Taimur attacked the fortress in 1398 A.D. At Pail is the shrine of Shah Hasan Sirmast, a Path Ff J disdple of Qutb ~ud-Din Bakhtyar, Kaki. The urs is celebrated on the 6th of Zil-Hij.

The Chishtf order w~s founded by Abu Is -haq of Sham (Syr ia} , whQ became the disciple of Khwaja Mimshlid Dinwarf and at his command settled in Chist in Persi a. Muin-ud-Din, the famous Chishtf saint of Ajmer, first brough t the te nets of the ord er into India, and its greatest organizer in the Pu nja b was Biw3 . Farid-ud-Din Shakr-Gani of Pik Patan, who,e two disciple s Alf Ahmad Sabir and Nizam-ud·Dfn Aulia founded the two sub-orders, th e Sabi ria and the Nizamia, of whom the for mer wear 'White and the latter red (bhagwen) garm ents. The Chishtfs use music in their devotiohs and the 6ikr jali or pray ing aloud; and sho uld possess the qualities of lark, renunci ation, tsar, devot io n,! ishq, lov e of God, and inksar, or humility. Chishtis are perm itt ed to wear col( 'ured clothes. Their chief shrine in this State is that of Miran Bhlk at Ghuram, and disciples of Bawa Farid are also found at Ban ur, Narnaul, etc. At SanauI there is the shrine of Abu 'l-Fateh , aiso of th e Chishti order) son and disciple of Abu'l-Qadir (a Sabzwari Sayyid des cended from Shah Badr-ud-Din Is-haq), and son-in-law of the famou s Ba ba Farld-ud-Din, Shakr -Ganj . He was born at Sanaur in 1654 and died there in 1719 . The shrine is a fine buildin g ere cted afte r his dea th by his dig- 83 [ PART A. ci ple s, and his ut's , which is called maj 1i s, oIl the 218t of Ra bi-us -Sani is th e oc cas ion of a gr eat gather ing of the common peopl e an d dar vesh es who come from long distances. It is said th at th is sai nt wa s so affect ed by th e sin ging of a hym n that he jumped .into a well , but on the hym n being sung agai n he sprang out of it once mo re. His descendan ts are P;rzadas. At Sirhind is another shrin e, that of Bal 1dag i SM h IsmR il Chisht i, an Uvais i Sabzwari Sa yy id of Tirm iz , descen ded fro m the Im am Jafa r, a discipl e of BurhaQ Tand awari and a contemp orary of Mujaddi d-i-Alf-i-S anL A larg e fair is held here on th e 26th of Sh awwal. At Ba mlr also th en~ is a sh rine of Nizam Dast -i -ghaib, a Musawi Sayyid call ed Ror iw ah Pfr of th e Ch ish ti order , who came fr om Ardbil in the Mugh al period . A pe rso n sufferi ng from fev er tak es a piec e of bri ck (1 "01') from the shrine and hang s it round his neck as a specifi c. Off erings are made here on Thu rsdays. At Sunam is th e famous shrin e of Mahm ud Ban oi bo rn in 1053 , son of Qutb·ud-Din, a Tirmiz i Sayy id, and a dis ci ple of Haj f Sh arif Zin d, of the Chish ti order . Ha vi ng lived in Mecca for twelv e years he returned with twelve dis ciples to India and settled at Su nam, where he di ed in II 19. Th e shrine is a fi ne building, and a gre at fair is he ld there on the firs t Tuesday in Chet sudf . Evil spir its, whe ther of men or wome n, ar e cast out at th is shr ine . Here als o is the shr ine of Khwcij a Gauh ar, a discip le of Pi r Banof , who acc ompanied him to Sunam. Shah Sifti wa s a Nizam ia Ch is hti, a discip le of Shah Husain , who came from Uch and settled at Suni m. He wa s' a drinker of bhan g and known as Sot~nwal a, (th e keeper of th e stav es,' and sta ve s and bhan g are offered at hi s shrine. At San aur is als o the tomb of Sh ah Shafqat, a Sabiria Chis hti , whose urf is he ld on th e 14th of Ja madi-us -S anL At Sanghera in tahsil Anahadgarh is tIle shr ine of Shaikh Ahmad Ch ishti, a descendant of th e famous Pir Jahil-ud -Din, Jahani ~n Jahangasht of Uch, wh ence the sa int cam e in the Mughal period. The urs is held here on the 15th of Muharram . At Ri ies ar is th e shrine of Sarmast SMh Chi shtf, at which lamps are lighted on Thursdays , and milk and eM.r: off er ed. At Narnaul there is another Chisht f shrine, that of Shah Turkman Mu hamm ad Ata, a disciple of Sayy id Usman Hurw anf , and a sp iritual brother of the great Khwaja Mufn-ud-Dln of Ajmer . This sa int ca me to Narnaul in th e reign of Qutb-ud-Dfn Ibak and was martyr ed while pra ying on the 'Id in 1243. Hi s shrine is a fine building of st one, and an an nual fair is held here on th e Ashra or loth of Muharra m. An other spi ritu al br oth er of the Khw aja of Ajm er, Shaikh Sadi Lang ochl, is als o buried at Narnaul . At Sam an a is the shr ine of Ab du l Gha ni Chishtf, who died in 1624. The bu ilding, . whi ch is an imposing stru ctur~ of marble , is called the Shah ka da £ra, and it is beli eved that touching th e shrine for a few days is a certain cure for any disea se. At night tor che s are said to be seen ·issuing from it . At Nama ul is the tomb of Mir an Taj-ud- Din , 'She r· saw ar aur eh abukm ar, ' (th e rid er of the tige r with a sn ak e fo r a whip,' a Chis hti and a disc ipl e of Qutb-ud· DIn Mun awar, of Hans! . His gran dfather Usman ca me from Firmul in Pe rsia , and set tl ed in Nar naul nea r the Dh osi hill . This saint died ab out 500 years ago. He is wo rshipp ed by people of all sects, includi ng Hindus , and is the patron sai nt of the San gf Baniil s of Narnaul . Muhammadan bridegrooms before starting on th e marriage processio n drink water from a cup which has been placed on th e sl ab of his tomb , ne ar which ar e the graves of a tig er and a se rpe nt. Th e saint's descen d- an ts are calle d Mfr an-pote. He deters an yone from attempting to build his shrin e.· lhe cult of Mira .n is wides prea d, esp eci all y amo ng the wo men , as he Mld,~• .:: onfers sons and aids his devot ee s in ever y difficulty. 'f he ritual at a bait hak Qr sean ce in honour of Mira n is as fo llo ws :-:;-On the Sundays and 84 PATIALA STATE. J

CHAP. '. C. Thursdays of the light half of the month a cloth is spread on the ground, a lamp is lighted and st sers of gulgulds, swe et balls of flour roasted in Descriptive. oil, with some scent , are laid on the cloth. Dumnfs mean whi le sing kr ifis or POPULATION . hymns in praise of Minin, and these kafis produce ecsta cy in the women seemingly inspired by Miran, who throw their heads about, and, according to the popular belief, whatever they prophecy in this stat e comes 10 pass . As a matter of fact, however, there are two Mirans,-one Zain Kha n of Amroha, the other Sadr·i-Jaban of Maler Kotla. The former had a ma gi c lamp , by the light of which he could see th e fairies dance at night , an d by whose aid he used to call to himself a king 's daughter with whom he was in love. The kin g, however, by a stratagem seized and killed him. Se ven fairies called Bfbian , Bfbariiin or Uparlifm were in attend ance on Zain Khan, and they also are worshipped by some women, dolas, guddis or doll s and (Jew grain being offered to them on the Sundays, in the light halves of Baisakh, Jeth, Kat ak and Magghar, on mud platforms built for that pur pose. The other Miran , Sadr-i. Jahiin , was an ancestor of the Nawabs of Katl a, who is said to have mar ried a daughter of Bahlol Shah Lodf. I S~perstitions. -:--- Khera , the site of a village, ha s come to mean the local deity . Hind us in Pati ii la believe that Khera averts pl ag ue and other ep ide mic s. No i.mage i-smade, but in the niche a lamp is kept burning on Sundays. The method of worship, when epidemics break out , is curious. A buffa lo is taken to the site of Khera, where its ear is cut off an d offered to Khera. The buff alo is then driven round the village with drums, and a mixture of milk, water, wine and curd is poured out in a continuous stream encircling ,(dhd". dena) the village. Khera is also worshipped at the start and finish of a marriage procession. Sit/a, the godd ess of sm all -pox, is worshipped by all Hindus and many Muhammadans. Every vill age has a sh ri ne dedicated to her, and called Mat . Annual fairs are held in Ch et at Chap ar sll and Kap: ;ri, when offerings of wet gram and flour, yellow and bla ck co tto n seeds, and bread made of flour and sug ar ar e presen te d. Dev l-worsh ip is very popular in Patiala. Many of the Hindus make lo ng pi lgr ima ges to th e famous shrines of Mansa Devi, near Manf Miij ra , Nai na Devi in Bila spu r, and JowcU a Mukhi in Kangra. The firs t ei ght days of Asauj and Chet are especially sacred to Devi.

K4t ak l!. nc cow- The month of Kat ak is held sa cred by th e Hindus. Every morning wo rsh ip . they bathe, and especiall y on th e las t five days of the mo nth . In th e eve n- ing of the Gopa I.lshtami festiv al they feed the cows wit h flour-cakes and crown them with garlands.

Brahma wor- Pipat 'worship is the on ly fo rm in which Brahma worsh ip ob ta ins. ship. After bathing , the devout wat er the pipa l trees which grow near the ponds and rivers in honour of Brahma .

Ch ri st ian Mis· Patiala lies in the parish of Ambal a, an d the Chap la in of Ambala pays lio ns. it occasional vis it s. Th ere is a sm all chur ch, ca pable of holding 35 people. There are 122 Native Christians of al l se cts . The chief mission is that of the American Reformed Presb yte ri an Ch ur ch which was established in 1892 in the reign of Mahar aja Ra ji nda r Sing h by Dr. Scott, a Medical Missionary . The Maharaja gave him a piece of land 16 b£ghas in area with a number of valuable tr ees and perm itted him to erect a house of his own on the site. Hous es have al so been bu ilt on it for the' miss ionar ies. The only oth er soc iet y wo rking amo ng the Nat iv e f;hristians in Pat iala is 85 [ PART A. the American Methodis t Episcop al Miss ion which was established in 18gb. CHAP. I, C. In the villag e of Rampur Katani in Pail tahs il an Anglo-Vernacular . Primary Schoo l ha s been started by the Revd . Dr. Wherry of the Ludhiana DeSCriptive . American Mis sion , and in th is 22 Jat and Muhammadan boys receive instruc- POPIILATI ON. tion. There is al so a Mission School at Basi, where 12 or 13 sweeper boys Chriatia M", . are taugh t, but the school cannot be said to flour ish . sion.. n I . vfOOD . -, I I Th e poorer classes are th e first to feel the eff ects of famine in every Food. i part of th e State, esp ecia ll y in Sard ulgarh , Narna ul d. ad the Bangar adjoin- ing the Hi ssar , Gurgaon and Kamal Districts resp er;t 7vely. The people ex- pre!> sth is fact in their proverbs, kal v£ch kaun mOtt? gharfb-' who died in fam ine? A poor man .' Other proverbs con tras tin g ~)ove rtyand riches are :_ Jt 's kt kothi men dane us ke kamle bhi s£ yailf! -/ He who has grain in his kothI though a fool is regarded as an intelligent man': Pet men payan rotian sflbhe galUn mot£an-' He wh ose stomach is full talks loud' : Jin na n khae unna kam ae-' He wil l earn in pro porti on to what he eats .' The grains which form the staple food of the people in the Stat e are:- Bajra or millet, gra m, berr a, £.e. gr am mixe d with wheat or barley, jau. m7kkt or maize , rice , wheat, mandw a chI na, mash, mung, moth and masar. The pro portion of wheat and ri ce to oth er kinds of grain used depends mainly on the mean s of the family- wealt hy or well-to-d o pe ople /alw ays eat wheat, which the poorer class es cannot affor d. Rice is little used ex cep t at festivals and marr iages . It is grown ma inly in the Pinjaur nizamat , that produced in the hil ls being of super ior quality. The hill peop le sel l their rice if of good quality , retaining only the inferior kinds for the ir own use. This is also the case with whe at. The best kind§ .of rice, eaten by well -to- do people , are imported from Delhi, Amritsar and Bareli. Ordinary villa ger s 1D wi nter eat bre ad made of ground mokki, jo war. china or bdjra wi th mdng, moth, urd (pul ses) and green sarson or gram cooked as a vegetable (s ag). Kh£ckri made of bajr a and moth or mun g is also eaten for a change. In the hot we ather bre ad made of wheat , berra or makki, with da l or gram porrid ge, is eaten . In the Bangar and Jangal baira and berra, in Moh indarg arh barl ey an d berra, and in the Pinjau r nJzamal makH, are gener ally eate n throug ho ut the yea r. The regular meals are taken at midday and in the eve nin g. Zamindars working in the fields generally eat a light meal in th e morning . Th is consi sts of the pr ev ious day 's leav ings with some lass; or butte r-mi lk . Aft er wor king a few hour s a heav y meal is taken at noon. Thi s is generall y brough t to the fields by the women or children as th e cult ivators have no time to go home .Well- to-do landholders and townspeople eat pulses and vegetables of all sor ts such as gobi, I cauli- flower'; begun or bri nj al ,o tori, gMa , or kadu, / vegetable marrow 'j karela or skalga m, / turnip 'i alu, ' potatoes '; matar, 'peas 'i kakrf ,/ cucumber ,' etc, with th eir brea d. Poo re r people make free use of gaiar, / carrots ,' kakris, 'cucumb ers,' kkarbuso, , mel ons ,' ari a or kllira, ph ut, mokros, ber, ,flu and r,;dha- esp ecially in tim es of fami ne. The ro tis or loaves eaten by villag f rs are generally thicke r than those mad e in towns. Meat is but seldc .,n eaten in the vill ages by Muhamma da ns and Sikhs as they cannot af ford it , but at weddin gs and the like goat 's fl esh is eaten. Hindus absta in from meat owing to religious sc rup les. In the towns meat is genera ll y eaten by Muhammadans and Sikhs. In the Mohindargarh m~a1llai the people generally eat rabri to fortify them sel ves ag ai nst the hot winds from the Rajputana Deser t. This is made of ba rl ey, gr am or ba;ra flour with chhackh or butter -milk. Flour, lass; and wa ter ar e mixed together and pu t in the sun, and whe n the le aven is ready sa lt is added and the mix ture put on the fi re till it is cooked. When eaten hot milk can be added, other. ~6 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I. C. wise it. is cooled by keeping it a whole night, butter-milk being added to it in the morning, and then it is squeezed, pressed through a cloth and Descriptive. eaten. Sattii of all kinds is used in the State. It is made from flour POPUUTIOIf. of parched grain (wheat, barley, gram, hathu, rice and maize), sharbat of sugar, gur, shakkar, khand or hura being added to it and stirr .•.d in. Food. Parched grain, gram, maize, ghat, barley, jowar, etc., are also eate ', In the Pinjaur tahsil satta generally forms the morning meal . As soop. :..sthe maize is ripe the hill people roast a year's supply and grind it at leisure or when needed. . The use of gur, shakkar , Hand, Chi, and spices of various kinds, dhanta , coriander' ; mlreh, , red pepper' ; lasan, , garlic' j haId£, , turmeric' ; piyaz, , onions' ;garam masau ', condiment , is not unusual, but is commoner in towns than in villages. Hindus generally abstain from eating garlic owing to religious scruples. Punjab rock salt is mostly ~s ed in the State except in Mohindargarh, where the Sambhar Lake salt is use d. Sweetmeats laddu, pera, jalebi, barfi, rajashahi, MloshaM, qaldkand, lauBi at and sohanhalwu. are common in towns, but to th e poor peasant they are a luxury . Chatnz, aehar (Fickle) and ma1'abba (j am ) of all sorts, bundt, bhalU and ra£ta are freely used in the towns, but are regarded as luxuri es in the villages. The ordinary drink in the towns is water and in villages water and butter-milk (lass£). Milk is generally used in both. The favourite milk in villages is that of buffaloes and in towns that of cows. In the Mohin dargarh ntztimat goat's milk is also used. In the capital well-to-do people use various kinds of sharbats and araks (such as banafsha, keora, nflofar, ba£dmushak), :erated waters and ice in the hot weather. Wealthy Muhammadans and officials take tea, but the beverage is almost unknown in the villages. Hindu and Sikh Jats who can afford it drink liquor, frequently to excess, though the practice is looked upon with disfavour by all religions. Tobacco is very generally used amongst Hindus and Muhammadans alike. Smoking among women is very rare, but it is in vogue amongst the Hindu women of the capital, who also chew tobacc o and take snuff. Only country tobacco is used. Cigars and cigarett e:; are confined to the official classes. Both Sikhs and Hindus take opium in the form of pills, which are always kept in a small tin-box, dabbl, in th e turban or pocket (jeb, khfsa). Drinking bhang or sukhklta is comm on among Sikh an d Hindu faqi,'s, Aka -lis, etc. Hindus and Sikhs gen erall y drink it on the Shib Chaudas in honour of Shiva, but some use it throu ghou t the year, and others again only in the hot weather to ward off the eff ects of the heat , as it is supposed to have a cooling effect. The dri nking of post, 'poppy, ' and the use of chandu and daras is practically confined to some Hindu sadhs and Muhammadanfaqzrs In an agricultural family the daily consumption of food may be roughly estimated as follows :-One ser for a grown man , !ser for a woman or an 'old man, and 1 ser for a child. Thus a famil y consisting of a man, his wife, two children and an old man or . woman will eat 3i sers a day or 32 mans in a year.

v 13 The dress of an ord inary zamtnd ar does not differ from tha t worn in th e neighbouring Br it ish Districts. The dress of the villag er is simple and made of khaddar (home-spun cotton cloth). It consi sts of a kurt a or kurd, a short coat with a loop, a dhoti, bhotha or safa (waist cloth), pag rz or safa (turban), ch adar (cloth worn over the s,ho ulders) and a pair of shoes made by the village Chamar. Sikhs sub sti tute the kachh (drawers ) fo r the dhoti. Well.to -do landholders r. .ow Ul e Enil ii h ma ter ials, the do patta (turban) 87 [ PART A.

being made of two halves of a piece of superior musHn (sewn together CHAP. I. C. lengthwise), often coloured. They also wear a coat (made of thin or thick English cloth, according to the season, over the kurta) and a paijama, Descriptive. • trousers.' Muhammadans wear, instead of a dhot!, a tehband or lung!. POPULA TI ON. In winter they have a khesi or khes (a sheet of very thick cotton material Dresr. woven double), a kambal (woollen blanket), and a dohar or chautahi. A woman's dress consists of suUhan made of sus! (coloured cotton material), a kurfa and chadar and a phulkar! tflowered silk coloured cloth worn over the head and shoulder). It is made of gahra or dhotar (thick or thin cloth) according to the season. When going out a woman wears a ghagra (petticoat) over the paz'jama and a choU, angz'a or bodice of coloured cloth. Muhammadan women wear a pat/ama, kurta and chadar. but not a petticoat. At a wedding a somewhat · better dress of various colours ornamented with gota is worn. In Mohindargarh lI;zamal and the Bangar, an angz'a, ghagra, and dadar (or orhn fr generally of a blue colour, are worn by the women, and among the lower classes they fix ,small pieces of country-made mirrors to the orhn!, angia and ghagra. They also wear country shoes, but women of I the higher cla!lSes wear country-made Elippers. In Mohindargarh a sahri is also substituted for the petticoat and a Hik, a kjr .J .A pashwas. is also worn by the women of such classes as the FeUs, Dhobls, Lohars and Man:ar~. The Jangal Jats wear very long turbans or safas. In the hills the men wear a topi, kurta and langota, ' while the w,omen weat coloured paijama, a kurta and a dopatta. In addition to these the men have a blanket made of borne-spun wool (pattu). Among the higher classes the clothes of both sexes are usually mad ~ of English stuffs. At festivals and fairs women generally wear a sadri (waistcoat) over the kurti and carry umbrellas and handkerchiefs in their bands. a./ ""' The fashion of wearing English fabrics is growing daily more common in the villages. In towns clothes made of English material are generally worn by both sexes, in both seasons, and country fabrics are only used by poor people. The dress consists of ~urta, paijama, pagri, dopatta and coat. The dopatt 'J is tied over the pagri, both being generally coloured. The coat is worn over the hurta. Shop-keepers generally use an angarkha, ,a kind of frock-coat fastened with loops, in place of a coat, and a dhoti in place of th e paijamll. Well-to-do officials use fine stuffs, and to the above dress they add choga, stockings and handkerch!efs , which make a DarMri poshak. Chogas are generally made of fine muslin, bro ad cloth, silk and kamkhawab. , But the use of coats instead of angarkhas is daily becoming more common. Chogar are only worn in Darbar costume. Students and English-speaking officials generally wear suits in the European fashion. The educated classes also wear clothes made of the best Ludhiana and GujnH cloth. Officials and well·to-do people wear English shoes, boots and gurgabts (court shoes). Shop-keepers generally wear native shoes embroidered with gold cord, and only the lower classes use country shoes (juta). The DarMr! poshak of an official is gaudy and variegated, consisting of a kurta, paijama and a colour.• ed or uncoloured pagri, dopatt ,z, sadri of kamkhawab or embroider~d silk, angarkha made of kamkha'lJ.'ab or a coat instead of the latter , a kamkhawab or embroidered choga, stockings and handkerchief. The old school of officials also wear a kamarband or waist cloth, but the fashion is now disappearing. The dress of women in towns is like that in villages, but it is made of English fabrics of various colours, and among the highel7 classes it is of dill better qualit v. Hindu widows weare a white chadar only. Hindu women when cooking OF bat hing often substitute a dhoti for the pat/lima. Women when at home wear their ordinary dress and add a ghagra to the pai .fama when th ey &0 out. A:t w~ddings and other festive occalions, tho~gb the c~ ,t 88 PATI .'-LA StATE. ]

CHAP 1 C of the garments is the same, the texture and colour are conspicuously _" • different, and they wear light or deep coloured muslin or si lk,-a dopatt '!J Descriptive. bordered with pattha (silver or gold lace) and perfumed, a kurta of equally POPUl .ATION, bright material, ornamented with gold and silver flowers, a jacket with gold lace, a very tight paijama made of fine stuff, and a silk gJiagra over the pa£jama. Their persons are adorned with jewellery of all kinds. Muhammadan and hill women do not wear ghagrris at alL Women of respectable Muhammadan families - when going out generally wear a burqa or mantle. Both Hindus and Muhammadans -, as a rule, wear the hair short, but Hindus keep the scalp lock or choff. Students - and others who follow English fashions often wear the hair very short, and are adopting . the habit of shaving the beard. The hair is washed with curds, soapnu t and sarson or khalf. - Women generally wash the hair with lass: (butter-milk) and mullan; mat:: or gajnf. Men anoint their hair with masaledar oil, made - of sarson, or phiFlel, made of fil and flowers. Women generally use gh ~' It in towns oil is often substituted for it. Women do not usually cut thtir hair, and it is - customary to plait it. In the langal , Bangar and the ~ Mohindargarh "iZamal Hindu women wear high &hundas, the hair being II braided on the top of the head. .

DWELLINGS. The house!! in the towns are nearly all built of burnt brick, and in !Iome places of stone, with two or more storeys. The walls are wide and the- foundations deep, to withstand heavy rainfall and ensure durability. Some few houses have under-ground cellars (teh khantz or sardkhana) to protect their inmates from scorching heat and hot winds Uu) during the summer r and for the storage of property and valuables in troublous times. But the - use of cellars is dying out, and the use of pankMs and Has f'aftis is on · the increase. The new type ofbuilding is more commodious, betteI rventilated ' and higher than the old, but the materials used are generally inferior and less durable. Both Hindu and Muhammadan houses are built on nearly - the same plan, and are surrounded by high walls to se cure privacy for the- women. They comprise a deodM, ' porch,' leading into the street , a sahan, . or hehra, ' open courtyard,' a chauka or rasof , , cQoking house,' a datan and several kofhris.' rooms'.1 The baifhak or menf 's apartment is separate from that reserved for the females, and ha~ generally two entrance::.-, one inside- the deodhi and the other with windows opening into the lane. In I outsiders are received and entertained , as the fema le apartments can . only be entered by members of the family and relations, and the ha£thak is generally better furnished than the female apartments. The official classes have their receiving rooms furnished in European style. Both por~ tions are, as a rule, kept clean; and in a Hindu house the utmost clean- liness is scrupulously observed in the raso:, 'cooking house ,' and with - regard to all articles used in cooking . The houses ar e built closely together, the streets ancl thoroughfares being generally narrow and crooked. The cattle are generally kept in the deodhf , but the well-to-do classes use t.;weIas or stables for this purpose. The tops of the heuses are approached by steps or wooden ladder s, and in summer the inmates generally sleep on the roof in the open air with fans in their hands . The roofs are generally enclosed by parda walls built like lattice work in order- to secure both ventilation and privacy. Latrines are generally built on the highest roof. K:kar, sal, farans, shisham and deodar timber are used fat" building purposes, and the use of deodar is becoming more commo~, iron girders and rails being reserved for the dwell -ings of the well-to-do. 'the old elutdar chh.at, 'ceiling doth ,' is being gradually replaced by painted ceilings.

I With sometimes a ,haubtSra or blil61hdna on the upper storey. Sg

[ PAR T A.

In villa Cte s a few ri ch pe ople and mo ney-lenders live in pakk a br ick CHAP. I; C. houses , bu t'" the peasan try and artizan s li ve in houses made of sun -d ried bricks . Th e hou ses in a vi llage ar e bui lt close toge th er , the doo rwa y DeSCI-lpti ve,

of ea ch openin g into one of the. narrow ', crouked lanes ,y hich trave rs e PO PCLA TtON . the vill age. Un like th e to"'n hous es the viil age hous es are gen erally spa r. io n", bu t t1iis depends on the area of grou nd owned by the bu ilder. All th e peo pl e liv e ins ide th e vil lag e excep t the Ck:mar s and Cht ihras , who have th eir hous es a littl e \\'ay apart fr om the re st faci ng out\',ard3. Th e hou ses of the peasa ntry are ge nera ll y obl ong in sh ape .The deodh i le ads into the lane, an d on OlJe side;( C'f it the cat tle are tied and fed at man gers: on th e ot her si de arc, the bed s of the inm a~cs, or if there is plen ty of roo m insid~. car t gea r is hung on th e wal ls. The deodM is also use d \yhen it rains . The salzall is use d a'l a si tti ng place by the inm atcs and for tying up ca ttlc . Th e da!u .n is rec.ll y the chY ell ing -h ouse , and clt one :--i de or it is th e 10S0 l, cl1 J1Zt l, !. or jlt:tUI1£, wh ere fooel is cooke d.In som e place s the jhuhilli is se pa.rate and roofed, and at the ot he r side of the

daltt ll is an earth en !'ulhi or kl ttl da, '~tore- ro om.' The kathrir , 'rooms , I ar e only use d for st orin g g~ 'ai n, vc sse ls, et c.In so me hous es the re is no deo dit i, and th e cou rtya rd is merely su rrounded . bv \l"al1 s into which the kot lz ris, 'rooms, ' ('l;;~ ;)gcne rally ,,:'ith ~llt a. dalJII, 'in ('rn, .·Jed vi lla gl"s the tops of the housf s ;c rt' much use d. ;:1:1c! fOi' gr.t tint ;' «P t:: :> the ro of a "'ood en ladd er is kept in the bne outside thc door aga ins t the \\ '211 . Cha rd, stacked for fodder, and fuel are oft en sto red up on the roof . In ;l 'i il age house the re.- is au ou tle t in tl.e roo f ca ll., 'f!mogill l, \'7h ic h serves the purpos e of a sky -light and c.cts "s a ch:nll 1cy tu tel out the smo ke. b every vill age the re is at leas t aile CIi< 111/J"I, lu;f!ul i, paras , (!! lI lram- s..£ir :, hal lgla or idi l1. whi ch is used as it place of me eting. In ;"Jg VIll age::; eac h patti ha s its 0\••. 11 cha up (U or hatluli. Thc;;e are all use d as re ~til 1~ pl aces for trayeIler5 al ld as si lt ing pla ces fer th e vill age rs.The ga tes of th c vil lage ar e aho use d as !tat lu ii s. Th ey consi ,' of a roo feel pl atfo rm wit h pillar s open to\, ,'ar ds th e rOild i11 d fo rm vcry comfor tab le pla ces fo r ~hel kl' and res t, "'here the pcoI)1 e sit, ~; m0ke an d cb at. The y also are u~d hy the tra vellers. The i\: uham madans ca ll stic h pla ce: > ban]!. l, di wan klul, llfl or till ,ia. A irzlil'{ { is generally out sid e th e vill, :ge, and is in ch arge of a faqir, whose duty it is to kee p a !1ll'l!J a always rea uy for use. Hinous call the se place, ha /lu ff or diw rams rJ,l a, th e la.tt er being in charge of ;l sddlw . In Muhammad an villa ges th ere is ahyays a mo sque or m'7sj ,'d and in Hindu villages a temple or mal ldar . Out side and dose roun d th e village are generally a number of small pens or hedged enc losur es call ed M,ra, gohuy a, gwora , btf,klza l' and bagal, in which th e \\ 'om en mak e co wdun g cakes, opla s, pat hian, or golz e, . here ca ttle ar e ti ed and fodd er stor ed in kup s or c!th aurs. In some vi ll ages the ,ra stc land adj oinin g t:1 e village site is used as a pi rlt or threshi ng floor. Round the villag e SI te there are bar or fipa l tree s, ge neral ly near the tanks, wh ere th e peopl e sit and sleep in hot weather afternoons, and wh ere tbe catt Ie als o find shelt er in that sea son . The vill ag e pond s, toMs , chha,npar, dh ib, iohar, are excavations from which the clay has been du g from ti :", e to tim e to build the hous es. J.Du ring th e rainy season th e water from all round runs into them, catrying impuritie s \yith i~ , and the wa ter so colle cted is us ed by the cattle, 'whi le a separate joh a1' or dil lib is dug to supply drinking-wat er. In tracts where ,yat er is scarc e the same pond is us ed both fo r ba thing and drinking . PlpaL l and oth er tr ees are found round these ponds. In crowded vil lages the drinkin g. we]!s are gene; -aJl y inaide the village, but in mo st vil lage s th ey are mad e outsid e. Unlike

1 Pf./Jol, bar and aim when arti ficiall y pl anted and gr own together ar e calle d 1'rj·bai ,! t Ii.e. , a combina tion of three trees ) whic h the Hindu s regard sa cred and often wa ter . It!~ C"uqd ne~r temp les, wells, pathi and ponds, bo th in towns and vi llage$, .90

PAT/ALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. the towns the village s hav e no latr in es. Men and women invari ab ly go . t· outside the village to answ er the call of nature, whi ch th ey coll oqu ially call D 1 .,. b '1 ' •• , k h 1~ t escnp Ive ..Janga' ,antA or am r Jana . I11 VI '11 ag es a ae e, x", hou se I.S ca11d e a gna r POPULATION. or makan and a pakkd one a hav eU: if it ha s two storeys it is call ed mart tJouses. or ata rt. A house with a that ched roof is kno wn as a ehl za ppar and a shelter without "; vallsas ehhan, jl21 lll g£, or jhoprt. In the vill ag es Go'~ found agw drs or nohr as, 's talls,' att ached to the houses and gen era l,:; built of pakk a or ka eheha brick s. Th ese ar e used for the cattl e as well . as for sitt ing in. In the nt "zamat of Mohindar garh near the low hills ther e are that ched ho uses , the walls be in g ma de of the roug h ston e eas ily obtain able in the vicinity, but oth er wis e th ey ar e made of mud (ladao '01' gdeM). Th ere is genera ll y a n£m or pipal tree in every ":(_tyard. The houses of the pea sa ntry in th e Pinjaur tahs il, si tu ated as they are in the hills, lie scatt ered , unlike th e villages in the pl ain s, in picturesqu e . isolat ion. They are obl ong in sh ape and built of stone , some times with two storeys. The outside wal ls are plast ere d wit h ligh t re d ea rt h, and the upper roofs invariably gable d, thatch ed or sl ated . Sla tes are now the more comm on becau se they ar e safer an d mo du rabl e. Th e hou ses are usually kept pr etty cl ean . Th e inm ates occu py both the sto rey s. '.. -' 'On one side of th e cot tag e is a shed for the ca ttl e ca lle d an obra . In the hills kelo or deodar ti mb er is general ly used for building . Every year in the na uratra (S ep tember ) the in side an d out side is replastered by the women, while in th e pla ins this is done at the Diw dr£ festival.

fl'urnitu1e and In t-owns the furniture is much like that of the adjoining British Dis- ~ooking utens ils . tricts, and many well-to-do hou se-hold er s and offi cia ls have European furni - tur e. In the houses of the midd le clas se s are be ds, cha irs , da ri s, mattresses , small carpets , cushions, reed stools cover ed with clo th or le ath er, takhtposh (Indian couch), floor cloth (if a pri nte d ga hr a cloth it is call ed jrijam and if made of long cloth ehrindn f), chiks, saj s or date matting, lamps , pictures on the walls, boxes and port mant eaux . Shop-ke eper s ge neral ly fix a kluir 1t) (L or border cloth 01). th e wall behind th eir sitting pl ace to lean against . In vill age houses th e fur nitu re is simple and con sists of the bare st neces saries , such as bedste ads made of munj or cotto n cord , stool s (p fhr ls ). spinning wheels (char khas) , cotto n roll ers (bel na) , hand-m ill s (ehakk !) for gr inding corn, 'wooden bo xc" for kee pin g clot he s, round re ed bo xes co vered with leather (patiar), sofs or clxat a£ s (made of date leaves), churn (madhdn£), small reed gto~'s, or muh ras made of sugarcane , tatthas (pr essed sugar cane), ehhalnis (s iev es) made of iron or bamboo , ehhaj or sup (a winnowing apparatu s) , jl uirnas (strainers ), takri (weighing sca le) / iron or stone weight s (b ats), uklzl i (wood en or st on e mo rtar), mu sat (wooden pestle), kund £ (m ort ar), sota (p estl e), sz" land bdnri (grindin g sto ne ), daH (scyth e), elz ri ku (kni fe or sci ss ors ), dhu nki lbow for cl eaning cot ton )) ate1'a 1l, (re el), kuha rt (hat chet), gandri sd (choppe r for cutt ing .-- fu Qd ~eJ khurpa, J{haronc1 ii {wood en stand for pi tcher s1 lfTi aun 'kt or par ra (w oo en st oo!), dt wat (cou nt ry lam p st and ), dzwds (ear th ern or brass la mps ), bask et s (tokra, boUa , eh haM , changer) , earthe rn ko thi made of mud or buk M.r£ (a small room half sunk in the wall) for sto ring grain and keep ing dish es and valuabl es, and kutlzla or bharoU. (large cylin der of mud use d only for storing grain , with an open ing a little ab ove th e ground through wh ich the grain is allowed to run out wh en require d) . In th e hi lls the followi ng articles are to be found : Idltd (con ica l basket for lo ads ), MU ti, fo r manur e, Maltu or kkalr u (leather bag), and a Itothi for stori ng grain ca Ued Mra or klumd a made of wo od. f(ot M also is ca lled pechkri in the plain s.The bed clothes in sum m~ r cOll sist of a tto~a,cnotani (four.fold cotton cove ring), an d 91 [ PART A.

ba ehhon a (b eddi ng) or dart. In the winter a lif, khindr£ (quilt) , and a rasat CHAP. I, C. or blan ke t are used. The - khindrf, lef or godr£ is made of rough home- spun cotto n cloth sL uff edwith cott on. If the hou se-owne r keeps fo wls and Desc ripti ve pigeons he has a fowl-house (khudd a) in the sah on and a pigeon POPUL ATI ON . ho ~se on the ro of. The cooking and oth er utensils of Hindus are Furniture and almo st all made of bra ss and bell metal, the only One sof earthem vare co:>king uter .&i1s. being the cooking pot (tau r£) for sag vege tables and kh ichr£, and the water jars or ghar al', which if small ar e called mat ka , if big eMf{ or mon , if ma de of brass baltoM, to knt, ku jra, gagar or kalsa. A list of the ut ensils is the follow ing: -Par a' ! and batt (big ba sins for kn eadi n~.,,/ flour) , ga dwa or Io ta (brass pot) , if with spout gan gasagar __ tltaU (t ray from ,vh ich food is ea ten); kat ora, bel wa or chhanna (a big cup fl Om which water or milk is dru nk) , if smaller kalor£, pe nd£ or kaul i " degdi or degcha, daM ndf pat fU, pat il; (cooking pots) ; dhakn£, sarposh (co ve r for cove ring cooking pots) ; karchhi (spoon ) if large, c-Itamcha if small , dot if made of wood; gilar, giUsf, bltabk a, tu nbt ttumblers) for drinking wa ter ; ta'wa (baki ng iron) for bakin g bread; eh imta (f ire to -ngs); sand,;'sf for lifting co oking pots, e~ c., off the fi re; karaM (a: large cup shaEed like a frying pa ., if smau ,., lon da j and do l (i ron bucket) for drawing water from wells. In towns pan da~(b etelnut·box), chilmch£ (bra ss wa shing basin), ugat. Aa!} (spitto on), tub , buck et, dabb a, katordan (brass food dish), ~tu ai--- (u te nsils of var iou s si ze fitting into each other) , tokna or baltgha (la rge br ass pitc he r), and tapa i or teapo, y (wooden or iron tripo d), ~e also .ou nd.Th-e Muhamm ad ans us e ear 'the rii ware cooking pots (Mn dt j, ku n...arr (ba si n for kneading flou r), tabU q<.tray ror eating), (cloth and cMaM also serve the same p'!! 'rpos ~, and pa yala (cup) for Jirinking _ purposes. The tinned copper dish es are :-Tha lf (tra y) , katora (cup ), tadwa or Iota, both of copp er or earthern ware. Tava is a flat circular iron-bake like that of the Hindus. Th e use of ,he mashak (skin) is common enough in the to wns, but in the villages water is always carried in gharar by women and the maslta k is only used by the servants of ' a well-to.do Muhammadan fa mily . In th e Jangal, Bangar and Mohindargarh, where water is scarce, men on a jou rne y or going to their fields of te n provide themselves with a ki nea or kuhna (k id 's skin masha k) or with an earthern jhajjar , surahf or tu n}f (s ;oblet). The earth ern vessels used for milk are as follows:- lJ idAorf, doh a, dohar a (us ed for milking int o), or Mrltnz (boiling pot), tau la or jh akra or ;amao na (for curdling milk), rirlm a, baloni (churn), tnadh rini or raf made of wood (churning apparatus). Bras s pots are also used for milking cows. Hara ' (mud fire-place) is used for boiling milk.

----.-. ----... BURIAL CUSTOMS, ETC.

AHindu ehil d under 4 is buried, and lepers are always buried. Buri111 customs: Jh Mohindagarh an infant under 6. months is buri ed in an open Hiadus . plai n, and a cup of milk put to mark th e spot. When a man is dying he gives a din of a cow and some grain to an Achar aj. This is called Ba itarn i lJan,aml renders ea sy the passage of the gi ver across the stream . of , Baitarni which lea ds to Dharm Raj, the god of justic e. The dyi ng man is laid on a white sheet which is spread on the grou .nd, over a cou ch of cow -dung and gras s, with his ' head to the north and his feet to the south. Ganges water and a Tulsf leaf are put in his mouth and a Tul s'! leaf on his breast, while It Ram Ram" is chanted in his ears. A wh ite shroud is given to a young man or a widow, a red one to an old man, while that of a wife is ornament ed . When , the deceased has l.ef t gp ndchi ldre n a sh awl 'is , thro wn . over the body, the birad ari follow with 92 PA TIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C~ mus ic and gon gs, and silver fl owers are thrown on th e cor pse. All the son3. bu t espec ially the eldest , shav e their hair, bea rd and mou st ache. The bear ers Descript ive. walk bare·fo ote d. On the ir way home the mour ners break a straw and throw it ove r thei r heads to sh ow that they have broke n off all · con nexio n with th e de ce as ed . Ma ny are th e ri tes sub seq uen tl y perform ed, bu t the y ar e Burial cust OlIlt: Hindus ; not peculi ar to Pati ii la. To die on a bed is con sidered unn atur al. ln that case the , kiri a karam must be per form ed at Pehowa 45 days afte r death . When a child dies the mot her stays at home fo r three days and may not 5tand up ri ght befor e an oth er ma rr ied \" oma n. Th e Muh amm adan s are cont ent wit h a fa r simpl er ritua l. The bod y is bur ied af ter a pr aye r bas bee n read . Fo r three days no food is cooked in the house, bu t a near kinsma n giy es a supp er wh ich is calle d Bhatt i 1ml 1l1 z tuk (lr k"ul 'e 7M tte de roti. A mul la or I7rIj iz is app oin te d to rea d the 1\.or £n at the tomb for eithe r thr ee or ~c .'/ da ys. At the kul klz u/(tl1i ce remo ny, wh ic h takes plac e thr ee day s aft er deat h, th e kalam a is recit ed 125,00 0 times. Th e Kon ln is also reci led , and food given to mullc is, fi; HI' S aEc l ~he brothe rhood. The da star ba ndi or fo rma l re cogni ti on of the he ir takes pl ac e on th at day.Cooke d food is distri but ed to fakirs on the IOi h, 20( h and 40 th days. Foor l '~ ;lst ribut ed to ho ly men at v:: rio us inten 'al" afte r thE neath. OC CCP ATl O:"S. Dflcup at ions. Of the whole po pulation 53'6 Fer ce! ~i. is c1e pend\ "nt on ag r iculture , ;;.nd ~ abt~ 17 r:l Par t 8. th e Stale has no impGr t~nt in du stri es beycn d th ese t! tat are c:-.r ried on in yilla ges to !neet th e or din ar y wants of all agricultura l po pu la tion , Ar..1CSD 1F.NTS. Amusement s are fe,,,. The life of th e .Tat is one co nt in uous rou nd cf ',vork and slee p. In th e villages mfnJsfs ,:re popu lar when ther e is time to li ste n to th em, and in the to\ \'llS danc in g gi rls and raoiois (prof es sion al sing - ers) pe rform to the accompanimen t of tamb our in e and guitar . Bo ys play at hid e and see k (l Ul l mac M.i), prisoner' s b~t5e (k audi o( idi ), tip ca t (gu ll i d.'1nda), cricke t (phi lld tori 0; gCl ldba//a )yand oth er games. Kit c- fJyin. < (fa tan !'. ' orbi) is popular with mcn and boys in the (o ,vns. Iil tlle ho~ ,\'eathcr men and hoy s are fond of sw im:n ing. IIawkin g is confi ned to the rich , as rawks arC' ('x pensive. \V resi li ng by prof ess ion als is common, espe ci· ally at fai rs, while Indian club s (lI Iu gdar or mu gdarid n) ar e often seen ill ti le vi llage s. Coc k and ram fig hting are re served fo r sp ecia l occa sions. Ch ess and care ls ar e co mmon in to \\n s, Strol li ng acrob at s (I1 tlt) and ju gO 'l ers (ma d(IF£ ) are ver y popul ar . b

FRiTS and ftsti · Fair s and fe sti va ls are very num erous, Fai rs are generally held in co n- val~ . . nexion with som e shrin e, but Hindus and Muh amm ada ns fr eq uent eac h other 's. Cattle fairs ar e held at Karaota and Dhars on twic e a year . Nea rl y 20 ,0 00 head of sto ck cha nge hand s ev ery yea r and pur chasers com e from th e United Provin ces as well as th e Punj ab. Th e Jhqkr i fest iv al, to pr ocur e lon g life for ch ildren, and karWf l for th e lo nb life of hu sband s, arc cel ebrated by women oDly . NAMES AND TIT LE S. .Tats of go od po sition use th e Sikh titl e of Sardar . The Tiwanas are Names and Tltlel>. called Ch audhri or MUn. Hindu RajpM s ar e called Chaudhd in Pati nla Prop er, Thakur in Mohindagarh. and Thakur or Mian i~ the hin s. Br ahm ans are add re ss ed as Pandit, Jot shl, Padhci, or Missal'; Khatrfs are ca ll ed Lala or Set h. Among th~ Muh amma dans the Rajputs are called Chaudhri or Kh ll n Siih ib, Sayyi ds, Mfr Sahib or Shih Sahip; Khokhafs 1 Cl laudhrf j and Ma rral s and Dog ars , Mal ik; Anifns ar e calkd Mehr. OHA PT ER 11 .- ECON 01\ 11C. -~~- Section A.-Agriculture. IT is impos sib le to giv e su ch detailed information on this subject as has been collec ted in Br itish Districts in th e Pu nj ab "l' he Patiala State covers no les s than 5,792 squ are miles of country, an d iTl' 'udes such widely dive rsi fied tracts as th e Him ala va n tahs il of Pinja .. •: on the one hand, and th e arid plai ns of the Na rn~ul niza mat on tht' other. No re gular settle ment of the St ate had be en attempt ed pr eviou s to that recently com men ced, an d none of th e information regar ding agr icultural condition~ •.. suc h as is collec ted in the cours e of a scient ific sett l" ment, has yet been tabUI at ~ and reco rded. The st7bje ct can th eref ore only be dealt w jth 111 the most general way. Th e Patiala loam may be su b-divided into hard, light and sandy. The firs t of th ese is termed dak ar , the second rous li and the third bhur. Hi gh lan d is call ed ~n~gar ~~0~ ~L £~~)and l~·. v land ~et or KM dar . Th era -nd round the -viI age sIte IS mat. In the hIlls the sods an ~ ban ga,- or changar, katzf.l and kat, the form er being unirr igated ane _ .. ; two latter irrigat ed land. First ~lass bangar is call ed lehri an d stony soil ra1 'a. In the pr esent settlement the terms wi ll be thos e in us e in the adjoining Br it ish Districts, and in future the returns will be kept according to the di rections of the Settle me nt Department by patwar/s. At pres ent these terms are no~ strictly adh ered to.

The Pawadh and Bangar tracts contain mu ch dakar, ~vhile rausli and Comparison of _bhur pr< :0.9_mLnatein tbe Jangal and Mohin darg arh . The "drika1' , bei:; g di ff erent soiis. hard , requires much ploughing anel good rain , while th e 1'auslf needs littl e plou ghing and readily retains moisture. Dak ar gets as much rain as it needs in the kharlf, but not enough in th e rab i. Rau sl i being cap able .of ret aini ng mo istur e is the pest soil for br irdni culti vation. It/ ZU1' is very poop land , but it requires little ploughing as the sub -soil retains whatev er mOI st ure it rece iv es . Somet imes it produ ce s a fine crop, but heavy rainfall . is pr ejudi cial to it ..

Th ere are few reliabl e statisti cs for th e rainf all throughout the State .! Gener al agr icul- The rainfall dec rease~ gradua lly in proportion to the distance from the tural conditio ns. Himalay as and also becom es more capricious. For tunately a very larg e portion of the country lying to the south- west of Patiala, and cons equently beyond the belt of good and sufficient ra infall, is irrigat ed by the Sirhind Canal . The Hissar Branch of the Weste rn Jumna Canal has also rendered se cure a large portion of the Nan"' ana tahS Il. In the Banur and Rlijpura tahsils a small inundation canaP from the Gh aggar serves a number of villages . The flood water of the Ghaggar gi ves r. )isture to considerable areas in the Banur, Ghanaur, Bhawanfgarh and ~_ nam tahs ils, and occasionally renders the raising of a rab! crop possib lt : in the outlying portion of the Bhatinda tahsil in the neighbour- hood of the village of Sardulgarh. But the Ghaggar seems to he growing more and mor e capricious and elusive every year. There are a few wells in the lahs ils of Patiala and Rajpura, and in parts of Dhurl and ~hawanlgarh. Sirhind and Pail are sufficient ly protected by weils, and

2 This canal used to irrigate some villages in Gh anaur tahstl also, and may do so again' ~s a ~:heme for its improyem~l1t and exto nsi on is unde r cons iderati on. 94 PATIALA STATE. l

CHAP. II. A. though they have no ca nal irrigati on, these two tahslls are perhaps the Economic. richest and most productive in the State. They have, however, been heavily assessed and the people are by no means wealthy. AGRICULTURB. There are no re I' la bl e statIstics ..re gar d' mg cultivation except for a few Geneoral agcicul- tahsl ls in which settlement operations have reached an advanced stage, tural conditions. and it is impossible to generalise for the whole State from these. The most rec en t figures, which are given for what they are worth, show tha t of a total area of 3,737 ,457 acres, 2,964,711 acres are cultivated and 467,604 more are fit for cultivation . There are cons iderable areas of grazing lands and ex tensive tracts of State property in the Pinjaur tahsil (comprising the hil l territory of the State), and on the banks of the Ghaggar, as well as in Chanarthal thana (Sahihgarh ta hs ll), not far from Patiala . There is a good deal of land which has not been broke n up for cultivation. In the hill tracts cultivation mainly depends upon small ~'~eams or Ruls, some of which, leading from permanent springs, irrigate all ~he year round. In the higher hills both autumn and spring crops are raised on baran£ lands. These generally receive all the rain they require. In the lower hills and in the Dun the ea rly cessation of the rains frequently re nders the ra isin g of a rabi crop on bara ",! 1- .•ids impossible. There are conside rable barant areas in the Banur and Riljpura tahsl ls, and owing to the dry and porous character of the soil and the comparatively ra pid slope of the country. which carries the water off into ravines and dr ai nages, the abs ence of rain in Sep tem be r means a failure of the rab! cr ops. In this area no t less than 30 inche s of rain are required in the year, of which, to prod uce a really bum per harvest, at least 5 or 6 inches should fa ll in January and Fe bruary. The more arid tracts lying to the so uth-west of Patial a are, as abov e explained, largely protected by canal irrigation. At th e same time a good and timely rainfall is of the ut most importance. In the Bha ti nda tah sil a rainfall of 15 or 16 inches in the rainy season, distributed evenly between the mon ths of July, August and September , and a couple of inche s of rain in January, or early in February, mean a bumpe r harvest over a very larg e area, and a great access of wealth to the people .In the Narwana tahs il, which co nstitute s the southern extremity of the Sta te, the soil requires mo re water than in Bhatinda . It will be seen therefore that owing to the qual ity of the soil more rain is required for baran£ crops in thos e tracts where the rainfall is heaviest and less where it is lightest. Thi s ro ughly spea king holds good throughout the State between the ext remes indica ted above. In the sub-Hima layan region 30 inches are not mo re effective than 15 in the southern and western extremities, and' in the inte rm ediate regi on the rainfall varies inversely with the distance fro m the Him al ayas. In the outlying Sardulgarh thana, attached to the Bhatinda tahsil, irrigation from the Sirhind Canal is impossible owing to the intervention of the Ghaggar. Further north the NaiH tract on either side of the Gh agga r is very insecure. A good harvest is occasionally raised on the sailab of the Ghaggar, but th e process which has led to the grad ual shrinkage of the Ghaggar for many years past seems to be still in operation. In the N ar naul niz6tmat a fai r kharlf crop can be raised with some 12 or 15 , inches of rai n well distributed through the autumn months . There are a ce rtain number of wells which are worked in the winter months, but the tab! ha rvest is, genera ll y speaking, inconsiderable, and in 'm

-~o r." Th e mons oo n ge nerally breaks tow ards the end of ASAr, and anoth er pro ve rb cele bra tes its coming- Sa wan he sakM ghar ghar hot tf.j; aya Economic. un ka S&w an k)'u kare ,Jis ~ha r bail na bij-" Silwan is haile d by eve ryone, but what goo d is it to a man 'who has neither bullock nor see d" ? AGR ICULTURB:. Agricultural In th e mon th of As auj the Tabf crops are sown. In the month of Katak calendar . the kh arif har vesl is cut, and cotton pickin g beg ins. Th e reaping of the rabf crop s comm ences fro m th e middle of Ch et an d ends in Baisakh . Sugar- ca ne is sow n in Phagan and the boil in g of the juice commences in Magh ar an d ends in Ma gh. Cot ton is sown befor e the kh arlf sowings : bart tu kyun rot, main 5awan melt kyun boz-" Cotton, why are you weepin g? Be- {;ause I was sown in Saw an." Pickings finish in Magar. The following prov erbs show the months in which rainfall is ad vantageo us or the rev erse :- 'Je mtnl!pia Dew al t ja isa phusi 1 jaisa huli-" With ra in at Dewalf, the good and bad cultivator are on equal terms.)' Barse Phag an nu j chuu gan-" The falling of the rain in Phligan incr eases th e grain four times. Bar se Chet ghar na khe t-" If in Chet , nor house nor fi el d remain." The following ca lendar shows the ordinary round of th e agricultural work of the year :- ~ -N=:th.am e of HI nd! ~:=~ 1\ :: -=5_ . _ Cane planting, irrigat ion for wheat. plough- ing of khar!f crops, and reaping of sar s01< and barley.

2 Bais~kh Reaping and threshing of rab! crops. Cotton is sown and cane is watered.

.3 ]cth Completion of thr eshing and storaO'e of I ab! crops , grain and fodd er, Cane ~ater. 'ing and cotton sow ing continue.

4 As~r Cotton sow ings finis hed ; sowing of Mj,~ commence d; co mmencement of rain and rab ! pl oug hing . '

S Sawan Khar ff sowing completed i ploughing for the rab! continued.

6 Bhadon Ploughing for the rab! crops i watering and ho eing of cotton and mai ze.

7 Asauj ••• \ September-October Ploughing for and sowing of rab! crops . 8 Katak ••• October.November Rab! sowi ng co mplet ed i harvesting of kharlf cor ps i pi cking of cotton .

9 Magh:l .r •••\ November -December Threshin g of kh.arrf cr ops j cotton picking and cane pressIng .

10 Poh Cotton picking compl eted i cane pressing and watering of rabr crops.

II Magh Watering of rabf crops ; pressing of cane completed i ploughing fo r cane and labf.

12 Ph ~! 'an "'1 Watering of rab! crops.

The a ea tbat a bullock can plough varies largely. Where the cattle are Area under poor and the men few, a plough covers. little gr~und . In the Pawadh a plough. pair of bullocks can cover 50 !lac heM. blghds and In the Jangal 70 or more. ~ Ph!hi (or phach'), lit, means : laggard. ~ 96 PATIALA STATE. ]

CH AP . II, A. Throu ghout th e State bulloc~s are gen :rally used for plou ghing, but in some par ts of the Jangal and In the Mohmdargarh Distri ct camel s are also Economic . used. Only one camel is yoked to the plough.

AGRIC ULTU RE. Irri ga ted lands are pl oughed after flooding. For whe at and maIze the Agric ultu ra l fiel ds ar e pl oug hed after 4 or 5 "va ter ings, and for cane after 6 or 7] but operatio ns: sug ar ca ne fi elds are ge ner ally ploughed with th e aid of the wint er rai ns. Pl ou ghin g. The unirrig ated lan ds are always pl oughed after the first ra in. After plou ghing the surfac e is levelled with th e sohaga, so that they may retain the moi stur e. For some crops t~e fields are only plou ghed onc e or twi ce. "With re ga rd to ploughing th ere IS a proverb: Sdwa n bdh t sa wani , BM don ki blla dwa r, Assu men Mht na baht bargi jan-" Plou ghing in the month of Saw an pr odu ce s an autumn crop, in Bhfldon bhadw 6r gr ass, and in Asauj plough or not, it's all th e same." Th ere .is ano ther pro ve rb showi ng th ~ numb er of pl oug hing s requir ed for ce rtam cro ps: Pac his bilti o

cotton earli er, why ha ve you come to pi ck cotto n, 0 bad 'wom an? J1 In th e Bet cane is hoed by th e kasola and kh urpa Ho ei ng is ve ry good for crops ; the grass and weeds are upro oted an d the earth round the pla nt is loos ened. Hoeing is co nf ined to irri ga ted lands] exc ept in th e hills, wher e th e land is hoed for all kharif crop s. In some places where su garcane is larg ely gr ow n, he dg es are put round the fields , th e branches being tied with tatt /uis (pr ess ed cane ) to make the fenc ing stro ng . This is done in th e Bet, in the Pa il and BaSI tahslls, an d is call ed bate wri li bar. In the Moh ind arga rh District th ese fen ce s ar e ge nerally built of mud and in some pla ces br anch es of tr ees are stu ck up' round the fi eld. Fenc es are generally made of kikar] ber i and ma lta, or any oth er avail able material . Reaping, stacking The reap er reaps in a sitt ing pos tur e, layi ng by the handfu ls he cu ts. and thres hi ng. The se he aft erwards binds into sheave s and sta cks (fan) in th e fi eld . The sheaves are then taken to the thre shing floor (kh alwira ), a pi ece of hard ground chosen for the purpos e.The plac e is sw ept clea n an d the crop is spread out th ere in a heap 2 or 3 fee t high; th e thr eshe r or ph ald is drawn round and round by two bul locks drive n by a man or a boy. By this process the straw is broken up fin e and the grai n is separat ed from the grain and husks. \Vinno wing foll ows and requir es a wind. The mixed straw and gr ain is tossed in the ai r wi th a ta71/[l i an d thu s the grain is separated from the straw .Afterwards it is pot in the winnowing sieve (cltl zaj) and allowed to fall gr adually from above , the wind blowing away the remaining straw from the grain . Every kin

contains the fo ll owing parts: beam (/z alas), share (p hald ), coulter (c/ zao), CHAP. II. A. block (munna) and handle (hatha z"l). The beam is fi xed to the panjal i E (a ki nd of yoke) which passes over the heads of the bu ll ocks. A bamboo conomlo. stick with a big iro n nail at the end of it called pran i or paz"ni is used to AGRICuLTuRe. goad the bul!ocks . Par is 31ho!lo>" tube of b~mboo, with a leath.er mout.h Agrirultural through which the seed IS dnlled. In Mohmd argarh and the hills seed IS implementund sown broadcast (el/ Mtta or baklzer) . Maize and wheat are sown broadcast appliances. everywhere. Solt/i ga (roller) is a broad beam of wood to which the cattle are yoked. A man stands on it and drives them. It is used to preserve - moisture as well as for crushing clods. A so/ zag a with wooden teeth is calle d gahan. Jandra is a rake without teeth, used for parcelling land into har tis . A kara or iron rake worked by bullocks is used for levelling ver y hard soils. The kahi or mattock is generall y used in making irrigation channels. The rumba or k/zurpa is a trow el wit l! crooked handle and is used for hoeing (gudtii). In the Bangar and i\Io hindargarh tracts it is done by a kasola. The blade of a kasola is l'l, -ethat of a khurpa, only somewhat broader, but the handle is a long one d bamboo, and the labourer works it standing. DaI ri (sickle) or dd~ ·/t i as it is calfed In the hills is used for reaping crops. Phala or jeU is used for thres hing and tangli for winnowing. TangU is also used ;or collectin ~ fodder. Satanga (a . pitchfork) or uc/za£n is used for mak in g hedge: " 6andasa or gandasi (chopper) is used for chopping fodder and ganddla for making holes for hedging. The cotton is ginned by belun la hand cotton press). The sugarcane mill is known as kulhrirf, belna or c1zarkht ,. and dal is a word for a basket used to lift water from below. It is worked by two men. Small carts are used to carry th e harvest from the fields and for manure. In the Simla bills the dac/z i. used for cutting wood, the jltan for breaking stones, the jhabal or mend for turning stones. The adu, an Iiron nail, is used in breaking Istone. The ramba or khz"btt is used for !breaking clods. The yoke (panjali) is called c1tawayan in the hills. IThe agricultural impltments in the Mohindargarh nizamat merit special !mention as the names, and sometimes the implements themselves, differ Ifrom those in use in the main portion of the State. The sohaga or Ileveller is called meclt, and the jandra or toothles s rake used for parcelling lihe fi eld into MarlS is replaced by the dantall, a r;-,k ewith nine or ten teeth .Ian d a handle of ber or bamboo wood. A li st of the more common agricultural implements in the Ph6lkifin States is given below for reference :- fAdz;, an iron-nail used for breaking stone (Simla hills ). Bangyi, a trowel (in the Bet), like the ramba or Hurpa. Bel, the coll ection of three pans for boiling sugarc ane juice . \ \ Belna, a hand cotton-press. The sugarcane mill is known as I ktdJzari, belna or clzar kM,' and bel is the collection of three pans .. . 'I for boiling juice. 1'< • i Clzao, the coulter of a plough. ! CharM!, a sugarcane mill. I Clzawayan, hill name for palljali (r;. v. ) i D:Ch, a hatchet use.d fo~ ~utting wood (Simla hills).

IDal, a basket used III raisIng water, worked by two me n. 'Datt/aU, a wooden rake with 9 or 10 teeth and a. handle 0$ fJep or Lbamboo wood (Mohindargarh ).. Datri or dat i, a sickle used for reaping crops: called dachi in the hi ll s. rahan, a sohaga (q. v.) with wooden te eth. AGRICULTUR I. ":an dt1 la, for mak ing holes for hedgi ng. Agricultural Ganddst, a chopper. implements and appliances. Gunda sa, a chopper used for ch opping fodder,-cf gandasi. fTflas, the beam of a plough. tlathail , the handle of a plough. 'f.and 1' a, a rake without teeth. Mao alor mend fo r tur ning stone (Simla hills). (han, for break ing sLones. (ahZ, a mattock, generally used in making irrigation channels.

Kara, an iron rake worked by bullo cks for level ling very ha .! soil . Ka so ta, a lrowe1,-~ :f ramba. f{hz'lTti, an implemcnt for breaking clods,-if pamoa (Simla hills). Khw'pa, a trowel,-~f ramba. Kohari , or common axe for cutting wood . Kulhari, a sugarcane mill, -cf charkM. lIfeclz, a levell er (i \Ioh indargarh ),- cf solufga. lVItmn a, the block of a pl ough. Paint, a goad for driving bullo cks, -i f prani . Plu Ua , a ploug hshare. Jha la, use d for threshing,-if jeti.

,001', a tube of bamboo hollow ed for ploughing. \ Pranz, a goa d for driving bu llocks,-cf pain;. . Panjd U, yoke of a plough. Ramoa, a trowel with crooked handle, used for hoeing, gud a£ (Bangar and Mohindargarh),-if kasota and Murpa. Ramba, used for breaki ng clo ds, -cf kldln £ (Simla hills ). Salanga, a pitchf or k, used for making hedges, -c f uch ain. Sohaga, a w/) od en beam used as a roller. Tangli, for vvinnowing, also used for co llecting fodder. -!: ,chain, a pi tchfork, used for making hedges,-cf salanga. Rotation of The dofasli dosala systt> m obtains OIl unirrigated lands, that is to say. a crops. rahi crop wi ll be sown in land which ha s just borne a kharif crop, and whe n the rabi has be en harvestpd, th e land will lie fallow for a year, and th en bear its two successive crops as before. The same system is carried out on inferior irrigated land, but aood irrigated land bears two crops every year (dofasli /zars6.1a). Sugarc~ne and cotton exhaust the soil and are not planted in the same land in two successive years. The subject of crop rotations however is not really understood, and there is none of the intricate sequence and alternation which obtains-for example-in a rice-growing co untry . The mos t frequen t crop admixtures are wheat and gram, and barley a?d gram. These are grown together partly with a view to increas ,ing the :yIeld, and partly because one or other crop is likely to succeed even If there IS too much rain for gram or too little for wheat or barley. Barley of course requires less rai n than wheat, and in the extreme slmth·west wheat ii rarely seen even on canal-irrigat ed lands. 99 t PA RT A.

In the Bangar tr~ct, which corresponds to the Nar wana tahs il , CHAP. II, A. the people are sin gula rl y careless about manure, and lar ge supplies accu- Economic • . mulate in and aroun d the village site . Elsewhere the av ai lable supply is made full use of, tho ugh in the plains it is used largel y as fuel, and the fields AGRICULTURE. only get what is le ft. Manure.

No ne w :i gricultural implements ha ve fou nd their way into th e Implements, . 1f T model farms State, nor are t here any mo deI farms or expe nm ent a ruit gard ens . her e and fruit cultar'; is a small amount of fruit cul ture in the Himalay as .

Acco rdi ng to the last Censu s (IgOI) 429,73 1 males and 896 females Numbero£ hav e a dir ect interest-p er mane nt or temporary- in lan d and its cultivatio n. agriculturists. Besides these, there are 551A06 persons depend en t upon the ir labour .

Well lands generally, and sometim es ur,ir ri gat ed lands, are cul- tivated by agricultural partnerships or lunas, ii the owner is poor or cann ot cultivate his land single -handed for lac k of oxen or some other caus e. These partnerships ar e of di ffer ent kiu ds. Thus th e jt ka str t is the man who contributes his persona l lab our only, and the ek hat ka strt one who contributes a whol e ploug h. In the Ba ngar lt1 na s are common on un irrigated lands, and the as sociated partner re ceive s a share of the produce based on the natur e of his contribution to the partnership . Thus if the partn er cul tivates single-handed with the owner's bullocks , he receives half. If two or more men help the owner and provide the seed , each payi ng his quota of the revenue according to his sh are of the batlH, th e owner find ing the bullocks,· they receive trd. If the pa rt nep r'mer ely assis ts in ploughing, he receives tth. If th e partner be a ~'oma n or boy who merely watches the crop, grazes and waters the cattle, or renders suc h lighter servic e, his or her share is from -kthto Hh of the gross produc e . • Large landowners employ one 'or two perman en t kamas or farm servants. Thes e get a fix ed wage in cash and kind- one rupee a month, some clothes, and a fixed shar e of th e pro duc e, varying with the crop. The si ri or sharer is a grade above the kama . These two classes returned thems elve s as farm ser vants in the Census. Field labourers (masdur santati) ar e employed by mo~t, jf not all, cultivators at 3eed time and harvest . Land less Ja ts, N ungars. Chuhn is and Chamars are thus employed. In the Census they returned themse lve s according to their caste and not as farm labour ers and henc e the smal l nu mb er of labourers shown in the Census Report, working 01~t at an aver age of thr ee to each village . Nabha has an average -:- o und -;;r three, and Lu dh iana of less than five. There are 1,100 villages in Pinjaur tahs il, ,, -here no farm labourers are found. If these are deducted, the average for the Sta te will be five to a village. In the hills much of the field labour is don e by the wom en. Th roughout the State women are larg ely employed in cot ton-picking .

In lhe hill tracts potato es, ginger, turmeric and rice are the most Crops . valuable crop s, but a good deal of Ind ian corn is raised for food. Tabl~ 19 fI/ In PAil and Sirhind a fair amount of sug arcane is cultivated, as also in Part B. parts of P,,-tiAla, DhUri and Bhawanigarh. Cotton is grown in all but the sandit '-r tracts, such as the Barnala , Bhlkhi and Bhatinda tahslls, and forms the Haple produce in Narwana . A certain amoun t of rice is culti- vated in Rij pura, Banur, the Sutl ej Bet and in Pinjaur tahSIl . In Narnaul the main (rop is btJ.jra . Wheat is th e principal rabi crop in th e north- western hllf of the State ; and barley and gram, or mixtures of the two, are 100 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAt'. 11,A. the most important raM crops in the south and west. In years of good rainfall there is always a considerable amount of sarson export ed from the Economic. south and west.

Cotton is generally sown in irrigated lands in the B3ngar and Jangal tr acts. In the Pawadh it is also sown in unirrigated lands. It. is sown in the dtIkar or rausU soils, tIle land being generally ploughed thr ~e or four times~ commencing in Magh, and the seed sown during Baisakh and Asar. Whether it be sown on well or canal lands irrigation is necessar y before sowing, unless there has been sufficient rain. The crop require s watering and on well lands it is watered every 10 or 15 days unless rain falls. It is sown broadcast, 5 sers kachcha of seed to a kachcha bz'gha, and 4 or 5 hoeings are given. The picking commences in Katak and ends in Maghar. This work is generally done by women and the cotton is separat- ed from the se<:dby the belnll (hand gin). Some seed (borewen) is kept for sdwing and the remainder given to the cattle. It is a favourite food for ?1ilch-cows and buffaloes in the cold season. Only ordinary country cotton IS sown every year. Sugarcane is generally sown on well lands, but in the Bet it is sown in saz'tab and also on barani lands. It is sown near wells, as during the hottest months it requires more frequent watering than any other crop. Chan or dholze are the kinds of cane generally sown. The land is ploughed 8 or 9 times or even 20 times, commencing in Maghar. All the manure avail- able is spread on the fields and ploughed in. The planting is done from the beginning of Chet to the middle of Baisakh. The seed consists of pori hav- ing ankh (cuttings with eyes) cut from the last year's crops and kept in a pit for the purpose. In planting one man drives the plough and the other follows him laying down the joints in the furrows at intervals of 6 or 7 inches. After this the whole field is rolled with the soMga. About 4 or 5 canes spring from the eyes (rinH) of the cuttings. The field is watered every seventh or eighth day, and hoed generally after everj other watering The hoeing (anhi gudd£) is done with a kasoli and a straight khurpi. The cane grows to a height of 8 or 10 feet . The juice is extracted during the months of Magar, Poh and Magh. All the cultivators have shares in a cane-mill. The canes are cut at any time of the day, and tied in bundles, after stripping each cane and removing the flag (gaula). Afterwards the canes are carted to t'le belna or cane-mill. The mills used are of two kinds, one of iron, the other of wood, the former requiring fewer men than the latter, but as the cane has to be passed through it in small pieces it is rendered useless for al\Y purpose. The pressing is done by two horizontal rollers, and when the bullocks move round, the juice (ras) runs into a jc>.r,whence it is taken to a boiling shed and boiled in pans. In some parts two pans are used, and in others three, the three pans being called a bel. In the Bet only one pan is used. For boiling and turning the juice into blzel£ (lumps) of gur or slzakar they generally employ Jhinwars, a sweeper only being engaged to keep up the supply of fuel . In the Bet the produce when boiled assumes the form of rab mixed with some liquid. Bels and iron mills are hired, the rate of hire for a mill varying from Rs. 28 to Rs. 32, and for a bel from Rs . 5 to Rs. 8. The wooden mills are made or repaired at the joint expense. Ponda sugarcane is grown in the villages near some of the towns in the State, and is general!ysown by Arains. It requires a great deal of manure and constant attentIOn, but on the other hand it fetches a high price . .Wheat is sown in irrigated and sometimes in unirrigated plots. It is ~eneral1y Sl;"vn s"nU'~ (t.t., once a year) and sometimes in land which has 101 r PARr A. borne a maize crop. 'the land is ploughed at least 4 or 5 tim es, commenc- ing in Bhadon, and the seed is sown in Katak, 5 sers of se ed going to a kac hcha bigha. It is watered 4 or 5 times on irrigate d lands, and hoed 2 or 3 times. It is reaped up to the middle of Baisak h. There is a proverb, kan H kU1t jin mehna ie rahen baisa kh -" It is a great stigma for wheat to re main unreaped and for the cran es (kul ans ) to remain in the plains afte r Baisi kh" (the cr anes generally migrate to the hill s before Baisakh). There are sever al varieties of whe at sow· . in the State. The tal or bear ded red is grown everywhere. The sufed (white) or dudi is general ly us ed for flour (ma ida). Kank zt has a thi cker and harder grai ~¥ Kunj whea t is also sown in some parts . The bearded red wheat being cheaper is co nsumed by the mass of the people, the kanku and sufed being used by the richer classes. The grain · is eaten or sold and the surplus straw also sold .In the hills it is sown after the middl e of Asauj and garner- ed from Jeth to the middle of Asar. Maize is generally sown in irrigated land s, but in some villages of the Pa wad h and in the Bet it is also sown in un:,r igated lands. If th e rains are good it does not require much labour , fe w waterings suffice, and it ripens very soon . The sanwi cr op gives a goo d return. After 4 or 5 ploughings the seed is sown during the first half of Sawan. In the hills it is sown in Jeth. It requires 2 or 3 ho eings and 3 or 4 waterings, provided there has been good rain . The crop generally takes 2! months to ripen and is reaped in Katak. There are generally from 2 to 4 cobs (chhallis) to a stalk. In the hills it is gathered from the middle of Bhlidon to the middle of Asauj . The zam[ndars generally live on maize for the greater part of the year and the bullocks subsist on its straw. The hillmen prepare saUu for a whole year at a time and eat one meal of it every day. The seed generally sown in the State is yellow in colour. In the Mohindargarh nizamat and the Bangar tahsil maize is only grown in small quantities .

.The cultivation of barley (iau) is like that of wheat, but it is sown Barley . later and ripens earlier. It is reaped in the mo nth of Chet .

Gram is sown after one or two ploughings in rausli and ddkar soil Gram. after the middle of Asauj. The seed required for a kachchd bigha is 4 sers. It is not irrigated from wells, nor is it hoed. It is reaped from the middle of Chet. The outturn is 7 to 10 kachch(t mans a kachcha bigha. The crop entirely depends on the rains in Sawan . In most places mixed gram and barley, or wheat and gram, are sown. This combination is called berra . Rape-seed (sarson) is ~eneralJy sown in additio? to or mixed with gram, berra or wheat, and IS reaped first. Sarson IS also sometimes cultivated in irrigated plots as a separate crop. It is used for oil . Rai dnd tdrrf.mfra ar e also sown mixed with gram or on the ridges (adan) .

Btljra is the. most important ~harif crop. in all the m.o~e sandy parts BJjf'l7. c the - State and is largely grown III the Mohll1dargarh ntzamat, where it is also sown in irrigated lands. It is sown as soon as the rain falls in Asar about two sers going to a bt'gha. In the . Mohindargarh niza mat it require~ 4 or 5 ploughings as well as a hoeing in Sawan, but in other parts of the State it requires only one or two ploughings and is pot hoed at all. It is reaped in Katak, with the stalk in Mohindargarh and without it in the rest of the State. It yields 7 mans a bt'gha in Mohindargarh. In the Mohindargarh nisamat joar is the main kharif crop and is J04,. sown in irrigated as well as in unirrigated lands, but in other parts it is generally sown on oarani lands and used for fodder. It is sown IO~ PA1'IALA STATE. ]

CHAP. II. A. in Asar after 5 or 6 ploughings, about 2l se1'S of seed going to the l Eoonomlc. bt"gha. For fodder 4 sers per kachcM bigha are sown. It is hoed as well as loosened by ploughing. It is reaped in Maghar. The average yield per AGRICULTURR. bigha amounts to 5 mans. The fodder yield per bigha is IS mans kachcha. 1oa r. The kharif pulses are moth, mung, mash and guara. These are sown KhanE pulses . alone (narohe) as well as mixed with jodr. Bajra and mung are also grown mixed with mash. Moth, chawala, mung and gua1 'a are generally sown in the rauslt and bhur soils, but mash is sown in dakar or rauslt and sometimes on wells, These pulses are sown in Sawan and reaped in Kata k. In the hills masar is grown as well as in Kh cidar plots in the sprin CT• Til is sown in moth, mung or jour crops, but it is generally sown r~und a cotton crop. Guara is sown alone in the Jangal . An occasional field of alsf (linseed), halon and met/la is to be seen everywhere . Rice. Common rice is grown everywhere and the best rice in the hills. Sattht and dM.n are sown and zid is planted. It requires a low land full of water (dabrf and in the hills kiart). The soil is ploughed 4 or 5 times, commencing in Poh. At the time of sowing the land is ploughed with a plough which has a wooden share, and is levelled 3 or 4 times with the gahan. When the 'water becomes clean it is sown from Baisakh to Sawan, about 4 sers going to a bigha. It is ho ed once or twice, but zid requires more hoeings. It is reaped in -IGlak and yields from It to 3· mans a kachella btgha. Z£1'£ is planted in Sawan and reaped in Katak. Z£d yields 5 mans " a kac!zcM blg/la. In the hills begam, zid and jhinjhan are sown in kiarls from the middle of Asar to the middle of Sawan and cut in Katak. Rice is not sown in the pm'ganas of Jabrot and Kaimlf . Other crops. There are no other crops which call for detailed mention. San is pro- duced for agricultural purposes and sown in Asar . It is cut in the beginning of Katak and steeped in a village pond for 5 days , after which it is taken out and dried and the fibre separated from the stick. San andsa1lkukrCf are generally sown round cotton and cane crops. Indigo is grown in the Bhawani- garh, Patiala, Narwana, Sirhind and Pail tahsils, the green crop being steeped in water and the dye made into balls after the usual native method. The poppy is grown irr some villages of the Sirhind, Banur and rail tahslls, and to some extent in the hills for post only. Kangni and china are usually grown on a small scale, but in bad years or when the price of grain is high they are more freely sown. Tobacco is grown on well lands. Chillies are planted in . Arai'n villages and are largely grown in the Sirhind, atiala and Ghanaur tahsils. The yellow and red kinds are generally sown. The seedlings are planted in Asar, and picking · continues from Katak to Poh . The yellow coloured m£rch is largely exported and th e red consumed locally. Garlic and onions are also grown. Saunf, coriander and ajwa£n are also grown by the Aniins. Fine water-melons are produced in the Jangal tract. In towns and in villages near towns, vegetables of J.1I sorts, kharbuzas and sweet potatoes (shakar.qandis) are grown on well lands, Potatoes and arbtll are grown in the hills and the latter also In the plains, both to a smaller extent . Sangharas (water-nuts) are sown in ponds. In the Mohindargarh r.isama! pala, a thorny-bush, grows spontaneously on b,inllli lands, the average produce being from one to two mans a bz·gha. It is an excellent fodder for cattle and fetches a good price . In the Jangal traetchara (trefoil) is sown in Asauj for fodder only. Cattle are grazed on it during the months of Magh , Phagan and Chet . Hill crops. MalJdwa or koda is sown in Baisakh after one ploughing in Bangar soil and is cut in Katak. In the hills , and indeed every- -where, poor people make ~hapdtis of it . Bathu is sown like mandwa. 1°3 [ PART A.

KultM is sown mixed with wheat . Ginger, turmeric and kacJullu are sown on ku/s in the month of Jeth in all parganas except that of Harlpur. They require water every 5 or 6 days if rain does not fall. They are read y for digging in Maghar. Oghla is sown in Jabrot in Bangar Sui l in the month of Asar . It is hoed twice ~nd reaped in the mi ddl e of Katak. The hillmen make chapt1tls of oghla flour. It is also ea ten on fast days by Hindus in the plains and called pha/war. The prospects of extension of cultivation are not encouraging. Ext~!DsioD of The apparent waste of agricultural resources is due to the marked cultivation. inferiority of the soil and in the case of the Naili tract on the Ghaggar to the want of a steady and reliable rainfall . Th e Sta te is already well served by · railways, and there is little scope for th e development of irrigatioll. Agricultural calamities may be grouped under th ree heads: (1) scar- Calamities of city of ra in which causes famine i (2) occasion al pests; (3) animals season. and insects which destroy the crops. (1) A hist c~ y of the famines is given in Section H below. (2) Agas! or agrt th or jhola is a northerly wind which blows for a day or so .thout the 22nd of Bhadon and . breaks maize stalks, cane and cotton. Frost (pala) injures sarson, cane and cation very l

The cultivators have various devices to protect thei r crops from Za1'1{1IddI'S des truction. They erect platforms resting on tr ee s (manh a) on arrangements to tw o-forked sticks gtruck in the ground and there they sit watching their ~:l~~~ttheir fie' ,~ 3, shouting and shooting mud pellets from their gopf -as (slings). Tl, .y also make scarecrOW8 (darna) to frighten the animals and they light fir ~" along their fields to keep away the pigs. Rdkhas (watchmen) are also kept. No accurate figures are available showing the number of live-stock in Live.stock. the State. Everyone tries to conceal his cattle in order to make out his con- dition to be worse than it is. As there is not much public grazing land cattle are not generally bred by the samlndars. In some villages big land- owners have taken to cattle-breeding and in the Jangal tract fair stock is raised. The Bangar tract is suitable for cattle-breeding, but on account of the scarcity of grazing lands tIle people of the Bangar are growing poor. Though the people 0.£ the Jangal and Bangar use home-bre? cattle for ag!i. cultural purposes, stl111arge purchases are made from outSIde. The MohlO. j0 -1-

PATIALA STATE. J

dargarh District is noted for bullocks and goats; bulls for breeding are imported. There are two big cattle fairs where 20,000 bullocks are sold Economic. every year. Draught and plough cattle are generally purchased from local AGRICULTURK. dealers or the nearest markets. The draught and plough bullocks cost Live.stock. from Rs. 30 to Rs. 80 each. In the ]angal and the Mohindargarh District they generally cost from Rs. 50 to Rs. 80 and even Rs. 100. Camels are generally kept in the ]angal and the Mohindargarh District. They are used for draught, ploughing and riding. Plough camels cost about Rs. 60 each. Milch cows are generally kept by Dogars and Gujars. In villages and cities buffaloes and cows are kept for their milk. The cultivators make the milk into ghi before selling it. The Bangar wa~ formerly noted for its cattle, but the supply from the Bangar is decreasing . The best cows cost from Rs. 40 to Rs. 60, and buffaloes from Rs. 80 to Rs. 100: ordinary cows only cost from Rs. IS to Rs. 25, and buffaloes from Rs. 50 to Rs. 60. The goats and sheep are kept in almost eve ry village for milk and wool respectively. Donkeys and mules are kept by potters and brick-makers. Pigs are kept in many villages by sweepers and Dha -naks. Fowls are also kept by sweepers. In the time of the Mughal emperors the ]angal produced fine horses and was famous for them, but now-a-days horse-breeding does not exist except in the Moti Bagh Stud at Patiala. The prevalent diseases among the cattle are (I) wabd or marz, an epidemic disease, which spreads among cattle. The majority of those affected die the day after the appearance of the symptoms. (2) Galgotu is a swell- ing in the throat, very fatal in its effects. The animal gives up taking food. Morkha1', rora or chapla is the foot and mouth disease. It is an infectious disease, and though not fatal, it makes the cattle useless for a long time. For this disease the people bind kikar kd kas on the feet of the animal and make him eat a loaf of mash flour plastered with oil . Paralysis (ogu), diarr- hrea (mok), choking (patta Zagno.) are other common diseases. (3) N£kala is a kind of boil which sometimes causes death. Gur, wine, the bark of the J:fkar tree and pepper juice are given. Almost all Hindu and a good many Muhammadan zaminddrs avoid pur- chasing cattle if they are (1) black, (2) sat da1zta (having 7 teeth), (3) dMI talwar or luink pukdr (having one horn upside down), (4) dhaul jiM (white tongued), and (6) ell mandla (wall-eyed). There is a breeding stud in Patiala belonging to the State. In 1903 the stock consisted of 5 horses, I pony, 3 donkeys and 25 mares. At the begin- ning of the year the young stock consisted of 23 fillies, 23 colts and 22 mules; during the year 19 foals were dropped. The stock disposed of during the year included II horses sold at a total of Rs. 2,985, and 16 mules sold for RS.4,7 60 . One hundred and twenty-t 'wo mares from the Districts were covered during the year, and covering fees realised Rs. 218. The actual cost of the stud for all charges amounted to something under Rs. 22,000.

Irrigation is effected by canals and wells, both kaclzcha and paHa. Masonry wells are worked with a bucket or Persian wheel, ]ats using generally the bucket and ArB-fns the Persian wheel, while some Kambohs and Sainis of the Banur tahsil use the dMngli.

Irrigation by wells is carried on in the Paw~dh and the parts of the ]angal tract adjoining it. In the ]angal, where the water is far below the surface, irrigation by wells is impossible. In the Mohindargarh nizamat wells are also used, though not on a large scale. The water of the Pawadh and Jangal wells is generally sweet and useful for cultivation. In Mohindargarh some of the well. are sweet, but others are brackish and 1°5 [ PA RT A.

only us eful after rain . Wells are usual ly from 15 to 40 haths dee p; those CHAP. II, A~ of th e Jangal being some times 130 hdt/ zs dee p. They generall y ha ve one or two b£dhas or ko h£r s, but there are som e wi th 3 or 4 bid/za s. The cost of Economic. construction var ies acc ording to th e depth and siz e of a well . It may be AGRICULTtlRB. estimated at from R". 250 to Rs . 800 . In most villa ges bu ckets (charsa) Irrigation. are used for ra is in g water. Th ese ar e work ed by 4 me n and 2 pairs of bullocks. The buck et is fast ened to on e end of a rope an d the other end of the rope is att ached to th e yoke of th e bullocks . Th e rope (Us) works ove r a wood en wheel or pull ey (bha uni), rai se d a litt le above the well on a forked stick ; when the buck et ris es to the top, it is emp tied into a reser- voi r (kh el) by a man standing the re for th e pur pose , re peating Bagge life jo rt waNtZ sohni a Mat Ura, belt tera Ram au r Rab b hai -" 0, beloved brave brother, with a pair of blu e·white oxen, God is th y protector!" and othe r similar chants to warn the driv er aga i'1 st the risk of loos- ing th e ro pe from the yoke too soon. Th ey can wor k for 3 or 4 hours at a stretch. The chars a cost s nearly Rs. 30. It is very difficult to jud ge how mu ch area can be ir riga te d by a well. It depends on the dep th and capacity of the well and on th e su pply of water. The ZIlmtnd ti rs say th at a singl e bu cket well can irrigate 4 or 5 bz'ghtls (kachcha) in One day. In the villa ges wh ere sug arc ane is largely grown and Persian wheels. AraJ'ns are cultivators th ere th e Persian whee l (ra hat ) is ge nerally used. Each requires 2 or 3 men and a pai r of bulloc ks . A Pers ian wheel will irr igate a smaller ar ea than a bu cket well, but it is not so troublesome . The wheel costs about Rs . 25. The opening of the Sirhind Canal has gr eatly mitigated th e effects of Canal irrigation~ droughts in the Jan gaI . The ar ea irrigat ed by th is canal naturally varies with the rainfall. The Western Jurrma Canal irrigates 100 villages of the Narwana tahSIl . ~ detail ed account of canal irrigation in th e State is given below.

CANAL S.

The idea of irrigating Patiala terr ito ry from the Sutlej river Canals : originated with ~ahiir

PAT/ALA STATE, ]

CHAP. II, A. Each State contributed the cost of the construction of its own distributaries, and other charges were distributed amongst the States as Economic. under:-

Per cent. Patiala 83'6 Nabha 8'8 Jlnd 7'6

Total 100'0 These proportions are still adhered to. The total cost to the Patiala State up to the end of Jg01 was Rs. J,14,61,277. The water is shared between the British and Native States Branches in the proportions of 64 per cent. and 36 per cent., the 36 per cent. received in the First Feeder at Manpur, in Patiala ' territory, being divided betwe en the three States in the same proportion as given above, vzz. -- Per cent . Patiala 83'6 Niibha 8·8 Jind ]"6

The canal was originally designed as a navigable waterwax. The main line of the Native States Branches from Manpur to Patiala is at pre sen t navigable. The Choa Branch from Rauni Regulator (6 miles 1,430 feet above Patiala) was to have been made navigable a,nd continued on to meet the Western Jumna Canal . Fortunately the locks and extension were never constructed. Irrigation began on the Patiala Distributaries in the rabl crop of 1884-85. Th e Native States Branches take off at mile 39 of the Main Line , on which there is no irrigation. The feeder lines are in length approximately- Miles. I Feeder 18 II Feeder 14 III Feeder 9 the total length being 39 miles 4,514 feet . From the first feeder the Lisara RajbalH\ takes off, and at Bharthal a, the end of the first feeder, th e Kotla Branch takes off. Thi s is 98 mile s 188 feet in length, and ends in a reservoir at Desu. There is a Britisp Rajbahi (Dabwiill) at the tail entitled to the escape v;ater . The Patiala Distributaries on this branch are the Mahorana, Sh eron, Barnala, Longowal, Jagli Kotdunna, Bhlkhi, Bhainf, Ghuma n, Talwandi, Jodhpur, Bangl, RAgho- wali and Pakka. At the beginning of th e second feeder th e Rajbihci Bhagwanpura takes off and at the end, at Rohtl) the Ghaggar Branc1l, 107 [ PA RT A.

On the Ghagg ar Branch th e Patiala State Rajb3 .has ar e the Bhawani- CHAP, II, A. garh , Newada, NiJampur, Ladbanjara , Kharial, Sunam , Kotr a, Diiilpura, Ark bas and Boha . Th is branch tails into the Ghag gar Nal a. At Raunl, Economic. the end of the third feeder, th e Ch oa Branc h and Patia la Navigation AGRICULTURE. Channel bifurc ate. On the Cho a. Br anch the wor king rajbah8s of the Sirbind CaDS!. Patiala State are the Sam ana and th e Karam garh. This branch tails into the Gha ggar Nala. Th e Nav igation Chann el has one rajb3 .h3 . taking off, known as the Baradari Rajb iha . It principa lly irrigates gardens around Patiala. Th e total length of the Patiala Distr ibutaries as constructed is (in 5,000 feet mi le s)- Major. M£nor. Tot al.

A large drainage line, known as the Sirhind Nab , is syphoned under the first feeder through 9 arches of 25 feet 5j)an. The present maximum discharge of the first fee der is 3,000 cuse cs, about 60 per cent. mor e than originally design ed. A fe ature of the Sirhind Canal is the large extent of the distr ibutary channe ls, the idea being to bring the water within the bounda ries of each v.ill age in a Government channel . Under this system hardly any villa ge water-courses pass through the lands of another village. Th e sy ste m greatly increases the canal officer's powers of control ov er the distribution. The minors were originally designed to run in gro ups, half at a time. For this reason double the number of pipes for a given area was allowed. This has lately been altered on the Patiala Distributaries. The discharging capacities of the rlljb8.hiis have been increased so as to allow the minors to run all tog ether, and when there is not sufficient water in the branches to supply all the rajbahBs at once, the rajbahas are run in , groups. The fixing of permanent outlets has now been begun. When they are all fixed , the irrigated ar ea shou ld become more regular though the predominating cause of flu ct uati on s of are a is, of course: th e rainfall, both as regards quantity an d time of year. As noted by Mr. Higham, in the completion report of the Sirhind Canal, there is never lik ely to be the con stant and inten se demand on the Patiala Branches that has arisen below the 50th mile of the British Branches, except on the ta il rlijbaMs of the Kotla Bra nch. A line drawn from the 50th mile of the Abohar Branch to th e tail of th e Ghaggar Branch just divides the Sirhind Cana l into the two se ction s of fa ir and int ense demand, owing to the nature of the country. Nearly all the enormo us increase of irrigation on the Br itish Bran ches ha s taken place below thi s line. The maintenance of the minors ha s up to now bee n in the hands of the :amin - Jar s. This it was ho pe d would lea d to economy , but the zam zndars hope- less ly neglect th e channels, and th ey hav e now been taken over by th e Stat e Canal Officers and sho uld in futur e be far more effic ie nt, as regards carry ing capa city. An increase of irri gat ion, from th is cau se , may be hoped for. Th ere is very little lift irrigat ion don e. The _average :amindars prefers trustin g to luck for su ff icient rainfal l to lifting water. The zam zndars are good cultivators, but quit e incapabl e of arr anging matters to the best advan tage as to the distribut ion from th eir out lets amo ngst them- selves. A man wil l take water when he can get it and put it in his field, though the crop may not want the water , and be damaged , rath er than le t another cultivator have it. The great hope fo r the Pati ala Dist ri butaries is a steady increas e in high cla ss kharrf cr ops , such as ma ize, sugarcan e an d cotton, and a st eady increas e of kharif irrigat ion . The supp ly is at t08 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. II, A. times so low in the rabi season that the rajbahas barely get a ten-day turn per month. In consequence, when the season's rains are also Economic. unfavourable, a crop sown with a constant supply during sowing time AGRICULTURE. cannot be brought to maturity and a large amount ' is ruined. A Sirhind Canal. statement showing progress made in the increase of revenue is appended (A), another showing cost and income (B), and a copy of a report on the possible extension of irrigation to at present unirrigated tracts with a list of the bridges on the navigable portion of the canal (C). The State also receives irrigation from the British channels in the Bhatinda, Ludhiana and Ferozepore Divisions. A statement (D) shows the British Rajbahas and the villages irrigated by them.

The Ban6r There is one inundation canal in the Patiala State. This was con- Inundation structed in the time of Maharaja Karm Singh, and much improved in the Canal. year 1915 in the time of Maharaja Mohindar Singh. It takes off from the right bank of the Ghaggar river about 5 or 6 miles above the old town of Banur, from which it takes its name. It used at times of heavy flood to run (some 25 miles, as the crow flies) as far as Bahadurgarh Fort. But for some years it has not run below the 12th mile. In all probability its alignment might be improved. There is only one channel, and village khdnds or water-courses take off from it. Little irrigation is done in the kharif as in years of ordinary rainfall the country is mostly flooded; while in the rabi the supply falls so rapidly that the crops sown are difficult to mature, though, fortunateiy owing to the . proximity of the hills and general flooding in the rainy season, crops do not need many actual waterings. Both flow and lift irrigation are used. log

PATIALA ST ATE. ] Can als . [ PART A, 61 1/ 13Y . (A). CHAP. II. A. Economic. S~t showt -ng areas £rrt 'gated and net reve1 zuereaZz' zcd from PaHala State S£r 1z £nd Canal, AGRICUL'l'UU. Areas irrigated and revenue realized, SirhlllC! Area irri- Gross Working Net Canal. gated, in Revenue Expenses. Revenue . acres, (collections). -~ ------R~. Rs. Rs.

To end of 1883-84 ' (1940)

tI 1884-85 (194 1) 5,4i9 28,072 -22,593

'J 1885-86 (1942) 4,34 1 3,4" 5 77,119 -68 ,714

II 1886 -87 (1943) 47 ,920 25,504 1,71,39° -1 ,44,886

tI 1887-88 (1944) ... 77 ,9 81 1,33,190 2, 72,504 -1 ,39,314

tI 1888-89 (1945 ) 121 ,901 1,89,933 3.97,035 -2,07,102

131,841 " 1889'90 (1946 ) 3,40 ,014 3,67 ,537 -27,5 23

1890-91 (1947 ) 18 4, 54 5 3.67 ,742 1,48,600 " 5, 16 ,34 2

ISg I-92 (1948) 19 1,36 2 6,49 ,945 3,2 9,563 3,20,38 2 ··· 1I " I I 1892 -93 (1949) ••• j 114, 859 6,8 4,520 3,59 ,437 3,25,083 I " I j 0 102,073 3,03 ,160 " 1893-94 (195 ) ''' I 3,26 ,989 23,829 ~ 1894 -95 (1 951) 401 I 95,2 93 4,1 4, 68 3 2, 55 ,81 2 1, 58,871 " I " B ISg 5'96 (1 95 2) .. 227 ,996 4,39,305 2,S 8,5 zS 1,8 0,777 I 189 6'97 (19 53) 321,06 6 9,95 ,033 2, 94, 646) 7,00 ,387 H -" I I 1897 -98 (1954) '279,79 8 11,81, 263 4,25,54 6 j 1 " 7,55,7 7

0 1 II 1898'99 (J9 55 ) 3 4,5 5 10 ,18,525 4.,27,6 21 5,90, 904

••• ! 2 II 1Sg9-1900 (1955) 37 ,599 13 ,06,705 3,85,864 9,2 0,841

1900'01 (1957) 199 ,081 11,48, 244 3,9 4,5 27 " _~ ..- ______l___7,53 ,717 ~

Tot al -.. I 2,7 77 .151 93,85,079 51,1 6,103 1 42,68,9 76 f io

PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. II.A . Econom .lc. Statement slzo wz 'ng CapUal Out lay , SirMnd Canal, invested by AGJUCULTURE. Pa#ala State. Capital outlay, SirliiiJd Caoal .

.. 1884 ·8 5 (194 1) ... 4.29,3sS 93 ,11. 888 3,156•• 88 - '·.S93 3.88,88. .. 1885 086 ('9 4' ) ... 5. 49,11 6 99,2 1,00 4 3, 85.3 58 - 68. 7' 4 4,54, 57' .886087 ('943) .. , 8,'3,11 /,07 ,44,115 4,13,3 04 - 1,44 ,886 5.58.Igo " ' .. 1881 ·8 8 (194 4) .. . 3,2 4,044 I J 10,68 ,219 4.36 ,2 48 - 1,39 .314 5. 75.56 ' .. 1888.89 (19 45) .. . 50•• 86 1.11.18 .505 4.43.1 34 - 2,01,102 6.50,836 •• 1889'go (194 6) .. . - 6.754 1,11.11. 751 4,44,5 05 - '1,5'3 4.1,,028 60 II 18g o'9 1 (1941) ... 3.49.5 26 1,14,6 '.'17 4,5'.4 1.48.600 3.0,.860 18 91'91 (1948 ) ... - 8.965 1,14, 5'. 312 4.58,6 30 3.20 .38. 1,3 8•• 48 " •• 189:-93 ('949) ... - /1,70 6 1,14,3 4.60 5 4,5 7,7 38 3.25.083 1,3••655 •• 1893'94 (195 0) ... 63.231 ,.1 4,97 .831 4.58.6 49 23,8'9 4.3408.0 •• 1894'95 (1951) ... 46.514 r,1 5. 44.411 I 4. 60.86 5 r,5ll.8" 301)'.974 1895 '96 (195') ... 8.589 I, J5 ,53,000 61 48 " "h ,9 1,80,777 1.8r.17' hi 28,819 96 •• 18ga '97 ('953) 1.15,81 ,819 4,6••6 7. 00 .3 81 •• ,8 97'98 (1954) .. . 1,922 1,15,83.7 4' 4, 63, 3 II ',5 5,' 17 ... 88,06 0 II •• ~98'99 ('9SS) 1,16,71,801 4.65,1 5,90,90", 1 •• 189~ "900 (1950) .. . 3,693 1,16,7 5.494 4,66. 9 46 9,2 0,8 •• •• 1900'0, 19 57) w • 24 ,38 6 ',1 6,99 .88 0 4,67.5 07 ,/, 53 ,1'7

!i aiar..elltotere.t Chatg eJ ou t· .uudl 1:. III [ PART A.

(C). CHAP. II. A. , List of Regu la tors and Br z'dges, et c., from Manpur to PaHala Economic.

Nav z'gatt"on Channels. AGRICULTURE.

- " Reguilltors and REGULATOR S, Brid~es. et~.• DISTANCE FRO M F ALL, RAPIDS OR Sirhilld Canal. HEAD. BRIDGES. ,;, ::: ,;, Name of work . ctl '"ctl ,;, '" '"oS V Z ~ ------1, II AND III FEEDERS. --- - ...... M!npur Regulator ......

Foot Bridge, Maksudra ••• 3 2,340 2 45

4 2,7 00 Road Bridge, R4mnagar 3 33

5 2,020 Foot Bridge, R4no ... 2 45

7 1,366 Foot Bridge, Dhamot ... 2 45

Total ar ea of water. way = 278 7 3,850 Ohamot Syphon ... N. ... " square feet j width of each barrel ••• 10 feet. 8 1,400 Road Bridge, Dhamot ... 3 33

9 2,484 Foot Bridge, JandA\( - 2 4S Total ar ea of water· way ••• 314 II 1,800 Li sAra Syphon ' ...... - sq uare feet; width of each barrel ••• IS feet. II 4,85 0 Road Bridge at Jargarl ••• 3 33

13 4,982 Foot Br id ge at Sirthla ••• 2 4S

Total ar ea of wa ter.way ••• 108 IS 1,700 Sirthl a Syphon , ...... - square fee t ; wid th of barrel - 10 fee t. Kotla Br anch takes off here. 15 4,5 14 Regulator for II Feeder ••• 2 28

19 940 BhagwAnpur Cart Bridge 2 29 21 984 Mohlgw4ra Foot Bridge I 21 45 Total are a of water· way !!!! 250 21 1,612 Mohlgw4ra Syphon ... ." ... square feet; width of barrel = 10 fe et. 23 800 Ghadw al Foot Bridge •• • I S°

24 .,190 Bhore Cart Bridge .. . 2 29 112 PATIALA STATE. ] List of Regulators and Bridges, etc., from Mtflzpur to PaHala CHAP. 11. AI Navigation Channels-eoncluded. Economic. AORICULTURI. REGULATORS, , DISTANce FROM FALL, RAPIDS OR Regulators and HEAD. Bridges, etc., BRIDGES . Sirhind Canal. ~-- .;, c ui c: N lime of ",'ork. p'" " REMARKS. III p'" ., .n III .2 Feet. '0 .• .. •.. 0 ·s v ..c: .. 0 (ij ;<; c S '" ~ -U'" ------Z - - .- I, II AND III FEEDERS- concluded.

26 1,590 Sirhind Nullah Syphon ••• ...... Total area of water. way ••• 1,952 square feet; width of barrel "" 25 feet.

28 624 Road Bridge, Kotli ... 2 29

29 2,140 Foot Bridge, Bhojo M~jra 1 50

Third Feeder, Head Re· Ghaggar Branch takes off here. 31 1,650 I 30 gulator. I 1,614 Foot Bridge, Rohtl 1 45 32 , - 3S 2,180 Road Bridge, Rakhra ... 1 30

Width of barrel - 7 feet. 36 580 Rakhra Syphon ......

Total area of water· way - 390 8 3,37 6 Kalli£n Syphon ...... 3 square feet i width of barrel = 13 feet.

38 4,599 Foot Bridge, Kalli~n ... I 45 PATIALA NAVIGATION CHANNEL.

Road Bridge, Rallof ... I 26 - 35° :3 2,110 Road Bridge, Ablowlil ••• 1 3°

4 3,55 0 Foot Draw Bridge ...... I ...

Built by Pati~la State. 41 4,600 Girder Cart Bridge ... I I 39'5 I R4jpura.Bhatinda line. 5 1,903 Railway Bridge, North. 39'6 Western Railway. t \

S 2.,80 Road Bridge, Lahorl Gate I 3°

5 4,750 Road Bridge, Sirhindf I 0 Gate. 3 I (D). Statement slzo wz" 1z gBritish Rdjballds irrigating Patidla Stat e villages and their lengths in the St ate .

AVERAGE A.NNU AL IRRIG ATIO~ DO NE FROM EACH DISTRI - BUTA RY,

Numb er of villages To ta l le ngth irrigated . Di ffere nce of of eac h length. .•.. Distributary . .o, 1-1 ------I ------1----::5. Feet .

\ SAHNA MAJOR DISTRIBUTARY,

4,688 4,688 ")

4732 I 16 395 1,58 8 I 16 3,76 5 I I ~

19 3 ,400 3,377 2 0 2,756 2,257 I 3,733 J J:11o n::t o > ::soI ."0 3 .:= ? ?> ~ Stat eme nt showing Br itish Ra jb dlza s irrigatin g Patirila State vil lag es and tIL eir le ngths in the State-continu ed. .,> ~- t"'> ._ .. ..- AV&RA GE ANNU ALIRR IGATION > DO NE FROM EAC H DIST RI- .,en LENGT HLYING WITHIN StATE, BUTA RY. I >., I r: t Num be r of ~ villages NAME OF DISTRIBUTARY. irrigated. Total leng th Total. Difference of of each Kh arff . Rabl . To From len gth. Dis tr ibuta ry.

I ------Miles .Feet . I -- - - Mi le s. Feet. -- Miles.Feet. Mi les. Feet. SAHNA MAJOR DI STRIB UrA RY- coneld. I

245 8 4,042 1 Minor NO.4 ·" ...... 7 3.79 7 '1 0 8 4,87° 9 515 645 .. 42 3 960 2 ... . 9 935 9 1,67 0 ° 735 1 r 9 4, 21 7 II ° I 783 ) I ... .. 154 2, 000 2 93 2 93 . \Minol' NO.4 Branch ...... I 1,907 3 2 600 3 3, 6g8 I 3,o g8 -'. Min or No.6 ••• ...... 2 2,332 3 ...... 35 9 0 4 23° 4 4,464 4,234 ~ 6 ...... 83 2 000 3,2 65 0 3.2 5 21 Min or NO·7 ••• ...... 4,735 3 3. ° -i oJ::: J J,180 J 2,475 0 J,295 I: ll "'1 I 2IJ 4- ~ 5 .- ... 932 > 2 710 3 1,497 I 787 t" ' I I ••• 4 4,420 8 500 3 J,080 J lCfl- j )- Mino r No.8 Br anch ... He ad 0 0 l - j ...\ 1,733 1,733 0 1,733 ... ' " ' .. ... !" l Mi nor NO.9 ••• ...... Do , a 120 0 120 1 I '-- ' I 4.439 3 ... 376 0 35 2 I 4hl I .-

Min or No. I.A . ... 2 2,000 :2 ::~~ I :2 2,000 I 3 ...... I 271 ~,-. --j--2 Total I ... - -. . . • ~::I~~~d 1,405 00 I --- 5 .-..1-- 254 6 BHADA UR MAJOR DISTR IBUTA RY. I --1------() tl :t Dire ct •.• lH. • •• Head 9 3,9 00 9 3,900 ;:, •....• 17 2,713 91 _... 2,°99 . .... 19 4,606 27 3,419 7 3,81 3 ~ Mill or No. I ... Head Tail 6 1,500 6 1,500 3 .., .., 963 Mi no r NO .2 ...... Do . Do. I 4,500 I 2 '''1 4,500 ' .. ... 63 6

Mino r NO.3 ...... Do. 4 1,453 4 1,45 3 r ,4 ~ I 2 4 -. ... 665 Tail Mino r NO.4 ... , .. Do . 1 1,006 f 5 1,006 ) 5 5 1,006 2 ... .. 1,223 Mino r NO .4 Branch .. Do. Tail ... , I 235 I 235 I ...... 16 ,..-, Minor No . 7·A. ... .,. Do . Do. 2 4,000 2 4. 00 0 I ...... 1, 129 "d Min or No .8 ...... 0 4 1,532 49 2 49 2 n. ... ;'> 4 1,°4 I ...... ~ 'J ° ° >-i Mir .or NO .9 , .. .., Head Tail 4 2.5°0 4 2,500 21 ...... 1,680 ?" .... ,...... fJ 'L.. CJl :;. tll ~~ .g. ~ f'l] C'J n _ • .•. ~ 0 :r: _< .C!.~., ~() =~;.;l •... >i ogl~. Il'l•• >t l•••~,• c: nDle r :0 §. := !I ~~ 1>1 ~ •... , ••••• r ? \ St atement shoZlJitt g Britz'sh Raj belhas zrri gati1 lg Pat x'dla Sta te villages and the z"rlmgths z'n the Stat e-co nti nued.

AVER AGE ANNUAL IRRIGA TION DONE FROM EACH DISTRI - BUTARY.

1 Num ber ; of I villages Difference Tota l le ngth ir ri gated .• of of each length. Di stribut ary.

BHADAU R MAJOR DISTR IBUTARY- COltel d.

Head

Do.

Do . Do.

Do. 4,I1.'5

Min or No . J •• • Do. Tail 133 I

Mino r NO .2 • •• Do . Do. 4,.'500 I

I 10,, 83 I -_ --.& ' ------DH IPAlI "'d.-e MAJOR DISTRIB UTAR Y. Dir ect ~.<: Head 4,000 I O:l 8 3,357 E 618 2 ""o~,261 ll Badh at a Mi nor 0 4,638 1,26 0 0 1,622 1,353 1,88 8 0 I 535 ~ I 1,9 7° I 1,530 J foo I 3 2,700 2 2 1,043 II 54 9 Head o 1,250 0 1,250 1 125 ____1=--='=------.. . -~ ,;.;;--- --._--- - -:------1--' "- -1 ---;; 8:-;- PHUL M AJaR DISTRIBUTARY. Direct Hea d 2 3,~69 1 2 3,969 1 2 4,23 ° 2 4,39 ° 0 160 I 3 4,173 4 1,92 9 0 2,756 r 4 2,8so 4 4,450 0 1,600 12 534 12 1,99 5 0 1,461 I ~ 13 1,629 10 3,13 7 12 2,17 2 12 2,762 0 59 0 12 4,8 04 13 ::!J OOO 0 2,196 I 15 55 0 15 860 I 0 310 r- t ~ 15 3373 [ 17 2,388 I 4,01 5 I > ::...t', _. 24 I,S67 1 31 1,1391 6 4,57 2 J :> ....::r ------_. .__._ -- -- -_.------..•...rn;; ' .tA'.. > n II> -_ • c;> rrl ••c:. l>J ~ 0 :c <::-..::r ;:; c:: 0\>:::s "'C =~:;I:l t'" OJ \I» oj o • DQ'1:l~. c:: ••••• <7' _. .. UI ••••••_..,. 3 = . ell» ~ ~ "'. > rr1 (') () ::c O )- ;:Sl'O (:) . 3 ~= p ?>

St ate me n! sho 'llJingBritish RajMha s -ir'tigtd in g Pa#t lla St ate vi llag es and their length s in the St ate-cont inued . "'0 ••:j • -00 - P: ['"••• AVERAGK ANNUA LIR RI GATION ••• LENGTH LY1NG WITHIN STATI . OCN E FROM EACH DISTRI. Ul BU TARY. o-i o>-i ,; Num ber r'I 0 of l - J "w NAM EOF DI STR IBUT AR Y. villag es .:; Difference Tot al length irr ig ated . Ci From To of of ea ch Khadf . RaM. Total. •0•... leng th . Distri butary . •.. E Z<1l ------1 ------Miles. Feet. Mile s. Feet . Mi les . Fee t. Miles. Fce t. ~ ::t PHU L MA JOR DISTRIRU TARv-c on cld . ~•...• ~ Mino r No. I Head 2 1,24 0 2 1,240 2 1,24 0 799

Mi nor NO.5 2 2,700 4 2,625 ' 4,92 $ 4,925 275

Minor No .6 0 3,5 40 2 3,000 4,460 4,46 0 609

Mi nor NO.7 Hea d Ta il 2 1, 000 2 1,0 00 2 891 Mi nor No , 12 Do . Do. 4 2,500 4 2,500 2 94 7 Minor No. 13 Do. Do. 3 2,0 00 3 2,000 5 867 "I:i .•.l :. Minor No. 14 Do.o D. 3 3,0 00 3 3,000 2 1,050 ~ <> <.> '"0 Min or No . '5 Do. Do. 2 1, 000 2 1,000 2 940 cI :••:0• 0 o-i ";;; Meh,aj Bramh. :E ?> 1 2 Q Minor NO.5 5 59 7 7 3, 3° 0 2 2,7 03 2,703 I I 323 2 4, 203 4 1,023 6 1,750 8 3,000

Head Tail 2 4,00 0 3 620

D~ __ - __ ~_.' ~~ 0 4,150 21 7 1 -- I ------1,81 0 -- - 11, 700 44

KOT BHAI MAJOR DISTRIBUTARY.

Direct

o 2,826 0 3,000 0 104 0 104 355 ------,--- ..:- - ,- - ..-.--- [ ------..-.------;------/------; ;6 - :- -:- --: ::-- -- 645 BAIHMAN MAJOR DIS TRIBUTARY. Direct 3,39 7 4,196 0 799 ")I 116 2,586 2 34 8 18 464 16 ~I 23 18 4,53 2 26 1,203 7 1,67 1 J

He ad Tail 4 500 4 5°0 Do . Do. 2 0 2 0 711 Niya Pind Branch Do. Do. 6 a 6 0 1,61 6 Balluana Branch Do . Do. 9 4,000 9 4,000 ------Do. Do. -----3,000 -----3 ,000 -- --- t------~ M I I~~ f

fit (') () :c 0 > o~ . "0 31 : : ? ~ Ul~'~ > ••• n E~ ·a· ~ 0' :c ~ ; .~ (1 0 » =~~ ~g \:0 ~;p~ ~ 3 ? ~ ~~ tz) 0- i»: '- • ? Statement showing Britislz Rabjahds irrt"gating Patt ala State vill ages and their lengths in the State-continued. "tI ->i -»0 >r- - AVERAGE ANNUAL IRRI GATION > DO NE FROM EACH DISTRI- Ul BUTAR Y. . - j -i> Number of t:rJ vill ages irrigated . Differ ence of Tota l length '-' lengt h. of each Dist ri- '0., butary. S -ZtIS ------1 - --

:3 1,798 18 1,195 13 4,39 7 '3 4397 8 3,582 2 3,2 50 4 ° 1,750 2 !J75° 594 Jai Singhwiila Branch Head Tai l 4 1, 00 0 4 1,000 4 716 Mehta Branch Do. Do . 12 1I,oo<> 12 2,000 8 ----_ . __ ~ 4 ___ -- , ------1,395-- 33 4,147 6,287

TE ONA MAJOR DIST RIBUTARY.

Teona Head 0 1,000 0 1,000 r-> 7 4, 136 4 1, 614 "tI 5 1,614 12 4,750 7 3,136 ~ :>:0 Head 0 08 0 508 -i 5 / 883 2 273 >- 0 2 37 5 375 J Bajak Bra.nch 597 01 Dorow!l! Branch 16 Il)72 3,24° 2,87 7 Tail

Minor NO.3 , 5 4.000

Minor NO .4, ! 4.000 I Jangfr.ln a Minor 6 3,000 I

8 I Total . .. ~.:-: ._----- ••• == ,8 ""1," "====--=1_'2 10

LUBliAI MAJ

IDirect _ ••. Head :3 4. 828 2 4,828 2 4,8281 2. ..• •• 892

IMioo' No. • - - !_~=-_I 0~..:--.: 0_ "I ~_=-__,,_..:. :

I Total ' .",... ••• ••• 3 7/ ...... 1, 04 6- I ------~----~------I LA INBI MAJOR DISTllrBl1TAIlY . I

"'1I '"I

l" ""t >." .:::;a , ?- l-.:l _- 1' ------tI1 n () :c ogl~ . 3 = ?' ~ ~ (') 0:& o::s°1> . " 3 := p ~

"1j ..• t>-I ,~ ;;: r- AVBRAGB ANNUAL IRRIGATION :> LENGTH LYING WITHIN SlAn. DONE FROM SACH DISTRI- I CI1 BUTAKY. t-I > -- o-J C Number of ~ .~ NaMB OF DISTRIBUTARY. villages •....• irrigated. Total length > D i fferen ce of From To . of each Distri· Kharff. Total. i5 length. RaM. -.,Q butary. ~E Z ------, ------Miles . Feet. Miles. Feet. Miles. Feet. Miles. Feet. C :5 > Raota Major Distribulary 17 3,230 22 4,840 5 1,610 5 1.610 63 8 808 1.446 Q - ~ Minor NO.7. Marl Distributary ... ;} 2,625 4 4,7 00 1 2,075 3 a0 . 1 4,630 116 18 •.. } 7 3°3 S 3,3 25 6 880 0 2,555 J 0'" I ..., c.. ... 1(240 --- ... ---- 1.749 TDtal Fero8epore Division ...------.- 7 3 -- 754 --- 995 ------ASOHAR BRANCH.

Pakhow41 Major Distributary ... Head :2 2,280 . 2 2.280 2 2,280 2 ...... 126 ' BHATINDA BRANCH. I c Dehlon Major Distributary ... 0 25° 0 'ii• 0 848 0 848 ...... 311 .;: 0 4,820 I ::15 Q 'I r ' - Tail ~ Raikot. Minor No.6 ... 2.420 I { 3 2,580 3 2,S80 ... 820 '.. 4 ° iJ >~ ~•• - ° ~I - .. c: > .., Do ., Minor No.8 "; 0 4.675 1 125 t"" ::s ~ - I 2,184 J 2, 184 2 ...... '37 > Tail en 7 S79 1{ 8 2,613 ~ ~ ;I;> Tail ~ Kallis Major Distr ibutar y•..I 1 2, 160 I{ II 2,855 It 2,855 8 ... 1,866 r:t l 13 15 } - ...... , Ta il I Ka1!s R~jbah', Minor No .1 .. .I Head I{ } 4,00 0 0 4,0 00 2 ...... 274 ° 4,00 0 ° Di tto, Minor No .2 ... Do . I 2,00 0 I 2,0 00 J 2,000 2 ...... 64 2 ~ ... 3,000 I 2 .,. N• SOl Ditto, Minor NO.3 Do. ° 3,0 00 ° 3,000 ° Tail Kal ih Major Distri but ar y ... 2 18 4,06 :> 18 4,060 2,734 5° { 20 4,ItO 1 91 - '" t'\ Tail l:: ll Kali'n, Minor No . I ...... He:\d 2 . 3,ocO 2 3,000 3 ...... 74 8 ::t t 2 3,000 } Ta il ~ Do ., Minor No .2 ... Do . 4 2,00 0 4 2,000 5 ...... 95 5 { 4 2,000 J ~ - Tail Minor NO.3 ... Do. 2 2 0 3 ...... 21 2 Do " '" t 2 } Tail ° ° Do ., Min or NO.4 ... .., Do. 4 2,500 4 2, 500 ...... 7°1 4 2,5 00 J It Tai l Minor No .5 ..• ... Do. 8 l,SOO 8 1500 ...... 1,253 Do ., It 8 1,500 J :1 I I Do " Minor No.6 ...... Do . 2 2,1 25 2 2,125 2 2,12 5 3/ ... I ,. 238

... Do , 2 3,000 2 3,000 2 ...... I 53 3 Do., Mi nor N0 .7 t 2T. i1 3,000 1 - Tail ....., Do., Minor No, 8...... Do. 3 a 3 0 2 ... I ... 167 t 3 0 "lj Tail Kani r Branch of KaH an. _ ... Do . 12 4,500 12 45 00 IO ...... 2,754 > [ 12 4,500 ::0..., Tail r Karur , Minor No. I ... .. Do. } 4 4,000 4 4,000 3 ...... 381 t 4 4,000 :> ~ rJ) ::;. tll -- W .•...... • Q> (TJ ( j P> -'-' l'l :I : ;~· a(i 0 ~ :: !'.: r' c: 0 > - ' : ;1 •.. =J'Cl ::0 ., o;, 1 •" OIIIQ "0 ""••...••• c:: It",.,. l'l 3 ~ fI' ~~ •• - ~ ?> •-"•"•• tJ1 n (') ::c 0 > ::s "tJ o1 • 3 == r ?>

,

AVERAGE ANNUAL IRR IGAl'lON LENGTH LYING WITHIN STnK . DO NEFRO M EACH DISTRI. - - BUT ARY. Num be r of villag es I KY . Total leng th ir rigated . Difference of Fr om To of each Di str i· Kh arri. R4 bf. Total . length. butary. I

I .z~· I _____ 1___ - I .. -.------.- .,.. _ - -- 1 --- -~ ------Mil ea. Feet. Mil el. Fe et. Miles . Feet. Miles .Feet I tICld. I Tail r Hea d 3 2,000 3 ~,o()o :I , .. ,. 48 0 - f :1 2, 00 ) 1 I Tai l 1 ,., Do. ( 4 :'I,o(),) 4 3,0 0 0 6 ... , ,.. 924 00., Mir.or NO .3 f 4 3,000 l Do. Tail 1 :I 3 .000 II 0 0 0 :I ... I ... 1 8 8 Do., Mill er NO.4 ... t :I 3 000l 3. _. Do . I Tail I( 0 :I ...... 1 Do., Mino r NO·5 t 3 0) 3 J ° 3 3 I Ta il } I Do., Minor No .6 ~. Do . 6 2 ,000 6 2 ,000 6i , - 735 t 6 2,00) ------' - ; - -- -- '.------i sie j11 .. - -... 108 ... ,. , ,- 1 ,432 49 : ., 17,774 ------I ------L ... - ' M ... 387 4. 426 136 I ,.. I ... 74,Jl7

NOT B. -To tai s by Divi sions giv en in (' ol umn 7 sh ow the act ual num ber of villages irri ga ted in eac h Division, and not the correct total s of fi gu re s gi ve n again st eacb ckannel in that column , as a v~"ge ir ri gate d from more tha n one chll Dnel is ta ken as a separate village aga inst each chan nel . t~5 [ PART A.

Agricultural conditions in Na rnaul close ly resemble those of Sirsa. If the Sirsa Branch of the Western Jumna Canal could be extended to Narnaul, this outlying tract of Patial a might be rendered secure. At Economic. present many wells in Narnaul have run dry, owing to the prolonged AGRICULTURE. drought with wh ich the last century closed. There are also Famin" Protee - 'possibilities of tan k·"t orage in Narnaul, though Mr. Farrant is inclined live Schemel. to mistrust them . Speaking of Famine Protective Sc hemes in general Mr. Farrant wr ite s- There are se veral small tracts in the Patiala pl ains that require to be considered h1 connection with this subject of fam ine protection; but of these there are only two for wh ich co -oper ation may be expected !(and could be asked) from the Government. These are (a) the Namaul tract and (b) the portion of the Narwana lahsll that ,is situated east of the Ghaggar river and adjoins the Sirsa Branc h irrigation. The othe r portions are small and isolated and could only be dealt with locally. With regard to the N~rnaul tract, it is evident from an examination of the map that any schemes for irrigation from a canal would have to form part of a project for the irriga tion of the adjacent Districts of Rohtak and G·l" gaon . Such a project would have to be on a considerable scale, and would either (,onsist of an extension of the exis ting Western Jumna Canal (which is improbable), 0" of a new canal from the Jumna river taking out above Delhi . As to whether such a sc heme is possible, havinO ' regard to the physical features of the country, it is not possi bb to say here; but any such canal could only hope for a supply of water during the lJ ood season, as there are already three canals fed from the Jumna-the Eastern and Western Jumna at Dfldupur, and the Agra Canal with its head-works at Okla below Delh i. It is evident then that any scheme for the protection of this tract by a monsoon canal would have to form part and parcel of a much larger scheme to be carried out by the British Government. Nothing has been said about irrigation from tanks and wells, beca .use these are after all only minor works in which the only assistance required of the Government would be in the matter of professional advice perhaps, Something will be mentioned further on regarding storage tanks and wells. The only other matter requiring reference to the Government with a view to assistance is the , possibility or otherwise of extending the irrigation of the Sirsa Branch to the tract of land lying between the northern boundary of the /present irrigation and the Ghaggar river. There is also a sman tract lying between the southern irrigation boundary and the boundary of the Jfnd State which is unprotected so far and to which it may be possible to extend the irrigation. Besides the tract of Patiala territory referred to in the two preceding .para- graphs, there are other small pat ches which feel the pinch of famine, but they are situated close to canal- irrigated country and are not in such urgent need for works of amelioration. At any rate su ch works would be local and such as would not depend upon the co -operation of the Government for their execution. There is first the Sardulgarh tract situated on the left bank of the Ghaggar river, which thus cuts it off from irrigation by the Sirhind Canal . It is doubtful whether any irrigation could be done from wells except in the immediate neighbou .•..- hood of the Ghaggar, as the spring level is probably too lo w. This is, however, a matter for enquir)J ' Further, any pr.oject ~ damming up the Ghaggar and s~ water, besides bemg 'very cost y, would meet with dIsapproval from th e Gov ernment and would raise thorny questions regardinj L the right sor -th 'e-- vt!tIges - iower dowor es pecially as canals have been taken out of this river near Sirsa. Then again tlfe Gh aggar here runs in a fairly deep channel, and the greater portion of the water dammed up would be useless for irrigation as it could not command the country. The cost of a bye-wash to pass flood waters would alone be a very costly item.

The best way to irrigate this tract, if the levels permit, is to carry the water of the Boha R

The next tract is that situated between the Ghaggar river and the irrjgatiol) boundary of the Ghaggar and Choa Branches of the Sirhind Canal. This is liable to inundation not only from the Ghaggar river itself but from the Choa nu\lah, is sparsely populated. and so close to irrigated country that it can never feel the pinch of famine very severely. Watef for cattle can be had at no great distance-a very great advantage . 126

PATIALA STATE. ]

~HAP.II, A. Extensions could be made {rom the Karmgarh Rajbaha into a portion of this tract, but no irrigation would be done in years of good flood, and the channels woul d be liable ~conol'lJlo. to be ' damaged, The circumstances are not so urgent as in the preceding case; and extensions of the canal system would have to be cautiously made. AGRlCULTURE. Famine Protec- . For the country on the left bank of the Ghaggar and situated between it and ti ve .Schemes. the Sirsa Branch, if nothing can be done from the Sirsa Branch Canal as suggested above, it is possible that it may be supplied with water from the Karnigarh Rajbaha, but levels would require to be taken. Even if the levels are favourable the scheme would be costly and would only be taken up after careful study of the whole question. Much might be done in the meantime to amel iorate the condition of the people by improving village tanks, taking care that there is sufficient catchment area for each,

The area near Patiala City and lying between the Patiala r;uJlal1 and the Ghaggar is irrigated partly from the Banur Canal and partly from cuts made from the Ghaggar. The wells are not deep either, and the country is safe, But the con- dition might be improved by improving the Banur Canal ahgnment and taking the canal on to the watershed instead of passing it into the drainage line as has been clone below BanIk 1, :.he .. canalGOUldthen serve more country.

To return now to Narnaul . If this cannot be irrigated by a canal from the lumna, either direct or from an extension of the Western Jumna Canal, recourse must be had to wells, wherever these are possible under the conditions or storaj!"e tanks. These cannot be undertaken without careful surveys and unless the conditions are favourable. These conditions are dealt with in the accompanying short note on storage tanks, It is probable that in the near future artesian wells will be tried for such tracts as this, but they will be costly, are always more or less speculative in character, and unless experts are employed in sinking them the result is sure to be disastrous.

To touch on some other points mentioned in Khalifa Sayyid Muhammad Hussain's notes. Nothing can be done with the Sirhind and Choa nullahs except perhaps improve their outfall and make them more effective as natural drainages. The country traversed by them below the feeder line at any rate is already irri- gated by canals, and they are occasionally called upon to act as escapes for the canal.

. With regard to the Sarsuti, correspondence is already pending with the Govern- ment on the subject, and nothing further need be said here.

Irrigation in the hills is already carried on extensively by means of ingeni- ously devised kuls; and any system of pipe irrigation is altogether too costly ~o be thought of until the demand for it is shown to be really urgent. As the greater portion of the water due to light falls of rain is absorbed into the ground, and is rapidly lost by evaporation, Ra infall. it is unnecessary to take into consideration ._ for storage purposes any rainfall outside the monsoon months, July, August and September . The average for these months cannot be obtained for Ntirnaul itself, but for adjoining tracts the following have been taken from the Weather Reports of the Government of India:- .: Sirsa 12'01 average 1st June to 30th September. Bikaner 9'26 ditto ditto. Delhi 24'75 ditto ditto.

Assume that 12 inches is the avel';lge for NarnauJ .

The catchment area will depend on the proportion of rainfall · running off. In Mysore, ~here the monsoon'r;'linfall is Catchment. ?bout 10 Inches, the proportion of run off _ •• ,.; • 15 assumed to be 0'25 (Molesworth) . ~r.Bmme s observations for small ramfalls gave much smaller proportibns for the Central Pr?vinces. It is .only possi?le to make ~ rou~h guess . and to assume that for Narnaul the r:atlo of run off Willbe one-Sixth. That 15»2 IIlche5 Will be available out cf the 12 inches of rainfall f~r storage purposes . 12 7 [ PAR !' A. '

One square mile of catchment then will yield 640 lC. i equals 106'67 ~eet ac res of water; CHAP. II, A. A foot ac re is simply a large unit of measure' or put In anoth .er way, ~ acr ~ of catch- ment and is equ ivalent to on e ac re cove red one ment are requIred to give 1 0 depth of Economic. foot deep, equals 43 ,560cub ic feet . water per acre of th e tank. . Famine Protee- Assuming diff ere nt depths of water in the storage ta nk, ',ve have the following tive Schemes. _ table :-

I Catchment required Depth of water in storage tank. pe r acre of tank. ------1------I 60 acres.

90 " 120 " ISO " 180 .. 'M \ ... 1I10 ••

For a storage tank of one square mile (640 acres) and 20 feet deep, the catchment area required will be 640 lC 120 acres , or 120 square miles . This quest ion of catchment it will be seen imposes a Iimit on the size of the storage tank which must be ad apted to the available area on which it is possible to colle ct the rainf all. In fact larger collec In areas will be necessary as t e raln Ialf WiII be distr ibute over ree mont s or so , and as there will be loss by evaporation and absorption in the tank and consumpt ion of the water for irrl g-ation purposes, it will readily be understood that smaller capacities in the reservoir wiII suffice.

Now it is evident, the loss from evaporation and absorpt ion bein g so heavy, that the stored water should be used .as quickly as possible. But here the difficulty that resents itself is this. In a good year of avera e monsoon rainfall there will be a full tank u no ~J1llln T

(3) Rain fall ce:lStl$ early. 128

PATIALA STATE, ]

CHAP.II. A, The next point to settle is the distribution of the 12 be assumed to be practically as follows:- Economic, June- 10 days AGRICULTURII:. July- 31 •• 4'5 0 Famine Ptotec· August- 31 •• 4'5 0 Sc;hemes , ti,e September - 20 2'00

92 days 12'00 inches and further that in case (2) above the rainfall will be 5'5 inches in the first two month~ and in ca.se (3) above 6'50 inches in the last two months, Now in the case of normal rainfall (I) where the water must be stored for use in rabl sowings as the loss will be 9'0 feet vertical before the water is brought into use, and another 3 feet at least while irrigation is going on, or 12 feet in all, it would not be much use in having a catchment that will give a less depth than 20'0 feet gross, or II feet net, , ,wa ter used in irrigation In thIs case the ratIo t II t d ff t h t equals ,"r; equals iths. A storage wa er co ec e 0 ca C men tank 11'0 feet deep wou ld be required then with a ratio of 120 to I, the calculation being as follows:-

RECEIVED rrRoM LOSS BY I 1------'__.__ Balance in Total depth in tankstered. tank at end CatchmEnt. Evaporation, feet depth . of month. feet ~epth feet depth .

June 10 1'0,' 0'(;6 0'66 JulY ,31 3'00 4'50 5'10 August ••• 3' :roo 4'50 9'66 September ,,,\ __ 20 200 1'33 11'00

Total ••• 92

.__ ._------_._------._------In the above calculation it should be remembered that a catchment of 120 acres has been allowed pc,. ac,.e of storage tank. Similarly if double this or 240 acres of catchment pel' aCre of storage were allowed the gross depth collected would be 40'0 feet and the net depth 49 equals 31 feet, That is to say, with this ratio of catchment the storago tan k would have to hold 31 feet of water. . In the 1 I feet tank above, with 8'0 feet ~sed for rabl sowings, 3 feet acres of irrigation would be done, or I foot acre for every IS acres of catchment. The deeper the tank the more the irrigation done, but on level country it would seldom be possible to g-et any great depth in a tank and still command the country. Another difficulty. In hilly country, on the other hand, the catchment area would probably be limited, and a very costly dam would be necessary to store any large quantity. In this case of normal rainfall water stored for rabi sowings (which is all that could be attempted) a tank I square mile in area to hold II feet wat er net would require a catchment al"ea of 120 square miles, and the area sown, allowing 0'75 depth (for irrigation and waste), will be 640 x 8 x irds equals 6,800 acreS roughly, The crop would still be liable to failure if the winter rains were unfavour able. The cost of the bund , &c., would be about Rs, 3,00,000, Assuming 4 good years in 7, and a rate of Re. J 4X68oo f per acre, the return wouId be -7-' - equals Rs. 3,900 ab out, or say Rs. 2,900 at most a tel" deducting maintenance charges, equivalent to 0'67 rupee per cent . In the other two cases the quantity stOl'ed with the same ratio of catchment to tank, 17;sr., 120 to I, would be still less, visr.- Rains late 5'83 Rains stop early 516 and the further losses before using the water being taken at 3 feet at least, the area irrjgat~d would be 2'83 and :n6 feet acres per acre of tank, or I foot acre for every .(2 ant ;. 5Sac re5 of catch me nt re spec tiv ely. The ret ur ns wil l of cour se be prop ortionately CHAP . II, B. less . Econom ic. To sum up, the as su mpt ions are tha t- RENTS, WAGES Rainf all 12 inc hes , distrib ut ed as stated. AND PRICES. Rat io of " ru n off " One' si xth, Loss by evapor ation and ab so rp- Famine Protec- tion .. One·te nth feet dept h per day. tive Schemes. Ratio of c3.lch ment to tank area ... 12 0 to I, i.e. , 12 0 acres of catchment per acre of tank, Then th e fol low ing depths may be store d :- Feet.

(a) No rmal year (b) Ra ins late ::: 5'83II' O} the conditio ns be in~ favourable as (e) Rains cease early. .. ••• 5'16 regards co mm and,

and the following areas may be sown, on an av erage of seven yea rs :- 4 X 8 X % equals ~~ equals * Average for (b) and (e) 2~ feet acres, and I acre 42'6 7, . fo r ev ery 17 acres of catchmen t. 3 X .~*X t equals ro·oo. Total for 7 years equals 52 '67 acres per acre of tank, or ave rag e equals 7 acres, say, per acre ohank . In a tank of 1 square mile area (64 0 acre s) the catch ment wi ll have to be 12 0 square miles, the cost of a bund will be about Rs. 3,00 ,000, the av erage area irrigated per year wi ll be 4,480 acres, br ingi ng in Rs. 4,480 gr os s re ven ue, or say Rs. 2,5 00 net, and a return of about 0'8 rupee per cent . In fact it is dou btful whether the working expense s would be met as it is doubt ful whether any crop so wn could be matured. If this were the case, taking a 4 per cent . int erest rat e, it wou ld me an that Rs. 12, 00 0 a year were being given to the tract sown to enable it to try and raise a crop.

Cash rents are very rare throughout the State . Even the tenants Rlllt •• whose occupancy rights have been reco gnis ed ge nerally pa y kind rents at the same rates as tenants-at -w ilI . Th ese rat es are much the same in ordinary villag es he ld on th e pattida ri or hlzaid chdra tenures as they are in /Jamind dri vill ages, ex ce pt that in the latte r re nts are raised by the imposition of various cess es. The landlord's sha re of the produce is sometimes as low as ith, but for the wh ole State trd may roughly be said to be the average . One- fourt h is common in th e rem ote "Biingar" and " Jangal " tracts, lying to th e sou th and we st of Pat iei la. In the central region ird is the prevai li ng rent rat e, an d in the su b-m ontane strip of country to the north and ea st of Pa ti eila ~ is commo n. Lands irrigated fr om wells gene rally pay at the hig he r rates, except in the dr y ar eas to the we st and south, wh ere th e soil is infe rior , and the expe nses of working we ll s very heavy .

'" Wa ges .-In tOWJ JS wages are pa id in cash alid in v)llage ~ in bot h ca sh Wal!'el of labour. and kind_ A coolie in Patiala may get as mu ch as 6 annas a day, while it l ~. "Table as 'If FIJtl village he would get 3 annas only . A carpenter earns from 8 to u anna .o:,a B. day in Patiiila as against 4 to 5 annas and some food in the villages . R~ .:1pers are paid in cash or kind , or both . Cash wages now vary from 6 to t'2 annas according to the seasons. Wage s in kind consist of a bundle "Ii the cut- tings -straw, grain and husk, weighing about 3 kachcha 0': Ji pakka malinda .

Pr ices.-Pric es seem to have ris en t 1 or 12 per {~ nt . since Sam bat Retail and ,.,hole . sale prices. 1847. Tables,6 a'td ;lS (a) 0l'4tl 8, 't3 0 PATIALA STATE. ]

in the fields. It is I quite uncommon for a Rajput to keep a stock of grain. When he threshes his grain he hands it over to the banz'a and borrows it back from him as he wants it . The general rise in ' prosperity has been accompanied by a rise in the price of cattle and agricultural implements, but this hardly discounts the rise in the selling price of corn. Litigation is increasing, and the expenditure on marri· ages and the like is extravagant. In the hills the standard of living has always been lower, but here too it is rising, and the Kanet is fair ly prosperous. He does a great trade in grass ahd firewood, while the hill stations provide him with a variety of occupations at a hand- some wage.

The forest area in the State is 109 square miles, of which 72 are class. ed ,as first class demarcated forests and 37 as second class forests. These' lie entirely in the hills, ranging from 8,000 feet above the sea to the foot· .bills which rise from the Ambala plains at Ramgarh. The Dun extends frL~r.1Ambala to Nalagarh. The country is broken and scored bv ravines whii- .~reckless denudation has reduced the forest trees to scrub and low ju~gle .. Ti':e hill tracts pr~per. are in co~tras~ t,o th,e Dun .. The smaller tract, which ISabo':lt 9 square mIles 1Il extent, IS an Island m the mIddle of Keon- thai State , lying to tl~e south of the Phagli-Mahasu ridge close to Simla . It is well wooded with oak (quercu s dz 'lata and semz'carpifotz"a), deodar and pine.

The larrrer::> hill tra ct extends- over about 300 square miles to the south of the Y3 ( ~ [ PART A.

Dham i and Bh ajj f States til l it merges in the Pinjaur Dun. Pa rts of this tract ar e bar e, par ts covered with low scrub , and parts well woode d with oak (que rc us £ncana) an d pine. To the east of the Asn i river, round Chail, Economic. a good sized mixed forest of pine, oak and deodar stretc hes across the ARTS AND upper slopes. The re are for ests of ch il (Pi nus lo ngzJoZi a) on th e ridges MANUFACTURI'S. between Dag sha i an d the Dun, and also betwee n Solon an d KasauH; while Forests. th e Thadugarh Hil l to the sou th of Kasaul i is cov ered with a valuable str et ch of bam boo.

The St ate forests ha ve suffered se ve rely from neglect . Until quite Hi.tory . recent ly the vi lla ge rs had ful l use of th e fores ts wi thout check or hindranc e. The Dun has been entirely stripped , and it is only the comparat ively lat e colonization of the Siml a Hills that has saved the , forests on this sid e. Even here large areas of fo rest were sacrificed by the peasantry to form grass rakhs whos e pr odu ce th ey sold at great pro fit in the various cantonments near. Th e que stion of maintaining th e sour ce s of th e fuel supply, both for th e pe op le and the hill stati ons, re ceived attention in 18 45 and pro bab ly earli er. rn 1860 Lord Wi lliam Hay dire cted the attention of th e Stat e to the urgent necessity of protecting its forests and husbandi ng th eir produc e. Since that time the matter has nev er been entirely 19st si gpt of . In 186 I a fares .t- protectivl "< establishment was instituted_ T1i1 : fore sts were placed unde:: the Civil nis amat, and betw ee n 18 61 and 1870 many chang es in th e control tending to mor e eff ect ive mana ge ment we re carri ed out . British offic ers of the Forest Departm ent made re ports on the fu el supply in 1876 1878 and 1888. On rece ipt of a letter fro m the Punjab Government in 1879 the State took action, appointed a Superintend ent of Forests, and introduced the Conservancy Rul es proposed by Mr . Baden-Powell . This was really the first step towards effectiv e manag ement. in 1885 the present Nazim of Forests , Pandit Sundar Liil, who had passed th e Forest Ranger's test in the Imperial Forest School at Der a Dun, was appointed, and he at once stopped the reckless cutting for lim e burning, char coal making, &c. In 1890 a Forest Settlement was carried out by Mr. G. G. Minniken , who also pr epared a Working Plan which was accept ed by th e Darbar. Besides the forests prop er th e State owns 12 ,000 Ci .cresof Mr in the plains . Considerable quantiti es of ki kar and dha k flou ris h in th ese Mrs, whi ch are under the control of the Nazim of Fore sts .

An account of the min eral resour ce s of the State will be found Mines and mine' on page 2 under the headin g"Geolo gy ." rals. ,

The figures in the margin show the distribut ion of the whole popula- Principal indus. tries and manu ' Ac tua l Depend -Partially tio~ in to. agriculturists , ?on- fac ture s. 'IJI ork ers. eats . ag1'iwl . ag ncul tuns ts and partially t14r ists . aCTriculturists . No statistics of Agriculturis ts ••• 381 ,003 475 ,87 u 4,873 m~nufactures in the State can Non.agriculturists 312 ,678 487,1 41 be given. Patiala produc es Total · 693,681 963,011 4,8'] 3 little ' of arti stic interest . Silver cups are made at Patiila and Narnaul, and gold and silver . buttons at Narnaul . Gold and t~2 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. II. F. silver wire is made from bars of sil ver (kandla) moulded in the State mint. Thin sheets of gold are wrapped round the silver to make gold EconOmic. wire, while for silver wire pure bar silver, with an alloy of copper COII.-UCE AND to stiffen it, is used . The wire is then used in the manufacture of TRAOE . ' gold and silver lace (gota) which is said to be superior to that made Principal indus- in Delhi, though it is not so light as the best quality. Flattened wire tries and rnan u- (badla) is woven with silk thread to make gota and twisted with it facture •• to make zari. Then again zari and silk thread are woven to make kalun. Ivory bracelets, surmedan{s (boxes for collyrium) and combs are made to a small extent. Pail is famous for carved door-fram es. At the capital there is a large manufacture of brass and bell-metal ware and it is noted for its pMl ke kaul (light cups) . There is a large marke t for handsome bedsteads woven with cotton string. The silk azarband s, darytf.i (silk cloth) an d c1zur ia (striped silk) of Patiala are well known , and though the two last materials are inferior to those made in Amritsar, the first is quit e as good. Bhadaur manufactures good bell- metal cups and br ass war e, and is not ed fo r its tukkas (sets of cups). Kanaud al so manufactures th ese ware s, as well as iron pans and spoons. Sunam excels in cotton pag ris , kh es an d chautaMs, a gold lac~ chautahi costing from Rs. 50 to Rs . 100 . Sus; is manu- factured at Patiala and BaSI, the latter being very fine in quality . At .! Narnaul coulltry shoes, silver buttons and nut-crackers (saro ta ) are m~.nufactured, and at Narnaul and Samana priyas (le~s) for beds are m~de . Pall makes elaborate country shoes. At Ghunian and Chaunda IrOn dots (buckets) and pans are made, and at Raun! and Dhamot iron gagars or water-pots. Coarse cotton and woollen fabrics are manu- f~ctured throughout the State, and at Pinjaur baskets, stone kumUs (pestles), ukhlis (mortars), chaunkls and s£ls (curr y-stones). At Sanaur neat fans of date palm leaves are made. Country carts, ba£hUs, raths, and wheels are also made in some plac es, and raw sugar (gur and shakkar) in the Paw~dh villages. In th e Bet khand is manufactured. One pan only is used ther e, and the work is carried on on a small scale. Sajji is made in th e Anahadgarh nt6amat. There is a State workshop at Pati lila, where repairs of every sort are done, and furniture , and carriages are made. Iron work and painting is well done.

The surplus grain of the State, consisting of wh eat , gram , barley, sayson, millet and pulse, is taken to the nearest railway station or market for export or sale. There is a considerable import of khand , shak/lar and gUY from the United Provinces. Cotton .is exported from Narwana to Bomb ay. Red chill ies are ex ported to Hathr as and loaded , f-t the nearest railway station. Country cotton yarn is also exported .' GM is 133, [PART A.

exported from Narw ana to the adjoining British Distr ic ts, but the CHAP. II, Q. amount produced is not suf ficient to meet the requirements of the State . - , KaU (whitewash) and chana (lime ) are exported from Narnaul and Economic. PinjauJ ;. T~~ grain ma rts in the State are Patiiila, Dh6r i, Bar na-la, Bhatinda MilAN! 0' COM. and Narwana , but grain is also carried to the adjoin ing Brit ish marts and IIUNIC4TIOIf. __to Nabha . 'I J. Commlrce anti / trade. Secti on G.-Means of Commu ni cation.

Four line s of rail pass through the Sta te. The Rajp ura-Bhatinda line Raihray •• belon gs to th e Pat i{l1a St ate, but is worked by th e North-Western Ra ilway. The agreement was that "All co st s, char ges and expenses ,in curre d by the North- Western Railw ay in c0nn ection with the mai nte nan ce, ma nagement, us e and working of th;: : Rlijpura-Bhatinda Railway and the conv eyanc e of traffic th ereo n prope rly chargeable to Revenu e Account sh all be paid out of the gro ss ff'l.:e ipts of the amalga. mate d unde rtaking and so far as possi ble ou t cr the gross receipts of the ha lf year to which th ey are pro perl y dttributable, and in each half year there shall be deducted from th e gross receipts of the Rajpura-Bhatinda Railway 55 pe r cent . of su ch gross re ceipts and the balance aft er making th e sai d deduction shall be paid over to the Patiala Darbar." By a later agreement the amount to be deducted was reduc ed to 52 per cent. of the gross receipt s. The principal stations are Raj pura, Pat iala, Dh Urf , Mansurpur, Bar nala, Tapa and Bhatinda. The Ludhiana-Dhuri-Jakhal Ra ilway has stations at Dhurl and Sunam, while the Southern Punjab line passes thro ugh the south of the State with st ations at Mansa and Narwana . Bhatinda is a large junction, con- necting with Fero zep ore, Sirsa , Delhi , Samas ata and Bikaner. The ma in line of the Nort h-West ern Railway go es north from Rajpura , leav ing the Patiala Stat e at Sirhind. Th e Mohin dargarh n£zamat is 1 \ trav ersed by the ~ew arl-Phu le ra Railway.

Th er e are I 84 t miles of metalled roads as detailed below, maintained Ro&da in plai•• •• by the State :-

I. Patiila to Su n am, 43 miles, wi th branch es to Sangrar at mile 24 ; and to Samana at mile 4.

2. Patiala to Raj pura, I6i mil es, joining the Gran d Trunk Road at Ra jpura at mile 10 j a bran ch takes off to the Kaul i railw ay station. The only bridge of impo rt an ce is over the Patiala Niila at mile 2.

3. BaSI to Sirhind, with branches to Bara Sirhind , Amk has , Gur- dwara Sahib, Bazar Basi and circula r road rou nd Basi, 9 miles. At mile 2 is an old bridge (brid ge arches) built in the time of Muhammadan kings over the Sirhind eh oa.

4· Patiala to Bhunnarheri, 8l miles. This road is chiefly maintained for shoot ing, but is also in line with th e direct road to Kaith al. It is also largely used for gras s and wood traff ic from the surrounding villages and lJirs going to Patiala.

S. Patiala to Majal, 4t miles. Th is branches off from mile 3 of Patiala·Bh unna rhe ri Road . This road is also for shooting parties, and for grass and wood traffic. 134 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. II, O. 6. Patiala to Sanaur, 4 miles. There is a large bridg e in mile lover the Patiala Nala. This road carries heavy passenger and grain Economic. traffic. MUMS or COM- MUM1CATIOlC. 7. Nlibha to RotIa Road. Total length 18 miles) of which 8 milei Roads in plains. lie in Patiala State.

8. Barnala-Dhanaula Road. Total 6! miles, of which 31 miles lie in Patiala. This is a feeder road to the railway.

9. Patiala-Nabha Road, 13 miles. This IS at present maintained for the State by the Irrigation Department .

10. Ablowal Road, 4l miles. This is a road from the railway station to Ablowal bridge, parallel to the south bank of the Paticila Navigation Channel . It is an alternative road to the one running parallel to the north bank of Patiala Navigation Channel, as the road on one bank is not able to cope with the traffic.

I I. Nabha-Bhawanfgarh Road. Of this road oS miles lie in Patiala State. It is a feeder line from n£gama! Bhawanigarh to Nabha.

12. Branch road from mile 4 of Sunam·Samana road. This is 14 miles in length, total distance to Samana being 18 miles.

13. Kotla·Sangrur Road, II miles, which lies in Patiala State.

IS. Patiala City Roads, 10 miles.

16. Patiala Civil Station Roads, 15 miles.

17. Patiala Cantonment Roads, 3t miles.

18. Motibagh and sides, I mile.

19. Baradari-RajMha Road, 3 miles.

20. Ablowal bridge to Baradari, I t miles.

21. North-Western Railway Approach Roads) 2 miles.

Besides, the following roads are now being metalled :-

I. Basi-Alampur Road,S miles. This continues through British ter- ritory to Rupar. Government is also metalling the portion in i~s own territory.

2. Jakhal.Munak Road, 4 miles . Feeder road to Jakhal railway station. 135 [ PART A. , The follow in g unmetal led roads are ma in tai ned by the St at e :_ CHAP. It. G. (a) Mule pur Ro ad, 5 miles. Joins Gran d Trunk Road at Sed.i Banjara and lead s to Mu lepur . EconomIc; l\hANS OF COli. (b) Tanga uri Roa d, 12 miles. Forms part of the District road from MUNICATION •. Ambala to Ru pa r. (c) Banur~ Raj pura Road, 9 miles. Thi s is now being bridged, and eventually it is inte nded to me tal it. (d) Gha naur Road, 8 mil es, from Sambh u rail way station to Ghanaur. (e) Chap ars ll Road, 3 mil es. Branches off from the Patiala-Rajpura Road in mil e 6 to Chapars iI, wh ere a fair is held annually. (f) Alampur Road,s miles. Now being metalled . (g) Ghur uan Road, 3 miles. (h) Khamanon Road, 9 miles. (z) Ghagga-Samana Road, 15 miles. (j) Hadiyaya-Bh ikhi Road, J 6 miles. (k) J'a khal~Munak Road , 4 mi les. ,.... -et f' Narnaul to Kanaud, 13 miles. Am) Kanaud to Bas i, J I miles. Total I13 miles . In the hills, the me tall ed road from Ambala to Simla, which is main- tained throughout by th e Pu njab Go ve rn ment, ru ns for great part of its length through the Pat ial a Stat e. The following road s in th e hill s are maintained by the PatiaIa State :_ I. Kandeghat~C ha il. 'z2t miles. Cros sing the Asni river in mile 8,

2. KandegUt Bazar to Srfnagar Kothi j l mi le. 3· ScHd Roa d. Direct road from Kas auH to Si mla vt'a Sairi ~ portion main tained by the St ate, J 5 miles. 4· Jutogh-Arki Road, 5t miles . 5· DagsMi·Nahan Road , 4! miles , 6. Mamlik-Kunh ii ir Rt1ad , border of Said Road, 4- mite ". 7. Pinja ur-N iilag arh Road, lOi inile s. 8. Sab3 .thU-K asauIl-Kalka Road, 14 miles. 9' CMil Munici pal Roads,s miles. Total 80 miles 7 furlongs .

~oad 1 will admit of cart tra ff ic aftet the Asni bridge is built; all the other roads are mule or rickshaw paths . A road from Chail to Kufri j about 16 miles , has lately been made and opens direct traffic with the Hindusth· Tibet Road and Simla. The total annual cost of maintenance of roads in the Patiala State is at present about one lakh of rupees per annum . Th e Sirhind Canal is navigable from Rupar to Patiiila. Country produce is conveyed to the railway in carts or on camels and donkeys.

There are sera;s at the princip al towns and railway stations and List of rest· dik bungalows at Paticila and Bhatinda. bouses. Table 29 of Part B. Polj lmet,ical Table No. 30 tf Par: B. 136 PATIALA STATE. 1

Originally the postal arrangem ents of PatiaIa 'were confined to the conveyance of official communicat io ns which were carried by sowors and harkaras retained in the various ~adr offices at a total cost of over Post Offices. Rs. 30,000 yearly, and no, facilities were offered to the public for the ex- List 01 Post change of their private correspondence. In Sambat 1917 (1860 A.D .) in Office" Table 3i Wodinr of Po st the reign of Maharaja Sir Narindar Singh , G.C.S .I., the postal system was Offi ces,Table 3z organized under the control of th e munsMkhana (Foreign Office). Runners' 01 PfJrI B. lin~s were laid between variou s thanas of th e State, and the public allowed to post letters at these thanas at a charge of two Mansur! paisas per letter prepaid, four Mansuri paisas unpaid. A special officer on a salary of Rs. 30 per mensem was appointed by the 1JtunsMkhana as munsarim of the postal arrange- menbJ, The postal servi ce was given out on contract to one Ganga Ram, who undertook the appointment of the runners, and sorbarahs or overseers. All postal articles were made ove r to the runners, who were responsible h> the Deputy Superinten dents of Police; these officials received the moneys paid for postage from the runners, and remitted them monthly to the treasury, where the balance, after paying the amount due by contract to the State , was handed over to the contractor. The method of payment of postage was by British stamps bought by the contractor at their face value and retailed by him. Stamps used on public service were registered and their value credited to the contractor. Postal articles for British India were despatched already stamped through Rajpura, where a clerk was stationed who delivered them to the British Post Office, paying the usual rates. Similarly articles from British territory were despatched by a clerk stationed at Narnaul . There were no facilities for money orders, insurance, or other minor branches of postal business. In Sambat 1940 (1884 A. D.) ,a Postal Convention was signed between the Imperial Government and the State (Ait chison's Treaties, Volume IX, No. XXX), which was modified in 1900 A. D. By this agree- ment a mutual exchange of correspondence, parcels, money orders and Indian- postal notes was est ablished between the Imperial Post Office and the Patiala State Post, regist ered value payable and insured articles being included . Stamps surcharged with the words "Patiala State" are supplied by the British Government to the Pa tiala State at cost price and are recognized by the Imperial Post Office when attached to inland correspondence posted within the limits of the State. When the convention was signed the late Lala Hukam Chand and Lila Gaurlshankar of the Punjab Postal Department were lent to the State as Postmaster-General and Postmaster of Patiiila, respectively, to re-organise the postal system of the State. Lala Hukam Chand was succeeded as Postmaster-General by Lala Raghbir Chand in Sambat 1951 (1894 A.D.). By an agreem ent of 14th August 1872, the British Government agreed to construct for the State a single line of wire (on the standards between Ambiila and Lahore) from Atnbala to Rlijpura, and thence to Patiala at a cost of Rs. 15,500, the Maharaja agreeing to pay the actual cost of construction and of the maintenance of the line and the office at Patiala. The receipts are credited to the State under clause 6 of the agreement . The officials are to be natives in the British Telegraph :6tafI . 1he Telegraph Act (VIII of 1860) and any other Acts passed are to be applied to the lines, and jurisdiction with regard to offences against the Act is regulated by the sQnad of May 5th, 1860, Section H.-Famine. From the general description of the physicai conditions of the State it will be clear that the results of a failure of the rainfall are very different

in different parts of the State. In the Bet and Pawadh l where there are 1'37 [ PART A. numerous wells, an d in the Jan gaJ and Banga r whi ch are protected by CHAP ; II, H:. ca nal s, the effect of def icient ra inf all is not very serio us. In the ptlrgan as 'I d h ., t f Economic~ , of Sardul garh, Akiilgarh , the Na ill , Narwa na ta 1ISI . an t e. nzzama ? Mohindar garh , whe re th ere ar e fe w wells and no cana ls, a deficIency of ram FAMINI ; has a serious · eff ec t on· the cr ops and caus es famine . . F~m ines .,

The ea rl ie st famin e of wh ich men talk is ,that of Sambat 1840 ; known 1783 A.D. as the cJuzUa or. chalisa. This wa s a terrib le famine which last ed for more than two years; The peop le cou ld not get grain and lo st their li ves eith er from wa nt of grain or fr om si ckness brou gh t on Qy ' bad food, and most of the pe op le left th eir home s. Th e next famin e was in Sambat 1869; it is 1812 A.D •. knONn as· the dhauna or th e fa mine of 20 sers. It la st ed for 8 or 9 months . Bot h harvests fail ed and the peo ple suffer ed heavily. The nabia was the famine of Sam ba t 1890. Bo th ha rvests failed, and the 1833 A.D. , pr ice of grain ros e to 38 sn s had /chi per rupee in the course of the fami 'lle, the rate befor e it hav ing be en 4 maund s per rup ee. Sambat 1894 al so brought a famine, bu t it wa s not so se, cre . IiI Samb at 1905 1848 A.D•. th ere was also scar ci ty in the Ja llgal 'tra ct . Tl: e fam ine of Sambat 19 17. co mmonly call ed th e sa tdh ra , was a !' leVl' rC on e. Both har ve sts 18 60 A.D. _ failed and the rat e rose from 3 ma un ds kac hel /a 1.0 J 7 or 20 se rs kachcha . Th ree lakhs and thirty-on e thousand maunds (pakk a) of gr ain we re di st rib uted by the St ate to its subj ec ts, and Rs. 3,]5,000 of la nd revcnu e remitt ed in the famin e-stri cken areas ·; reli ef works wer e also op ened ~ Sta te employ es and ' othe rs we re allo wed grain at low rates and the value ded ucted from their pay in ins talm en ts aft er th e famine had ' ceas ed. Th e famine of Samb at 192 5 was felt throu ghout the Stat e. Ii : is ' commonly 1868 A.D. cal led th e pa chia. Th oug h th e crops on wells were good, pri ces rose to 25' s!rs ka chcha: In Sam bat 19 34 famin e was fdt all ov er the Sta te. No 1877 A.D ~ ra in fell in Sawan, and the re wa s no crop on unirrigate dlands . The Bangar and ' the Mohindarg arh nz"z (fmllt suff ere d severely· Coll ections of land revenue were sus -pend ed, but recov ered next yea r' As in Mohindarg arh ' the peopre did not reco ver from th e sever e eff ec ts of th e famin e, reli ef wo rks were open ed there. In Sa mbat 194 0 also th ere was a scarcity 188 .'3 A.O: of grain, but it was ,not seri ous and did no t affe ct the whole State. Th e famine of Sa mba t, 195 3 ma de its eff ect s felt on ev ery par t of the 18 97 A. O. Sta te. Rain fell in Sc hvan , and crops were sown, but dri ed up for want of rain , The rate ro se to 8 SI! 1'S pak kd per rup ee . Tak rfv f to the amount of Rs. 10,000 was dis tribut ed in Anah adgath and Mohindargarh. Rel ief works compri sed a kach cha road from Bar nal -a to Bhikhi, which. empl oye d 2,3'12 pers ons an d cost . Rs . 36 ,400 ; repairs to the forts at Bhat inda and Ghur ,i m (Rs. 4, 914 ); and ad dit ions to th e mausoleum of Maharaja Al a Sin gh (Rs. 37 ,800). Grain to the value of Rs . 14 ,864 was dis tribut ed an d bl ank ets to th e valu e of Rs. 7,000. Th e· Americ an Missio n als o distribvt ed grain with as si stance from the · St ate . In SUil l\m a charitabl e institution (sad ltbad ) fed 80 pers ons : daily . -r.he total expendit ure' on reli ef works came to Rs .. t ,97 !8 ~9 . Th e faml l1e of Samba:t 195 6 was .severely felt throllghotlt th e·State, but · 19 00 AI:>t moreespecially in Sardulg arh , Narwan a, Akalgarh, Sunamj . Bhawan igarh andMoh in dargarh. The year was rainless, fol lowing a succession of bad harvest s,and th e grain famin e was aggravated by 'a water famine in Sardul- gar~an d a fodder famine everywher e. Twenty ,·ei 'ght villages we re affect-

ed 111An ahadgarh r _281 in Mohindargarh and 104 in Karmgarh. Lala Bhagw an Dasj the Diwan (now Member of ' Council', was made Central Famine Officer , with assistants , as - prescribed in the Punjab Famine Code. Poor-ho uses and kitchens were open ed -the poor-hous e at PAt icila has never been cl osed-and relief works on a larg e scal e were start ed. As in the form er' 1900 AD ~. famine prich men came forward 'and subscr ibe d larg ely to th e Fa mine Fund : 13 8 PATIALA STATE .]

The relief works, which were var ious and of no permanent import ance , were Economic. kept open from Ja nuar y to Septembe r, and grat uitous rel ief wa s given till December. 10,395 were employed, on an average, every month on re lief FAMINB. work s, while 5,270 were relieved gratuitous ly. The total exp enditur e was Rs. 3,81,722. Land revenue was susp ended to the amount of Rs. 2,58,715, wh ile Rs. 2,02,208 were remit ted in Mohindargarh. Pati!ta poor. In connection with the famine re lief operations a kitchen was first bo ule. started in the Samadh ti n at PaWila at a cost of Rs 150 per da y. Subse- quently, on the 1st Baisakh 1957, a poor-hous e was establish ed on the lines of the Famine Code in Ablowa l, near Pati: :ila, unde r the control of Lil la Bhagwan Di s and the direc t supervision of Abd -ul·Hakim Kh an, MB, Assistant Sur geon, and the rel ief was strict ly regu lated accord . ing to the Code. The average weekly number relieved in the kitchen was hig he st in Phagan (3,939), and in the poor·ho use at th e end of Baisakh (2 ,465). Aft er As auj 15th the poor began to leave the poor-hou se, so that the in ma tes fe ll to 304 early in Katak and to 228 in Maghar. Th e tot al cost of the kitchen in the Sam t1.dhan and of the Ablowal poor · house was Rs. 27, 115 from Phagan J st, J 956, to Maghar 17th, 1957. Of thi s Rs. 24 ,465 wer e spent on foo d, Rs . J >446 on es tablis hment, Rs . 40 on clothes , and Rs 80 2 on mi sc ella ne ous items. The ra ilway fares of 61 persons were paid by the Sta te to enable them to ret urn to their hom es, in add ition to 333 who were sent back to Bikaner and Hissa r with out cost to th e St ate and ]38 residents . of les s distant localitie s wh o were sent home on foot with thr ee days' food. Large number s left the poor-house of their own ac cord without giving informati on as to thei r homes. There were many op ium -eaters among the poor, the daily nu mbe rfor th e week ending 13th Baisakh 1957 being 87, and they we re ind uced to take la rge quantities of foo d and re duce their doses of opium, wi th the result that only two opium-e aters remained on the 1St Katak 1957. As the opium was reduced by degre es no bad effec t on their health resulted. The numb ers in the poor-house on the J oth Ma ghar 1957 were as follows :-Hindu s 58 (of whom 33 were inhabita nts of th e State) , Mu- hammadans 44 (31 of the State), CMhni5 and Cham ar s 34 (2 2 of the State); and 38 in the hospit al (14 of the State). The re was no case of cholera, and only 12 ca ses with 4 deaths from small -pox, 235 ca ses with 8 deaths from dys entery and 501 cases with J 3 de aths from fever. Thus out of 3.929 in-door and out · do or patients only 46 died and the rest we re discharged cured . The avera~e daily number of in·door and out door patients was 91'30 . Excep t malanal fever no disea se broke out in the poor-house, and the general healt h of the inmates was goo d. A school was opened for the childr en. All whn were abl e to work were given light work acco rding to their st rength . As . the numb er of compartments was small, th ey were .made to build more wit h bric ks made with their own hands. They were also made to twist cord and . make chdrpais for the sick among th em. ' As no help was rendered py the polic e or arm y. resp ectable famine · st ricken me n were employed as sepoys on - annas 10 per day, an d they worked very satisfactor ily. -~~ - Sectio n A.-Administrative Departments. CHAP. III, A. During the minority of the Maharaja the State is administered by a Counc il of Regency co nsisting of three mem bers. There are AdminIstra- four Hig h Dep artments of Stat e, the Finance De partment (Diwani tive.

M.l) ; the Fore ign Offic e (!1 uns M Kh ti na ); the Ju d~ci al Department AD 'ldINiSTRATIVI& (Adal fJt S?d r); and the MIlit ary Departm ent (B aksh~ Khana). The DEPARTMENTS. Finance Mini ster-Diwan-in th e early days of th e State had full Government powers in all matters connect ed with the land reven ue and the treasury. offic ials , He decided land cas es and was sometimes allo wed to farm the land Tab te 33 cl revenue, Maharaja Karm Singh pu t a stop to this pra ctice and organised Part 8. th e Finan ci al Department. Th e Dfwan is no W the appellate Court in revenue case s, and all matters of revenue and fin anc e

I The Bakhshi .-This offi cer' s titl e is tra nslat ed in to En gli sh soom et imes by PaymastlH~ Ge neral , at others by Adjut ant-G ene ral or Comm ander -in-C hief . Bloc hmann , Ain, I, 261, ha s Paym aster and Ad jut ant ·Gen eral . None of th es e titles gi ves an ex act idea of hilt functions. He was not a Payma ster , ex ce pt in the sense that he usuall y sug ge sted the rank to which a man sh ould be appoin ted or pr om ote d, and perhaps counters igned the pay ·bills. But the actual di sbur se ment of pay bel ong ed to ot her departm ent s. Ad jutant.General is ' somewhat ne ar er to correc tn ess .Comma nde r·in ·Ch ief he wa s not. He migh t be sent on a campaign in supreme command ; and if neith er emperor , V' iceg erent (waHI -i 1/tutlak) , nor ch ief mini 'ster ' ('/!Ju ir) wa s pr ese nt , the command fell to him . But the only trne Commander-in· Chief was the emp eror hims elf . re placed in hi s absence by the waMI or waz{r. The word Bakhshi means ' the giver ' from P. ba khsh id an, 'to ' be stow ,'" that is , he ",\'as the giver of the gil t of employm ent in camps and armies (Dastur.ul.lnsha, 23 '2). In Pe rsia the same of ficial was st yled . 'Th e Petitioner' (' ar iz). This name indicates that it was his spe cial busine ss to br ing into the pr esence ' of the emper 'or anyone seeking for em ployment or promotion , and there to state the facts conne< ;:t ed with that man's case. Probably the ' nse of th e words Mlr 'An in two ' places in the Ain i Akbari (Blo{:hmann, I. 257 ,259) are in stances of the Persian name being applied to the officer afterwards called a Bakh shi The first Bakhshi (for there were four ) seems to have received, almo st as of right, Ihe title of Am ir ul.Umar 'a (Noble of Noble s); and from the reign of Alamgfr onwards, I find no instance of this title being grant ed to more than one man at a time , though in Akbar's le ign such appears to have bee n the case (Afn , I, 240 , Blockmann 's no te) .(Fr om an article in the Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1896 , pages 539 '4°, by W. hvins, on th4 . Array C1f ths MOihals). 14° PATIALA STATE. ]

Administra- tive. r. Fatehgarh or Sirhind, in the P'awadh. AOMINISTRATIW 2. Am:lrgarh, in the Jangal, also known as DSPAttTMItNTS. 2. Amargarh, also calledr Dhurl, where the present tahsil head- Atlminislrative B< 1si,at which place its~ quarters are. Division •• head.quarters are. l3' Sahibgarh, also called Piiil, where the . head-quarters are, mainly in the Janga~ and .partty in the Pawadh .

3· Anllhadgarh, also called i I. Anahadgarh, 'J Barniila, at which place 2. Govindgarh or Bhatinda, inthe Janial . 'it -s head·quarters are. '3. Bhlkhl, .'

( ,. R.i ipura, "I 2 Banur, jin the Pawa .dh , "' , 3. Ghanaur, ,i 4· Pinjaur, in the Himalayan area .

Mohindargarh , also called Kanaud, from I '5. Mohilldargal;h, popularly {I . the name of the old fort and town ,at called the Narnatit which its head-quarters are. nizamat. . 2. Narnaul .

Of these five nisamatr the first three comprise all the mai.n portion of the State, and Pinjaur also includes the detached part of the Stat e which lies in the Simla Hills and ferms tahsil Pinja 'ur. The "iZamilt of Pinjaur however is mainly composed of the Pawadh tract, which forms the north- eastern part of the main portion of the St ate , The n£z tim rzi of AmarO"arh comprises' the rest of the Pawadh (Fatehgarh and part of S~hibgarh tah~ils), and the northern part of the Jangal tract (the remainder of Sahibgarh and the whole of Am argarh tahslls). Karmgarh Niza 'tnat comprises the 'south central part of the main portion of the State, including the tahsil of NarwH -na which lies in the BHngar tract south of the Ghaggar. Anahadgarh nU!llmat lies wholiy in the Jangal and ¥ohindargarh in the Bagar. Mohindargarh wnsrsts of the outlying block of Patiala territory, which is really a part of the Rewilt on the borders of R:i jputana. The head-tjua .rters staff of ezch ni$amat consists of a N