61 [PART A. ~gII 01"O ,' a hor se.' Ta le . for..nic he, 'below, ' dh~re for paS, (I:ear,' .are CHAP. I; G. \ gener al ly used . The hIll male ct of th e State ISth at of the Simla hills. ••. .... : In th e to wn s the Persi an ch ar ac ter is ge ne rally ufed . Nagri is used De 'scrljjtlve. I by Brahm an s for relig ious purpo se s. Shop -kee pe!"'s ac count books are POPULATIOif. \ kept in La nde. In Patiala proper som e Mu hammod an shop-keepers use \ th e Urd u ch ar acter, but tot als are show n in LaucL numerals. A few of Language. the well -to-do Sikhs kee p th eir account s in GU r"mukhl . TRIBES AND CAST ES . Ne arly every cast e in th e Punjab is repres ent ed in Patiala, but the Jats, Jat,. who compri se 30 per ce nt. of the popul atio n (4 85,170), are by far the str ongest element . Th e Jat s of the Miilwa , in "hich the main part of the Pati ala St at e is in cluded , hav e been cal led the fi nest peasantry in India . A description of the Malwa Jat , and the po int s in which he differs from th e Jat of the Miinjha, will be foun d in the Ga zet tee ~ of the Ludhiana District . The Jats of Patiala mostl y claim Rii jpu t or igin, and appear to hav e migrate d from Jaisalmer into the Mal wa , or the te rritory south of the Sutlej whi ch stretch es toward s Delhi and Bi kan er, <lo out the middle of the 16th century, though th e asli or or ig inal gots Man, Bhullar and Her, which are of the Shiv gOt1"a, were pr obabl y settl ed in th e Mal wa before the other Jats. The SiddhU s (42 ,4°5) ar e the most nume rous and important sub-divi- SiddhUJats. sian of the Jats in Pa tiala. Bes ide s th e rul in g fam ilies of the PhUlkilln States and Farldk ot , many famili es of not e belong to the Siddhu clan. They claim descen t from a Bh atti Rajpu t, Jaisa l, founder of Jaisalrner. The SiddhUs l are stron ges t in the i\na had ga rh nz" zamat. They form an exo- gamous section and avoi d one got onl y in marriage. Th e jagirdars of Bhadaur ar e descr ibe d els ew here. Oth er imp ort ant famil ies in this St ate are th e jagir dars of Ta lw andl, Kotll Sabo and Jiunda n. The SiddhUs are nearly all Sikhs . Hadke is on e at th e Sid dhli sep ts, and is ca lled after Chaudh ri Had, its Harlke. an cestor. Chaudhri Had an d hi s descen dants found ed 14 or IS villages on both bank s of the Su tlej, wh ence the na me' Harik e pattan,' and Buddha Singh, on e of his desce ndants , settled at Se kh a in Barnala pargana. Sardar Bhag Singh , of this sep t, wa s Bakhshi of the State, and Sardar Basawa Singh be came its Bak hshi and Adalat ! and was afterwards a member of the first Coun cil of Rege ncy. Hi s grand son , Sar dar BaMdur Sardlir Pdtam Singh , is the present Bakhsh l. Mehta is al so a nlzt nlzi or sept of the Si dd hli got or cl an. It is named after Mehta. its ancestor Mehta, who found ed th e vill age of Mehta near Barnala. Sardars Bah al i Singh ,But! Singh, Dal Singh and Ra njit Singh of this sept all held the post of the Commander-in-Chi ef in the St ate . The Chah il Jats claim that Chahil, their eponym, was born of a hill Ch'hil Jats. fairy. Th ey are numerous in Bhl khf , in which tahsil th ey own many villages, and they also hold scattered villag es in tahslls Narwa na, Amaro-arh, Bhawanlgarh and Fat ehgarh. Sardar Partap Singh, Chahil, maternal u;cle 's son of the late Mahani;a Narindar Singh, was Bakhshl to the State. He was in command of H·e Patiala Contingent at Delhi in 1857, and his son Ranjit Singh is now t. 'e leading representative of the tribe. To support their claim they pay special 'worship to Guga Pir, who was a Chauhan Rajput . They worship Baland Jogi Pir, their ja{lz era. The DhaHwals claim to be Chandra Bansl Rajputs by origin, through DUll,.,.') jat' :' DhaHwal, B?attl, .who migrated from Jaisalm er and set~led at Kangar in Ncibha terrItory Il1 th e 12th or 13th century. In the time of Akbar, the IFor a detailed accou nt of the Sidd hus see Grif fin 's Rajas of the Punjab and the Alita-i. Bara, Ban s in 3 volume s by Wa li Alia Sadlqf, pub lished by order of the Faridkot Darbcir. CHAP. I, C. r~hief of the Dhallwals, Mihr Matba~l is said to ha, A given a daughter in - : marriage to that emperor, whence the DhaHwals and +'i. e35 ]at tribes which Descriptive. concurred in the besto\"al of a Jat girl on the emperor acquired the title POPULATIOH. or status of Darbarl. The Darbarl ]ats in this State are the Tiwanas of DUllwAlJats. Chinarthal , the ]halle Gils of Dhamot and Siawara , the Manders of ]arg, ' the Mangats of Rampur and Katani, the ]hij of Gidrf and Bawanf, the Panders of GahIod, and the Gandhas of Raunf. Darbarf ]ats pay special fees to th eir m£rasls at weddings. The Dhaliwals, ,after the decline of Mihr Math a's family, dispersed and some migrated into the State, where they are mainly found in tahslls Bhatinda and Bhikhf, and in stray villages in Sunam, Amargarh and Sah ib garh. The main Dhalfwal septs are th e Manf, Udi, Rureka, Dina and Ramana. The tribe is chiefly represent ed by the family of the late Sardar Ganda Singh, c.s.! ., Bakhshi of the State, and his son Sardar Hazura Singh is now an officer in the State forces. A man of note among the Dfnakes was Milln Mahtab Singh of Fa rid kot, whose daughter was married to Maha- raja Mahindar Singh and be cam e the mother of Maharaja Rajindar Singh. NAn Jat.. The Man ]ats say they migrated from the north, and claim descent from Mandhata, a Rajput, by <I. karezlJa marriage. Mandhita settled in Ladowa in Ferozepore and thence in Akbar's reign the Mans migrated into the present nz"zamat of Ana hadgarh, in which they own many villages. Their chief sub-septs in this St ate are Maur, Sandar, Khawala and Paraga, and they give their names to the villages of Maur, Minwala, Man Khera, and Mansa. They avoid only the one got in marriages, and form no alliances with the Bhulars or Sher Gils. At weddings they give a rupee to all the miras£s, Brahmans and Bhats of the Man villages, and fhis ceremony is called tapa or t'lppa. The Mans~hia ]ats regard themselves as superior to other Mans. Tradition says they owe their name to the fact that the head of the family paid the revenue due to the emperor punctually. Sardar Harnam Singh deorlztwrila is the leading man among the Man· sabia. Maharaja Rajindar Singh was married into this family. DhillonJats. The Dhillon Jats clai m descent from Raja Karn, whose desc endant ThaI married a ]at wife. The Dhillons ar e said to have migrated from Delhi under the Mughals, an d are now mainly found in tahsil Govindgarh and in scattered villages in Bhfkhi and Fatehgarh tahslls. Their chief sub- , septs in this State are th e {, hhna, Bangria, Gat, landi, Saniya, Garah and Mutal . They only avoid the father's got in marriage and make no alliances with the Dhindsa and Wa l (Wal is a sub· sept of the Sekhons) on account of some old dispute. Gil Jab. The Gils trace their ~;rig in to their eponym , Gil, who fled fro m RAj • .. I ~ putana and set,tled in, Bk.'- ;nd~ 3;'w~ere he marr i; d. a Dhaliwal : ~hence" in ~he d.me of Shah Jaha n, ll, •. tnls mIgrated to Sa hlbgarh an~ Su na n; tahsI ,I~, III 'which they are n('\ ,/ 1; 'i nIer ous. They are found also m tahslls RaJ- pura and Bhikhf. They have J t sub-septs, Sher, Kak , Landra; Sihai, Bhadon, Jhagar, Baril la, Karora, Kand, Jaji and ]hala, th e last of which is strongly repres er,te d in tahsil Sahibgarh, where it holds I[ viIlageB. Martal1ats. The Marr als , re turned as ]ats in the Censuses of 1891 and 1901 I are mainly Mu hammadan, but a few are Hindu s. The Mu hammadan Marrals of Samin a lay claim to an lra nia a origin and say they are descen dant s of Yazd-i-jard , the las t Sassanian king of Persia, who was conq uere d by the Arab Sa 'd- waqas .The y migr at ed from Kabul -J in the tim e of Prith wi Raj, king of Delhi , unde r Malik Salah- \ ud.di n. On th e recom me ndati on of the N'lw<i b of Samana the Malik 63 ( PART A.