DOCSLIB.ORG

Coal Author(S): William A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coal Author(S): William A Stem and Leaf Cuticle of Karinopteris: Source of Cuticles from the Indiana "Paper" Coal Author(s): William A. DiMichele, Michael O. Rischbieter, Donald L. Eggert and Robert A. Gastaldo Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 71, No. 5 (May - Jun., 1984), pp. 626-637 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443359 . Accessed: 31/10/2012 10:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org Amer. J. Bot. 71(5): 626-637. 1984. STEM AND LEAF CUTICLE OF KARINOPTERIS: SOURCE OF CUTICLES FROM THE INDIANA "PAPER" COAL1 WILLIAMA. DIMICHELESMICHAEL O. RISCHBIETER, DONALD L. EGGERT,AND ROBERTA. GASTALDO Departmentof Botany, University of Washington,Seattle, Washington; Department of Biology, WesternIllinois University, Macomb, Illinois; IndianaGeological Survey, Bloomington, Indiana,and Departmentof Geology, AuburnUniversity, Auburn,Alabama ABSTRACT Cuticularor "paper"coal-shale is a local deposit of an organic-rich,highly clastic rock, with abundantleafand stem cuticles,associated with the UpperBlock Coal Member in ParkeCounty, Indiana.Fresh blocks of cuticularcoal can be split alongbedding surfaces to reveala fossil flora of low diversity, dominatedby pteridospermsand lycopods, with minor amounts of ferns and sphenopsids.Karinopteris is a subdominantcomponent of this flora and the great abundance of well-preservedcuticles of this plant allows for a reconstructionof its frondand growthhabit. Karinopteris appearsto have been a vine, indicative of structuraldiversity in the plant assem- blage. The plant assemblageof the cuticularcoal is dissimilar to most midwesterncoal-ball floras of slightly youngerage. This is probablya result of the depositionalsetting in an upper deltaic-fluvialdominated environment. THE CUTICULAR or "paper"coal of Indiana is and Phillips, 1982),palynology (Peppers, 1982), an unusual deposit rich in plant cuticles and and paleobotany (DiMichele, 1980, 1982) of intermediate in character between a bitumi- associated coals and shales, and petrology of nous coal and a highly organic shale. It occurs the cuticularcoal, which Crellingand Bensley only as an upperfacies of the Upper Block Coal (1980) found to consist of only 7.2% cutinite Memberof the Brazil Formationand has been when fresh. Eggertand Phillips (1982) found located only in Parke County, in west-central no lithological or paleontological evidence of Indiana. The cuticular coal was first reported marineinfluence in the lower part of the Brazil in detail by Guennel and Neavel (1959) and Formationin ParkeCounty. Further study sug- Neavel and Guennel (1960). They speculated gests that the cuticularcoal deposit is the result that the deposit representeda brackishor ma- of the original plant composition of the coal rine-influencedpart of a more typical fresh- swamp flora, in particularthe abundance of water coal swamp. Their conclusions were the pteridospermKarinopteris, perhapsreflect- based on elevated levels of boron and nickel ing unusual local ecological conditions within in the cuticular coal facies, and on the abun- an upper deltaic fluvial environment (Nelson dance of plant cuticles in the deposit. Later et al., unpubl., in review). studieswere on the chemistry(Neavel and Mil- The cuticularcoal is of specific interest bo- ler, 1960) and the palynology (Guennel and tanically because of the unusual texturalcom- Neavel, 1961) of this lithology. position, caused by the abundanceof cuticular Renewed interest in the cuticular coal was material. Studies of both fresh and weathered stimulated by its exposure during mining in specimens revealed that virtually all of the cu- Parkecounty. This was followed by reports of ticle is derived from a single species of Kari- the general depositional environment (Eggert nopteris. This plant is a major component of a low diversity flora dominated by pterido- spermsand lycopods. The morphologyof Kar- l Received for publication 4 June 1983; revision ac- inopteris is the focus of this paper the asso- cepted 23 January, 1984. ciated flora will be described in brief. Thanks are extended to W. J. Nelson, A. C. Stecyk, R. Karinopteris is a form genus of pteridosperm L. Langenheim, R. Zangerl, R. Winston, S. Costanza, J. foliage that has been reported infrequentlyin F. Mahaffy, B. L. DiMichele, and T. L. Phillips for assis- tance with field work. The cooperation of Mr. Joseph North America. Boersma (1972) established Woody, Bloomingdale, IN, owner and operator of the the genus and, based on specimens from west- Roaring Creek Mine, is gratefully acknowledged. Caroline ern Europe, recognized a number of species Mass, University of Washington, prepared the reconstruc- previously included in Mariopteris, Sphenop- tion. This research was supported in part by NSF Grant EAR8018324 to WD, acknowledgment is also made to teris, or Diplothmema. Karinopteris is char- the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund of the Amer- acterized by small, bipartite fronds that lack ican Chemical Society for partial support of this project. petiolarpinnules, have transversemarks on the 626 May-June,1984] DIMICHELE ET AL.-INDIANA PAPER COAL 627 rachisesand stems, spinelike prolongationsof ical Collections of the University of Washing- the distal partsofthe fronds,and pinnules with ton: Slides UW 00001-00155; Specimens RC a mariopteroid or eusphenopteroid aspect 1 1. 1-1 1.2, 14. 1-14.9 (cuticular coal from (Boersma,1972;Gastaldo and Boersma,1983). RoaringCreek Mining Company,Mine No. 1), CO 1. 1-1.21 (cuticularshale from along Sugar MATERIALSAND METHODSOF ANALYSIS- Creek in Coke Oven Hollow), and NYE 1.1- Fresh to slightly weatheredcuticular coal and 1.6 (cuticle coal from abandoned strip mine shalewere collectedwithin the now abandoned near Nyesville, Indiana). RoaringCreek Coal CompanyNo. l Mine (7l/2' Wallace Quad., SE 1/4, SW 1/4, SW 1/4, sec. 32, MORPHOLOGYOF KARINOPTERIS sP.-Nature T.17N, R.7W) and from exposures on a steep of the fossils-Almost all of the recovered cu- cut bank along Roaring Creek at an elevation ticles representfragments of the parent plant of about 560 feet above sea level (71/2' Wallace leaves and stems. Most material was leaf cu- Quad. SE 1/4, NW 1/4, NW 1/4, sec. 33, T.17N, ticle, from petioles to ultimate pinnules, that R.7W). representsvarious segments of fronds (Fig. 1- Additional highly weathered cuticular coal 7, 10). Largeaxes with remnants of horizontal samples were obtained from an exposurein an scleroticplates may representstems or the bas- abandonedstrip mine near Nyesville, Indiana, al portions of fronds (Fig. 8 and 9). Sporangial in Parke County (7l/2'Rockville Quad. SW 1/4, cuticle and spores of various sizes were com- sec.27, T.16N, R.7W); this was site A of Nea- mon; these have been describedand illustrated vel and Guennel (1960). Samples of shale rich by Guenneland Neavel ( 196 1) and arethe only in cuticle were obtained along SugarCreek at cuticularmaterials not associated clearly with about 500 ft above sea level, near Coke Oven the Karinopteris plant. Except for the sclerotic Hollow, ParkeCounty (7l/2' Montezuma Quad. cell-plates in some of the largeraxes, cellular NW 1/4, SW 1/4, SE 1/4, sec. 4, T.16N, R.8W). materialwas absent, including vasculartissue. There were no coals exposed in association Cellular contents were macerated naturally with this shale. At all locations collectionswere from the cuticularenvelopes or were coalified made from rocks of the Brazil Formation in within the envelopes rendering them unrec- the approximate stratigraphicinterval of the ognizable. Upper Block Coal Member. Cuticlewas removed from weatheredcuticu- Description of the material-Four major lar ("paper")coal and shale, without chemical kinds of fragmentaryaxes were obtained from pre-treatment,directly from bedding surfaces. macerations:terminal segments of fronds,mid- This technique occasionally yielded large portions of fronds, basal frond segments, in- pieces, but in most cases dense layeringof the cluding dichotomized rachises, and large axes cuticle prevented removal of the significantly that probably representstems. larger frond segments. Most cuticle was ob- The smallest diameter axes recovered were tained by immersing hand-sized samples and segmentsof frondrachises that terminatedwith largerpieces up to 20 cm a side and 1 cm thick spines. Four hundredand seventy-seven (477) in an aqueous solution of 5%KOH for 48 hr, spiney axes were found. They rangefrom 0.3- followed by a 5-day rinse in gently running 2.0 mm diam, and average1 mm diam (median water. Specimens were subsequently treated 0.85 mm, Fig. 14). The spines are small and with 32%H202 (superoxal),which rapidly (24 triangularin shape (Fig. 7). They are alternate hr) disrupted the clastic matrix and released and borne in two subopposite rows along the the cuticle. This solution was rinsed in gently upper (adaxial) surface of a rachis. A few of runningwater for 48 hr. Cuticle then was hand the specimens, of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retallack 2021 Coal Balls
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 564 (2021) 110185 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Modern analogs reveal the origin of Carboniferous coal balls Gregory Retallack * Department of Earth Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1272, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Coal balls are calcareous peats with cellular permineralization invaluable for understanding the anatomy of Coal ball Pennsylvanian and Permian fossil plants. Two distinct kinds of coal balls are here recognized in both Holocene Histosol and Pennsylvanian calcareous Histosols. Respirogenic calcite coal balls have arrays of calcite δ18O and δ13C like Carbon isotopes those of desert soil calcic horizons reflecting isotopic composition of CO2 gas from an aerobic microbiome. Permineralization Methanogenic calcite coal balls in contrast have invariant δ18O for a range of δ13C, and formed with anaerobic microbiomes in soil solutions with bicarbonate formed by methane oxidation and sugar fermentation. Respiro­ genic coal balls are described from Holocene peats in Eight Mile Creek South Australia, and noted from Carboniferous coals near Penistone, Yorkshire. Methanogenic coal balls are described from Carboniferous coals at Berryville (Illinois) and Steubenville (Ohio), Paleocene lignites of Sutton (Alaska), Eocene lignites of Axel Heiberg Island (Nunavut), Pleistocene peats of Konya (Turkey), and Holocene peats of Gramigne di Bando (Italy). Soils and paleosols with coal balls are neither common nor extinct, but were formed by two distinct soil microbiomes. 1. Introduction and Royer, 2019). Although best known from Euramerican coal mea­ sures of Pennsylvanian age (Greb et al., 1999; Raymond et al., 2012, Coal balls were best defined by Seward (1895, p.
    [Show full text]
  • A Physiologically Explicit Morphospace for Tracheid-Based Water Transport in Modern and Extinct Seed Plants
    A Physiologically Explicit Morphospace for Tracheid-based Water Transport in Modern and Extinct Seed Plants The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wilson, Jonathan P., and Andrew H. Knoll. 2010. A physiologically explicit morphospace for tracheid-based water transport in modern and extinct seed plants. Paleobiology 36(2): 335-355. Published Version doi:10.1666/08071.1 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4795216 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Wilson - 1 A Physiologically Explicit Morphospace for Tracheid-Based Water Transport in Modern and Extinct Seed Plants Jonathan P. Wilson* Andrew H. Knoll September 7, 2009 RRH: PHYSIOLOGICALLY EXPLICIT MORPHOSPACE LRH: JONATHAN P. WILSON AND ANDREW H. KNOLL Wilson - 2 Abstract We present a morphometric analysis of water transport cells within a physiologically explicit three-dimensional space. Previous work has shown that cell length, diameter, and pit resistance govern the hydraulic resistance of individual conducting cells; thus, we use these three parameters as axes for our morphospace. We compare living and extinct plants within this space to investigate how patterns of plant conductivity have changed over evolutionary time. Extinct coniferophytes fall within the range of living conifers, despite differences in tracheid-level anatomy. Living cycads, Ginkgo biloba, the Miocene fossil Ginkgo beckii, and extinct cycadeoids overlap with both conifers and vesselless angiosperms.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0186-6546 Gar W. Rothwell Edwin and Ruth Kennedy Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Porter Hall 401E T: 740 593 1129 Ohio University F: 740 593 1130 Athens, OH 45701 E: [email protected] also Courtesy Professor Department of Botany and PlantPathology Oregon State University T: 541 737- 5252 Corvallis, OR 97331 E: [email protected] Education Ph.D.,1973 University of Alberta (Botany) M.S., 1969 University of Illinois, Chicago (Biology) B.A., 1966 Central Washington University (Biology) Academic Awards and Honors 2018 International Organisation of Palaeobotany lifetime Honorary Membership 2014 Fellow of the Paleontological Society 2009 Distinguished Fellow of the Botanical Society of America 2004 Ohio University Distinguished Professor 2002 Michael A. Cichan Award, Botanical Society of America 1999-2004 Ohio University Presidential Research Scholar in Biomedical and Life Sciences 1993 Edgar T. Wherry Award, Botanical Society of America 1991-1992 Outstanding Graduate Faculty Award, Ohio University 1982-1983 Chairman, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America 1972-1973 University of Alberta Dissertation Fellow 1971 Paleobotanical (Isabel Cookson) Award, Botanical Society of America Positions Held 2011-present Courtesy Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University 2008-2009 Visiting Senior Researcher, University of Alberta 2004-present Edwin and Ruth Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio
    [Show full text]
  • Transformative Paleobotany
    Chapter 6 Lower Permian Flora of the Sanzenbacher Ranch, Clay County, Texas William A. DiMichele1, Robert W. Hook2, Hans Kerp3, Carol L. Hotton1,4, Cindy V. Looy5 and Dan S. Chaney1 1NMNH Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States; 2The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; 3Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; 4National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; 5University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States 1. INTRODUCTION 1985; Broutin, 1986; Popa, 1999; Steyer et al., 2000; Wagner and Mayoral, 2007; Bercovici and Broutin, 2008; Since 1989, field parties supported by the U.S. National Barthel, 2009; Wagner and Álvarez-Vázquez, 2010; Museum of Natural History have obtained large collections Barthel and Brauner, 2015). Furthermore, because this of mainly Permian plant fossils from north central Texas. locality was collected on three occasions over a time period This work was undertaken to study known localities and to of 50 years and by different parties, comparative analysis of find new fossiliferous deposits that would contribute to a the Sanzenbacher collections provides a basis for assessing better understanding of floral and paleoenvironmental sites that have comparable histories. changes within the region during the early Permian. From the outset, the effort was interdisciplinary and grew, through the contributions of nearly 20 paleobotanists, 2. GEOLOGY palynologists, invertebrate and vertebrate paleontologists, Clay County is the only county in the Permo-Carboniferous and sedimentary geologists of several subdisciplines, to be outcrop belt of north central Texas that lacks marine rocks. quite comprehensive. Our reporting of results, however, has These alluvial sediments accumulated east of a broad been influenced by unexpected developments, including the coastal plain that bordered the Eastern Shelf of the Midland discovery of new plant-fossil assemblages in areas once Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrified Pennsylvanian Age Plants of Eastern Ohio1
    PETRIFIED PENNSYLVANIAN AGE PLANTS OF EASTERN OHIO1 GAR W. ROTHWELL, Department of Botany, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 Abstract. The recent (1975) discovery of coal-ball petrifactions in the Duquesne and Ames coals of the Conemaugh Group provides an opportunity to make detailed studies of abundant and well preserved Pennsylvanian age fossil plants. Material from these beds was collected at a single location west of Steubenville, Ohio. Remains assignable to all the major groups of coal swamp plants were present, with the psaroniaceous tree ferns and medullosan seed ferns most abundantly represented. To date, 50 distinct taxa of plant remains have been discovered. OHIO J. SCI. 76(3): 128, 1976 Pennsylvanian age plants, preserved by calcareous cellular permineralization (coal balls), are among the most valuable of Paleozoic fossils. At localities where Duquesne large quantities of material are available for study, features such as anatomical structure and plant habit can often be thoroughly examined (e.g. Dennis, 1974). In instances where preservation is espe- cially good, developmental sequences and even reproductive mechanisms sometimes can be interpreted (e.g. Millay and Eg- gert, 1974). Unfortunately, known col- lecting localities of coal balls are few in number. In the Appalachian Basin only six discoveries have thus far been re- ported (Cross, 1967; Schopf, 1961); in- cluding two in Ohio (Good, personal communication; Good and Taylor, 1974). It is therefore of considerable importance that two new Ohio coal-ball localities are described. LOCALITIES AND STRATIGRAPHY Two coal seams were exposed in a road cut on the south side of Ohio Route 22 (NE M SE K SE 14, Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosperms from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica: the First Structurally Preserved Cycad Pollen Cone
    Int. J. Plant Sci. 164(6):1007–1020. 2003. ᭧ 2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2003/16406-0016$15.00 GYMNOSPERMS FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF ANTARCTICA: THE FIRST STRUCTURALLY PRESERVED CYCAD POLLEN CONE Sharon D. Klavins,* Edith L. Taylor,* Michael Krings,† and Thomas N. Taylor* *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, U.S.A.; and †Bayerische Staatssammlung fu¨r Pala¨ontologie und Geologie, Funktionseinheit Pala¨ontologie, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany The first permineralized cycad pollen cone is described from the lower Middle Triassic of Antarctica. The cone is characterized by helically arranged, wedge-shaped microsporophylls, each with five or more spinelike projections extending from the rhomboid distal face. The vascular cylinder is dissected and produces paired traces to each microsporophyll. Three vascular bundles enter the base of the microsporophyll and divide to produce at least five vascular strands in the sporophyll lamina. Pollen sacs occur in two radial clusters near the lateral margins on the abaxial surface of the microsporophyll. Each cluster bears up to eight elongate pollen sacs that are fused for approximately half their length and display longitudinal dehiscence. Pollen sacs are sessile and attached to a vascularized, receptacle-like pad of tissue that is raised from the surface of the microsporophyll. Pollen is ovoid, psilate, and monosulcate. Although the affinities of this cone with the Cycadales are obvious, the complement of characters in the fossil is unique and thus does not permit assignment to an extant family.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiological Insights Into Ecology and Taphonomy of Prehistoric Wetlands
    Microbiological insights into ecology and taphonomy of prehistoric wetlands. By © 2018 Ashley A Klymiuk M.Sc. Systematics & Evolution, University of Alberta, 2011 B.Sc. Paleontology, University of Alberta, 2009 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Benjamin Sikes Mark Holder Ari Jumpponen Leonard Krishtalka Jennifer Roberts Date Defended: 04 December 2018 ii The dissertation committee for Ashley A Klymiuk certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Microbiological insights into ecology and taphonomy of prehistoric wetlands. Chair: Benjamin Sikes Date Approved: 7 December 2018 iii Abstract In the course of this dissertation, I present investigations of the microbial constituents of fossil plants preserved at an anatomical level of detail, and detail the results of an ecological survey of root-endogenous fungi within the cosmopolitan emergent macrophyte, Typha. These studies together elucidate processes in the taphonomy of fossil plants. Biostratinomy is addressed through descriptions of saprotrophic communities within the Eocene Princeton Chert mire assemblage, and within a Carboniferous fern which previous studies had suggested contained fossilized actinobacteria. Re-investigation of the ‘actinobacteria’ suggests instead that the structures are disordered ferrous dolomites, raising implications for the contribution of sulfate- reducing bacteria to the early-diagenesis mineralization of plants preserved in carbonaceous concretions. The fossilized remains of saprotrophic and putatively endophytic fungi within roots of in-situ plants from the Princeton Chert also provide insight into early diagenesis. Some of the fungi described herein are preserved in several co-occurring developmental phases, providing evidence that early phases of silicification in this assemblage were rapid.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Cladistic Analysis of the Cordaitean Cones and Im Plications for Plant Lineages
    MORPHOLOGICAL CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CORDAITEAN CONES AND IM PLICATIONS FOR PLANT LINEAGES A Thesis by JULIAN EDUARDO CORREA Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Anne Raymond Committee Members, Thomas Olszewski James Woolley Head of Department, Rick Giardino August 2015 Major Subject: Geology Copyright 2015 Julian Eduardo Correa ABSTRACT The cordaiteans were a group of Carboniferous and Permian woody plants, which thrived in wetlands and terra firma habitats. Cordaitean cones from wetland habitats are exquisitely well preserved and contain a suit of characters that make their fossils prime candidates for cladistic analysis; historically, there are more male cones than female cone. Cordaitean morphological characteristics make this clade a possible precursor lineage of modern conifer and gnetalean lineages. However, the exact relation between fossil seed- plant clades and modern gymnosperm groups remains enigmatic. The resent discovery of a bisexual cordaitean cone calls into question the relationship between cordaiteans, gnetaleans and angiosperms. This study performs three cladistic analyses in order to find the relations of taxa within the cordaitean clade and other early plant lineages using primarily PAUP* and TNT. An analysis of male only cones provides a phylogram for the relations between the cordaitean taxa; the results also suggest a bisexual ancestry for the clade. A second analysis attempted to introduce the morphologically distinct female cones; the results produce a similar strict consensus tree. However, many of the female cones do not pair with their associated male cones identified in ‘whole-plant’ reconstructions of cordaitean lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Paleozoic Seed Ferns: Anatomy and Morphology of Morphology of Microspermopteris Aphyllum
    Amer. J. Bot. 63(10): 1302-1310. 1976. STUDIES OF PALEOZOIC SEED FERNS: ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF MICROSPERMOPTERIS APHYLLUM1 THOMAS N. TAYLOR AND RUTH A. STOCKEY Departmentof Botany,The Ohio State University,Columbus 43210 A B S T R A C T The discoveryof numerousspecimens of the monostelicpteridosperm genus Microspermop- teris in Pennsylvaniancoal ball petrifactionsfrom the Lewis Creek and What Cheer localities providesadditional information about the anatomicaland morphologicalvariability within thegenus. Specimensare now knownup to 1.1 cm in diam thatbear epidermalappendages in theform of variously-shapedtrichomes. The externalsurface of the stemis furtherornamented by longitudinalflaps of corticaltissue. Petiolesexhibiting a singleC-shaped vascular strand with abaxial protoxylemare producedin a 2/5 phyllotaxy.Large petiole bases that clasp the stemproduce primary pinnae alternately. The presenceof axillarybranching appears simi- lar to thatreported in Callistophytonand Lyginopteris. Triarchto polyarchadventitious roots, some withsecondary tissues, are producedat both nodal and internodalregions. Of the cur- rentlyrecognized monostelic seed ferngenera, Microspermopteris is most similarto Heter- angium. Informationis presentedthat supportscurrent ideas regardingthe evolutionof the gymnospermiceustele from protostelic Devonian ancestors. THE GENUS MICROSPERMOPTERISwas initiallyde- axes representingnumerous orders of branching. scribedby Baxter (1949) frompetrifaction ma- Specimens were collected fromthe What Cheer terial collected fromthe
    [Show full text]
  • MINUTES of the BOARD of ALDERMEN REGULAR MEETING of MARCH 21, 2017 Page I Of5
    MINUTES OF THE BOARD OF ALDERMEN REGULAR MEETING OF MARCH 21, 2017 Page I of5 1. CALL TO ORDER A regular meeting of the Board of Aldermen was convened at 7:00 p.m. on Tuesday, March 21, 2017, at City Hall located at 8880 Clark Avenue, Parkville, Missouri, and was called to order by Mayor Nanette K. Johnston. City Clerk Melissa McChesney called the roll as follows: Ward I Alderman Diane Driver - present Ward 1 Alderman Tina Welch - present Ward 2 Alderman Jim Werner - present Ward 2 Alderman Dave Rittman - present Ward 3 Alderman Robert Lock - present Ward 3 Alderman Douglas Wylie - absent with prior notice Ward 4 Alderman Marc Sportsman - present Ward 4 Alderman Greg Plumb - present A quorum of the Board of Aldermen was present. The following staff was also present: City Administrator Joe Parente Kevin Chrisman, Police Chief Alysen Abel, Public Works Director Stephen Lachky, Community Development Director Matthew Chapman, Finance/Human Resources Director Tim Blakeslee, Assistant to the City Administrator Chris Williams, City Attorney Mayor Johnston led the Board in the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America. Mayor Johnston observed a moment of silence for Toni Anderson. 2. CITIZEN INPUT A. Park University Fossil Presentation Scott Hageman, Tim Northcutt, Patty Ryberg and Brian Hoffman from Park University presented information about a new fossil that was found by amateur paleontologist Tim Northcutt on university property. A handout was distributed during the meeting attached as Exhibit A. They stated that Parkvillia northcutti was considered to be a link between conifers and fems and the earliest evidence of seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • M.Sc. Botany Choice Based Credit System -Syllabus (Effective from 2017-18 Session)
    University of Kalyani M.Sc. Botany Choice Based Credit System Syllabus (2017 – onwards) Department of Botany Kalyani - 741235 M.Sc. Botany Choice Based Credit System -Syllabus (effective from 2017-18 session) REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE CONDUCT OF UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS IN M.Sc. BOTANY - SEMESTER SYSTEM (CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM) DEFINITIONS 1. ‘Programme’ means the entire course of study and examinations (traditionally referred to as course). 2. ‘Duration of Programme’ means the period of time required for the conduct of the program. The duration of post-graduate programme shall be 4 semesters. 3. ‘Semester’ means a term consisting of a minimum of 90 working days including examination days distributed over a minimum of 18 weeks each of 5 working days. 4. ‘Course’ means a segment of subject matter to be covered in a semester (traditionally referred to as paper). 5. ‘Credit’ (Cr) of a course is a measure of the weekly unit of work assigned for that course. 6. ‘Letter Grade’ or simply ‘Grade’ in a course is a letter symbol (O, E, A, B, C, D, F) which indicates the broad level of performance of a student in a course. 7. Each letter grade is assigned a ‘Grade point’ (G) which is an integer indicating the numerical equivalent of the broad level of performance of a student in a course. 8. ‘Credit point’ (P) of a course is the value obtained by multiplying the grade point (G) by the Credit (Cr) of the course P=G x Cr. 9. Semester Grade point average’ (SGPA) is the value obtained by dividing the sum of credit points (P) obtained by a student in the various courses taken in a semester by the total number of credits taken by him/her in that semester .
    [Show full text]
  • Early Silurian Terrestrial Biotas of Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania: an Investigation Into the Early Colonization of Land (284 Pp.)
    LATE ORDOVICIAN – EARLY SILURIAN TERRESTRIAL BIOTAS OF VIRGINIA, OHIO, AND PENNSYLVANIA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EARLY COLONIZATION OF LAND A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Alexandru Mihail Florian Tomescu November 2004 © 2004 Alexandru Mihail Florian Tomescu All Rights Reserved This dissertation entitled LATE ORDOVICIAN – EARLY SILURIAN TERRESTRIAL BIOTAS OF VIRGINIA, OHIO, AND PENNSYLVANIA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EARLY COLONIZATION OF LAND BY ALEXANDRU MIHAIL FLORIAN TOMESCU has been approved for the Department of Biological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Gar W. Rothwell Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU MIHAIL FLORIAN. Ph.D. November 2004. Biological Sciences Late Ordovician – Early Silurian terrestrial biotas of Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania: an investigation into the early colonization of land (284 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Gar W. Rothwell An early phase in the colonization of land is documented by investigation of three fossil compression biotas from Passage Creek (Silurian, Llandoverian, Virginia), Kiser Lake (Silurian, Llandoverian, Ohio), and Conococheague Mountain (Ordovician, Ashgillian, Pennsylvania). A framework for investigation of the colonization of land is constructed by (1) a review of hypotheses on the origin of land plants; (2) a summary of the fossil record of terrestrial biotas; (3) an assessment of the potential of different continental depositional environments to preserve plant remains; (4) a reevaluation of Ordovician-Silurian fluvial styles based on published data; and (5) a review of pertinent data on biological soil crusts, which are considered the closest modern analogues of early terrestrial communities.
    [Show full text]