Norway: Charting a Course for the 21St Century. Teacher's Resource Guide

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AUTHOR Conniffe, Patricia TITLE Norway: Charting a Course for the 21st Century. Teacher's Resource Guide. INSTITUTION Learning Enrichment, Inc., Williamsburg, VA. SPONS AGENCY Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo (Norway). PUB DATE 1994-00-00 NOTE 11p.; Color poster may not reproduce adequately. Business Reply Card not available from ERIC. AVAILABLE FROM Learning Enrichment, Inc., P.O. Box 3024, Williamsburg, VA 23187-9940. Tel: 757-220-1093. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Learner (051)-- Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; *Cross Cultural Studies; Ecological Factors; *Environmental Education; Foreign Countries; *Global Education; Multicultural Education; Physical Environment; Secondary Education; Social Studies; World Affairs; *World Problems IDENTIFIERS *Norway

ABSTRACT This teaching unit is designed to present the Norwegian viewpoint on the importance of participation in the global community. Through its national policies and the efforts of countless citizens, modern Norway is making an urgent statement to the global community about the best course to follow for the planet's safe future. This resource guide contains three student exercises to focus on the global environment: (1) "Forging Links for a Peaceful World"; (2) "Facing the Future Together"; and (3)"Rethinking the Value of 'Wealth.'" Follow-up exercises and a reference list are also included. (EH)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Off ice of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 10 This document has been reproduced as PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND 110 MEV received from the person or organization DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS originating it. BEEN GRANTED BY CHARTING O Minor changes have been madeto improve reproduction quality. a): A COURSE cdot;)-(eta Points of view or opinions statedin this document do not necessarilyrepresent s) FOR THE official OERI position or policy. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 21 ST INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) leCENTURY TEACHER'S RESOURCE GUIDE

Every person has a right to an focus on the global environmentan what they've learned within the following environment ... conducive to issue that increasingly engages the atten- broad categories: health, and to natural surroundings tion of world leadersargues for sharing Identify ways by which various whose productivity and diversity it with students in a Contemporary Issues generations of Norwegians have interacted are preserved. class. The Article's development also with their natural environment, explaining A clause in a utopian bill of rights? invites use with a World or European how it shaped their opportunities and Look again. Those are the opening words History class. And, in Grades 9-12, this how they harnessed its benefits (geogra- in Article 110b of the constitution of the unit should serve the curriculum demands phy). Kingdom of Norway. "Natural resources," of a course on Global or Regional Studies. Trace the economic, social, and the article continues, "should be made use political "movements" by which different of on the basis of comprehensive long- LEARNING generations of Norwegians have interacted term considerations, whereby this right with other societies (history). will be safeguarded for future genera- OBJECTIVES Analyze environmental problems tions." And, in conclusion, Norwegians With most students using this unit, you and priorities in Norway and compare

"are entitled to be informed ...of the should be able to ask them to demontrate them with what they know of such effects of any encroachments on nature that are planned or commenced." In this last decade of the 20th century, Norway has come to be recognized as a Dear Educator: trusted leader in clarifying global environ- mental issues and in recommending policies for their resolution. Part of the "To translate well is a difficult matter," wrote Norwegian playwright reason for this trust is the extent to which Henrik Ibsen in 1872. "It is not simply a question of rendering the mean-

the government of Norwayand over- ing, but also ... of remodeling the expressionand the metaphors." whelming numbers of its citizenshave Ibsen's comment, cited by Eva Le Gallienne in her introduction to an made environmental protection their English translation of his plays, echoes a frustration that many educators way of life. also feel. It is difficult to "translate" another society's experience of the What motivates Norway? What does its experience say to Americans and other world into terms one's own students can grasp. nations in the world? What risk do we take, Still, the need to undertake such efforts in the 1990s classroom is by not looking at the answers? This unit critical. As members of the global community, young Americans really do will help students explore their own and need to know what other societies are experiencingand saying. Consider others' views on these most critical issues. Norway, for example. Through its national policies and the efforts of count- less citizens, modern Norway is making an urgent statement to the global POSITIONING community about the best course to follow, for the planet's safe future. THIS UNIT What might Norway's recommendations mean for America? The study unit you have just received To help you "translate" Norway's views for students, we are pleased includes several key items: to offer you this brand-new study unit, "Norway: Charting a Course for the Poster. "Norway: Charting a Course 21st Century." Produced by Learning Enrichment, Inc., the unit was gener- for the 21st Century" is a stunning wall ously funded for free distribution to U.S. schools by the Royal Norwegian poster that embodies Norway's position on global environmental protection. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Please use the enclosed Business Reply Card to Student Article. The unit includes tell us how well this material serves you and your students. 30 copies of an Article for classroom use. Teacher's Resource Guide. The TRG Yours sincerely, includes three student exercises with vary- ing degrees of complexityboth in con- Clayton C. Westland tent and in skills demands. Learning Enrichment, Inc. The unit has been developed to allow for effective placement in any number of senior high school courses. Certainly, its .f g BEST COPY AVAILABLE matters in their own nation, state, or town centage of its population to the making of (political/economic). America than has any other European ENVIRONMENTAL DEBATE Synthesize and evaluate arguments nation (except Ireland). And, according to for and against a global policy of sustain- the 1990 census, there are almost as many In the late 1980s, more than 100 able development. Americans of Norwegian descent (3.9 mil- Norwegian organizations joined lion) as there are Norwegians in Norway together to form a "Campaign for Environment and Development." INTRODUCING (4.3 million). Member groupsincluding politi- THE UNIT Poster Impact. One of the quickest cians, homemakers, youths, and Teachers who receive this unit at the time ways to focus students' interest will be to environmentalistsmirrored all of its first mailing have the exciting option display the unit Poster. Satisfy their of Norwegian society. Yet their of using it during the February 1994 Winter curiosity about the photo subjects (see goalto create a solid front on Olympics in Lillehammer. Students box, lower left). Then draw their attention enviromnental policywill not watching telecasts can see glimpses of to Brundtland's words in the Poster come easily. Norwegians have not Norway's environment. Once the Games caption. Who are the "all" of whom she always agreed with one another are over, however, you might try the speaks: Norwegians? Europeans? or with the rest of the worldon following warm-ups. Delegates to the UN? The 1.5 billion strategies. An example: humans who lack basic health care and Whaling. In 1993, Norway Background Check. Do you live in a clean drinking water? Americans? gave permission for a limited Norwegian American community? Check resumption of minke whaling by to see if there's someone in your class Vocabulary Preview. One of the most its coastal fishing villagers. Up to who can share family anecdotes about life critical terms students will meet in this then, it had agreed to the and customs in Norway. In at least some unit is sustainable development, a moratorium on whaling imposed statesWisconsin, Minnesota, and concept introduced and defined on Page 4 by the International Whaling Washington, for examplethe odds of of the Student Article. Other terms you Commission in 1986. But when finding such secondary sources are in may want to preview include the follow- the IWC announced that North your favor. Norway has given a higher per-ing (many are defined or explained in Atlantic minkesnow numbering context): archaeologist, biotechnology, about 87,000are no longer in economic development, environmental danger of extinction, Norway PHOTO SUBJECTS issue, gross domesticMational product, cited the UN principle of sustain- The design elements and photogra- hydroelectric power, indigenous people, able management (responsible phy in this unit provide an exciting industrial revolution, merchant fleet , use) of marine resources. It set a commentary on the Norwegian peninsula, and purchasing power. catch quota of slightly more than goal of preserving the environment 150 whales. Despite ensuing protests and the possibility of U.S. while using its resources wisely. STUDENT Poster. The backdrop photo is a trade sanctions, Norway held firm. stunning view of Geiranger Fjord, ARTICLE In late 1993, Norway and the one of the most beautiful in Norway. Student readers may be absorbed by the United States agreed to work for Photo credits: Geiranger Fjord, narrative in the Student Article, "Norway: an "acceptable solution." HUSMO-FOTO. Prime Minister Charting a Course for the 21st Century." Brundtland, Associated Press. But the Article is structured to do much Student Article. The back- more than tell a story. Here's a run-down and 3 on Page 3 take Norway through the ground photo on the cover shows of its components: periods usually studied in European coastal vessels near Kristiansund. To Photos and introduction. The History courses. Column 3 positions its right: an off-shore oil rig near an photos illustrating this Article and the Norway as a member of the post-war old Norwegian village. The building introduction on Page 2 (Columns 1 and 2) global community. in the lower left on Page 2 is a 12th- are meant to lay down several threads in Local, global, environmental century stave church, so named for the major unit themes. Some students concerns. Page 4 is the goal of the entire the strips of wood with which it was may feel contrasts among these threads. article. Here, students are reminded, built. The composite head shot on Help them to articulate what they recog- through Norway's experience, of the envi- Page 4 illustrates break-through diag- nize: tradition and change, silence and ronmental problems caused by pollution. nostic technology by the Hafslund movement, the individual and society, And they are introduced, in Column 2, to Nycomed company. Photo credits: work and play, naturaland human the dilemma facing the world community Background photo on cover, and oth- environments. today: If developed nations have tested the ers counterclockwise: HUSMO-FOTO, Guiding questions. The three environment to its limits, what room is there ESPEN BRAILLE,SAMFOTO, Andrew questions bulleted in Column 2 on Page 2 for the development of poorer societies? Stevenson, Lagarhus/SAMFOTO. actually preview the rest of the Article. Again, Brundtland's role in refocusing this Pages 2-4, counterclockwise from (You might even want to use them for question was a major contribution to the fisherman: TRYGVE BOLSTAD/SAM- evaluation purposes, later.) world's understanding of the true basic FOTO, Museum of National Antiquities, Geographic setting. The rest of issue and of options for addressing it. Norwegian Tourist Board, Norwegian Page 2 and Column 1 on Page 3 offer Tourist Board, KIM HARTSAMFOTO, details about Norway's environment. You DUPLICATIBLE Hemsedal Tourist Board, The Royal might want to add this fact: Mainland Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Final photo Norway lies between the 58° N and 71° N EXERCISES courtesy of Hafshmd Nycomed A.S., latitudes, and is intersected by the Arctic "Forging Links for a Peaceful World" Oslo, Norway. Circle. (Page 4). This duplicatible provides an Historical evolution. Columns 2 excellent coded-map exercise and under- 3 orikr+t.

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4 To MAKE the 17looter, I'll need They know, for example, that "small two trees, said the Norwegian crafts- To Norwegians, making the fullest groups of families" lived as hunters and man thougWully. I can select them possible use of Earth's resourcesinsteadfishers in the arctic zone of Norway 9,000 from the forest on that hill And of wasting or destroying themis more years ago. Rock carvings near the town of when the boat is finished, there'll be than just a skill. It's an essential tool for Alta prove that people were herding just a few wood shavings left over. ... survival. Not financial survival: Ranked by reindeer there as early as 4,000 B.C. In Why make it by hand? Most fish- per-capita income, Norway is one of the fact, the region holds "more remains of ing crews use fiberglass boats. world's richest nations. The issue is the Stone Age houses" than any other part of True. But there's something to planet's survival. Norwegians realize that Scandinavia, the peninsula of which learn by doing it the traditional way. the human goals they share with people Norway is a part. The craftsman, interviewed for a recent everywherepeace, jobs, health, educa- Norway's indigenous Sami people issue of Norway's Facing the Future, has tiondepend on how every nation, rich descendants of those early hunters and no illusions about the role his small boat and poor, handles Earth's resources. In a fishersstill preserve the culture their will play in his country's economy. unique way, Norwegian people really do ancestors developed. But the rest of Norway relies on huge steel ships and see the world as a global village. Norway's population enjoys a culture that tankersnot 17-footersto carry its To understand these viewsand the has undergone many changes since their exports of oil, paper, and metals to dynamic effect they have on Norway's first ancestors arrived 6,000 years ago. distant ports. Indeed, Norway's merchant policymakingyou might begin by askingTo a large degree, these changes can be fleetthe fourth largest on Earthcarries three questions: explained by Norway's unique environ- the cargoes of many nations. How has Norway's own environ- mentand by the creative spirit of those Yet in the eyes of many Norwegians, ment influenced its people's economic who learned how to live in harmony the boatman fills a vital role. He and and social development? with it. others like him are keeping their people's What efforts are Norwegians making The first settlers in southern Norway oldest skills alive. Not only can they to protect their resources, and what environ-probably arrived during a slow migration make sturdy wooden ships that ride the mental issues are they still grappling with? of peoples across the Baltic and North restless seas. They know how to select How has Norway tried to influence Sea coastal regions. Evidence shows that exactly what is neededand no more other nations to use Earth's resources wisely? farming was an early occupation in south- for the task. For a 17-footer: just eastern Norway. But Norway would never two logs. become a farming country, as did early Little is known about the earliest France and other European societies. Half human settlers in Norway. An of Norway's interior is mountainous. article in the November 1990 Less than five percent is farmable. In the issue of History Today long run, it was the sea that cr:' reports a few points would shape Norway's about which archaeol- future and open ogists agree , its people's

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CREDITS. Batkground photo on cover, and others A counterclockwise HUSMO-FOTO, ESPEN BRATLIE/SAMFOTO, Andrew Stevenson, Lagarhus/SAMFOTO Pages 2-4, counterclockwise from fisherman TRYGVE BOLSTAD/SAMFOTO, Museum of National Antiquities, Norwegian Tourist Board, Norwegian Tounst Board, KIM HART/ SAMFOTO, Hemsedal Tourist Board, The Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs Final photo courtesy of 5 Hafslund Nycomed A S , Oslo, Norway eyes to the rest of the world. towns developedjust as in other parts At the same time that Norway was What environment did Norway's first of Europe. Unlike the practice in other expanding industrially, a wave of cultural sailors find? The warm waters of the Gulf European societies, however, Norway's revival gripped Norwegians. Much of it Stream flowing past the west coast made farmers always retained their indepen- centered on their beloved land. Artists the climate favorable for work in open dence. and writers celebrated Norway's fjords, boats, year-round. The seas teemed with Two centuries later, Norway's growth mountains, and forests. Outdoor fish (and still do). Hundreds of fjords, the and prosperity were sorely challenged. sports multiplied. long sea inlets fringing Norway's coast, The Black Death, a plague sweeping Skiingonce the provided safe harbor for small boats across Europe, decimated Norway's pop- only form during storms. And at home, thick forests ulationsome say by half. Farms were of winter on the coastal mountains provided timberdeserted. Trade declined. Conflicts with travel in parts for sturdy boats. border kingdoms further weak-of Norway ened the country became a major and led sport. Town Once at sea, early fishermen knew no dwellers began to boundaries. So the instinct to chase a keep or rent a country school of halibut into uncharted waters cottage for those the impulse to sail a few miles farther on moments when they could this voyage than on the last oneeventu- revisit and enjoy their natural ally turned environment. \7-

kL The enthusiasm and hopes that /,to Norway and many other nations shared / somein the 19th century were devastated by unfa- two global wars in the 20th. Nations were vorableforced to refocus their goals and to work treaties. together for peace and prosperity. By 1536, Norway became a co-founder of the UN Norway and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4' had (NATO). In addition, Norway co-signed become, in the General Agreement on Tariffs and effect, a depen- Trade (GATI). dency of neighboring Denmark. Democratic governments also began to accept more responsibility for their citi- `,--1PiLc)LL,5L; zens' welfare. In this regard, Norway was But the loss of their independence did already at the forefront. Its people's egali- not crush the Norwegians' spirit. Neither tarian values had long inclined them to Norway's did it interfere with their economic skills. care for one another's needs and to share seamen into Once more, they prospered from trade in equally in the challenges and joys of life. brave explorers. fish, metals, and timber. A smallbut voordIn this spirit, the Kingdom of Norway pro- By the 11th middle class emerged. And this group vides its people with universal education, century, Norwegians were began to press for Norway's freedom. health care, unemployment benefits, old- Iknown far and wide as master seafarers. In 1814, during the upheaval that age pensions, and many other services. Their Viking ships probed coasdines from followed the Napoleonic wars in Europe, To support such services, Norwegians Newfoundland in North America to the Norway won a small victory. It became an absorb a higher tax rate than those paid Asian shores of the Caspian Sea. Skillful independent state under the Swedish by most other societies. traders, the Vikings exchanged fish, wood, monarchy. On May 17th of that year, fur, iron, and leatherwork for glass, Norway's leaders adopted a written con- [YaoliA11---kah bronze, cereals, precious cloths, and stitutionone that provided for a In the late 1960s, Norway discovered artwork. In some placesIceland, for Stoning, or representative parliament. an unexpected source of new income. examplethey set up colonies. In other Finally, in 1905, the Storting broke ties Buried beneath its coastal waters lay vast cases, such as Ireland, they conquered with Sweden and chose Denmark's Prince reserves of oil and gas. In engineering the peoples they met. At home, folk tales Cad to head a new Norwegian monarchy terms, there proved to be at least 5 billion and sagasheroic storiescelebrated under the name King Haaken VII. tonnes of oil equivalent (toe)enough their deeds. During the century between 1814 and natural gas to sustain production for a Stimulated by such contacts with other 1905, Norway embarked on an "industrial century, enough oil for 30 years. cultures, Norwegians began to develop a revolution." New textile factories were Oil changed the profile of Norway's strong sense of their shared identity and built. Railway and telegraph lines were economy. Money from its sale began to destiny. In the late 9th centuty, King laid. Norway's merchant fleet expanded pour into communications technology, Harald Fairhair united large stretches of rapidly. And engineers discovered how to hydroelectric power stations, and a vast Norway's Land. Three centuries later, Oslo produce hydroelectric power from the array of service industries. Exports swelled became the capital of an even larger king- country's many waterfalls. Norway had until trade equaled more than 50 percent dom. During that same period, found a cheap, constantly renewable of Norway's gross domestic product (GDP). Christianity was introduced and small source of energy for its economy. Ironically, at almost the same time that 1.16 percent of its GDP in foreign new environmental future. Support for aid, could not ignore the risks posed long-term fundamental research was by poorer nations' dreams of industri- already a national priority, especially in alization. Scientists were warning that three areas: the planet may not be able to support a Information technology. By combin- multiplication of cars, factories, and other ing computer, phone, and video tech- polluting practices by which the world's nologies, Norwegian researchers have richer nations developed. But might there made it possible for decision makers to be a way to support further development share knowledge quickly and plan the without taxing the environment? efficient use of resources. Biotechnology. Finding new scien- Norwegians tific methods for growing fish and other began mining their In 1983, a Norwegian woman took a foods is benefitting Norway and the rest newfound resource, they big step toward exploring these complex of the world enormously. discovered threats to other parts issues. Gro Harlem Brundtland, then and Oil and gas development. Leaks and of the environment. Cherished forests now prime minister of Norway, was emissions from Norway's offshore fields were dying rapidly. So were freshwater invited to head the UN's new World have already been cut in half. Future fish. Acid rainacid formed when moisture Commission on Environment and reductions seem certain. in the air reacts with certain emissions Development. Her mandate: to explore In modern-day Norway, no environ- from cars and factorieswas destroying global environmental issues like those mental concern seems too small or too trees and marine life. that Norwegian policymakers were grap- large. Two examples: To help save threat- Norwegian scientists pointed out what pling with at home. Over the next four ened plant species, Norway maintains a the nation's industries and car owners years, Brundtland's commission gathered deep-freeze underground "bank" in could do, to reduce harmful emissions. data, listened to experts, and worked on Svalbard, an arctic island-group, where But that didn't solve the problem. Air its report, Our Common Future. seeds can be stored permanently. When currents pick up similar pollutants from The report electrified people every- Norway was preparing to host the 1994 several countries in western and central where. Brundtland argued that it is Winter Olympics, elaborate plans were Europe, then dump them over Norway. useless to discuss the environment as made to avoid disturbing the environ- Close to Norway's northeastern border, though it were something separate from ment at the events sites. In Gjovik, for a Russian nickel smelterone of the our daily life or to think of development example, a new ice rink was created with- world's largestemits more sulphuric as referring only to poor nations in need in a huge rockbed in the town's center. dioxide than all emission sources in of help. "The environment," she wrote, The list goes on. Norway, combined. Fears of radiation "is where we all live; and development is But sustainable development involves from Russian nuclear waste and reactors what we all do in attempting to improve more than hi-tech research. It also began to mount, too. our lot within that abode. The two are requires policies for resolving border inseparable." pollution. Norway, for example, recently Technology and science, the commis- announced a new regional agreement Among Norwegians, reaction to these sion further argued, are not the problem. with other arctic nationsone of which threats to their precious environment was They are tools that enable people to is Russia, a major source of pollution. swift and widespread. Concerned teen- understand how the world works. With Even more important, sustainable agers held rallies across the country. such tools, people can make "develop- development demands an end to the Tens of thousands of other Norwegians ment sustainable" and ensure that devel- destruction of life and the environment a cross-section of the nation's society opment meets the needs of people today that happens during war. In 1993, organized in groups to draw attention without "weakening the ability of future Norway played a key role in helping Israel to environmental issues. Some people generations to meet their own needs." and the Palestinian Liberation Organiza- began to argue for a return to a simpler The concept of sustainable develop- tion to negotiate a breakthrough peace lifestyle. ment caught fire. It became the watch- accord. In 1972, the Norwegian government word of nations attending the 1992 "Earth To Norwegians, the spirit behind all created a new ministry for environmental Summit," a UN-sponsored conference in such efforts is modern, but not new. protection. Its members quickly reviewed Brazil. Yes, members agreed, every nation Indeed, it may be rooted in an ancient the complex choices they seemed to face has the right to develop its own memory of the very first "voice" they in three policy areas: resources. But yes, too, the goal of sus- heard in their beloved land. One of Economic development. Norway's tainable development means that nations Norway's contemporary poets describes economic growth called for producing should limit their use of fragile resources, this voice in his poem, SSSH: more oil and building new hydroelectric taking only what they need. And yes, the Sssh the sea says/ sssh the small waves stations. But would such efforts increase long-term priority for researchers every- at the shore say, sssh/ not so violent, notl the risk of oil spills? Or keep fish from where should be new technologies that so haughty, notl so remarkable./ Sssh/ reaching their spawning grounds? allow people to use Earth's resources say the tips of the waves/ crowding Environmental protection. Repairing more efficiently. around the headland's/ surf Ssshl they say large-scale pollution at home would take to people/ this is our earth,1 our eternity. miffionsperhaps billionsof dollars. Rolf Jacobsen Would such expenses weaken support for The Norwegian government did not Translation © 1976 by Robert Bly. Reprinted Norway's social welfare programs? have to wait for the Earth Summit, to from RolfJacobsen: Twenty Poems, Seventies Foreign aid. Norway, which gives begin charting its own course toward a Press. Reprinted with Robert Bly's permission. 7-F; 8-F. Among the three duplicatibles, to global environmental problems. The premise is named variously: Consensus NORWAY'S GOVERNMENT this is the easiest, so far as skills challenges go. But Item 8 is tricky: "Favorable balancebuilding might be one way of putting it. Norway's constitutionin Europe, of trade" is a conventional economic mea- Encourage students to debate this issue: the oldest written constitution still surement, not an arbitrary statement of Should Americans be open to international in effectwas adopted on May 17, opinion. Answers to "And Think Again" consensus building on the environment, 1814. As amended since that time, will vary. even if it demands changing their habitual it provides for a constitutional ways of using their resources? monarchy in which the monarch "Rethinking the Value of 'Wealth' " has no separate political role but (Page 6). This exercise asks a lot of stu- LET US HEAR exercises strong influence as a dents by way of inference-drawing and symbol of national unity. The head application of information. But it's an FROM YOU of government is the prime minister, excellent introduction to a global "discus- The Learning Enrichment (LE) team for whowith other cabinet members sion" that is gaining more attention, daily. this unit on Norway included: is chosen by political parties repre- Answers. Student attempts at "law- Project Director, Clayton Westland; sented in the Storting (parliament). making," in the "And Think Again" ques- Design Director, Richard Leach; Other points: tion, will surely vary. A few possibilities: Education Consultant and Writer, Storting. The parliament has A-"The Army Engineering Corps shall Patricia Conniffe. 165 members, elected from 18 bilker calculate the annual value of topsoil lost LE's staff would appreciate know- (counties) and Oslo every four in agricultural counties facing the 100 ing how well this unit works for you years. After each election, the Storting largest U.S. rivers, and this amount shall and your students. Please take a divides into two chambers with be deductedas a deficitfrom the gross moment to fill out and return the both separate and shared legislative national product." C-"Policymakers shall enclosed Business Reply Card. It is our tasks. Elections in 1993 sent the not encourage the use of more than X% onlyand surestway of learning how following parties to the Storting: of any nation's land for the development best to serve you in the future. Labour 37.1%, Centre 18.5%, of a single crop." D-"A single clearing Please mail the BRC today! Conservative 15.6%, Christian house shall be created to oversee the Democrat 8.4%, Socialist Left 7.9%, replenishment of resources removed Progress 6.0%, Liberal 3.6%, Red under the license of any U.S. agency." REFERENCE SHELF Electoral Alliance 0.5%, Others 2.4%. E-"Before any of the practices named The following list includes readings Local Governments. The (felling timber, e.g.) shall be permitted, Norwegian political system on topics (such as sustainable the market value of the natural resource development) introduced in this includes strong local governments. that would be destroyed shall be calculated, Among a widely scattered popula- and provisions shall then be made for unit. With screening, starred (*) tion of only 4.3 million people, items may be recommended to replenishment of this loss with a resource students. Norway supports more than 400 of equal value (new tree plantings, e.g.)." municipalities. Each of these has an Editorial. "Chinese Puzzles." The elected local council whose duties Economist. May 15, 1993. (New range from maintaining roads, a FOLLOW-UP purchasing-power formula.) * typical local concern, to managing EXERCISES Gore, [Then Senator] Al. Earth in the schools and hospitals as part of Here are three additional projects that Balance. New York: Houghton Norway's welfare services. students involved with this study unit might Mifflin Company. 1992. * want to pursue. Henderson, Hazel. "Needed: A Score Card on National Growth." Reading Biographies. Norway has given The Christian Science Monitor. scores the point made in Column 3 of May 3, 1993. * Page 4 in the Student Article: In pursuit of the world a host of daring explorers. Urge students to research the feats of Roald Solow, Robert M. "Sustainability: peace Norway has many ties to the rest of Our Debt to the Future." USA Today Europethough it is not a member of the Amundsen, Fridtjof Nansen, Thor Heyerdahl, and Monica Kristensen. What have their (magazine). September 1992. European Community. Norway would World Commission on Environment have little difficulty in fulfilling the criteria efforts contributed to our knowledge of the world? and Development. Our Common for EC membership. But its people are Future. New York: Oxford divided over the issue of joining the EC. University Press. 1987. * Some fear that membership would alter Keeping Journals. Perhaps a team of students might begin keeping a journal on Unsigned. "IMF Unveils New GDP their unique way of life. Standards." Facts on File. June 3, Answers. 1-T; 2-F; 3-ND; 4-T; 5-F; 6- environmental problemsand possible remedieswithin their own state, county, 1993. ND; 7-T; 8-ND. Answers to "And Think Additional Materials. Copies Again" will vary. or town. Encourage them to "dream" of creative remedies. In Norway, for example, of Facing the Future ... (which was cited in the Student Article) and "Facing the Future Together" (Page 5). some trash is dried and turned into pellets which are then burned as fuel by hospitals. information about other materials As much data as this page provides, there on contemporary Norway can be is much more that could be offered Even rubbish that is buried is put to work. Methane gas produced during the decom- obtained by writing to this address: students, to illustrate Norway's extraordi- Norwegian Information Service narily healthy economy. Two items: Norway position process iS collected for fuel. is the world's fourth largest exporter in the United States of oil and its sixth largest exporter of Debating the Issue. Thoughtful students 825 Third Avenue (38th Floor) New York, NY 10022-7584 natural gas. will not miss a key premise beneath cur- Answers. 1-F; 2-0; 3-F; 4-0; 5-F; 6-0; rent efforts to develop global responses 8 PTO IRWMT CHARTING A COURSE FOR THE FORGING LINKS 21 ST CENTURY FOR A PEACEFUL WORLD Perhaps it's the image of the Nobel Peace Prize, announced annually from Norway's capital, Oslo. Or maybe it's the news of Norway's leading role in recent peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). Whatever the cause, the effect is clear: Norway is recognized worldwide as a leader on the path to peace. Not only does Norway belong to the UN and NATOorganizations dedicated to keeping peace. It also sees a peacemaking value in environmental agreements, such as those adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992. Norway gives 1.16 percent of its GNP to poor nationsa rate higher than that of any other nation. And it has signed the Agreement on the European Economic Area, which, in 1994, will extend the EC's peaceful, free-trade rules to EFTA nations.

NORWAY AND ALLIANCES IN WESTERN EUROPE: 1993

Nordic Coundl (NC) NORWAY'S REGIONAL NORWAY A AID PROGRAMS: 1992 ANorth Afiantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

European Community (EC) 5 ICELAND A 434.6 European Free Trade Associalon Adantic (EFTA) Ocean UNITED KINGDOM A MI FINLAND

IRELAND 171.1 SWEDEN 63.5 -70.2-

AfricaAsia Latin Others GERMANY A America

o " Mediterranean SPAIN A Sea

Mi 1 750 Km 1750

Think Twice. Basing your answers on the data above, label ernmost European borders would cover more than each of the following statements as true (T), or false (F). If 2,000 miles. there is not enough data to help you decide, write(ND). 5. Among the associations shown on the map above, 1. Norway is a member of EFTA, but not a member of the EC has the smallest number of members. the European Community (EC). 6. In 1992, Norway gave $70.5 million worth of devel- 2. All the members of the Nordic Council are located opment assistance to the country of Mozambique. on a peninsula in northern Europe. 7. In the same year, Norway provided assistance to 3. Norway became a member of NATO before it joined Africa and Latin America on a roughly 7:1 ratio. the European Free Trade Association. 8. The aim of the Nordic Council is to foster economic 4. An air trip from northern Norway to NATO's south- and cultural cooperation among its members.

And Think Again. Norway believes that peace among nations can be developed in a variety of waysthrough international alliances, free-trade pacts, environmental protection agree- ments, and assistance to developing nations. Select two of these avenues to peace and, in an essay, explain why each type of effort contributes to worldwide harmony.

9 1101IVTIN CHARTING A COURSE FOR THE FACING THE mils21 ST /CENTURY FUTURE TOGETHER "Contrast is at the basis of Norwegian experience,"said a citizen of Norway recently, when asked to describe life in his country. There's certainly evidence to support his view. Norway is a small country, with only a few large cities (see fact box). But it has achieved a major service-sector economy and a vigorous world trade (graphs). Its people believe passionately in their right to live and work wherever they choose. But they also accept taxes for national health-care coverage (table), NORWAY: A SMALL, STRONG KINGDOM ... retirement benefits, free education, and a basket of other social benefits. ... Area: 150,000 sq mi (386,000 sq km). Norway is almost as large as the On second thought, maybe there is a basic, State of California. unifying principle here. Norwegians love a vigorous, productive life. Maybe the contrast Government: constitutional monarchy. Chief of State: King Harald V. Prime Minister: Gm Harlem Brundtland, Labor Party (Social democratic). is only in the eye of the beholder.

Population: 4.3 million. Largest Cities: Oslo, capital (467,000); ... AND EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Bergen (216,000); Trondheim (139,600); Stavanger (100,000).

Cultural Background: Norwegians 96%; indigenous Semi people 0.5%; Each year, the UN compares trends in various nations, to see if natives of other countries 3.5%. Religious Majority: Evangelical their people's standard of living is improving. Here are just a few Lutherans 88%. of the areas in which Norway achieved top ranking in 1993.

Workforce: government, social, and financial services 45%; trade 18%; Rank Among Basis on Which manufacturing 15%; farming, fishing, and forestry 8%; others 14%. Gross 173 Nations Comparison Was Made National Product, 1992: $100.2 billion. 3 Percent of parliamentary seats occupied by women

2 No. of scientists, technicians, per 1,000 people

...WITH A VIGOROUS TRADE ... 1 Percent of health bills paid by public insurance

1 Daily newspaper circulation per 1,000 people Fuel Other Machinery (3.3%) & transport 6 Per-capita gross notional product (GNP) equipment 3 Overall rank, based on more than 200 factors Food (37.3%) products (6.5%) Imports, 1992: $22,974,000,000 ThinkTwice. Basing your answers on the data above, label Chemical each of these statements as fact (F), or opinion (0). products Manufactu ed 1. According to international data for gross national products, (9.3%) and metal goods Norway ranks sixth in per-capita income. (36.4%) 2. Norway may rank high for the number of women in its

Other Machinery parliament, but they probably have little influence. (3.2%) 8, transport 3. In Norway, more people work in the trade industry than equipment in farming, fishing, and forestry, combined. (14.2%) 4. To provide for the future, Norway should increase the number of its furniture manufacturing companies. Exports, 1992: _Manufactured $31,210,000,000 and metal 5. Norway's export trade depends heavily on fuels produced goods within its borders, then sold abroad. (18.3%) 6. Norwegians undoubtedly draw most of their information about the world from daily newspapers. \_Chemical products 7. Norway's population is 75-percent urban. Thus, most Food products (6.2%) Norwegians live in small cities (under 100,000). (7.9%) 8. The balance of trade between Norway's exports and imports is, by economic standards, a favorable one.

And Think Again.According to the UN, human development (HD) within any nation is

"development ... of, ... by, ... and for people." By this criterion, Norway currently ranks among the top five nations in the world. Using the data on this page, list the factors that you think make Norwegian society strong. Then, reflecting on the world you expect to find in the year 2003, draft an editorial on this topic: Norway's Readiness for the 21st Century.

10 UOIIVTIN CHARTING A COURSE FOR THE RETHINKING THE 21 ST 00CENTURY VALUE OF "WEALTH" "How much is this paycheck worth?" When employees ask that question, they typically mean: "How many of my needsfood, clothing, sheltercan I satisfy with this amount of money?" The question is universal. But the answer does not translate easily from one country to another. For example, Americans who read that China's per-capita income is $370, tend to imagine people buying $370 worth of goods at U.S. prices. But, say economists, the "purchas- ing power".of $370 in China is equal to that of $2,000 in America. To avoid confusion, Norway and other nations support a "purchasing-power" formula for measuring per-capita income, or economic wealth. Norway has also taken the lead in urging nations to find ways of measuring the use A. Topsoil Loss in Iowa of natural wealth. The excerpts below deal "Consider the most basic measure of a nation's economic with this hotly debated issue. performance, gross national product (GNP). In calculating GNP, natural resources are not depreciated [assigned a lower value] as they are used up. [But] buildings and fac- E. Replenishing Resources tories are depreciated; so are machinery and equipment, "[World Bank economist Herman E.] Daly and others pro- cars and trucks. So why, for instance, isn't the topsoil in pose a few simple rules. One is 'no net loss' of natural Iowa depreciated when it washes down the Mississippi capital. That would preclude projects that destroy forests, River after careless agricultural methods have lessened drain wetlands, dam rivers, or pave over croplands its ability to resist wind?" unless a compensating resource is replenished." [Then Senator] Al Gore Emily T. Smith Earth in the Balance "Growth vs. Environment," Points of Business Week. May 11, 1992 View on Measurin Environmental B. What Price the Ozone Layer? Losse "Many environmental decisions do, in effect, balance D. Fragmented Responsibility? this generation's right to health and wealth against the "Impacts on forests rarely worry those involved in guiding unknown preferences of the unborn. Suppose a developing public policy or business activities in the fields of energy, industrial country must choose between allowing its people to buy refigera- development, crop husbandry, or foreign trade. Many of the envi- tion containing ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CF(s) and ronment and development problems that confront us have their roots banning the sales of new fridges because no inexpensive CFC-free in this ... fragmentation of responsibility. Sustainable develop- model is available. One result may be that more people succumb to ment requires that such fragmentation be overcome." food poisoning. What price then the ozone layer? It is unclear why Gro Harlem Brandt land, the environment should impose a Prime Minister of Norway uniquely privileged constraint on Our Common Future C. A Lesson in Cacao economic activity." "[The goals of] 'comparative advantage' and 'specialization' Editorial should no longer be prized [by states], since they contribute to the "The Price of Green," destruction of biological and cultural diversity. For example, Ivory The Economist. May 9, 1992 Coast gained little and lost much when World Bank loans encour- aged it to destroy its farming base in order to supply cacao to the world market. The country's problems were heightened when the price of cacao fell, and it was left not only without export earnings but also without food or the money to buy food." Stephen Viederman "Sustainable Development: ..." Current History. April 1993

And Think Again. Imagine that you are an assistant to the U.S. Senator from your state. You have two tasks: (1) Without taking sides on the positions stated in "A," "C," "D," or "E," turn the central focus of each of these excerpts into a brief proposal for a new law. Then (2) select the item that you think is most important ("A" through "E"), and draft a memo to your Senator explaining why you agree with the writer's point of view. ii r. 3o

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