DOCSLIB.ORG

Strangeness and the Discovery of Quark Gluon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Strangeness and the Discovery of Quark Gluon STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004 Decon¯nement of quarks and gluons into a plasma (QGP) at high temperature is a predicted paradigm shifting feature of strong interactions. The production of strange particles in relativistic heavy ion collisions at CERN and BNL con¯rms that a new phase of matter with the expected properties is being formed. I will survey the key theoretical predictions and the related experimental results. Time permitting, I will discuss how the newly gained knowledge leads to the study of the hot nearly matter-antimatter symmetric post quark-gluon Universe. +50% of content is for STUDENTS. BONUS material after 50 transparencies: THE QUARK UNIVERSE Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-04ER41318 Johann Rafelski Department of Physics University of Arizona TUCSON, AZ, USA 1 J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 2 EXPERIMENTAL HEAVY ION PROGRAM | LHC CERN: LHC opens after 2007 and SPS resumes after 2009 J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 3 ...and at BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider: RHIC J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 4 BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 12:00 o’clock PHOBOS BRAHMS 10:00 o’clock 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock STAR 4:00 o’clock 6:00 o’clock Design Parameters: Beam Energy = 100 GeV/u U-line 9 GeV/u No. Bunches = 57 High Int. Proton Source BAF (NASA) µ g-2 9 Q = +79 No. Ions /Bunch = 1×10 LI NAC T = 10 hours BOOSTER store L = 2 × 1026 cm-2 sec -1 Pol. Proton Source ave AGS HEP/NP 1 MeV/u Q = +32 TANDEMS Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider: RHIC J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 5 The origin of this research program STRUCTURED VACUUM: Melt the vacuum structure and demonstrate mobility of quarks { `decon¯nement'. This demonstrates that the vacuum is a key component in the understanding of what we observe in terms of the fundamental laws of nature. This leads to understanding of the origin of 99% of the rest mass present in the Universe { The Higgs mechanism covers the remaining 1% (or less). EARLY UNIVERSE: Recreate and understand the high energy density conditions pre- vailing in the Universe when nucleons formed from elementary de- grees of freedom (quarks, gluons) at about 10-40¹s after big bang. Hadronization of the Universe led to nearly matter-antimatter sym- 10 metric state, the sequel annihilation left the small 10¡ matter asymmetry, the world around us. J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 6 What is decon¯nement? A domain of (space, time) much larger than normal hadron size in which color-charged quarks and gluons are propagating, con- strained by external `frozen vacuum' which abhors color. We expect a pronounced boundary in temperature and density be- tween con¯ned and decon¯ned phases of matter: phase diagram. Decon¯nement expected at both: high temperature and at high matter density. In a ¯nite size system not a singular boundary, a `transformation'. THEORY FUTURE What we need as background knowledge: 1) Hot QCD in/out of equilibrium (QGP from QCD-lattice) 2) Understanding from ¯rst principles and not as descriptive method of hadronization dynamics and ¯nal hadron yields, 3) More sensitive (hadronic and other) signatures of decon¯nement beware: ¯nal particles always hadrons, many decay into leptons DECONFINEMENT NOT A `NEW PARTICLE', there is no answer to journalists question: How many new vacuua have you produced today? J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 7 Vacuum structure Quantum vacuum is polarizable: see atomic vac. pol. level shifts Quantum structure of gluon-quark fluctuations: glue and quark condensate evidence from LGT, 'onium sum rules Permanent fluctuations/structure in `space devoid of matter': even though V Ga V = 0; with G2 Ga G¹º = 2 [B~ 2 E~ 2] ; h j ¹ºj i ´ ¹º a a ¡ a a a ®s 2 2 X 4 X 4 we have V G V (2:3 0:3)10¡ GeV = [390(12) MeV] ; h j ¼ j i ' § and V uu¹ + dd¹ V = 2[225(9) MeV]3 : h j j i ¡ Vacuum and Laws of Physics Vacuum structure controls early Universe properties Vacuum determines inertial mass of `elementary' particles by the way of the Higgs mechanism, m = g V h V ; i ih j j i Vacuum is thought to generate color charge con¯nement: hadron mass originates in QCD vacuum structure. Vacuum determines interactions, symmetry breaking, etc..... DO WE REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW THE VACUUM CON- TROLS INERTIA (RESISTANCE TO CHANGE IN VELOCITY)?? J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 8 Do we understand how annihilation of almost all matter-antimatter occurs? Visible Matter Density [g cm−3 ] 1027 1015 103 10−9 1 TeV LHC 1016 quarks combine RHIC atoms antimatter form disappears 1 GeV photons 1013 neutrinos decouple SPS decouple nuclear reactions: light nuclei formed 1 MeV era of 1010 galaxies and stars 7 Particle energy 1 keV 10 Temperature [K] OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY 1 eV 104 PARTICLE/NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS 10 10−12 10−6 1 106 1012 1018 day year ky My today Time [s] J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 9 CERN SPS: THE FIRST LOOK AT DECONFINED UNIVERSE IN THE LABORATORY Micro-Bang 135 81 Pb QGP Pb Au Au 115 47 363 353 Big-Bang Micro-Bang τ −∼ 10 µ s τ −∼ 4 10-23 s ∼ -10 ∼ NB / N − 10 NB / N − 0.1 Order of Magnitude ENERGY density ² 1{5GeV/fm3 = 1:8{9 1015g/cc ' Latent vacuum heat B 0:1{0.4GeV/fm3 (166{234MeV)4 ' ' 1 30 PRESSURE P = 3² = 0:52 10 barn NA35 1986: S{Ag at 200AGeV 12 TEMPERATURE T0; Tf 300{250, 175{145 MeV; 300MeV 3.5 10 K ' J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 10 THE EARLY UNIVERSE AT RHIC STAR . and BRAHMS, PHOBOS: How is this maze of tracks of newly produced particles telling us what we want to know about the early Universe and its properties? Study of patterns in particle production: correlations, new flavors (strangeness, charm), resonances, etc.. J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 11 TWO STEP HADRON FORMATION MECHANISM IN QGP Ω 1. GG ss¹ (thermal gluons collide) ! GG cc¹ (initial parton collision) u s s s ! u u g s gluon dominated reactions u d d d s s s s 2. hadronization of pre-formed d g d g s g u g u s; s;¹ c; c¹ quarks u s g s s d u u Formation of complex rarely d g s d d produced (multi)exotic flavor d s g g u (anti)particles from QGP enabled s s u d by coalescence between s; s;¹ c; c¹ d g u quarks made in di®erent microscopic s s u reactions; this is signature of quark Ξ mobility and independent action, thus of decon¯nement. Enhance- ment of flavored (strange, charm) antibaryons progressing with `exotic' flavor content. AVAILABLE RESULT (SPS, RHIC): Enhancement of strange (anti)baryons progresses with strangeness content. J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 12 Why Strangeness is a diagnostic tool EXPERIMENTAL REASONS ² There are many strange particles allowing to study di®erent physics questions (q = u; d): Á(ss¹); K(qs¹); K(q¹s); ¤(qqs); ¤(q¹q¹s¹); ¥(qss); ¥(q¹s¹s¹); ­(sss); ­(s¹s¹s¹) : : : resonances : : : ² Strange hadrons are subject to a self analyzing de- cay within a few cm from the point of production; π π Ξ Λ p ² Production rates hence statistical signi¯cance is high; (strong interaction reaction cross sections) J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 13 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ² production of strangeness in gluon fusion GG ss¹ strangeness linked to gluons from QGP; ! (a) g (b) s (c) s g s dominant processes: g GG ss¹ abundant strangeness! g s g =evidence for gluons g s s q (d) s 10{15% of total rate: qq¹ ss¹ ! q s ² coincidence of scales: ms Tc ¿s ¿ ' ! ' QGP ! strangeness a clock for QGP phase ² s¹ q¹ strange antibaryon enhancement at'RHIC! (anti)hyperon dominance of (anti)baryons. J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 14 (MULTI)STRANGE (ANTI)HYPERON ENHANCEMENT WA97: central 158 A GeV Pb - Pb 10 Enhancement 1 - 0 ± ± ± h KS Λ Ξ Λ Ξ Ω+Ω 0 1 2 1 2 3 Strangeness Enhancement GROWTH with strangeness antiquark content. Enhancement is here de¯ned with respect to the yield in p{Be col- lisions, scaled up with the number of collision `wounded' nucleons. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 15 ENHANCEMENT AS FUNCTION OF REACTION VOLUME > < > < pT 0, |y-ycm| 0.5 NA57 158 A GeV pT 0, |y-ycm| 0.5 NA57 158 A GeV Ω-+Ω+ 10 10 Ξ- Ξ+ Λ Λ Particle / event / wound. nucl. relative to pBe Particle / event / wound.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Tale of the Hagedorn Temperature
    Chapter 6 The Tale of the Hagedorn Temperature Johann Rafelski and Torleif Ericson Please note the Erratum to this chapter at the end of the book Abstract We recall the context and impact of Rolf Hagedorn’s discovery of limiting temperature, in effect a melting point of hadrons, and its influence on the physics of strong interactions. 6.1 Particle Production Collisions of particles at very high energies generally result in the production of many secondary particles. When first observed in cosmic-ray interactions, this effect was unexpected for almost everyone,1 but it led to the idea of applying the wide body of knowledge of statistical thermodynamics to multiparticle production processes. Prominent physicists such as Enrico Fermi, Lev Landau, and Isaak Pomeranchuk made pioneering contributions to this approach, but because difficulties soon arose this work did not initially become the mainstream for the study of particle production. However, it was natural for Rolf Hagedorn to turn to the problem. Hagedorn had an unusually diverse educational and research background, which included thermal, solid-state, particle, and nuclear physics. His initial work on statistical particle production led to his prediction, in the 1960s, of particle yields at the highest accelerator energies at the time at CERN’s proton synchrotron. Though there were few clues on how to proceed, he began by making the most of the ‘fireball’ concept, which was then supported by cosmic-ray studies. In this approach, all the energy of the collision was regarded as being contained within a small space- time volume from which particles radiated, as in a burning fireball.
    [Show full text]
  • A4 Standard Format Template
    2008 SCHOOL OF PHYSICS Annual Report 4 www.physics.unimelb.edu.au contents/ the university of melbourne 6 the faculty of science 8 THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICS 9 HEAD’S REPORT 10 EXECUTIVE MANAGER’S REPORT 10 SCHOOL GOVERANCE 11 STAFF 12 VISITORS 18 RESEARCH FUNDING 20 RESEARCH SEMINAR SERIES 23 SCHOOL-HOSTED CONFERENCES 28 POSTGRADUATES IN PROGRESS 30 THESES COMPLETIONS 34 GROUP REPORT & PUBLICATIONS - Astrophysics 35 - Experimental Particle Physics (EPP) 39 - Micro-Analytical Research Centre (MARC) 45 Quantum Communications Victoria (QCV) 50 - Optics 51 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science (CXS) 54 - Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics (TCMP) 56 - Theoretical Particle Physics (TPP) 60 postgraduate physics student society (PPSS) 63 priZes & awards 64 outreach programs 66 subJects offered 69 alumni & friends 70 media 72 recruiting organisations 74 more information 75 www.physics.unimelb.edu.au 5 The University of Melbourne The university OF the Melbourne Model undergraduate and graduate education have continued to be a central focus of Melbourne thought and investment at the University. Established in 1853, the University of Melbourne The final strand – knowledge transfer – has long is a public-spirited institution that makes distinctive been practised but not always acknowledged at contributions to society in research, teaching and the University. A commitment to projects based knowledge transfer. on engagement, exchange and partnership with Melbourne’s teaching excellence has been wider constituencies has become a familiar part rewarded two years in a row by grants from of University aspirations. Knowledge transfer is the Commonwealth Government’s Learning about direct, two-way interactions between the and Teaching Performance Fund for Australian University and its external communities, which universities that demonstrate excellence in involve the development, exchange and application undergraduate teaching and learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration Agreement on the Transfer, Use and Responsibility for the ALICE Collaboration TPC Read-Out Electronics by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration
    Collaboration Agreement on the transfer, use and responsibility for the ALICE Collaboration TPC read-out electronics by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”) between THE EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (hereinafter referred to as “CERN”), an Intergovernmental Organization with its seat at Geneva, Switzerland, Host laboratory of the ALICE and NA61/SHINE experiments, represented by its Director for Research and Computing, Eckhard Elsen and THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE ALICE COLLABORATION (hereinafter referred to as “ALICE”), represented by the Spokesperson, Federico Antinori and THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE NA61 COLLABORATION (hereinafter referred to as “NA61/SHINE”), represented by the Spokesperson, Marek Gazdzicki CERN, ALICE and NA61/SHINE are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Parties” or individually as “Party”. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS: - The “Memorandum” dated March 15, 2016 sent by the NA61/SHINE spokesperson to the ALICE spokesperson on behalf of the Collaboration Board of NA61/SHINE; - The reply dated May 3, 2016 sent by the ALICE spokesperson to the NA61/SHINE spokesperson; - The status and plans of NA61/SHINE related to the Agreement as summarized in Annex I. THE PARTIES HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: Article 1 – Scope of the Agreement ALICE shall make available the ALICE TPC read-out electronics and the gate pulser system as listed in Annex II (hereinafter referred to as “Equipment”) for use by NA61/SHINE for the exclusive purpose of the NA61/SHINE Experiment. As from the Equipment Transfer Dates defined in Article 2, NA61/SHINE shall be liable to ALICE and CERN as the Host Laboratory for the fulfillment of all obligations, which may exist with respect to the Equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Hagedorn's Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement
    Hagedorn’s Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement∗ Marek Gazdzicki´ and Mark I. Gorenstein Abstract A brief history of the observation of the onset of deconfinement - the beginning of the creation of quark gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus collisions with increasing collision energy - is presented. It starts with the measurement of hadron mass spectrum and the Hagedorn’s hypothesis of the limiting temperature of hadronic matter (the Hagedorn temperature). Then the conjecture that the Hage- dorn temperature is the phase transition temperature was formulated with the crucial Hagedorn participation. It was confirmed by the observation of the onset of decon- finement in lead-lead collisions at the CERN SPS energies. 1 Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Hagedorn Temperature A history of multi-particle production started with discoveries of hadrons, first in cosmic-ray experiments and soon after in experiments using beams of particles produced in accelerators. Naturally, the first hadrons, discovered in collisions of cosmic-ray particles, were the lightest ones, pion, kaon and L. With the rapid ad- vent of particle accelerators new particles were uncovered almost day-by-day. There are about 1000 hadronic states known so far. Their density in mass r(m) increases approximately exponentially as predicted by the Hagedorn’s Statistical Bootstrap Model [1] formulated in 1965: r(m) = const m−a exp(bm) : (1) In the case of point-like hadron states this leads to a single-particle partition func- tion: p ! V Z ¥ Z ¥ k2 + m2 Z(T;V) = dm k2dk exp − r(m) ; (2) arXiv:1502.07684v1 [nucl-th] 26 Feb 2015 2 2p mp 0 T Marek: Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland Mark: Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany ∗Chapter in: R.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:Hep-Ph/9910363 V1 15 Oct 1999
    Evidence for Quark Gluon Plasma from Hadron Production ∗ in High Energy Nuclear Collisions Marek Ga´zdzicki Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, University of Frankfurt August Euler Str. 6, D–60486 Frankfurt, Germany The experimental results on the pion, strangeness and J/ψ produc- tion in high energy nuclear collisions are discussed. The anomalous energy dependence of pion and strangeness production is consistent with the hy- pothesis that a transition to a deconfined phase takes place between the top AGS ( 15 A GeV) and the SPS ( 200 A GeV) energies. The J/ψ pro- duction≈ systematics· at the SPS can≈ be understood· assuming that the J/ψ mesons are created at hadronization according to the available hadronic phase space. This new interpretation of the J/ψ data allows one to es- tablish a coherent picture of high energy nuclear collisions based on the statistical approaches of the collision early stage and hadronization. Sur- prisingly, the statistical model of strong interactions is successful even in the region reserved up to now for pQCD based models. PACS numbers: 24.85.+p 1. Introduction arXiv:hep-ph/9910363 v1 15 Oct 1999 The basic motivation for a broad experimental program of nucleus– nucleus (A+A) collisions at high energies is the search for the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1]. An impressive set of experimental data has been col- lected during the last decades and many unexpected phenomena have been discovered [2]. The results indicate surprising scaling behaviours which find a natural interpretation within statistical models of the early stage of the collision [3] as well as the hadronization [4, 5].
    [Show full text]
  • Birth of the Hagedorn Temperature
    CERN Courier December 2014 CERN Courier December 2014 Bookshelf Inside Story about CERN and its latest “biggest” appeal to anyone who has an interest discovery – the Higgs boson. According in understanding the broader world to the preface, this one sets out to tell the view of human endeavour that includes story from a different perspective, by religious faith and science. I hope that it putting at its centre the modern scientists inspires people to take a more open and who are exploring this terra incognita. wide-ranging view of human life. Faithful Birth of the Hagedorn temperature Interviews with a dozen scientists working to Science should be on the bookshelf of at CERN, ranging from the director-general, anyone who is interested to explore this Rolf Heuer, to physicists working on the more comprehensive human experience. experiments, form the main part of the ● Emmanuel Tsesmelis, CERN. The statistical bootstrap thermal physics – not unusual in the particle book. These interviews are interspersed and nuclear context in the early 1970s. He with explanatory texts, and there are also a Books received model and the discovery of remembered our discussions in Frankfurt number of factual chapters about the history a few years later, resuming my education at of physics and especially particle physics, What Makes a Champion! Over Fifty quark–gluon plasma. CERN as if we had never been interrupted. from Galileo to Einstein. Extraordinary Individuals Share Their Looking back to those long sessions in the Does the book achieve what it sets out to Insights winter of 1977/1978, I see a blackboard full do, namely to give basic research a human By Allan Snyder (ed.) of clean, exact equations – and his sign not to face? Yes and no.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Studies for Open Charm Measurements with NA61/SHINE Experiment at CERN-SPS
    Feasibility studies for open charm measurements with NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN-SPS by Yasir Ali A DOCTORAL DISSERTATION PERFORMED IN THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY KRAKOW (POLAND) SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES OF THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY 2015 Thesis advisor: Dr hab. Pawe lStaszel Project coordinator: Prof. Dr hab. Pawe lMoskal This thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love, endless support and encouragement and to my beloved fiance ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank my supervisor Dr hab. Pawe lStaszel for his guidance, support and most importantly, his help during my PhD studies at the Institute of Physics Jagieollonian University. His mentorship was paramount in providing a well rounded experience consistent with my long-term career goals. I would also like to thank all members of the NA61 Collaboration, especially Prof. Dr Marek Gazdzicki, Dr Peter Seyboth and all other colleagues who helped me from time to time. I am also grateful to Antoni Marcinek and Sebastian Kupny for their consistent suggestions during my project. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Roman P laneta for his assistance and guid- ance. Additionally, I would like to be grateful and say thanks to the coordinator of International PhD-studies programme Prof. Dr Pawe l Moskal for his all time help and support in four years during my stay in Krakow. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to say thanks to my parents. Their support, encouragement, quiet patience and unwavering love were undeniably the bedrock upon which my educational carrier has been built.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Matter As We Know It Emerged, the Universe Was Filled with The
    Cambridge University Press 0521385369 - Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma Jean Letessier and Johann Rafelski Frontmatter More information HADRONS AND QUARK–GLUON PLASMA Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark–gluon plasma. This hot soup of quarks and gluons is effectively an inescapable consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing search to verify the prediction experimentally and discusses the physical properties of this novel form of matter. It provides an accessible introduction to the recent developments in this interdisciplinary field, covering the basics as well as more advanced material. It begins with an overview of the subject, followed by discussion of experimental methods and results. The second half of the book covers hadronic matter in confined and deconfined form, and strangeness as a signature of the quark–gluon phase. A firm background in quantum mechanics, special relativity, and statistical physics is assumed, as well as some familiarity with particle and nuclear physics. However, the essential introductory elements from these fields are presented as needed. This text is suitable as an introduction for graduate students, as well as pro- viding a valuable reference for researchers already working in this and related fields. JEAN LETESSIER has been CNRS researcher at the University of Paris since 1978. Prior to that he worked at the Institut de Physique Nucleaire, Orsay, where he wrote his thesis on hyperon–nucleon interaction in 1970, under the direction of Professor R. Vinh Mau, and was a teaching assistant at the University of Bordeaux.
    [Show full text]
  • From P+ P to Pb+ Pb Collisions: Wounded Nucleon Versus
    From p+p to Pb+Pb Collisions: Wounded Nucleon versus Statistical Models Marek Gazdzicki∗ Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland E-mail: [email protected] System size dependence of hadron production properties is discussed within the Wounded Nu- cleon Model and the Statistical Model in the grand canonical, canonical and micro-canonical for- mulations. Similarities and differences between predictions of the models related to the treatment of conservation laws are exposed. A need for models which would combine a hydrodynamical- like expansion with conservation laws obeyed in individual collisions is stressed. arXiv:1306.5919v2 [nucl-th] 8 Jul 2013 8th International Workshop on Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinement March 11-15, 2013 Napa, California, USA ∗Speaker. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it/ From p+p to Pb+Pb Collisions: Wounded Nucleon versus Statistical Models Marek Gazdzicki high stat. with new vertex detector Pb+Pb 2017/18/19 detailed scan with existing detector Pb+Pb 2017 system size Xe+La 2016 Ar+Ca 2015 Be+Be 2011/12/13 p+Pb 2012 /14 p+p 2009/10/11 13 20 30 40 80 160 beam energy [A GeV] Figure 1: The NA61/SHINE data taking schedule for the ion program. The already registered reactions are indicated by green squares, whereas the approved future data taking and the proposed extension of the program are shown in red and gray, respectively. 1. Introduction This work is motivated by the NA61/SHINE ion program [1, 2] in which hadron production properties are studied as a function of size of colliding nuclei and their collision energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for Quark Gluon Plasma from Hadron Production in High Energy Nuclear Collisions ∗ Marek Ga´Zdzicki
    Evidence for Quark Gluon Plasma from Hadron Production in High Energy Nuclear Collisions ∗ Marek Ga´zdzicki Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, University of Frankfurt August Euler Str. 6, D–60486 Frankfurt, Germany The experimental results on the pion, strangeness and J= produc- tion in high energy nuclear collisions are discussed. The anomalous energy dependence of pion and strangeness production is consistent with the hy- pothesis that a transition to a deconfined phase takes place between the top AGS ( 15 A GeV) and the SPS ( 200 A GeV) energies. The J= pro- duction≈ systematics· at the SPS can≈ be understood· assuming that the J= mesons are created at hadronization according to the available hadronic phase space. This new interpretation of the J= data allows one to es- tablish a coherent picture of high energy nuclear collisions based on the statistical approaches of the collision early stage and hadronization. Sur- prisingly, the statistical model of strong interactions is successful even in the region reserved up to now for pQCD based models. PACS numbers: 24.85.+p 1. Introduction The basic motivation for a broad experimental program of nucleus– nucleus (A+A) collisions at high energies is the search for the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1]. An impressive set of experimental data has been col- lected during the last decades and many unexpected phenomena have been discovered [2]. The results indicate surprising scaling behaviours which find a natural interpretation within statistical models of the early stage of the collision [3] as well as the hadronization [4, 5]. Within this framework one concludes that the results are consistent with the hypothesis of a QGP cre- ation in A+A collisions at the SPS [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Strangeness, Equilibration, Hadronization
    CERN-TH/2001-364 Strangeness, Equilibration, Hadronization Johann Rafelski Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 and CERN-Theory Division, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract. In these remarks I explain the motivation which leads us to consider chemical nonequilibrium processes in flavor equilibration and in statistical hadroniziation of quark–gluon plasma (QGP). Statistical hadronization allowing for chemical non-equilibrium is introduced. The reesults of fits to RHIC-130 results, including multistrange hadrons, are shown to agree only with the model of an exploding QGP fireball. Submitted to: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. Proceedings of Strange Quark Matter 2001, Frankfurt 1. Historical background The topic we discuss today, production of hadrons in statistical hadronization in high energy heavy ion collisions, has been the subject of several diploma and doctor thesis at the University Frankfurt in late 70’s and early 80’s. At the time, in a field void of any experimental result, I competed with a Hungarian hadrochemistry group lead by the chair of this discussion session, Prof. J. Zimanyi. We both passed through natural evolution stages. We were at first considering the equilibrium particle abundances expected to arise when Mr. EquilibriX holds in his hand hot and dense hadron matter fireball, which evaporated these particles. This work was followed by the development of kinetic theory of strangeness production, which was precipitated by the finding of the Budapest group, that light quark interactions were not fast enough to produce strangeness abundantly. We learned to appreciate that the yields of newly produced quarks were not necessarily given by the chemical equilibrium statistical model.
    [Show full text]
  • Postdoctoral Position in Experimental High Energy Physics Deadline On
    Postdoctoral position in Experimental High Energy Physics Deadline on November 30, 2019 Job description: Applications are invited for a postdoctoral research position in the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce in the Experimental High Energy Nuclear Physics group. The group has an active program of participation in the NA61/SHINE experiment ( http://shine.web.cern.ch/ ) at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. NA61/SHINE conducted the world unique scan in collision energy and nuclear mass number of colliding nuclei. The aim is to study properties of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions. The successful candidate will have demonstrated initiative and accomplishments, to work on the physics data analysis and interpretation, have completed a Ph.D. in particle physics or related field, and have a strong motivation to participate in NA61/SHINE data analysis and calibration. The position is available starting from the 1st of December 2019. It is based at the Jan Kochanowski University campus; but there will be opportunities for travel to CERN. The position is available for a 3-year period, the employment will be realized upon an employment contract and the salary is 8 000 PLN gross per month and has high buying power in Kielce. Candidates should send a resume, a description of research interests and two letters of reference to [email protected]. For information about the position send email to [email protected]. The review of applications will begin on 1st November 2019, but applications will be accepted until the position is filled. Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce wishes to reflect the diversity of society and welcomes applications from all qualified candidates regardless of personal background.
    [Show full text]