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The Tale of the Hagedorn Temperature
Chapter 6 The Tale of the Hagedorn Temperature Johann Rafelski and Torleif Ericson Please note the Erratum to this chapter at the end of the book Abstract We recall the context and impact of Rolf Hagedorn’s discovery of limiting temperature, in effect a melting point of hadrons, and its influence on the physics of strong interactions. 6.1 Particle Production Collisions of particles at very high energies generally result in the production of many secondary particles. When first observed in cosmic-ray interactions, this effect was unexpected for almost everyone,1 but it led to the idea of applying the wide body of knowledge of statistical thermodynamics to multiparticle production processes. Prominent physicists such as Enrico Fermi, Lev Landau, and Isaak Pomeranchuk made pioneering contributions to this approach, but because difficulties soon arose this work did not initially become the mainstream for the study of particle production. However, it was natural for Rolf Hagedorn to turn to the problem. Hagedorn had an unusually diverse educational and research background, which included thermal, solid-state, particle, and nuclear physics. His initial work on statistical particle production led to his prediction, in the 1960s, of particle yields at the highest accelerator energies at the time at CERN’s proton synchrotron. Though there were few clues on how to proceed, he began by making the most of the ‘fireball’ concept, which was then supported by cosmic-ray studies. In this approach, all the energy of the collision was regarded as being contained within a small space- time volume from which particles radiated, as in a burning fireball. -
Strangeness and the Discovery of Quark Gluon
STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004 Decon¯nement of quarks and gluons into a plasma (QGP) at high temperature is a predicted paradigm shifting feature of strong interactions. The production of strange particles in relativistic heavy ion collisions at CERN and BNL con¯rms that a new phase of matter with the expected properties is being formed. I will survey the key theoretical predictions and the related experimental results. Time permitting, I will discuss how the newly gained knowledge leads to the study of the hot nearly matter-antimatter symmetric post quark-gluon Universe. +50% of content is for STUDENTS. BONUS material after 50 transparencies: THE QUARK UNIVERSE Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-04ER41318 Johann Rafelski Department of Physics University of Arizona TUCSON, AZ, USA 1 J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 2 EXPERIMENTAL HEAVY ION PROGRAM | LHC CERN: LHC opens after 2007 and SPS resumes after 2009 J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 3 ...and at BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider: RHIC J. Rafelski, Arizona STRANGENESS AND THE DISCOVERY OF QUARK GLUON PLASMA Bloomington, November 30, 2004,page 4 BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 12:00 o’clock PHOBOS BRAHMS 10:00 o’clock 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock STAR 4:00 o’clock 6:00 o’clock Design Parameters: Beam Energy = 100 GeV/u U-line 9 GeV/u No. -
A4 Standard Format Template
2008 SCHOOL OF PHYSICS Annual Report 4 www.physics.unimelb.edu.au contents/ the university of melbourne 6 the faculty of science 8 THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICS 9 HEAD’S REPORT 10 EXECUTIVE MANAGER’S REPORT 10 SCHOOL GOVERANCE 11 STAFF 12 VISITORS 18 RESEARCH FUNDING 20 RESEARCH SEMINAR SERIES 23 SCHOOL-HOSTED CONFERENCES 28 POSTGRADUATES IN PROGRESS 30 THESES COMPLETIONS 34 GROUP REPORT & PUBLICATIONS - Astrophysics 35 - Experimental Particle Physics (EPP) 39 - Micro-Analytical Research Centre (MARC) 45 Quantum Communications Victoria (QCV) 50 - Optics 51 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science (CXS) 54 - Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics (TCMP) 56 - Theoretical Particle Physics (TPP) 60 postgraduate physics student society (PPSS) 63 priZes & awards 64 outreach programs 66 subJects offered 69 alumni & friends 70 media 72 recruiting organisations 74 more information 75 www.physics.unimelb.edu.au 5 The University of Melbourne The university OF the Melbourne Model undergraduate and graduate education have continued to be a central focus of Melbourne thought and investment at the University. Established in 1853, the University of Melbourne The final strand – knowledge transfer – has long is a public-spirited institution that makes distinctive been practised but not always acknowledged at contributions to society in research, teaching and the University. A commitment to projects based knowledge transfer. on engagement, exchange and partnership with Melbourne’s teaching excellence has been wider constituencies has become a familiar part rewarded two years in a row by grants from of University aspirations. Knowledge transfer is the Commonwealth Government’s Learning about direct, two-way interactions between the and Teaching Performance Fund for Australian University and its external communities, which universities that demonstrate excellence in involve the development, exchange and application undergraduate teaching and learning. -
Hagedorn's Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement
Hagedorn’s Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement∗ Marek Gazdzicki´ and Mark I. Gorenstein Abstract A brief history of the observation of the onset of deconfinement - the beginning of the creation of quark gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus collisions with increasing collision energy - is presented. It starts with the measurement of hadron mass spectrum and the Hagedorn’s hypothesis of the limiting temperature of hadronic matter (the Hagedorn temperature). Then the conjecture that the Hage- dorn temperature is the phase transition temperature was formulated with the crucial Hagedorn participation. It was confirmed by the observation of the onset of decon- finement in lead-lead collisions at the CERN SPS energies. 1 Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Hagedorn Temperature A history of multi-particle production started with discoveries of hadrons, first in cosmic-ray experiments and soon after in experiments using beams of particles produced in accelerators. Naturally, the first hadrons, discovered in collisions of cosmic-ray particles, were the lightest ones, pion, kaon and L. With the rapid ad- vent of particle accelerators new particles were uncovered almost day-by-day. There are about 1000 hadronic states known so far. Their density in mass r(m) increases approximately exponentially as predicted by the Hagedorn’s Statistical Bootstrap Model [1] formulated in 1965: r(m) = const m−a exp(bm) : (1) In the case of point-like hadron states this leads to a single-particle partition func- tion: p ! V Z ¥ Z ¥ k2 + m2 Z(T;V) = dm k2dk exp − r(m) ; (2) arXiv:1502.07684v1 [nucl-th] 26 Feb 2015 2 2p mp 0 T Marek: Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland Mark: Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine; and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany ∗Chapter in: R. -
Curriculum Vitae: Prof. Dr. Dr. H.C. David Blaschke
Curriculum vitae: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. David Blaschke Date of birth: 22 September 1959 Citizenship: German Address: Institut for Theoretical Physics University of Wroclaw Max Born pl. 9 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland Tel: +48-71/375-9252 Fax: +48-71/321-4454 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/∼blaschke Private Address: ul. Podwale 1/13; 50-043 Wroc law, Poland Education and Degrees obtained: 9/78 - 8/83 Student at the University of Rostock; Diploma Thesis in Theoretical Physics on: "Application of the method of functional integration to Coulomb systems" 9/83 - 10/85, 5/87 - 12/87 Ph.D. student at the University of Rostock, Ph.D. Thesis on: "Pauli-blocking effects in the equation of state for strongly interacting matter" 12/95 Habilitation Thesis on: "Quantum statistics of effective quark models of hadronic matter" 1/96 Private docent: \Theoretical Physics - Many-Particle Theory" 4/09 Professor title: \Professor of physical sciences" 6/17 Honorary Doctor title from Dubna State University Dubna 4/19 Honorary Doctor title from Russian-Armenian University Yerevan Employment history: 1/88 - 8/91 Assistant at the Department of Physics, University of Rostock 9/91-8/92 Scientific associate at the Theory Division, CERN Geneva 7/92-12/96 Senior scientific associate at the research unit "Theoretical many-particle physics" of the Max-Planck-Society at the University of Rostock 1/97-8/98 Senior Assistant at the Department of Physics, University of Rostock 9/98-8/03 Professor for \Particle and Astrophysics", University of Rostock 3/01-6/07 -
Birth of the Hagedorn Temperature
CERN Courier December 2014 CERN Courier December 2014 Bookshelf Inside Story about CERN and its latest “biggest” appeal to anyone who has an interest discovery – the Higgs boson. According in understanding the broader world to the preface, this one sets out to tell the view of human endeavour that includes story from a different perspective, by religious faith and science. I hope that it putting at its centre the modern scientists inspires people to take a more open and who are exploring this terra incognita. wide-ranging view of human life. Faithful Birth of the Hagedorn temperature Interviews with a dozen scientists working to Science should be on the bookshelf of at CERN, ranging from the director-general, anyone who is interested to explore this Rolf Heuer, to physicists working on the more comprehensive human experience. experiments, form the main part of the ● Emmanuel Tsesmelis, CERN. The statistical bootstrap thermal physics – not unusual in the particle book. These interviews are interspersed and nuclear context in the early 1970s. He with explanatory texts, and there are also a Books received model and the discovery of remembered our discussions in Frankfurt number of factual chapters about the history a few years later, resuming my education at of physics and especially particle physics, What Makes a Champion! Over Fifty quark–gluon plasma. CERN as if we had never been interrupted. from Galileo to Einstein. Extraordinary Individuals Share Their Looking back to those long sessions in the Does the book achieve what it sets out to Insights winter of 1977/1978, I see a blackboard full do, namely to give basic research a human By Allan Snyder (ed.) of clean, exact equations – and his sign not to face? Yes and no. -
The Mar (E) K of QGP: Strangeness
The Mar(e)k of QGP: Strangeness∗ Jan Rafelski Department of Physics, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Strangeness signature of of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is central to the exploration of baryon-dense matter: the search for the critical point and onset of deconfinement. I report on the discovery of QGP by means of strangeness: The key historical figures and their roles in this quest are introduced and the experimental results obtained are discussed. The im- portant role of antihyperons is emphasized. The statistical hadronization model, and sudden hadronization are described. Results of present day data analysis: strangeness and entropy content of a large fireball, and the universal hadronization condition describing key features of all explored collision systems are presented. PACS numbers: 25.75.-qRelativistic heavy-ion collisions 12.38.MhQuark-gluon plasma 24.10.PaThermal and statistical models 1. Introduction The introduction in 1964 of the new quark paradigm [1] `happened' nearly in parallel to the rise of the thermal model of hadron production pre- cipitated by Hagedorn's invention of the statistical bootstrap model, for a review of Hagedorn's work, see Ref. [2]. The paradigm of quarks explained a large number of properties of elementary particles, allowing at the time one prediction, a new particle, the triple-strange Ω−(sss). On the other hand Hagedorn was following fragmentary experimental data on particle produc- tion; these data were not in agreement with the rudimentary statistical arXiv:1701.00296v2 [hep-ph] 6 Feb 2017 particle production models proposed by Koppe [3] and Fermi [4]. Hage- dorn's work is a classic example of a discovery case where theory preceded experiment, focusing the direction of future experimental work. -
Strangeness, Equilibration, Hadronization
CERN-TH/2001-364 Strangeness, Equilibration, Hadronization Johann Rafelski Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 and CERN-Theory Division, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract. In these remarks I explain the motivation which leads us to consider chemical nonequilibrium processes in flavor equilibration and in statistical hadroniziation of quark–gluon plasma (QGP). Statistical hadronization allowing for chemical non-equilibrium is introduced. The reesults of fits to RHIC-130 results, including multistrange hadrons, are shown to agree only with the model of an exploding QGP fireball. Submitted to: J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. Proceedings of Strange Quark Matter 2001, Frankfurt 1. Historical background The topic we discuss today, production of hadrons in statistical hadronization in high energy heavy ion collisions, has been the subject of several diploma and doctor thesis at the University Frankfurt in late 70’s and early 80’s. At the time, in a field void of any experimental result, I competed with a Hungarian hadrochemistry group lead by the chair of this discussion session, Prof. J. Zimanyi. We both passed through natural evolution stages. We were at first considering the equilibrium particle abundances expected to arise when Mr. EquilibriX holds in his hand hot and dense hadron matter fireball, which evaporated these particles. This work was followed by the development of kinetic theory of strangeness production, which was precipitated by the finding of the Budapest group, that light quark interactions were not fast enough to produce strangeness abundantly. We learned to appreciate that the yields of newly produced quarks were not necessarily given by the chemical equilibrium statistical model. -
Spinorial Regge Trajectories and Hagedorn-Like Temperatures
EPJ Web of Conferences will be set by the publisher DOI: will be set by the publisher c Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016 Spinorial Regge trajectories and Hagedorn-like temperatures Spinorial space-time and preons as an alternative to strings Luis Gonzalez-Mestres1;a 1Megatrend Cosmology Laboratory, John Naisbitt University, Belgrade and Paris Goce Delceva 8, 11070 Novi Beograd, Serbia Abstract. The development of the statistical bootstrap model for hadrons, quarks and nuclear matter occurred during the 1960s and the 1970s in a period of exceptional theo- retical creativity. And if the transition from hadrons to quarks and gluons as fundamental particles was then operated, a transition from standard particles to preons and from the standard space-time to a spinorial one may now be necessary, including related pre-Big Bang scenarios. We present here a brief historical analysis of the scientific problematic of the 1960s in Particle Physics and of its evolution until the end of the 1970s, including cos- mological issues. Particular attention is devoted to the exceptional role of Rolf Hagedorn and to the progress of the statisticak boostrap model until the experimental search for the quark-gluon plasma started being considered. In parallel, we simultaneously expose recent results and ideas concerning Particle Physics and in Cosmology, an discuss current open questions. Assuming preons to be constituents of the physical vacuum and the stan- dard particles excitations of this vacuum (the superbradyon hypothesis we introduced in 1995), together with a spinorial space-time (SST), a new kind of Regge trajectories is expected to arise where the angular momentum spacing will be of 1/2 instead of 1. -
Digital Edition Welcome to the Digital Edition of the April 2016 Issue of CERN Courier
I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS CERNCOURIER WELCOME V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 3 A PRIL 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the April 2016 issue of CERN Courier. The issue went to print while the LHC resumed operation after the technical stop that started in December 2015. At the same time, in another accelerator, SuperKEKB in Japan, beams have completed their first turns. However, the spotlight these days is not so much on accelerator physics as on the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO interferometers in the US, which is gaining the interest of the whole scientific community. The interview with Barry Barish, one of the founding fathers of LIGO, proves just how hard scientific endeavours can sometimes be. Hard, but also extremely rewarding. Coming back to closer universes, this issue also features articles about CERN’s neutron facility, ALICE’s new TPC, and science carried out with a PET cyclotron. Last but not least, Interactions & Crossroads brings you information about interesting conferences in physics and related fields around the world. To sign up to the new issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/sign-up. To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. A strong belief 80 D0 Run II, 10.4 fb–1 2 data TETRAQUARKS AWAKE fit with background shape fixed 60 background signal ACCELERATOR 40 20 N events / 8 MeV/c DZero collaboration The plasma cell is in 0 10 discovers a new its fi nal position MILESTONE 0 –10 residuals (data-fit) EDITOR: ANTONELLA DEL ROSSO, CERN 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 particle p10 Japan’s SuperKEKB 0 ± 2 DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK m (Bs π ) (GeV/c ) p13 achieves “fi rst turns” p11 CERNCOURIER www. -
Structure and Decay in the QED Vacuum
Structure and Decay in the QED Vacuum Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Labun, Lance Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 14:30:11 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203491 STRUCTURE AND DECAY IN THE QED VACUUM by Lance Andrew Labun A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2011 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dis- sertation prepared by Lance Andrew Labun entitled Structure and Decay in the QED Vacuum and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: 16 November 2011 Johann Rafelski Date: 16 November 2011 Sumitendra Mazumdar Date: 16 November 2011 Michael Shupe Date: 16 November 2011 Shufang Su Date: 16 November 2011 Ubirajara van Kolck Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 16 November 2011 Dissertation Director: Johann Rafelski 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. -
People and Things
People and things cesses, such as those of Interest plore the low energy regime of to astrophysicists. Experiments at quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 20 Tesla for sale PSI have provided important limits the candidate field theory of quark on the masses of the electron-type interactions and, with the electro- An Oxford Instruments supercon• and muon-type neutrinos. weak picture, one of the twin fa• ducting solenoid magnet which has When the muon does decay, it cets of Standard Model formalism. exceeded 20 Tesla is now available goes most of the time into an elec• Muon capture on hydrogen has commercially. Although higher tron and a pair of suitably labelled been a challenge to experimental• fields have been achieved with lab• neutrinos. The strength of this de• ists; the process is rare and is oratory magnets, this is said to be cay is one of the basic input para• masked by atomic and molecular the most powerful such magnet on meters of the electroweak picture effects, but a new generation of the market. within the Standard Model. Careful studies is planned at meson facto• Operating at 2.15 K, the 32 mm analysis of the spins of the muon ries. diameter coil uses niobium-titanium and the electron in these decays, Atomic and molecular physics wire for the outer windings with together with studies of the scat• again emerges as a dominant the inner sections of niobium-tin tering of muon-type neutrinos off theme in the interaction of muons optimized for high field use. Oxford electrons, could help look beyond with hydrogen isotopes - deuter• Instruments is at Eynsham, Oxford, the Standard Model.