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Hakas Şamanizminde Ölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı Türkiyat Araştırmaları Doktora Programı HAKAS ŞAMANİZMİNDE ÖLÜM Nükhet OKUTAN DAVLETOV Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2020 HAKAS ŞAMANİZMİNDE ÖLÜM Nükhet OKUTAN DAVLETOV Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı Türkiyat Araştırmaları Doktora Programı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2020 “Yaşadım” diyebilmeye TEŞEKKÜR Türkoloji alanında çalışmaya başladığım dönemlerden itibaren danışmanlığımı yürüten, gerektiğinde kendi kütüphanesini öğrencisiyle paylaşmakta bir sakınca görmeyen ve araştırmanın planlanmasında olduğu kadar yürütülmesi sırasında da her daim öğrencisinin yanında olup yol gösteren danışman hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Bülent GÜL’e; Tez izleme komitesi ile savunma jürisinde yer alan ve bu çalışmanın daha iyi bir noktaya varmasını sağlamak için değerli fikirlerini paylaşan hocalarım sayın Prof. Dr. Yunus KOÇ, Prof. Dr. Mete TAŞLIOVA, Prof. Dr. Nezir TEMUR ve Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Nagehan ÜSTÜNDAĞ ÖZDEMİR’e; Tezin yazım süreci boyunca desteğini esirgemeyen ve yoğun çalıştığım bu dönemde hayatımı kolaylaştırmak için türlü fedakârlıklarda bulunan sevgili annem Sema OKUTAN’a; Korece kaynaklardaki ilgili bölümleri tercüme ederek özellikle insan kurbanı konusunda Altay halklarına daha geniş bir çerçeveden bakmama imkân veren can dostum Juyeong JANG’a; Alan araştırması için Hakas Cumhuriyeti’nde bulunduğumuz bir ay boyunca konukseverliği ve güleryüzü ile bizi en iyi şekilde ağırlayarak araştırmanın meydana getirilmesine büyük bir katkı sağlayan Aselya DAVLETOVA’ya ve bölgede yürütülen bu araştırma sırasında bana eşlik ve tercümanlık eden, çalışmada bilimsel birikime bir katkı olarak yer alacağını düşündüğüm her düşüncemi ilk olarak kendisiyle paylaştığım değerli eşim Dr. Timur B. DAVLETOV’a teşekkür ediyorum. vi ÖZET OKUTAN DAVLETOV, Nükhet. Hakas Şamanizminde Ölüm, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2020. Ölüm, tarih boyunca insanlığın kaçınmak için yollar aradığı bir olgu olmuştur. Bu kaçınma yollarının en bilineni ise ölümün ardından gidilecek alternatif bir dünya ve yok olan fiziki varlığın yerine geçecek sonsuz bir ruh kavramı yaratmaktır. Ölüme karşı geliştirilen bu inanış ve davranışların günümüzde Rusya Federasyonu sınırları içindeki Hakas Cumhuriyeti’nde yaşayan Hakaslardaki durumunu ortaya koyabilmek için bu halkın ölümü algılayışının Şamanizm bağlamında incelendiği bir araştırma yapılması planlanmış ve Hakas-Minusinsk Vadisi’nde geçmişten günümüze dek var olan inanışlar ile cenaze pratikleri bu doğrultuda detaylı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Hakasların ölüme dair birtakım pratiklerinin ve günümüzde hâlâ yaşatmakta oldukları diğer pek çok inançsal uygulamanın altında yatan Şamanik felsefenin de açıklanmasıyla tarihsel süreçte Yenisey Kırgızlarının yaşam, ölüm ve öbür dünya tasarımlarının da ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda nitel araştırmalarda en sık kullanılan veri toplama aracı olan görüşme ve gözlem yöntemlerine başvurulmuş ve Askiz Bölgesi ve başkent Abakan olarak belirlenen araştırma bölgelerinde yirmi bir Hakas ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Toplanan veriler ise literatür taraması yoluyla ulaşılan arkeolojik ve etnografik kayıtlarla desteklenerek yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın alanındaki diğer çalışmalardan en önemli farkı, Türklerin ölümü algılayışları ve ölüme dair uygulamalarının Hakas Türkleri örneğinde ilk kez kapsamlı bir biçimde, alan araştırmasına dayanarak ele alınmış olmasıdır. Anahtar Sözcükler Hakas, Şamanizm, Ölüm, Cenaze, Mezar, Ahiret, Ruh, Yas. vii ABSTRACT OKUTAN DAVLETOV, Nükhet. Death in Khakas Shamanism, Ph.D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2020. Death has always been a phenomenon that humanity tried to avoid throughout history. The most widely recognized way of death avoidance is creating an alternative world and a concept of eternal soul that replaces the physical body after death. In order to reveal the situation of these beliefs and practices developed against death among Khakases living in the Republic of Khakasia (Russian Federation), it is planned to conduct a research on the perception of death in Khakas culture in the concept of Shamanism. For this purpose, old and present beliefs and funerary customs in the valley of Khakas- Minusinsk was discussed in detail. It is also aimed to express the ideas about life, death, and afterlife of Yenisei Kyrgyz throughout history by interpreting the Shamanic philosophy underlying many Khakas rituals relating to death. The most common methods of data collection in qualitative research, interviews and observations were used for this purpose. Depth interviews were conducted with 21 Khakases in the region of Askiz and the capital city Abakan. Collected data was tried to analysed and interpreted with the help of arheological finds and ethnographic field notes achieved through literature review. The most significant difference between this dissertation and the other researches of the same area and topic is that the perception of death and the practices relating to this phenomenon in Khakas culture was extensively approached for the first time on the basis of fieldwork. Key Words Khakas, Shamanism, Death, Funeral, Grave, Afterlife, Soul, Mourning. viii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY ................................................................................................... i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ................................ ii ETİK BEYAN ............................................................................................................ iii ADAMA ..................................................................................................................... iv TEŞEKKÜR ............................................................................................................... v ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... viii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .......................................................................................... xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. BÖLÜM: ARAŞTIRMANIN TANIMI, YÖNTEMİ VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVESİ .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Araştırmanın Tanımı ................................................................................. 3 1.1.1. Konu ............................................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Amaç ............................................................................................. 4 1.1.3. Önem ve Yenilik ........................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Kapsam ve Sınırlılıklar.................................................................. 8 1.2. Araştırmanın Yöntemi .............................................................................. 9 1.3. Kavramsal Çerçeve .................................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Din, İnanç, İnanış .......................................................................... 10 1.3.2. Şaman/Kam, Şamanizm/Kamlık ................................................... 11 1.3.3. Evren Modeli ................................................................................. 12 1.3.4. Ölüm Ötesi, Öbür Dünya, Ahiret .................................................. 14 1.3.5. Kremasyon ................................................................................... 14 1.3.6. İnhumasyon .................................................................................. 15 1.3.7. Reenkarnasyon ............................................................................. 15 ix 2. BÖLÜM: TARİHİ DEVİRLERE GÖRE HAKAS ŞAMANİZMİ ........................ 17 2.1. Kim Suğ Kırgızları Hakaslar ..................................................................... 17 2.2. Hakas Şamanizmi ...................................................................................... 22 2.2.1. Çarlık Dönemi ............................................................................... 25 2.2.2. Sovyetler Dönemi ......................................................................... 36 2.2.3. Sovyetler Sonrası Dönem .............................................................. 37 3. BÖLÜM: HAKAS-MİNUSİNSK VADİSİ’NDE ÖLÜM .................................... 40 3.1. Yaşamaya Karşı Duyulan Doyumsuzluk Hissi ......................................... 40 3.1.1. Erklig/Erlik/İrlǐg Meselesi ............................................................ 63 3.1.2. Ruh ............................................................................................... 84 3.1.3. Ölüm Ötesi ................................................................................... 102 3.1.4. Folklorik Metinlerde Dirilme ve Reenkarnasyon İnancı .............. 114 3.1.5. Ölümden Sakınma Uygulamaları ................................................ 121 3.2. Defin Yöntemleri ve Törenler .................................................................. 134 3.2.1. Kremasyon ..................................................................................
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