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Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Lehi Horse: Implications for Early Historic Horse Cultures of the North American West

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Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Lehi Horse: Implications for Early Historic Horse Cultures of the North American West Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Lehi Horse: Implications for Early Historic Horse Cultures of the North American West William Timothy Treal Taylor , Isaac Hart, Emily Lena Jones, Joan Brenner-Coltrain, Jessica Thompson Jobe, Brooks B. Britt, H. Gregory McDonald, Yue Li, Chengrui Zhang, Petrus Le Roux, Carlton Quinn Shield Chief Gover, Stéphanie Schiavinato, Ludovic Orlando, and Patrick Roberts Although recognized as one of the most significant cultural transformations in North America, the reintroduction of the horse to the continent after AD 1492 has been rarely addressed by archaeological science. A key contributing factor behind this limited study is the apparent absence of equine skeletal remains from early historic archaeological contexts. Here, we present a multi- disciplinary analysis of a horse skeleton recovered in Lehi, Utah, originally attributed to the Pleistocene. Reanalysis of strati- graphic context and radiocarbon dating indicates a historic age for this horse (cal AD 1681–1939), linking it with Ute or other Indigenous groups, whereas osteological features demonstrate its use for mounted horseback riding—perhaps with a nonframe saddle. DNA analysis indicates that the animal was a female domestic horse, which was likely cared for as part of a breeding herd despite outliving its usefulness in transport. Finally, sequentially sampled stable carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope values from tooth enamel (δ13C, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) suggest that the horse was raised locally. These results show the utility of archaeological science as applied to horse remains in understanding Indigenous horse pastoralism, whereas consideration of the broader archaeological record suggests a pattern of misidentification of horse bones from early historic contexts. Keywords: horseback riding, equestrianism, zooarchaeology, Utah, Lehi horse, horse pastoralism, Ute archaeology Pese a ser reconocida como una de las más significativas transformaciones culturales en Norteamérica, la reintroducción del caballo en continente luego del año 1492 raramente ha sido abordada por la arqueología. Una razón de la escasez de tales trabajos es la aparente ausencia de restos esqueletarios de equinos en contextos arqueológicos históricos tempranos. Presen- tamos un análisis multidisciplinario de los restos de caballo recuperados en Lehi, Utah, los que fueron originalmente identi- ficados como de la “Edad del Hielo” basados sobre el contexto geológico. El reanálisis del contexto estratigráfico junto con la William Timothy Treal Taylor ([email protected], corresponding author) ▪ University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany Isaac Hart and Joan Brenner-Coltrain ▪ Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Emily Lena Jones ▪ Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jessica Thompson Jobe ▪ Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA Brooks B. Britt ▪ Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA H. Gregory McDonald ▪ Bureau of Land Management Colorado State Office, Lakewood, CO, USA Yue Li ▪ School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’An, Shaanxi, China Chengrui Zhang ▪ Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Petrus Le Roux ▪ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa Carlton Quinn Shield Chief Gover ▪ Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA/ Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, Pawnee, OK 74058, USA Stéphanie Schiavinato and Ludovic Orlando ▪ Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Bâtiment A, 37 allée Jules Guesde, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France Patrick Roberts ▪ Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany; School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia American Antiquity 86(3), 2021, pp. 465–485 Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/aaq.2020.109 465 466 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY Vol. 86, No. 3, 2021 datación radiocarbónica indica una edad histórica para este caballo (1681–1939 años calibrados de la era), relacionándolo con grupos indígenas Ute u otros. A pesar de que parte del caballo fue destruido antes de su recuperación, la columna ver- tebral revela fisuras y osteofitos que indican que había sido montado y el uso de sillas sin marco, mientras que una artritis severa en la parte inferior de las extremidades habría reducido drásticamente su movilidad. El análisis de ADN demostró que el animal era una hembra doméstica, posiblemente cuidada como parte de una tropilla de cría. Finalmente, los valores de isótopos estables de carbono, oxígeno, y estroncio (δ13C, δ18O, y 87Sr/86Sr) muestreados secuencialmente del esmalte dental sugieren que fue criada localmente en la región de Lehi. Estos resultados demuestran la utilidad de la aplicación del cono- cimiento arqueológico a los restos de caballo para entender el pastoralismo de esta especie por parte de las poblaciones indí- genas. Por su parte, una consideración más amplia del registro arqueológico sugiere un patrón de identificación errónea de huesos de caballo en contextos históricos tempranos. Palabras clave: montar a caballo, equitación, zooarqueología, caballo de Lehi, pastoralismo de caballos, arqueología de los Ute he history of the American West is deeply The limitations of the Euro-American histor- intertwined with the domestic horse. The ical record in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Tgenus Equus first evolved in the Pliocene North America parallel challenges in under- (Blancan) steppes of the Americas, radiating out- standing early human-horse relations in prehis- ward into Eurasia and Africa sometime during the toric Eurasia, where zooarchaeology has proven last approximately three million years (Orlando to be a valuable source of data about the early et al. 2013). The ecological landscape of North stages of horse domestication, management, America evolved with these wild equids, and the and use. Osteological study of horse remains in first people to move into the continent had a rela- natural history collections and comparison with tionship with horses—both as prey species (Bour- the archaeological record have revealed charac- geon et al. 2017;Kooyman2006) and as a source teristic damage patterns to the equine skeleton of raw material for bone tools (Webb and Hem- caused by metal bit use (Anthony et al. 1991; mings 2006)—along with other megafauna up Bendrey 2007), riding with or without a frame to the end of the Pleistocene. Current radiocarbon saddle (Bartosiewicz and Gal 2013; Levine dates of fossil equids in North American place et al. 2005), heavy exertion (Taylor et al. their disappearance about approximately 10,000 2015), and bridle nosebands (Taylor and Tuv- years ago (Haile et al. 2009), and the Americas shinjargal 2018). Biomolecular study of equid were without horses until the Spanish introduced remains can provide sex and species identifica- the domestic horse (Equus caballus)anddonkey tions of bone fragments with a high success (Equus asinus) after AD 1492. rate, even in the absence of sufficient DNA for Horses were first reintroduced to the Ameri- more extensive sequencing (Schubert et al. cas by Spanish colonists in the sixteenth 2017), whereas stable isotope analysis can shed century, and they were swiftly integrated into light on seasonal movements, trade, and supple- the culture, economy, and lifeways of many mentary feeding practices (Bendrey et al. 2009; Indigenous peoples, especially in the North Makarewicz et al. 2018). Such a combination American West (Mitchell 2015). Some Indigen- of zooarchaeological and biomolecular analyses ous groups established territorially dominant of horse remains promises to reveal detailed politics and became “horse nations” rivaling insights into how horses were managed, ridden, European powers on the continent (Hämäläinen and integrated into ancient lifeways—even in 2008; Mitchell 2015). Although historic records the absence of historical records. shed some light on the development of riding One of the obstacles to the application of a and breeding horses among Indigenous North multiproxy zooarchaeological approach to the Americans, these processes took place largely early historic era in the North American West outside the attention of European observers— is the limited sample of horse remains identified limiting the explanatory power of history to in relevant museum collections. For example, in address when, why, and how horses were first the entire state of Wyoming just two early his- integrated into Indigenous societies in the toric horse specimens plausibly associated with Americas (Jones and Gabe 2015). Indigenous cultures have been identified by Taylor et al. INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE LEHI HORSE 467 Thornhill (2016). It is possible, however, that Indigenous funerary and ritual inhumation (e.g., North America’s rich
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