DOCSLIB.ORG

Haiti, a Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area. Roland Wingfield Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Haiti, a Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area. Roland Wingfield Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1966 Haiti, a Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area. Roland Wingfield Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Wingfield, Roland, "Haiti, a Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area." (1966). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1139. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1139 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66-6459 WINGFIELD, Roland, 1929- HAITI, A CASE STUDY OF AN UNDER­ DEVELOPED AREA. Louisiana State University, Ph.D., 1966 Sociology, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan HAITI, A CASE STUDY OF AN UNDERDEVELOPED AREA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Sociology by Roland Wingfield B.A., Louisiana State University, 1960 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1961 January 1966 •KING HENRY CHRISTOPHS'S CITADEL (Courtesy Delta Air Lines) DEDICATION A mon f i l s G uito "Nous avons un pays etrange et merveilleux, Un pays si merveilleusement etrange, Q u'il ne se resigne pas encore a m ourir..." M. Franck Fouche "Notre Pays" Message (1946) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was made possible by an Inter-American Cultural Con­ vention grant whereby two American students are hosts of each of the Latin American Republics and two of their nationals study in the United States on an exchange basis. Therefore, the w riter owes a debt of gratitude to his hosts, the Haitian people, and to the cultural division of the American Embassy in Port-au-Prince. A sociologist incurs so many obligations in the field, and in the course of writing, that it is impossible to list all those to whom he is indebted. It'would have been difficult to undertake this study without the help and cooperation of hundreds of informants. To single out a few, grateful appreciation goes to Messieurs R. Laroche, S. Pean, E. Piou and C. de Vastey. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the members of his dissertation committee at Louisiana State University, Professors A. Bertrand, J. Perry, S. Sariola and W. Haag, who helped bring this project to fruition. Special mention should be made of Dr. Walfrid J. Jokinen, Chairman of the Department of Sociology. And above a ll the w riter wishes to acknowledge his considerable intellectual debt to Professor Vernon J. Parehton who has been his mentor in the field of sociology for many years and whose encouragement and interest led him to undertake the present study. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i DEDICATION ................................................................ i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................... i i i LIST OF TABLES...................... v i i LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................v i i i . ABSTRACT . .............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 A. Objectives of the study ..................................... ' ......................... 3 B. Plan o£ the study . ............................................................. 6 C. Survey of the literature ........................................................ 7 D. Methodology .............. 13 E. Significance of the study ............................................... 26 I I . THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................... 28 A. Struggle for independence . .................................................... 32 B. Early days of the Republic .............................................................. 35 C. The American occupation . - .................................................. 43 D. The social revolution of 1946 .................................................... 48 I I I . THE PEOPLE............................................... ....................................................... 58 A. Population characteristics ................................ '. ...................... 58 B. Racial composition........................................................................ .. 6 8 iv PAGE C, Migration ..................................................................... 84 — D. Standard of living .................... 110 IV. THE LAND............................. ' ...........................123 A. General description............................................................................ 123 B. Natural resources .................................................................. 126 C. Relation of the people to the land..................... 137 V. THE SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM.................................... 144 A. Evolution of the Haitian class system .................................... 144 B. The present-day class system ...........................................................147 C. Class differentiation ......................... 172 D. S o c ia l m o b i l i t y ......................................................................................180 V I. THE FAMILY.............................. - ............................................................................ 183 A. Evolution of the Haitian family system ..................... 183 B. Marriage and sex patterns.................................. 186 C. The role and status of women. ............ 195 D. Children and socialization ..................... 198 E. Conclusion .......................... 212 VII. POLITICS........................... 215 A. Characteristics of the Haitian political system . 216 B. The Duvalier regime .............................................................................221 C. The consequences of despotism ...................................................... 250 X II. RELIGION.................................................................................... 267 A. V o d o u .......................................................... 268 B. Catholicism ................................... 280 v PAGE IX . CONCLUSION: A SOCIETY IN CRISIS. ............ 288 A. Sum m ary ..........................................................................................................289 B. Culture and personality .......................................... 310 C. The dilemma of underdevelopment .......................... 321 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 325 APPENDIX . ....................................................... 332 VITA .................................... 336 v i LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Comparison of Agricultural Exports in Haiti between the Colonial Period and Today ....................... ....................................133 II. Percentage of Farm Holdings in Haiti by Size ..................141 v i i LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of the Indian Nations on the Island of Hispaniola cerca 1492.................................................................................. 29 2. Important Dates in the History of H a iti ..................................... 56 3. Map of the Republic of H a iti. ............................................................ 57 4. Population Density in H aiti ...................................... 62 5. Comparison between the Colonial and Contemporary Class Structure of H aiti ..................................................... 148 6 . Comparison between the Two Polar Extremes of the Haitian Class Structure . • ..................................................... 150 7. Map of field trips...........................................................................................3 3 3 v i i i ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of a society in crisis enmeshed in the vicious circle of socioeconomic stagnation. It seeks to point out the causes and effects of underdevelopment as they pertain to H aiti. Material presented comes from two general sources: field data collected by the author in H aiti and the analysis of documenta­ tion already available. Emphasis is placed on the major social institutions of Haitian s o c ie ty . The study begins by tracing the history of Haiti from the French colonial period to the emergence" of Haiti as the first Negro nation in the beginning of the 19th century. The republic in its first century experienced a series of crises which culminated in the American occupation of 1915-34. The ".Social Revolution" of 1946 brought the first signs of a new sense of direction, which was cor­ rupted with the inception of the Duvalier regime in 1957. A description of the Haitian setting, such as population characteristics, standard of living, geographical aspects, resources and the relation of the people to the land, helps us understand the precarious basis on which Haitian
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landscaping Hispaniola Moreau De Saint-Méry's
    New West Indian Guide Vol. 85, no. 3-4 (2011), pp. 169-190 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/nwig/index URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-101703 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0028-9930 MARIA CRISTINA FUMAGALLI LANDSCAPING HISPANIOLA MOREAU DE SAINT-MÉRY’S BORDER POLITICS A few days after the Haitian earthquake of January 12, 2010, Sonia Marmolejos, a young Dominican woman who was in the Darío Contreras Hospital of Santo Domingo with her newborn daughter, decided to breastfeed three Haitian children who had been admitted there after the disaster. They were wounded, hungry, and dehydrated, so Sonia Marmolejos acted on impulse and she did not expect to receive any special recognition for her generous gesture. The government of the Dominican Republic capitalized on this story, defined Sonia Marmolejos as a heroine, and used her actions as a metaphor to illustrate the charitable response of the country toward neighboring Haiti. Haiti and the Dominican Republic share the island of Hispaniola and a history of colonialism which, however, has conjugated itself in very differ- ent ways. Officially under Spanish rule since 1493, the island was mostly left unpopulated for three-quarters of a century. In 1625 the French started to occupy parts of it (mainly in the north) and until the official recognition of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1777, they constantly pushed for- ward their unofficial borders, while the Spanish carried out punitive raids to eradicate the French presence. On the Spanish side, the economy was mainly livestock-based but the French developed an impressive network of planta- tions which relied on the constant import of enslaved labor from Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Valerius Maximus on Vice: a Commentary of Facta Et Dicta
    Valerius Maximus on Vice: A Commentary on Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 9.1-11 Jeffrey Murray University of Cape Town Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Studies) in the School of Languages and Literatures University of Cape Town June 2016 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town Abstract The Facta et Dicta Memorabilia of Valerius Maximus, written during the formative stages of the Roman imperial system, survives as a near unique instance of an entire work composed in the genre of Latin exemplary literature. By providing the first detailed historical and historiographical commentary on Book 9 of this prose text – a section of the work dealing principally with vice and immorality – this thesis examines how an author employs material predominantly from the earlier, Republican, period in order to validate the value system which the Romans believed was the basis of their world domination and to justify the reign of the Julio-Claudian family. By detailed analysis of the sources of Valerius’ material, of the way he transforms it within his chosen genre, and of how he frames his exempla, this thesis illuminates the contribution of an often overlooked author to the historiography of the Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genius of Roman Law from a Law and Economics Perspective
    THE GENIUS OF ROMAN LAW FROM A LAW AND ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE By Juan Javier del Granado 1. What makes Roman law so admirable? 2. Asymmetric information and numerus clausus in Roman private law 2.1 Roman law of property 2.1.1 Clearly defined private domains 2.1.2 Private management of resources 2.2 Roman law of obligations 2.2.1 Private choices to co-operate 2.2.2 Private choices to co-operate without stipulating all eventualities 2.2.3 Private co-operation within extra-contractual relationships 2.2.4 Private co-operation between strangers 2.3 Roman law of commerce and finance 3. Private self-help in Roman law procedure 4. Roman legal scholarship in the restatement of civil law along the lines of law and economics 1. What makes Roman law so admirable? Law and economics aids us in understanding why Roman law is still worthy of admiration and emulation, what constitutes the “genius” of Roman law. For purposes of this paper, “Roman law” means the legal system of the Roman classical period, from about 300 B.C. to about 300 A.D. I will not attempt the tiresome job of being or trying to be a legal historian in this paper. In the manner of German pandect science, let us stipulate that I may arbitrarily choose certain parts of Roman law as being especially noteworthy to the design of an ideal private law system. This paper discusses legal scholarship from the ius commune. It will also discuss a few Greek philosophical ideas which I believe are important in the Roman legal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti News Roundup: October 6 – 24, 2005
    HAITI NEWS ROUNDUP: OCTOBER 6 – 24, 2005 International donors half-way to fulfilling Haiti aid pledge Caribbean Net News Monday, October 24, 2005 BRUSSELS (AFP): International donors have given Haiti some 600 million dollars so far to see it through a transition phase and help its next government, they said in a joint declaration on Friday. The money is half the amount of one billion dollars promised under the interim cooperation framework (CCI) aimed at meeting the priorities of the violence-scarred and impoverished island state. "The meeting in Brussels has allowed us to underline that the engagements undertaken in respect of Haiti are confirmed and will be respected," the joint statement said. The donors also said they would extend the cooperation framework by a year until the end of 2007 to allow the new government, due to take office in February, "the time and the means to continue reforms." A new conference will take place at the end of next year to "mobilise the additional finances necessary for this extension." Haiti and the donors at the two-day conference in Brussels also reaffirmed that the "transfer of power to a new elected government must happen in line with the timeframe set out in the constitution; that is February 7, 2006." At a press conference earlier, Prime Minister Gerard Latortue promised that long-delayed general elections in Haiti, the first since the fall of president Jean Bertrand Aristide, would start in December. "The first round of the presidential and legislative elections will take place in December, probably in the first half of the month," he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Justinian's Redaction
    JUSTINIAN'S REDACTION. "Forhim there are no dry husks of doctrine; each is the vital develop- ment of a living germ. There is no single bud or fruit of it but has an ancestry of thousands of years; no topmost twig that does not greet with the sap drawn from -he dark burrows underground; no fibre torn away from it but has been twisted and strained by historic wheels. For him, the Roman law, that masterpiece of national growth, is no sealed book ..... ... but is a reservoir of doctrine, drawn from the watershed of a world's civilization!'* For to-day's student of law, what worth has the half- dozen years' activity of a few Greek-speakers by the Bos- phorus nearly fourteen centuries ago? Chancellor Kent says: "With most of the European nations, and in the new states of Spanish America, and in one of the United States, it (Roman law) constitutes the principal basis of their unwritten or common law. It exerts a very considerable influence on our own municipal law, and particularly on those branches of it which are of equity and admiralty jurisdiction, or fall within the cognizance of the surrogate or consistorial courts . It is now taught and obeyed not only in France, Spain, Germany, Holland, and Scotland, but in the islands of the Indian Ocean, and on the banks of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence. So true, it seems, are the words of d'Agnesseau, that 'the grand destinies of Rome are not yet accomplished; she reigns throughout the world by her reason, after having ceased to reign by her authority?'" And of the honored jurists whose names are carved on the stones of the Law Building of the University of Pennsyl- vania another may be cited as viewing the matter from a different standpoint.
    [Show full text]
  • Haitian-Americans United, Inc. (HAU) 2019
    2 H.A.U. CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE Haitian Heritage Month has always been a memorable period when we, Haitians and Haitian Americans remember our rich history that has been forgotten by many. It is a time when we are afforded the opportunity to reflect on our many contributions and accomplishments which have been overlooked historically and taken for granted. I would like to start by expressing my hope that this is the time to celebrate our resiliency, our pursuit for social justice and equality, in a land on which our Haitian soldiers fought at the battle of Savannah in 1779 during the American Revolutionary war. During this war they were considered the most efficient allied group, boldly fighting the British to help America gain its ter- ritorial sovereignty. As we celebrate today the 216th anniversary since the cre- ation of our flag and the 215th anniversary of our independence we, the Haitian diaspora, are observing a new cataclysm impacting our nation that we cannot ignore, to the point that it is offending the greatness of our flag. Considering the current reality of our original land, as we are celebrating the Haitian Flag Day, how many of us have not stopped even once to look at the flag in this impressive parade and acknowledge our faltering confidence, as we haven’t in previous years? Despite the internal and external upheavals created by the current socio politico economic environment, in the face of adversity, all of us Haitian-Americans must remain united, exploring new ways to positively in- fluence our brothers and sisters residing in the United States as well as our homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity / Basic Terms and Concepts / Problem and Method
    CHAPTER 1 Perceptions of Ethnic and All-national Identity in Kazakhstan Nurbulat Masanov In the contemporary world, interethnic relations have taken on a special significance. Frequently, they are a greater priority than socio-economic processes, and they occupy a more important place in social consciousness than problems of state and politics. On many occasions in the second half of the twentieth century, conflicts in interethnic relations have placed states and entire regions on the brink of war and utter crisis. This has been the case, for example, in the Caucasus and the Balkan peninsula. In the view of the world community, interethnic discord was what destroyed the giant Soviet empire. Consequently, it is entirely appropriate that this problem, which plays such an important role in the modern world, attracts so much scholarly interest in the context of concrete historical and practical research as well as in determining general principles of human development in space and time. Interethnic relations became especially significant in the twentieth century. In the past, interethnic relations were always an local phenomenon very closely tied to place; only in very rare cases did they cross the boundaries of locality or clan. After the huge Soviet state (since 1922, the USSR) was organized territorially and administratively along ethnic lines, and the entire population was strictly segregated according to ethnic affiliation [po svoei etnicheskoi prinadlezhnost’], the system of so-called interethnic relations acquired an independent meaning. In an analogous manner, during the post-war period, a number of countries of the so-called socialist camp were established (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the People’s Republic of China).
    [Show full text]
  • Haitian Creole – English Dictionary
    + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo dp Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland, U.S.A. + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary Copyright ©1993 by Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Authors. All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press, P.O. Box 400, Kensington, MD, 20895 U.S.A. ISBN: 0-931745-75-6 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 93-71725 Compiled, edited, printed and bound in the United States of America Second Printing + + Introduction A variety of glossaries of Haitian Creole have been published either as appendices to descriptions of Haitian Creole or as booklets. As far as full- fledged Haitian Creole-English dictionaries are concerned, only one has been published and it is now more than ten years old. It is the compilers’ hope that this new dictionary will go a long way toward filling the vacuum existing in modern Creole lexicography. Innovations The following new features have been incorporated in this Haitian Creole- English dictionary. 1. The definite article that usually accompanies a noun is indicated. We urge the user to take note of the definite article singular ( a, la, an or lan ) which is shown for each noun. Lan has one variant: nan.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Saxon Constitutional History
    Roman Law 10/6/2020 page 1 THE LAW OF THINGS 1. For Gaius, and to a not much lesser extent Justinian, the law of things is divided into three parts: things (res) __________________________________|_______________________________ | | | acquisition of acquisition per universitatem acquisition and single things (mostly succession including extinction of obligations. legacies and fideicommissa [trusts]) GI.2.19–96 GI.2.97–289,GI.3.1–87 GI.3.88–225 Acquisition per universitatem requires explanation. It means acquisition of things in a mass, or more colloquially things in a bunch, and it refers to someone’s entire estate, both the property and the obligations, thought of as passing as a whole, usually when the person died. We haven’t done much different. This is roughly 1st-year property, wills and trusts (with a dash of bankruptcy), and 1st-year contracts and torts. The first and third parts are relatively easy and fun. The issues ought to be familiar, even if the specific resolutions are not. The middle part is long and complicated. We’ll deal with it in the next lecture. 2. Let us try to burrow into the distinction between property and obligation, because it is clear that the intermediate category is where it is because it includes both property and obligations. We should be careful. Our word ‘property’ is derived from Latin proprietas, but that word is not nearly so common in legal Latin as ‘property’ is our legal language.1 Gaius probably would have understood what we meant if we asked him what separates proprietas from obligatio, but he might not have.
    [Show full text]
  • “Riders in the Chariot”: Sons Accompanying Their Fathers In
    1 ‘Riders in the Chariot’; Children Accompanying their Fathers in Roman Triumphs Bruce Marshall ASCS Honorary Secretary / Macquarie University [email protected] It is a generally held view in the modern literature, based on a few pieces of ancient evidence, that it was a common practice for the children, especially sons, of a successful general who had been awarded a triumph to accompany their father in his triumphal procession. One such recent example is the work on triumphs by Mary Beard who writes: It seems to have been, or become, the custom that the general’s young children should travel in the [triumphal] chariot with him, or, if they were older, to ride horses alongside. We have already seen Germanicus sharing his chariot in 17 CE with five offspring. Appian claims that Scipio in 201 BCE was accompanied by ‘boys and girls’, while Livy laments the fact that in 167 BCE Aemilius Paullus’ young sons could not – through death or sickness – travel with him, ‘planning similar triumphs for themselves.’1 But there is such a small number of examples that it might be worth testing the validity of this common view about children accompanying their fathers in triumphs. The earliest example relates to Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, five times consul between 322 and 295 and three times triumphator. During one of his triumphs he is said to have held his little son in his arms (Val. Max. 5.7.1). Despite his advanced age, he served as a legate to his son, Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges, consul in 292, in his campaigns in Samnium.
    [Show full text]
  • Property Law: the Unsung Hero of North Sea Oil and Gas Author: Demetris Hadjiosif and Constantinos Yiallourides Source: the King’S Student Law Review, Vol
    The King’s Student Law Review Title: Property Law: The Unsung Hero of North Sea Oil and Gas Author: Demetris Hadjiosif and Constantinos Yiallourides Source: The King’s Student Law Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter 2014), pp. 52-66 Published by: King’s College London on behalf of The King’s Student Law Review All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the prior, express written permission of the King’s Student Law Review. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research of private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act,1988. Enquiries concerning reproducing outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Editor in Chief. KSLR is an independent, not-for-profit, online academic publication managed by students of the King’s College London School of Law. The Review seeks to publish high-quality legal scholarship written by undergraduate and graduate students at King’s and other leading law schools across the globe. For more information about KSLR, please visit our website: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/law/about/review.aspx ©King’s Student Law Review 2014 PROPERTY LAW: THE UNSUNG HERO OF NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS Demetris Hadjiosif and Constantinos Yiallourides* The present paper examines the key property law-related issues pertaining to the development of subsea mineral resources on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf: from their initial ‘capture’ (acquisition of ownership) to their transportation to downstream facilities via onshore pipelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Quotational Practice in Two Bilingual Treatises on Love by Gérard of Liège
    Cum dicit auctoritas: Quotational Practice in Two Bilingual Treatises on Love by Gérard of Liège Adham B. Azab Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Adham B. Azab All rights reserved Abstract Cum dicit auctoritas: Quotational Practice in Two Bilingual Treatises on Love by Gérard of Liège Adham B. Azab “Cum dicit auctoritas: Quotational Practice in Two Bilingual Treatises on Love by Gérard of Liège” is the first dedicated study of two oft discussed and poorly understood thirteenth-century love treatises known mainly for their unusual, syntactically integrated mixture of Latin and Old French. In addition to providing the first complete translation into any modern language of the treatises—Septem remedia contra amorem illicitum valde utilia (Seven Very Useful Remedies for Illicit Love) and De divino amore (On Divine Love, formerly Quinque incitamenta ad Deum amandum ardenter)—this dissertation aims to shed light upon Gérard’s practice of quotation, particularly as it pertains to the construction of authority. Each chapter takes a particular category of quotation as its subject, and shows not only how that category functions within Gérard’s treatises, but also how it may inform current scholarship in medieval studies. The first chapter contains the translation of both treatises. In the second chapter, “The Poetic Practice of Gérard of Liège in De divino amore,” I reexamine the Old French refrain corpus in light of what I call Gérard’s “refraining”—a poetic and quotational practice that bridges the sacred-profane divide in his treatise De divino amore.
    [Show full text]