Oil Mill Gazetteer OFFICIAL ORGAN of the NATIONAL OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS* ASSOCIATION and TRI-STATES COTTONSEED OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS* ASSOCIATION

SOLVENT EXTRACTION ISSUE Oil Mill Gazetteer OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS* ASSOCIATION AND TRI-STATES COTTONSEED OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS* ASSOCIATION

Vol 51; No. 7 Wharton, Texas, January, 1947 Price 25 Cents

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LUCIAN COLE DILL COLE

Lucian Cole has purchased interest in the INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY COM PANY of Fort Worth, Texas, for his son, Dill.

After three years in the Armed Services, Dill has returned to civilian life and has chosen to follow in his Father's footsteps in the Oil Mill Machinery business and is proud to announce his connections with the INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY COMPANY, FORT WORTH, TEXAS.

INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY CO. is a new company, manufacturers of HELICOID SCREW CON­ VEYORS, STEEL CONVEYOR TROUGHS and accessories; a complete line of ELEVATING, CON­ VEYING and TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT, and olher oil mill machinery.

INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY COMPANY ARE ALSO REPRESENTATIVES FOR MANUFACTURERS OF THE original "ROTOR LIFT."

INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY COMPANY solicits your most careful investigation as to their capacity and ability to serve you.

INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY COMPANY Fort Worth, Texas 2300 South Main St. P. O. Box 1259 Phone: 4 -7 2 6 9

J. G. Thomas W. P. Thomas F. Dill Cole L. B. Dodson Purchasing Agent GOOD FOUNDATION ...THE FIRST STEP TOWARD FUTURE SUCCESS

“Doc” MacGee says: You Build Soundly When You Buy SKELLYSOLVE Your future business depends on the quality of assurance of uniform quality do you have? your product, which in turn depends on Or of dependable delivery? the quality of the ingredients you use. That’s These and Other points are worth considering why the money you invest in industrial when you invest in naphthas. Keep them in naphthas is so vital to your continuing busi­ mind— and remember that you’re building ness volume and income. on a sound foundation when you invest There'S a reason for the uniform superior in time-proved Skellysolve. It still serves quality of Skellysolve . . . why you as a user you best! can rely on Skelly for dependable service and on-time shipments. Skelly Oil Company pioneered the making of close-cut type naphthas for specific How SKEUYsoiye e industries over 16 years ago. Since that time, steady production . . . backed by dili­ Z Tare six T differed* m gent research and improved processes . . . “ Jve which are Skelly. has been maintained. And that production has expanded to meet newer requirements * e efficient e * , ^ ^ *° and growing demands. bea". cottonseed, meat s ° germ’ s°y- Prompt delivery of Skellysolve is something ™ * « a b le a n d a n im a;o .(s raP’ ^ ° th« you can count on, too. That has been The SkeJ/ysojve i an important point in the Skelly policy of service to industry . . . will continue to be in refined /or extraction o f ‘ the years ahead. r t cottonseed C Z ^ b° " « S range and other C°rreC‘ True, you may be able to buy competitive « « e s which meet tJ]e - PeCIai prci>. naphthas today at slightly lower prices. But what assurance do you have that they will tnents of tliis particular service^ re(^u*re" stay lower in price . . . much less continue to be available in quantities needed? And what

SKELLYSOLVE SOLVENTS DIVISION, SKELLY OIL COMPANY SKELLY BLDG., KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI Oil Mill Gazetteer OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS’ ASSOCIATION

and

TRI-STATES COTTONSEED OIL MILL SUPERINTENDENTS’ ASSOCIATION

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF OILSEEDS1 much more developmental work on the design of By W. H. GOSS suitable equipment in order to make it a practical Northern Regional Research Laboratory2 method of operation. Only in very recent years have Peoria, Illinois some of the most serious obstacles to its use been overcome, and in some applications there still remain The processing- of oilseeds has been a vital many problems to be solved. industry for thousands of years. During- this time, both the equipment and the methods employed From the standpoint of oil recovery, solvent ex­ traction is the most efficient method known for for conducting the various operations have under­ processing oilseeds. The content of residual oil in gone practically continuous evolution from primitive the marc seldom exceeds 1 percent, and in the case of toward modern machinery and practices. The present soybeans a figure of 0.6 percent is typical, represent­ discussion will be limited to developments within the ing an overall recovery of about 96 percent of the past 50 years and will deal chiefly with the present oil originally in the beans. Expeller pressing of soy­ trend toward the use of solvent extraction for proc­ beans yields a meal containing 4 to 5 percent oil, on essing seeds which have been treated previously by the basis of 12 percent moisture. To obtain such a other means. product, the press recovers only approximately 80 Many processes are used to recover oil from seeds, percent of the oil. Since the oil commands five times but the three common procedures are hydraulic the price of the meal, one striking advantage of ex­ pressing, expeller pressing, and solvent extraction. traction is immediately apparent. Hydraulic pressing All three are used widely, frequently in combination. similarly produces a meal containing 5 to 6 percent Hydraulic presses are made in a variety of sizes and oil which, in the case of soybeans, represents an oil types, of which three styles are employed on a large recovery of only 75 percent. scale in this country. Examples of these include the Although solvent extraction affords a compara­ cage presses found in castor bean mills, box presses tively high yield of oil, which is the principal advan­ for crushing cotton seed, and plate presses designed tage of the process, it suffers a number of disad­ for processing linseed. The last two are often refer­ vantages which have caused oil millers to proceed red to as Anglo-American presses. slowly in its adoption. The soybean industry has led For processing a number of seeds, particularly all others in the trend toward extraction, but this soybeans, continuous presses such as the Anderson development is due at least in part to the fact that expeller and the French screw press have re­ soybeans are ideally suited to the solvent method of placed the hydraulic equipment originally utilized. processing. Nearly all other seeds contain higher They have proved quite successful because of lower percentages of oil and consequently are difficult to operating costs per unit of material processed and form into thin, uniform flakes which can be handled because they require very little hand labor. Expellers in the ordinary types of contacting apparatus. Fur­ are used throughout the world on a wide variety of thermore, seeds containing a large amount of oil oleaginous materials, but in some countries their cannot be formed readily into sufficiently rugged chief function is to forepress seeds containing a high flakes or into any other shape which lends itself to percentage of oil, that is, to reduce the oil content rapid extraction of the oil without disintegrating. It of these seeds sufficiently to permit the use of sol­ is for this reason that many operators forepress vent extraction for “finishing” the process. these raw materials which contain high percentages The advantages of using solvents to extract oil of oil. from seeds have long been recognized, for extraction Another disadvantage of the solvent-extraction ordinarily permits the attaining of a much lower process is its initially higher cost, as compared with residual content of oil in the meal than does press­ an equivalent expeller mill. Comparisons between the ing1. Many seeds, however, are difficult to treat with two systems in this respect yield different results, solvents because of their physical structure or other depending on the make and size of equipment under characteristics. In addition, extraction is a more consideration. A prewar estimate indicated that complicated process than pressing and has required extraction facilities cost one-third more than equiv­ alent expeller equipment, and the fixed charges on the invested capital are therefore somewhat higher _ Presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the American in the case of extraction. Other factors which con­ Chemists’ Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 15-17, tribute to the overall cost of operation compensate 1946, and at the Annual Meeting of the Tri-States Cotton to some extent for the greater fixed charges, and the oil Mill Superintendents Association, Incorporated, Memphis, Tennessee, May 29-30, 1946. added revenue which results from the higher yield of oil obtained by extraction much more than justifies One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Admin­ any slight disadvantage which the solvent method istration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. might have with respect to operating costs. Page 12 OIL MILL GAZETTEER lanuary, 1947

Solvent extraction is more hazardous than press­ titative measurements, is in agreement with quali­ ing, and in order to conduct the operation safely, it tative observations made by many operators of ex­ is necessary to employ more highly skilled labor and traction equipment that the oil removed initially is to maintain a staff of technically trained operators. of higher quality than the smaller proportion which In many cases, however, the extra cost of such workers is reflected in enhanced value of the pro­ ducts and more efficient operation than would be obtained from less highly qualified operators. Fullsfutzen Benzm fintntt Theory Odmpfe- Enfluftung The theory of diffusion has been variously applied A u stritt for correlating data on rates of extraction, predict­ ing extraction time, and designing contracting ap­ paratus. No detailed review of such research will be presented here, but attention should be called to two recent publications3 from the University of Michigan in which it has been shown that the theory of dif­ fusion can be applied successfully to the extraction of oil from soybean flakes if it is assumed that part of the oil is readily extracted and that the remainder can be leached out only with considerably greater difficulty. This conclusion, arrived at through quan-

3James C. Osburn and Donald L. Katz, Structure as a Variable in the Application of Diffusion Theory to Extrac­ tion. Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. 40, 511-531 (1944). Charles O. King, Donald L. Katz, and John C. Brier. The Solvent Extraction of Soybean Flakes. Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. 40, 533-566 (1944). [ntleerungs s tu tz e n '

CLEANS MOTORS Clcmeiils-Cadillac portable eleclric denning tools MACHINERY provide a modern, efficient and economical meth­ EQUIPMENT od to eliminate hazardous dust and dirl from ETC. in&chinery and equipment. Avoid the causes of ELIMINATES DIRT breakdowns, costly repairs and delays with a FROM HARD-TO- GET-AT PLACES Qciuciits-Cudilluc! It is easy to use and does a fast thorough cleaning job.

Distributed bv

Ask your mill sup­ plies tletiler for it DILWORTH demonstration or Figure 1. Batch extraction kettle of the type used in batteries Machinery and Mill Supplies ivritc ns for ileluils. for multiple operation. Memphis, Tenn. Vicksburg', Miss.

is extracted with greater difficulty in the final stages of the contacting operation. The differences in rate of extraction are attributed largely to non-uniform­ ity in the structure of the solid phase. The observed differences in the quality of the earlier and later fractions of extracted oil, however, point to the character of the solute as having at least some in­ fluence upon the deviations from ideal extraction. The designing and developing of methods for CLEMENTS | operating extraction apparatus seem to have pro­ gressed, by rule-of-thumb methods, considerably faster than has the application of the laws of dif­ P'QWEzmi 1 m MODEL fusion and extraction for determining the proper PORTABLE ELECTRIC U.UJS'fft Ai£D size of apparatus and optimum operating conditions. CLEANING TOOLS Besearch on the theoretical aspects of extraction has made rapid strides within the past few years, how­ SOLVE CLEANING PROBLEMS with CLEMENTS-CADILLAC ever, and promises to contribute greatly toward improving the equipment available in the future. PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January, 1947 OIL MILL GAZETTEER Page 13

Types of Extractors of Hildebrandt, which is widely used in Europe and in three American mills. It is shown in Figure 2 The simplest form of extractor is a single, sta­ and consists of a vertical U-tube through which the tionary kettle having a perforated false bottom. The solids are propelled countercurrently to the solvent solids are introduced through an opening in the top, by means of slowly revolving screw conveyors which the kettle is closed, and solvent either is pumped are perforated. One other German system has been through the mass or flows through it by gravity. imported into the United States, namely, that of This type is outmoded and used only on a very small Bollmann, and is in use in two American plants. As scale or in plants that are nearly obsolete. A varia­ shown in Figure 3, it consists of a series of sieve- tion, however, is the rotary extractor used in this bottomed baskets hanging on chains which revolve country for processing castor pomace and, to a less somewhat in the manner of a bucket elevator while extent, other oleaginous materials. It overcomes the chief disadvantage of the single stationary pot, namely, the tendency of the solvent to channel I through the solid mass and thereby to extract non- uniformly. With single extractors of the batch type it is impossible to utilize the principle of countercurrent flow between the solvent and the solids in order to achieve maximum efficiency and to obtain a con­ centrated miscella. The original method of attaining countercurrent contact is still widely used, mainly in Europe, and consists in the use of several batch extractors in series. Figure 1 is a drawing of a batch extraction kettle of the type used in Germany. In a typical installation there are 10 of these individual kettles, and solvent is pumped through five or six of them in series. Every few minutes, a completely extracted container is removed from the line, and a freshly filled one is added, the sequence of operations being such as to provide countercurrent, multiple- contact extraction. At any given time, five units are undergoing extraction, one is standing to allow drainage of the solvent from the spent meal, two are being blown with steam to evaporate the en­ trained solvent, one is being emptied, and one is being filled. The chief use in the United States of batteries of extractors such as these appears to be the recovery of turpentine, rosin, and other naval stores from waste pine wood. We are indebted to the German oilseed industry for much of our present day technology in the field of extraction. After World War I, several methods were developed in that country for providing coun­ tercurrent contact continuously between oilseeds and a solvent. Some of these were introduced into the United States, and these were later copied in modified form by American fabricators of equip­ ment. Other manufacturers in this country have recently developed continuous extractors of their own design. One of the early continuous extractors was that

Square Mesh and Long - Slot Wire Cloths and Screens of all kinds Long-Slot Woven Wire Screen LUDLOW

No. 5028 Removes Stems SAYLOR WIRE C O . ST. LOUIS 10. MO. Page 14 OIL MILL GAZETTEER January/ 1947

solvent is sprayed upon the contents. Domestic manufacturers have also adopted this general design, and a large number of American-built plants of this type are now used in the soybean industry. Figure 4 shows the Bonotto extractor, which is generally similar to the apparatus made by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, the V. D. Anderson Company, the Production Engineering Company, and others and which is also used on a large scale to process soybeans. The flaked seeds fall by gravity from one plate to another in a ver­ tical column, being propelled around each circular plate in turn by means of a scraper arm before fall­ ing through an opening to the next lower shelf. Solvent is introduced at the bottom and flows up­ ward, dissolving oil from the flakes as it passes countercurrently to them, and the miscella overflows at the top. An extractor which bears a slight resemblance to the Allis-Chalmers model is that designed by Tyca and shown in Figure 5. The seeds pass down­ ward through the vertical column in the same man­ ner as in the Allis-Chalmers equipment, but each shelf has a perforated false bottom. Solvent is sprayed on the material as it passes over each shelf,

Half iscella

Drive

and the resulting miscella is collected below the false bottom and pumped to higher trays where it is again sprayed on the downward-moving seeds. Fig­ ure 6 is a photograph of the remains of the only installation ever made, namely, one in Harburg, Germany. The Kennedy extractor has been employed for the recovery of cocoa butter, and a small installation for experimental use has recently been installed at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria, 111. As shown in Figure 7, it is a horizontal trough containing a series of paddle wheels, each of which revolves in close-fitting depression in the floor of the apparatus. Solids are propelled from one depres­ sion to the next by the paddle wheels., and solvent passes countercurrently through small holes in the paddles. Figure 8 is a drawing of the Fauth system of extraction, which is used in two European mills. Countercurrent contact between the solids and the solvent is provided in a series of horizontal screw conveyors, Nos. 4, 6, and 8 in the drawing, following I rull misrello each of which there is a vapor-tight expeller to force Figure 3. The Bollmann or Hansa-Muhle Extractor. most of the entrained solvent out of the marc. Januory^l947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 15

Another popular extractor, used both in Europe and South America, is the Miag system. As shown in Figure 9, it is a single paddle wheel with many perforated paddles which revolve in an annular race. The seeds are propelled once around the race by means of the paddles while the solvent flows in the opposite direction. It is built in comparatively small­ sized units which are widely used for the processing of sunflower seeds. A photograph of one of these extractors is shown in Figure 10. The Ford system of extraction employs an inclined screw conveyor through which the solids and sol­ vent flow countercurrently. The Detrex extractor, shown in Figure 11, is designed for use with tri­ chloroethylene as a solvent and utilizes a horizontal screw conveyor, as also does a similar process de­ veloped by the Engineering Experiment Station of Iowa State College. These three systems were all developed for application on a small scale.

Solvents The preferred solvent in most oilseed mills is a paraffin hydrocarbon comprised mainly of n-hexane, boiling at approximately 150° F. Some German mills used higher-boiling paraffinic solvents before the war, and during the war they were forced to use Figure 5. The Tyca Extractor. synthetic hydrocarbons having a relatively wide

Figure 6. Remains of a Tyca Extractor in a German City. (Courtesy of K. S. Markley) Page 16 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947

SCREW FEED RE6ULATING FLOW OF MATERI/T MATERIAL TRAVEL SOLVENT PLOW TO EXTRACTOR

f r e s h SOLVENT SPRAT

SOLVENT LEVEL

EXTRACTION SECTIONS E«ac* number depends on type of material and extraction effect denred

~*yo.sy'■ •1 l\vsv\v’ -’/ f-'1" V ” vv '~v'17,f ' '• 'w z ^ y • Figure 7. The Kennedy Extractor.

boiling- range and other undesirable properties. Par­ nated hydrocarbons. Trichloroethylene is now used in affins of the proper volatility have been found, in several very small extractors processing soybeans, general, to be the most efficient solvents for re­ and both this solvent and its homologues are used for moving the oil, along with a minimum of non-oil extracting a variety of seeds that are processed on materials, and subsequently lending themselves to a relatively small scale. One English mill employed easy separation from the crude oil by distillation. “tri” in a large extraction plant during the war to They are extremely inflammable, however, and can minimize the danger of fires during air raids. The be used safely only by observing strict precautions chief advantage of trichloroethylene and similar sol­ against leakage and ignition of vapors which might vents, of course, is their non-flammability and the escape. fact that they can therefore be used on a small Considerable thought has been given to the use scale where it is frequently impractical to observe of non-flammable solvents, principally the chlori- elaborate precautions against fire. They possess dis­ advantageous characteristics, however, including a relatively high cost and a tendency to dissolve non­ FAUTH SYSTEM EXTRACTION PLANT glyceride materials. If not removed from the oil very thoroughly, they are said to interfere with certain 7ZZZZZZZ7ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZL operations in the refining process. Ethyl alcohol has received consideration as a sol­ vent and, indeed, has been used for some time in one Manchurian soybean mill. It yields a meal hav­ ing considerably better flavor and color than does extraction with hexane, but its use entails difficul­ ties in either avoiding dilution of the solvent by water or in rectifying the alcohol after it has been diluted in the process. It appears highly probable that in the not very distant future this solvent will be used commercially on at least a small scale for processing soybeans in the United States.

Solvent Recovery Extraction systems have become known by the respective mechanical methods used for providing contact between the solvent and the solids. The practices followed in removing the solvent from the products, however, are of greater importance to the quality of the products, particularly the oil, since the solvent must be evaporated from the oil as rap­ ^zzzAzzzzz& zz. idly as possible at the lowest practicable tempera­ ture. The loss of solvent in the entire process of extraction and evaporation is usually a few tenths of 1 percent of the weight of oilseeds processed. The miscella is ordinarily processed in two or more stages, the first of which is known as pre-evapora­ tion and consists in the removal of about 95 percent of the solvent in evaporators which are usually similar to one of the standard types used in the other process industries. The commonest are those having vertical tubes, with natural circulation pro­ Figure 8. The Fauth System of Extraction. vided through a return leg, and those employing January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 17 horizontal bundles or coils of steam tubes immersed in the boiling liquid. pre-evaporation reduces the concentration of sol­ vent in the oil to a percentage below which the in­ crease in boiling point of the mixture is liable to result in burning of the oil if the operation were continued. The concentrated miscella is then scrub­ bed with direct steam in a vertical column containing packing, bubble caps, baffles, or vertical tubes so arranged that the oil flows downward in thin films while being scrubbed countercurrently with the steam. The spent meal produced in batch extraction is allowed to drain, and live steam is then blown through the mass while a stirrer mixes it thoroughly. In continuous extractors, the marc also drains, and it is then passed through steam-jacketed screw con­ veyors or a similar drying apparatus. Direct steam is employed in the final stages to assist in carrying away the last traces of solvent. The vapors from the solvent removal equipment are recovered in condensers, usually of the surface type, and it is necessary to use separate ones for those vapors which contain steam and those which do not. The condensate from the latter is returned directly to the solvent storage tanks for reuse in the extractor, but the condensate containing water

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Figure 10. Photograph of a Miag Extractor prior to installation.

must pass through a separator. It is here that ex­ treme difficulty is encountered if the original oil­ seeds were improperly prepared or if they tend to disintegrate into dust after the oil is removed. Any fine powder in the spent marc is blown into the con­ densers by the stream of vapor evolved by the resid­ ual solids, and the finely powdered meal produces an extremely stable emulsion between the water and the solvent. Although many methods have been de­ vised for minimizing the extent to which these emulsions form, it Is practically impossible to pre­ vent their occurrence unless the original seed is properly prepared.

Applications The manner in which solvent extraction is applied to the processing of oilseeds differs in various parts of the world. Until rather recently, Germany was the recognized leader in the technology of extraction, and the methods employed in that country are therefore worthy of study. German operators process soybeans almost entirely by solvent extraction, either in multiple-contact batch or in continuous extractors, but in the United States only about 30 percent of the soybeans processed are extracted. Nearly all of the remainder are pressed in expellers and screw presses. In German mills, peanuts, rape- seed, and other seeds containing high percentages of oil are forepressed and then extracted. This practice Figure Miag System. is also followed in the United States both on castor Page 18 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947

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Figure 11. The Detrex System of Extraction beans, which are processed first in cage presses and new fields where other methods have been used then in rotary batch extractors, and on wet-milled exclusively in the past. corn germs which, in some cases, are forepressed in expellers and then extracted in either batch or con­ NOTICE TO MEMBERS tinuous equipment. In Germany, however, the fore­ Oil Mill Machinery Manufacturers pressing is often performed two or three times before and Supply Association extraction, instead of once as in this country. Copra and palm kernels are ordinarily forepressed The Officers and Board of Directors of the Na­ in expellers, both in the United States and in Europe. tional Oil Mill Superintendents Association will hold It is customary to “finish” these materials in cage a meeting on Sunday, Jan. 26, 1947, Texas Room at presses, but some European mills have utilized sol­ the Baker Hotel in Dallas, Texas, at which time vent extraction successfully. Sunflowers are proc­ a decision will be made as to where and when their essed in a number of ways, but the most common Annual Convention will be held. methods are (1) to dehull, forepress in expellers, Members of the Oil Mill Machinery Manufacturers and extract with solvents and (2) to dehull partially and Supply Association are invited to be present at and then extract. this meeting. We ask that you advise us the names The methods used for processing oilseeds are of the representatives who will attend from your practically innumerable, as can be seen readily by organization so that we may determine approxi­ considering the preceding examples. Solvent extrac­ mately the total number who plan to be present. tion is only one of several processes available to the OIL MILL MACHINERY MANUFACTURERS oil miller, but in its modern form it is the most effi­ AND SUPPLY ASSOCIATION cient one ever developed. Extraction suffers limita­ A. G. FALK, Sec.-Treas. tions, however, as do all the other processes, and it Address mail to: A. G. Falk, Magnolia Pet. Co., can be applied satisfactorily only if these limiting Box 900, Dallas 1, Texas. factors are thoroughly understood. Although it has proved highly successful in the soybean industry, W ANTED its use for processing linseed, cottonseed, peanuts, Tung Oil Mill Operator and other oilseeds under the conditions peculiar to Prefer Man with Some Engineering Background the United States still presents many unsolved prob­ A general knowledge of mechanical and electrical lems. These undoubtedly will be solved, some of equipment as well as the expeller and filtering opera­ them the hard way, for solvent extraction in this tions desirable. country_ appears destined to expand not only in the Location in Florida. Opportunity for right man. oilseed industries where it is now used but also in Reply P. O. Box 566, Dayton 1, Ohio. January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 19

NEWS ITEMS Notice has been received of the death recently in J. W. Shepard, Sr., age 90, died at his home in Lubbock of C. A. Sanford, age 77. Mr. Sanford was Plano, Texas, the early part of December. Mr. Shep­ a former Sherman businessman, and was the first ard was a very prominent ranchman and stock- president of the Interstate Cotton Oil Refining Co., raiser in that vicinity for many years. He was the of Sherman and active in Sherman civic and business father of J. W. Shepard of Terrell, Texas, Manager af fairs. of the East Texas Cotton Oil Co., of that city, and for many years prominent in the cottonseed crushing The Tornillo Cotton Oil Co., of Tornillo, Texas, industry. have purchased two additional linters which have * * * * , been installed in their plant. Burris C. Jackson of Hillsboro has announced that * * * * the eighth annual convention of the Cotton Con­ gress will be held in Dallas next July 16th, 17th and S. C. Godsey, in the employ of the Murray Co. for 18th. Mr. Jackson stated that the cotton problems some twenty years, and manager of their Memphis, are more serious than ever before, therefore, had Tenn., office for the last five or six years, died at decided to extend the meeting to three days. St. Joseph’s Hospital in Memphis on December 16th. * * * * He is survived by his wife, a daughter and son. • It has been announced by S. C. Boswell, Presi­ * * * * dent of the Choctaw Cotton Oil Co., of Ada, Okla., A. U. Smith died at his home, 4204 Purdue, Dallas, that they have sold their Durant, Okla., plant, known on Friday, January 3rd. Mr. Smith will be remem­ as the Durant Cotton Oil Mill, to the Lone Star bered as very active in the Oil Mill Machinery Manu­ Peanut Co., of Dallas, effective as of January 1st, facturers and Supply Association affairs many years 1947. It is understood that the new owners will com­ ago, when manager of the supply department of the mence the crushing of peanuts the first of the year Murray Co. Mr. Smith is survived by his wife, one and will continue for several months, continuing the son and one daughter, two grandchildren. organization at the plant practically as is. $ * * * * Announcement has been made of the engagement E. A. Holmgreen, age 82, died at his home in San of Miss Kathryn Eugenia Record of Dallas to James Antonio on January 2nd. Mr Holmgreen was presi­ Edward Dale of Dallas, wedding to take place Jan­ dent of the Alamo Iron Works, and a son of George uary 25th at the Highland Park Presbyterian Holmgreen Sr. who founded the company in San Church in Dallas. Mr. Dale is the son of Mr. Jack Antonio in 1877. He is survived by his wife, daughter B. Dale, for many years president and manager of and three sons. the Briggs-Weaver Machinery Co., and well known to the trade over the Southwest. * * * * N. R. Troy died at his home in Honey Grove on December 3rd, age 56. Mr. Troy had been manager Goodrich Transmission, of the Honey Grove Cotton Oil Co. for some ten or Conveyor & Elevator Belts twelve years, and previous to that time, was con­ nected with the oil mills at Ladonia, Texas, and Eufaula, Okla. It is reported that Mr. Troy has been Complete Stock of Goodrich succeeded as manager of the mill by Doc. Melton, who has been connected with the mill as cashier. Mechanical Rubber Goods * * *. * L. C. Roots, who has been connected with the Anderson, Clayton & Co., in Houston for sometime, Goodrich Belts made has been transferred to Brownsville where he will be Endless by Vulcanizing in charge of thfe Mexican interests of his company. H* 'I- -I* in our Memphis Plant Announcement has been made of the marriage in Oklahoma City, on December 21st, of Peggy Wolfen- den and Joseph Y. B. Boyd. Peggy Wolfenden is the daughter of Gerald D. Wolfenden of Ft. Worth, con­ nected with the Traders Oil Mill Co., and a past president of the National Oil Mill Superintendents Association. For your Oil Mill and Gin Supplies call on * * % * the home of W. G. Davis, Jr., for the past seven or eight years connected with the Carver Cotton Gin Co. in their Memphis, Atlanta and Dallas offices, and for the "50,005 Structural & Maintenance Supplies" past year or two sales manager of the Dallas office, is now connected with the Anderson, Clayton & Co., Oil Mill Department, Houston, Texas, starting to PIDGEON-THOMAS IRON CO. work on January 1st. Mr. Davis has been succeeded MEMPHIS, TENN. by C. A. Piercey, who has been connected with the Dallas office for the past couple of years. PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 20 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, I947

OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS O il M il l G azetteer TO MEET Official Organ of the President Fahrenthold mentioned in his letter in National Oil Mill Superintendents Association the December issue that he had authorized the and the Secretary to arrange for the annual January meet­ Tri-States Cottonseed Oil Mill Superintendents Association ing of the Officers and Board of Directors, and also Published monthly by the Oil Mill Gazetteer Wharton, Texas to issue an invitation to any of the Members of the Association that wish to attend the meeting. This Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Wharton, annual meeting is also a joint meeting of both As­ Texas, under Act of Congress of March, 1879 sociations, the National Oil Mill Supt.’s Ass’n., and Subscription, $1.50 a year, in advance the Oil Mill Machinery Men’s Supply Ass’n, and He Advertising rates furnished upon application also has asked the President and Secretary of the H. E. Wilson ...... Editor Machinery Men’s Ass’n to invite any of their mem­ Jane Inez Gordon ...... Associate Editor, Memphis, Tenn. bers to be present if possible. The meeting will be held in the Texas Room of the Baker Hotel, in Dal­ las, 10 a m., Sunday, January 26th. We will be glad to see you at that date. We would suggest that if you expect to spend the night in Dallas that you make your reservation at once.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION NUMBER This number of the Oil Mill Gazetteer has been labeled “Solvent Extraction Number.” We have had so many requests for back numbers containing the able papers on Solvent Extraction that were writ­ ten for the Oil Mill Gazetteer, and read and dis­ cussed on the 1946 Convention program, so that in order to get all of the able papers into one issue, and have enough extra copies to fill all requests, and also for filing for future information, we give this spe­ cial Solvent Extraction number, and we hope that The Oil Mill Gazetteer does not necessarily endorse all the you will like it. The Editor again wishes to thank opinions expressed in contributions appearing herein. As the the Authors of these excellent papers for their co­ official organ of the National Oil Mill Superintendents Asso­ ciation and Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents Association, operative assistance to us in making this issue what this journal carries official communications and articles con­ it is. If any of our readers wish extra copies for filing cerning the activities of the associations, but in all other re­ just drop us a line and we will mail them out as spects the associations are not responsible for what appears long as we have them to spare. in these pages, including opinions to which expression is given. OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL OIL MILL A PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR SUPERINTENDENTS ASSOCIATION You have just completed with us another little Emil F. Fahrenthold, Weimar, Texas President circle of time. The Year 1946 now goes on the shelf H. F. Crossno, Los Angeles, C alif...... Vice-President H. E. Wilson, Wharton, Texas...... Secretary-Treasurer labeled “Finished Business” and we turn together to greet the new days ahead. We cannot, o f course, BOARD OF DIRECTORS know what to expect from these days; but, happily, M. C. Verdery (one y e a r )...... Houston, Texas we do know what to expect of each other. Because C. M. Chandler (two years) . . Lubbock, Texas H. D. Reeves (three y ears)...... Sweetwater, Texas of this mutual trust, we feel confident o f our ability Fred L. Wilson (four years)...... Ennis, Texas to take in stride whatever obstacles or opportunities STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS 1947 may bring. We thank you for your continued loyalty and friendship, and wish for each and every Arkansas ...... W. F. Bates Little Rock Arizona ...... O. J. Perry Phoenix one o f you, our friends, the best o f luck and a pros­ California J. P. Reed ...... Los Angeles perous New Year.— Editor. Georgia ...... J. F. Ford Rome, Ga. Louisiana ...... Joe Plemons ...... West Monroe Mississippi...... C. C. Castillow ...... Greenville NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTION New Mexico R. W . Gorman . Roswell We have never had much faith in New Year’s Oklahoma . Clyde Lawson Elk City resolutions, but the following resolution is about the Tennessee W. E. Hassler Memphis best we have read and is a good one if you can keep North Texas . W. G. Davis, Jr. Dallas South Texas J. M. JoHansen Kaufman it. Mexico ...... Salvador F. Rojas . Gomez Palacio “I RESOLVE TO BE ‘CAPTAIN OF MY SOUL’ Nicaragua ...... Enrique Chamorro ...... Granada THIS YEAR—TO BE THE COMMANDER IN MY South America . Chas. G. P. Cochrane . . Catacaos, Peru OWN MENTAL KINGDOM. I W ILL H AVE NOTH­ OIL MILL MACHINERY MANUFACTURERS ING TO DO WITH FEAR, WORRY, TIMIDITY, OR AND SUPPLY ASSOCIATION VACILLATION.” Albert Battenfield, P resid en t...... Dallas, Texas W. G. Davis, Jr., Vice-President ...... Dallas, Texas REPORT CHANGES OF ADDRESS A. G. Falk, Secretary-Treasurer Dallas, Texas May we again beg of you to notify the Editor of PAST PRESIDENTS CLUB any change in address of any move you may make, C. C. Castillow, President ...... Greenville, Miss. also if you have any information of any of our H. V. McElreath, Vice-President ...... Stamford, Texas members or readers changing address drop us a card H. E. Wilson, Secretary-Treasurer...... Wharton, Texas giving us the information. Thanks. January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 21 President Fahrenthold’s Letter Weimar, Texas, Jan. 7, 1947. members attend this meeting as possible for it is your meeting as well as the Board’s. Fellow Members of The N. 0. M. S. A .: We have also asked through our Secretary every Secretary H. E. Wilson has advised me that all ar­ Member of the Officers and Directors, and as many rangements have been made for our annual January of their members of the Oil Mill Machinery Men’s meeting of our Officers and Board of Directors, for Supply Association, to meet jointly with us, as it Sunday, January 26th, 10 a.m. at the Baker Hotel will be necessary to discuss with our friends the Ma­ in Dallas, in the Texas Room. chinery Men, whether or not it will be advisable to We would like to have every member of the Board try to hold a Machinery Exhibit at our next Con­ present as well as the Officers of our Association vention. for it is the earnest desire of your President to have We would like to meet as many of you in Dallas the views of every member of the Board regarding on the 26th as possible. the Program, Dates and place for our 1947 Annual Yours very truly, Convention. We would also like to see as many of our EMIL FAHRENTHOLD, President. Secretary Wilson’s Message Wharton, Texas, Jan. 7th, 1947. acted and if you care to attend and sit in on the meeting you will be welcome. To the Members of the This will be a joint meeting of the Officers and National Oil Mills Supt.’s Ass’n. Directors of The Oil Mill Machinery Men’s Sup>ply Gentlemen: Association along with the National Association. President Fahrenthold has called the annual Jan­ The main purpose of the meeting is to discuss when uary meeting of the Officers and Board of Direc­ and where our next annual Convention will be held, tors of the Association, for Sunday, January 26th, also just what kind of a program shall be put on, if at 10 a.m. at the Baker Hotel, in Dallas, Texas. you intend to be present, we would advise writing us so we can make reservations for you. President Fahrenthold issues an invitation to any of the members to join in with the Directors and Yours very truly, Officers in this meeting. He says that he will be glad H. E. WILSON, Sec’y-Treas., to see you as it is your business that will be trans­ National Oil Mill Supt.’s Ass’n.

FATS AND OILS DISTRIBUTION oils. Palm oil is used by the manufacturers of tin JANUARY-MARCH 1947 plate for cans for packing food and other commodi­ ties and has no substitute in commercial practice. The U. S. Department of Agriculture today an­ All United States imports and exports under these nounced that the United States expects to schedule recommendations are to be carried out for the most for import approximately 240 million pounds of fats part by private enterprise. Import permits and ex­ and oils and to schedule for export approximately port licenses must be obtained in every case, and 138 million pounds of fats and oils during the first such permits and licenses will be issued only in con­ quarter of 1947. This is on the basis of the Inter­ formity with the I.E.F.C. recommended allocations. national Emergency Food Council recommendations The United States requirements for imported fats for the international distribution of fats and oils and oils will be much greater during the first half during the first quarter of 1947. This is the first of 1947, while supplies of United States domestic time since 1942 that the United States will be on oils will be more available for export during the lat­ a net import rather than a net export basis. ter half of the year when increased crop goals should No recommendations for the international distri­ provide more liberal supplies. Shipments both for bution of fats and oils during later quarters of 1947 import and export are to be scheduled to meet the were made by I.E.F.C. although it announced its expected availability of oils for export and the ex­ intention to promulgate such recommendations prior pected heavier needs for imports during these sea­ to the beginning of the second quarter. sons. Exports of fats and oils from the United States The United States has historically relied on for­ contemplated under this program would consist prin­ eign sources for oils needed for the soap, drying oil, cipally of lard, soybean oil, shortening, margarine and other industries. In implementing the I.E.F.C. and soap together with relatively small quantities of first quarter program the United States is expecting other fat and oil commodities. Imports into the to receive its pro-rata share of all liftings of fats United States would consist principally of copra (for and oils from foreign sources regardless of the crushing into coconut oil), linseed oil, castor beans existence of any purchase contracts. Department of and oil and small quantities of tung, rapeseed and Agriculture officials stated also that the schedule other oils. outlined for the first quarter of 1947 is an interim To meet our needs for palm oil, which are not cov­ program pending a review of current and prospective ered by the I.E.F.C. first quarter recommendations, production programs in all countries. At the same the Department of Agriculture contemplates negoti­ time, the I.E F.C. is reviewing indigenous production ating with Belgium for about 65 million pounds of in all countries to determine the extent to which this oil in exchange for a like amount of domestic imports by these countries may be required in 1947. Page 22 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, I947

Tri-States Superintendents* Section

By Jane Inez Gordon OFFICERS OF THE TRI-STATES OIL MILL MEET OUR VICE-PRESIDENT SUPERINTENDENTS ASSOCIATION L. E. Roberts, Memphis, Tenn...... President N. L. Pugh, Jr., Newport, A rk ...... Vice-President ■ I W. E. Hassler, Memphis, Tenn...... Secretary-Treasurer STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS Tennessee ...... E. S. Lyle...... Dyersburg Mississippi ...... B .C . Lundy...... Greenville Arkansas...... R. E. Woodyard...... Helena South Carolina ...... R. L. Herring...... Ninety-Six North Carolina ...... B. G. Stowe...... Goldsboro G eo rgia ...... F. A. Perkins...... Atlanta Alabama ...... C. F, Agrell...... Montgomery Louisiana ...... A. L. Bertoniere...... New Roads California ...... R. D. Ryan, Sr...... Fresno Missouri ...... M. G. Martin...... Kennett Illin ois...... A. S. McGinnis...... Cairo Texas ...... Cecil W amble...... College Station STATE PROGRAM CHAIRMEN Arkansas ...... Roy Castillow...... Little Rock Mississippi ...... C. C. Castillow...... Greenville Tennessee...... Homer Barnes...... Memphis RESEARCH COMMITTEE Cecil Wamble, Chairman...... College Station, Texas J. R. Mays, Jr...... Memphis, Tenn. E. H. Tenent...... Memphis, Tenn. N. L. PUGH, Jr., Vice President Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents Association BOARD OF DIRECTORS W . E. Hassler, Chairman . Memphis, Tenn. N. L. Pugh, Jr., superintendent of the Southern R. L. Loggins...... Blytheville, Ark. Cotton Oil Co., Newport, Ark., was elected vice-presi­ Roy Castillow...... Little Rock, Ark. J. J. Finch . Tiptonville, Tenn. dent of the Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents As­ C. W . Hoover Wilson, Ark. sociation at the last annual convention He is being L. E. R o b e rts...... Memphis, Tenn. groomed for the president’s chair at the May, 1947, convention. MEETINGS Mr. Pugh comes from a well-known oil mill family. March 1, 1947...... Memphis, Tenn. His father, N. L. Pugh, Sr., was superintendent at the Morrilton Cotton Oil Mill, Morrilton, Ark., be­ GREETINGS FROM PRESIDENT ROBERTS fore resigning to engage in his own business in Mus­ Memphis, Tenn., January, 1947. kogee, after which N. L. Jr., became superintendent. To our many friends throughout the cottonseed It was while both father and son were at the Mor­ industry, and members of the Tri-States Associa­ rilton mill that the nickname of “Lee” was given to tion, I take this opportunity to extend sincere New N. L. to distinguish Junior from Senior, and by Year’s Greetings. We are grateful for your guidance, which most of his friends know him. His initials are assistance and suggestions throughout the past year. his name, as he was christened “N. L.” Lee has We look forward to their continuation. an uncle, W. A Pugh, who is superintendent of the Fort Smith Cotton Oil Mill, Fort Smith, Ark. All We trust that the NEW YEAR will usher in an­ other 52 weeks of successful operations for you, are members of long standing in the association. Lee has been oil milling for 12 years. Before going and that you can now look back over 1946 with the to Morrilton, he was connected with mills at Tulsa, satisfaction of a job well done. Muskogee and Durant, Okla. In 1945 he was made This issue of the Gazetteer is the Solvent Extrac­ superintendent of the Southern mill at Newport. tion Issue, which contains all the articles and ad­ He is married and has two sons, Donald Lee, 10 dresses published in the Gazetteer in other issues, years old and 4-year-old Claude Alvin, known as all in one issue. We are grateful to the editor, Mr. “ Cap,” who are showing a marked tendency to fol­ Wilson, and his staff for compiling this information low their father’s footsteps, from the questions they and making it available to us in one volume which ask when Lee gets home at night. can be used for ready references. This will be a valuable issue for each one of us and for the industry. TRI-STATES ASSOCIATION TO HEAR It is fitting at this time to thank Mr. Wilson and T. H. GREGORY his staff for the very fine publicity he has given T. H. Gregory, executive vice-president of the Na­ our Association in 1946; for the helpful and informa­ tional Cottonseed Products Association, Memphis, tive articles published throughout the year. We want will address the Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents to pledge our full support and co-operation during Association, March 1, at Hotel Claridge, Memphis, 1947 to our official organ. as announced by Homer Barnes, program chairman. L. E. ROBERTS, President, Mr, Gregory will discuss the “Future Outlook for Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents Association the Oil Mills.” _ ' ' " -ji , January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 23

Serving The Solvent Extraction Industry Woodson-Tenent Laboratories

Analytical Chemists

• COTTONSEED AND ITS PRODUCTS

• SOYBEANS AND ITS PRODUCTS

• ALL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

Laboratories: Memphis, Tenn., Blytheville, Ark., Little Rock, Ark., Cairo, 111.

PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 24 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January. 1947

DABNEY-ALCOTT SUPPLY CO. OPENS time, he was with the Riechman-Crosby Co. of IN MEMPHIS Memphis. The new firm with a capitalization of $25,000 will distribute general mill supplies and machine tools for all types of industrial plants within a radius of 150 miles of Memphis. Among the manufacturers they now represent are: Cincinnati Rubber Co., Reading Chain Hoists Walker-Turner machine tools and wookworking equipment, National Twist Drills, National Cylinder Gas Welding Equipment, Heller Files, Morgan Vises and Milford Hack Saw Blades. They expect to add a number of other lines during the year. Bud Watts also is associated with the firm. He was with the Hays Supply Co. of Memphis for the past two years, following his release from the armed services.

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING CO. OPENS MEMPHIS OFFICE The Production Engineering Co., Inc., of New York have opened offices in the Shrine Building, Memphis, where visitors are welcomed to drop in for direct in­ formation and for informal discussion in solvent extraction, with Dr. M. Bonotto, vice-president and with his technical staff. An advance force of engineers have been in Mem­ phis since last October to organize the technical office of the firm’s Oil Extraction Division. A num­ ber of visitors from various parts of this country, from Latin America and from Europe have already visited Dr. Bonotto in Memphis during the past two Left to right: Lee Dabney, Harry Alcott and Bud Watts. months, attracted by the latest development of his process. “While discussing the importance of solvent ex­ Friends o f Lee Dabney and Harry Alcott are traction in the future o f the vegetable oil industry, extending best wishes for a successful career in these visitors have paid tribute to Memphis as the their new supply firm, which these two enterpris­ center of the cottonseed market,” Dr. Bonotto said. ing young men have opened up at 73 Adams, Mem­ “Our offices are on the tenth floor of the Shrine phis, next to the Claridge Hotel. Building, Monroe and Front Sts., and we cordially Mr. Dabney traveled for the Dixie Mill Supply Co. invite _ anyone interested in solvent extraction to of Shreveport, La., for four years before going into come in whenever in Memphis.” the army at the outbreak of war. Before that time, he was connected with the Oliver H. Van Horn Co. of Shreveport, La., for five years. Last April he DILWORTH OPENS BRANCH AT JACKSON moved to Memphis and opened his own business. J. E. Dilworth Co., Memphis, Tenn., will open a On January 1, Harry Alcott joined the firm as a branch office and warehouse at Jackson, Miss., Feb­ partner. He has been with the Lummus Cotton Gin ruary 1. They also have a branch at Vicksburg, Miss., Co. of Memphis since he was released from the Army and V. C. Foster, manager, will supervise the Jack­ Air Forces where he served four years. Before that son concern. The new Jackson branch will carry a complete line of electrical, general mill and industrial supplies, G. WORTHEN AGEE, President E. R. BARROW, Secretary and Treas. with the exception of heavy steel such as shafting, structural, etc. It is located in an L-shaped build­ BARROW-AGEE LABORATORIES ing at Pascagoula and So. State Sts., which was re­ INCORPORATED modeled suitable to the needs of a mill supply busi­ ness. ANALYTICAL AND CONSULTING CHEMISTS “We felt Jackson, Miss., was the center of one of AND ENGINEERS the fastest growing industrial sections of the South, and that a supply firm such as ours was needed MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE there,” W. H. Allen, sales manager for Dilworth, said, in discussing the new branch. Main Office and Laboratories: Memphis, Tenn. At Memphis, Dilworth now offers a complete engi­ neering department headed by R. E. Overman, a Laboratories: licensed mechanical engineer. This department was Memphis, Tenn. Shreveport, La. Jackson, Miss. established to offer a complete engineering service Cairo, 111. Leland, Miss. to plants too small to maintain adequate engineering departments in their own organizations. PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 25

FIRE DESTROYS WEST TENNESSEE urgent insistence of her many friends after she was SOYA MILL chosen one of the six beauty queens at the college. The Oil Milling Industry felt that Anna Louise Fire raged through the West Tennessee Soya Mill, was their special representative, as her father is Tiptonville, Tenn., January 5, causing a damage o f treasurer of Industrial Supplies, Inc., Memphis, and between $850,000 and $1,000,000. The mill is a major her mother a member of the Women’s Auxiliary to portion of Lake County’s industry, and the fire vir­ the Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents Association. tually destroyed the big plant. No one was injured Her uncle, John Latsch, is president of the Tennessee and the plant was partially covered by insurance. Belting Co., and her grandfather was connected with The Soya Mill’s operations plant and three large oil mills for about forty years. She also has other warehouses filled with soybeans were completely relatives connected with the industry. destroyed, P. T. Pinckney, manager, said. Three con­ crete storage tanks, also filled with soybeans, were SOLVENT PLANT AT WILSON COMPLETED saved, he added. The Soya Mill is owned by part of the same stock­ The $300,000 Solvent Extraction plant at the Delta holders as the Lake County Oil Mill, of which Mr. Products Co., Wilson, Ark., has been completed and Pinckney is also manager. The soybean plant is on ready for operation. This is the first solvent-process the same property as the oil mill, but the oil mill plant in the United States for the extraction of cot­ was not damaged. tonseed oil, and will have a capacity of 200 tons of The fire broke out in the center of the operations oil daily. Hunt Moore is superintendent. plant less than 10 minutes after the company’s night A $175,000 vegetable oil refining plant, to be op­ watchman had punched his clock there. The watch­ erated by the Tri-State Refining Co., a subsidiary of man said the fire seemed to just “ flare up” and Delta Products, is also being constructed adjacent to spread almost at once throughout the building. the new mill. It is the first such industry for Arkan­ sas. Production at this plant is scheduled to begin in The West Tennessee Soya Mill, which handles the late February or early March. E. L. Hamlin is super­ bulk of the soybean crop in that district each year, intendent of the refinery. processes more than 20,000 tons a year and does more than $2,000,000 annual business, Mr. Pinckney said. He added that the company plans to rebuild as CURRENTLY SPEAKING soon as possible and that the employes will be given Visiting Memphis and Amory, Miss., for the work at the Lake County Oil mill and on the vast Christmas and New Year’s holidays were Mr. and soybean acreage maintained by the mill itself. Mrs. H. L. Southall of Bunkie, La. Mr. Southall is superintendent of the Union Oil Co., Inc., of Bunkie. MRS. E. R. BARROW PASSES He was formerly superintendent of the mill at Amory, Miss. It is with profound sorrow that we report the * * * * passing of Mrs. Mydelle Nathalie Edmonds Barrow, William H. Baskervill of the University of Ten­ wife of E. R. Barrow of Barrow-Agee Laboratories, nessee, Cottonseed Experiment Station, Knoxville, Memphis, on January 7 at the Baptist Hospital, Tenn., resigned his position on January 1st, to open Memphis. She was 61. his own construction business in Knoxville. He will Mrs. Barrow was born in MemjDhis and educated specialize in precast concrete construction and at the in public and private schools there. She was a start will be building houses principally. Mr. Basker­ talented pianist and studied music in New York for vill is well known in the industry, and was one of several years. She was popular in social circles, but the principal speakers at the annual convention in devoted most of her time to private charity and Memphis of the Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents church work and to her home and family. She was a Association, His many friends wish him much suc­ member of Renaissance Music Club. She was a cess in his new business staunch member of Calvary Episcopal Church and :j: * * * was on the Board of Crippled Adults Hospital. From Heartsill Banks, who was formerly at the She leaves her husband, her daughter, Mrs. J. old Ralston-Purina mill in Osceola, Ark., and later Hunter Lane; two sisters, Mrs. Lucile Edmonds of the Kansas City plant, and who is now in Seoul, Dobbins and Mrs. Camille Edmonds Harmon, Mem­ Korea, writes that the soybeans, some 611,000 acres phis; her brother, William A. Edmonds, Milwaukee, Wise., and four grandchildren, Hunter Lajre, Jr., Mary Mydelle Lane, Lucile Barrow Lane and Camille Edmonds Lane. TRI-STATES ARMATURE AND Services were held at 3 o’clock January 8 at Cal­ ELECTRICAL WORKS, Inc. vary Episcopal Church with the Rev. Theodore N. Barth officiating. Burial was in Elmwood cemetery We Rewind, Rebuild, Repair, under the direction of J. T. Hinton & Son Funeral Sell, Rent, Exchange or Buy Home. Electric Motors, Generators. The staff of the Oil Mill Gazetteer extend deepest Starters, Magnets and Elec­ and heartfelt sympathy to Mr. Barrow and family tric Equipment — All Types. of Mrs. Barrow in their great loss. Trouble Calls Handled Promptly Anywhere, Any Time

Industrial Plant Wiring IN MAID-OF-COTTON CONTEST Switchboards Designed, Built and Installed Large Stock New and Rebuilt Motors, Generators, Repair Parts Anna Louise Rother, a junior at Southwestern College, Memphis, was a contestant in the National 321-331 East Butler, Memphis, Tenn. Phone 8-4148 Cotton Council’s Maid-of-Cotton contest, upon the PATRO NIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 26 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947

of them, are grown in small fields, planted, worked associated with the firm. He recently returned from and harvested by hand. A rather small percent of service in the Occupational Services in Japan. them get to market commercially, as each farmer * * * * eats a great many. They pull up stalks and all and A. P. Holly, Southern representative of the V. D. bring them into the villages to let them be threshed Anderson Co., Cleveland, Ohio, is home after five by the women and children. Koreans also eat a lot of months in India where he supervised the building barley and millet, although rice predominates. and operations of four mills installing Anderson Ex- >!: * * * pellers. He also made a general survey of the crush­ ing of other oil bearing seeds, including tung and Christmas bonuses of around 10 percent of year’s peanuts and cocoanuts. He lives in Memphis, Tenn. pay were distributed among the employes of the =!= * * -V- Lewis Supply Co., Memphis and Helena, Ark., T, Richard Alcott, vice-president and general man­ Walker Lewis, president, announced. Total bonus to ager, Riechman-Crosby Co., Memphis, Tenn., will ad­ the 42 Memphis employes and eight at Helena with a dress the Southern Supply and Machinery Distribu­ year or more service with the company, was about tors Association regional meeting to be held in $12,000. Mr. Lewis also announced a 10 percent Memphis, February 10 at Hotel Peabody on “Sales or better hike in pay effective January 1. Training as a Distributors Problem.” Mr. Alcott is Employes of Lewis Diesel Engine Co. (about 25) second vice-president of the organization and will also received bonuses of 10 percent, totaling around become first vice-president at the annual convention $11,000. Mr. Lewis is also president of this company. in May in Atlantic City. He will become president A Christmas party was held at Hotel Peabody on in 1948. December 30 for the employes of both companies Frank Pidgeon, vice-president of Pidgeon-Thomas and also the Lewis Manufacturing Co., a newly or­ Iron Co., Memphis, will also address the organiza­ ganized firm. tion on “Better Sales Promotion.” * * =i= * Harry B. McCoy, president of Humphrey-Godwin SWIFT BUYS SIXTEEN MILLS Co., Memphis, Tenn., oilseed meal distributors, who has been seriously ill since the early part of Decem­ Oil mill properties of the Consumers Cotton Oil ber, is reported considerably better and “holding his Company in Dallas, Texas, and fourteen other Texas own.” He suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and at communities and Durant, Oklahoma, have been this writing is still in the Baptist Hospital. taken over and will be operated by Swift & Com­ * * * * pany, effective Tuesday, it was announced here Mon­ day. An open-house reception and inspection of the Their products will be sold under a Swift label. Mid-South Oil Company’s new headquarters terminal At the same time a new Southwest district office and bulk plant in Memphis was held on December 6. of Swift and Company will be established in Dallas Ellis T. Woolfolk, president of the Planters Oil Mill, under supervision of E. F. Czichos, formerly gen­ Tunica, Miss., is its president. The new quarters, eral manager of Consumers. which had its meager beginning in 1933, and suf­ Consumers Cotton Oil Company, a Texas corpo­ fered several severe setbacks, but through loyal cus­ ration, has been dissolved. It has owned and operated tomers and the application of a pair of “Country crushing mills and peanut shelling plants in Dallas, Boys’ ” (as they insist upon being called) philosophy Brownwood, Coleman, Fort Worth, Gainesville, Har­ to business methods and practices, the new million lingen, Houston, Kaufman, Mexia, Palestine, San dollar plant was made possible. J. D. Wooten is Antonio, Terrell, and Waco. Peanut shelling plants the vice-president. have been operated at Carbon and Stephenville and Mr. Woolfolk also manages a 4500-acre plantation at Durant. in Tunica County, of which he is mechanizing the Swift & Company announced there will be no 1500-acre portion devoted to growing cotton. change in operating or supervising personnel. B. B. sfj -S' s}c Hulsey will be assistant to Mr. Czichos and H. B. Glazner will be general superintendent. Congratulations to R. A. Harris, Planters Oil Mill, Some of the plants, the announcement said, will Yazoo City, Miss.; R. D. Van Dyke, Jr., Industrial also engage in manufacture and distribution of Supplies, Inc., and John Latsch, Tennessee Belting mixed feeds under Swift & Company brand names. Co., Memphis, who celebrate their birthdays in Jan­ — Times-Herald, 12-30-1946. uary. * * * * TO MY FRIENDS AND CUSTOMERS: E. H. (Buddy) Tenent, Jr., son of E. H. Tenent of Woodson-Tenent Laboratories, Memphis, has become I am pleased to announce that my son, George Martin Neumunz, formerly Captain, Signal Corps, Army of United States, has recently become my associate and partner. We shall continue our activi­ F. B. PORTER, B.S., Ch.E.. President N. C. HAMNER, Vice-President ties as Oil Mill Engineers and Representatives of R. H. FASH, B.S., Secretary some of the leading American Manufacturers in this field, under the new name of: Southwestern Laboratories M. Neumunz & Son, Inc. Consulting Analytical Chemists and Chemical 90 West Street, New York 6, N. Y. Engineers I trust that we may continue to enjoy the same pleasant business relations as in the past. 308 >/2 Navarro Street 1105V2 Main Street SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS DALLAS, TEXAS Respectfully yours, M. NEUMUNZ PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January/ 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 27

SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND THE Although hydraulic and continuous presses are COTTONSEED INDUSTRY1 capable, when properly operated, of producing good- quality oil and a cake which is well adapted to stock By K. S. M ARKLEY feeding, both methods result in incomplete recovery Southern Regional Research Laboratory'2 New Orleans, Louisiana of the oil and considerable denaturation of the pro­ tein of the cake. The oil remaining in the press The processing of cotton seed for the production cake produced by either hydraulic or high pressure of oil, meal, hulls, and linters is carried out on a continuous pressing usually amounts to 4.5 to 7 larger scale in the United States than any other percent on an equilibrium moisture basis. This resid­ country of the world. During the past 40 years an ual oil, which is sold for the price of meal, repre­ average of more than four million tons of cotton sents an appreciable loss to the oil mill operator and seed has been processed annually in American oil a lessened supply of oil to the consumer. mills (1). Until very recently no other single oilseed In Europe, the extraction of oil from many types has been processed in this or any other country on of oilseeds has for years been conducted in a more so large a scale, and it is only within the past few economical and efficient manner than in the United years that the tonnage of soybeans processed for States (4, 5, 6). Owing to the fact that only a rela­ oil in the United States has exceeded that of cotton tively small proportion of the total fat requirements seed. of Europe can be met by domestic production, it Increasingly larger proportions of the domestic has been necessary to import vast quantities of soybean crop are being processed in solvent extrac­ oilseeds and other oil-bearing materials from all tion plants and the trend in this industry is definitely parts of the world. This dependence on imports has toward the use of solvent methods and away from made necessary the development of highly flexible expression methods. Even here, however, the use of as well as highly efficient methods of oil milling. solvent methods lags behind Europe where soybeans Oil-bearing materials varying in fat content from are processed by no other method. 15 to 60 percent are often handled in the same mill, The technical and economic success achieved in and, regardless of type of seed, it is essential that this country, as well as in others, by the applica­ the maximum recovery of oil be attained. These tion of the solvent method for the extraction of oil requirements have led to the. development of three from soybeans has stimulated interest in the applica­ general types of crude oil mill operation, namely, tion of this process to other oilseeds, especially to solvent extraction, forepressing in expellers followed cotton seed, peanuts, and tung nuts. As a consequence by solvent extraction, and forepressing in expellers of this interest a considerable amount of research and finishing in cage presses. The first two of these and development work is being conducted by various processes account for the bulk of the oil production organizations including equipment manufacturers, of Europe. The solvent process of extracting fats oilseed processors, and State and Federal labora­ tories. This interest is, however, not new as is attest­ ed by the fact that David Wessen (2-3) for many diuw ys PEST SELLERS/ years advocated the adoption of solvent extraction by the cottonseed oil industry and in 1930 pub­ .J ffiL tJ NATIONAL HOTELS lished an article in which he outlined the conditions that an acceptable solvent process should meet (2). ALABAMA HOTEL ADMIRAL SEMMES ...... Mobile It is a simple calculation to determine that the HOTEL THOMAS JEFFERSON.... Birmingham recovery of an additional 5 percent of oil from the DISTRICT O f COLUMBIA HOTEL WASHNGTON ...... Washington approximately 2 million tons of cottonseed cake and ILLINOIS H O TEL F A U S T ...... Rockford meal produced annually in the United States would INDIANA increase the cottonseed oil production by 200 million HOTEL CLAYPOOL ...... Indianapolis LOUISIANA wrvrfi Hr2 I& « ...... N.w Orleans pounds. It is equally obvious that the tonnage of HOTEL DESOTO ...... Naw Orleans meal produced would be decreased by an equal MISSISSIPPI HOTEL LAMAR ...... M. ridian amount, but the total tonnage of protein produced NEBRASKA H O TEL PA XTO N ...... Omaha would remain the same. Despite the interest and NEW MEXICO consideration which solvent extraction of cotton HOTEL CLOVIS ...... Clovis OKLAHOMA V/VJ seed has enjoyed, and the apparent economic advan­ H O TEL A L D R ID G E ...... Wewoka tage to be gained in terms of additional recovery of SOUTH CAROLINA HOTEL WADE HAMPTON ...... Colum bia ',"1 > i > > T oil, the fact remains that there is in the United TEXAS ..i Mi V/V HOTEL ALICE ...... A tk . »i I i t ' States at the present time no commercial installation S g £ L S t e p h e n f . a u s t in ::::::: ::AuSt“ Hi i1-1' solely devoted to the solvent extraction of cotton B8S 888$®* H O TEL TEXAS ...... Fort Worth seed. That there must be some reason why this is H O TEL B U C C A N E E R ...... " ’ " Galveston HOTEL GALVEZ...... Ga «sto 2 HOTEL JEAN LAFITTE ... . .V " GaJJstoS true appears to be obvious, and it should, therefore, CORONADO COURTS ...... Ga veltoj JACK TAR COURT HOTEL ...... G a y!!len be of interest to examine some of the problems in­ hotel ..... tSSSS, herent in the application of solvent extraction to h o 4 Ll P l a z a ! ...... G ^ cotton seed. It is perhaps pertinent to briefly review HOTELK ®CACTUS CK ...... San Ana.U HOTEL MENGER ...... San Anton a the development of the solvent methods which have ANGELES COURTS San AnloTo VIRGINIA been applied to processing oilseeds. HOTEL MOUNTAIN LAKE ...... Mountain Lake

Presented before the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Na­ tional Oil Mill Superintendents Association, Fort Worth, Texas, July 8-10, 1946. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administra­ tion, u. S. Department of Agriculture.

PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 28 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947 and oils from various oleaginous materials is applied A in some form, although in a very differing degree, in almost every country which processes large quan­ tities of oil-bearing materials. The forepressing solvent extraction method is operated on a large scale in England, Germany, France, Holland, Bel­ gium, Denmark, Italy, Czecho-Slovakia and else­ where in Europe, and to a lesser extent in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Solvent extraction of oleaginous materials was patented (7) in England as early as 1856, and according to Hildebrandt (6) became established in Europe on a large scale in 1870. The earliest extrac­ tors were unagitated single-unit batch extractors (6). These extractors were of small capacity and not very efficient. They were subsequently modified Figure 1. Cross section view of high capacity, low pressure by the addition of means of agitation, and their screw press used in European Oil Mills. number was increased to provide batteries capable of being operated on the countercurrent principle. America. A countercurrent batch solvent-extraction Extractors of this type have been in continuous op­ plant was erected in Sumatra as early as 1915 where eration in some European plants for 30 years or it was used for extracting palm kernels. At least more. one solvent extraction plant was erected by Japanese The countercurrent continuous extractor was a interests in Dairen, Manchuria, in the 1930’s. A natural outgrowth of the countercurrent batch ex­ number of German extractors of different designs tractor. Extractors of the former type are practically were erected in Brazil and Argentina where they completely automatic in operation and require a are operated in combination with forepressing for minimum of labor for their operation. A wide variety the recovery of sunflower seed, cotton seed, and of continuous extractors have been developed in both other oils. Europe and the United States. Solvent extraction was first applied in the United Solvent extraction for the recovery of fats and States to the recovery of grease from garbage, oils spread from Europe to various parts of the bones, cracklings, and other packing-house wastes world including the United States and South and to the recovery of residual oil from castor pomace, for which purposes batch extractors were and are still used. Efforts to extract cotton seed by WHATEVER IT M AY BE this means were made on a large scale as early as 1889. In 1933, Wessen (3) reported the results of in transmission, elevating, conveying machinery and supplies for any kind of material handling, we are in position to engi­ his efforts to apply solvent extraction to cotton neer the job and supply your needs. seed over a period extending from 1889 to the close • of World War I. During the 1930’s solvent extrac­ As agents for FORT WORTH STEEL & MACHINERY CO., we tion was introduced on a large scale in the United carry a complete stock of Screw Conveyor, Conveyor Box and States for the recovery of oil from soybeans; Ger­ Accessories & V-Belt Drives. man equipment of the continuous type was used • # almost exclusively. Just prior to World War II the We fabricate and supervise installation of special bins, spouts installation of continuous solvent-extraction equip­ and hoppers. ment was greatly accelerated, and throughout the period of the War new plants were erected in an ORRELL SUPPLY CO. effort to keep pace with the constantly increasing P.O . Box 213 258-260 N. FRONT ST. Phone 37-1601 production o f soybeans. All of the later installations Memphis, Tenn. have been of American manufacture and in a num­ ber of cases of American design.

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Types of Extractors processed it by means of a combination of expeller The variety and types of batch and continuous forepressing and solvent extraction. Egyptian and extractors are considerable, as reference to the Indian cotton seed received in Europe is free or extensive literature on the subject indicates (5, 6, 7, practically free of linters and under these condi­ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14), and in 1939 Hildebrandt (6) tions can be handled and stored much like other oil­ stated that no less than 60 different extraction seeds such as soybeans, sunflowerseed, sesame, etc. processes had been described in German, French, In Europe, high-oil content seeds or kernels are gen­ English and American patent and technical litera­ erally forepressed in expellers in two or more stages ture but only a few had proved valuable in large to a fat content of 15 to 20 percent and then solvent scale operation. In Europe the most popular types of extracted. extractors are those of Bollmann (7, 8, 14), Hilde­ The expellers used for this process, although brandt (6, 7, 8, 14). Fauth (7), Miag (13) and similar in external appearance to American expel­ Wilhelm. A number of Bollmann and Hildebrandt lers, are provided with a different type of expres­ extractors are used in the United States; Miag ex­ sion chamber. One of the earlier types of such tractors are in use in South America and Mexico; expellers (16) is illustrated in Figure 1. Wilhelm extractors are reported to be in use in Ger­ The pressing chamber of this type of expeller many, Italy, and Chile. Several small-capacity, con­ comprises a series of compartments of progress­ tinuous extractors are in use in the United States. ively reduced diameters connected by tapering These are represented by the Ford (14) and Detrex compartments, the oblique internal surfaces of which (14) extractors. Several larger types of American have a damming action on the material passing from origin are represented by the Bonotto-Allis Chalmers one compartment to the next. The thread of the (10, 11, 12) and the Kennedy (8, 14) extractors. In worm is interrupted at the tapering passage so that addition to the aforementioned extractors there are the material progresses in these parts where it many other types which are represented by one or at passes from one chamber to the next chamber of the most two or three installations, including not smaller volume and higher pressure. The surfaces a few which have been designed and erected by the exposed to friction decrease from chamber to cham­ technical staff of the processor3. ber, and the pressure increases. This type of construction makes possible the step­ Forepressing-Solvent Extraction Process wise expression of high-oil content seeds or kernels Direct solvent extraction is readily applicable to at relatively low pressures and correspondingly low seeds of low oil content such as soybeans and to frictional temperatures. Expellers of this type hav­ residual press cake produced by mechanical expres­ ing capacities of 50-60 tons per day of high-oil sion methods (4, 5, 7). For many years solvent content seeds are approximately the same over-all extraction was applied in Europ>e to the recovery dimensions as American expellers, but require con­ of cottonseed oil from hydraulic press cake im­ siderably less power to operate. Expellers having a ported from the United States. At one time exports capacity of 150 tons per day were constructed and of cottonseed cake to Europe amounted to approxi­ operated in Germany during World War II (see Fig­ mately three-quarters of a million tons, annually. ures 2 and 3). These expellers were used for press­ Part of this cake was extracted in countercurrent ing pulp but similar expellers are being designed for batch extractors to recover the residual oil, and the use on oilseeds. extracted cake was then fed to livestock. When cotton seed is processed by the expeller With few exceptions oilseeds of relatively high oil forepressing-solvent extraction method, it is first content are difficult to handle by direct solvent ex­ rolled and cooked at temperatures of 165° F. (75° C.) traction. In fact Terres (15) stated that a good or slightly higher in stack cookers consisting gen­ yield of oil is assured with the modern continuous erally of two, but sometimes of more than two, solvent extraction systems then on the market stacks or kettles. The rolled meats are pressed in (1937) only when oil-rich seeds are first forepressed two stages, first to 25 to 30 percent oil content, then in high capacity expeller presses. Palm kernels and to 15 to 20 percent, after which they are rerolled and castor beans are exceptions to this statement. Be­ solvent extracted either in countercurrent batch cause of the fibrous structure of the palm kernel, this oilseed, which contains an average of 45 per­ cent oil, can be readily flaked and directly extracted by a variety of solvent extraction processes. It is possible that some of the solvent systems developed since 1937 may be better adapted to direct extrac­ tion of high oil-content seeds. Although the average oil content of whole cotton seed is about 19 per cent, or approximately the same as that of soybeans, the kernels contain approxi­ mately 35 percent oil. Since it is customary to delint and decorticate cotton seed prior to extraction of the oil, this seed may be classed in the group of oleagi­ nous materials, having medium to high oil content, and it is not easily handled by the direct solvent- extraction method. . Prior to World War II, many European oil mills imported cotton seed from Egypt and India and

'The above-mentioned extractors, as well as other types are described and discussed in the article by W . H. Goss which Figure 2. Muller Screw Press with jacket removed, 150-ton appears in this issue of The Oil Mill Gazetteer. capacity. Page 30 O I L MILL GAZETTEER lanuary* 1947 or continuous extractors to produce a meal having an dark pigmentation of these products only one pig­ oil content of one percent or less. The meal produced ment, namely, light yellow gossypol, has, until re­ in this process is superior for some purposes to that cently, been isolated from cotton seed. To this produced by the hydraulic or the high pressure- pigment has been attributed the multitude of color expeller process because it is subjected to relatively problems associated with cotton seed and its lower pressure and correspondingly lower temper­ products. atures. The oil obtained by forepressing is generally When the Southern Regional Research Labora­ of higher quality for the same reason, and the oil tory (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27) began work on subsequently extracted with solvent is superior to this problem about four years ago there was dis­ that obtained by direct solvent extraction because covered in rapid succession a series of previously part of the pigments of the seed accompanies the unrecognized pigments, three of which have been expressed oil and part of the remainder is rendered isolated and named because of their occurrence in insoluble. Gossypium hirsutum and their colors, gossypur- purin, a dark purple pigment; gossyfulvin, an Direct Solvent Extraction of Cotton Seed orange-yellow pigment; and gossycaerulin, a blue In contrast to European practice, attempts have pigment. The last mentioned pigment has been been made in the United States to treat high-oil found only in cooked cottonseed meats. Still more content seeds, particularly cotton seed and peanuts, recently evidence has been obtained of the presence by direct solvent extraction without prior forepress­ in cotton seed of no less than eleven pigments in ing. Much effort has been expended in Europe dur­ addition to gossypol. ing the past 30 years to solvent extract high-oil Most of these pigments are found to reside in content seeds directly by a wide variety of batch and special organs of the cotton seed which are gen­ continuous processes. Palm kernels and castor beans erally referred to as pigment glands. These glands, are the only high-oil content seeds which have the blue-black dots observed in a section of a cotton proved to be amenable to this type of processing. seed or in rolled uncooked meats, are walled-off All of the difficulties involved in the direct ex­ bodies which appear to be unconnected with the traction of high-oil content seeds are inherent in remainder of the tissue of the kernel. cotton seed and, in addition, there are a number of The peculiar properties of both the glands and others which are unique to this seed and to the condi­ their pigmented contents contribute to the difficul­ tions under which it is produced in this country. ties of applying solvent methods to the extraction of cotton seed. The pigment glands possess high These problems include the collection, trans­ mechanical strength and are relatively resistant to port, and storage of adequate quantities of seed to rupture, especially by rolling and similar mechani­ supply an extraction plant of economical size (17) ; cal treatment (22, 23). These glands are likewise the technical problems involved in preparation and resistant to the action of solvents being attacked extraction of flakes including thickness, permeabil­ only by water, ethyl ether, and few low molecular ity, and mechanical strength (17); separation of weight solvents (23). They are particularly resist­ fines and distillation of the miscella (18, 19) ; refin­ ant to attack by petroleum naphthas, higher chlori­ ing of the oil and treatment of the meal. The last nated hydrocarbons, and many other organic sol­ mentioned problems are associated with the pig­ vents. However, if these relatively inert solvents mentation of the cotton seed which is unlike that of are moist they will slowly attack the pigment glands any other oilseed of commerce (20, 21, 22). at rates which are proportional to the moisture con­ Everyone who has examined a cotton seed, espe­ tent of the latter and the temperature of the solvent. cially by the early method of grading, i.e., by cutting The distribution, between oil and meal, of the pig­ it in two and examining the color of the kernel, or ments in the glands will therefore depend primarily who has seen crude cottonseed oil run from the on the solvent usel. If cotton seed is extracted with press has noted the blue-black coloration of the ethyl ether, the pigments will be found primarily in kernels and the red to black color of the expressed the oil; if it is extracted with moisture-free petro­ oil. Despite the innumerable observations of the leum naphtha, the pigments will remain primarily with the meal. If moist petroleum naphtha is used, some of the pigment will be found in the oil but principally in the meal with deleterious effects on both products (18, 19). These deleterious effects arise from- certain char­ acteristics of the pigments, which for the most part are relatively unstable and, therefore, readily undergo conversion into a series o f other colored products, some being more deleterious than the original pigments. The pigments which are extract­ ed with the oil undergo degradation (color fixation) when the miscella is distilled according to conven­ tional practice, with the result that the oil produced is difficult or impossible to refine and bleach (18, 19). This difficulty can be minimized or avoided by distillation under reduced pressure (19). On the other hand, if most or all of the pigments remain in the meal they exert a deleterious effect on the nutritional quality of the meal and render it Figure 3. Muller Screw Press with jacket in place. Note unfit for industrial use. Part of the pigments re­ relative sizes of workman and press. maining in the meal will be destroyed or co n v erted JanuarY' 1947 OIL MILL GAZETTEER Page 31

into other pigments during the desolventizing of (4) Markley, K. S., Fats, Oils, Oilseeds and Related In­ the meal. The degree to which this occurs depends dustries of Germany and Northwest Europe, U. S. Group Control Council, Germany. Off. Pub. Bd., Washington, D. C., on the conditions of desolventation, especially upon Report PB 18302, 1945. the temperature, moisture, and time. If destruction (5) Singer, M., Seifensieder Zeit., 64, 863-865, 881-882 of the pigments is not complete during desolventa­ (1937). tion, the meal must be subjected to additional treat­ (6) Hildebrandt, O. K., Fette u. Seifen, 46, 350-352 (1939). (7) Hefter-Schonfeld, Chemie und Technologie der Fette ment to complete the process. und Fettprodukte 1, 677-753 (1936). It has recently been reported that one firm in (8) Bailey, A. E., Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Inter­ Peru is extracting cotton seed with liquid butane but science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1945, pp. 479-498. examination of the meal indicates that it contains (9) Beckel, A. C., A. Bibliography on the Solvent Extrac­ tion of Vegetable Oils from Raw Materials, Oil & Soap, 21, practically all of the gossypol which was present in 264-270 (1944). the original seed. (10) Bilbe, C. W., Mech. Eng., 63, 357-360 (1941). (11) Boruff, C. S., and Miller, D., Oil & Soap, 14, 312-313 A New Solvent Method of Processing Cotton Seed (1937). The Southern Regional Research Laboratory (12) Bonotto, M., Oil & Soap, 14, 310-312 (1937). recently developed on a laboratory scale an entirely (13) Gehle, H., Fette u. Seifen, 47, 360-364 (1940). (14) Goss, W. H., Chem. & Met. Eng., 48, (No. 4), 80-84 new and unique method of processing cotton seed (1941). (22). In attempting to separate the intact pigment (15) Terres, M., Fette u. Seifen, 44, 483-485 (1937). glands from the surrounding tissue of the cotton­ (16) Veenhuyzen, G. (to Fried. Krupp Grusonwerk A. G.), seed kernel in order that the pigments contained U. S. Patent 1,769,658 (July 1, 1930). (17) Markley, K. S., and Lynch, D. F. J., The Technology therein might be investigated in the absence of the of the Cottonseed Crushing Industry, ACE-63, mimeographed. other constituents of the kernel, a process was de­ (18) Pollard, E. F., Vix, H. L. E., and Gastrock, E. A., veloped whereby the kernel is separated into three Ind. Eng. Chem., 37, 1022-1026 (1945). distinct components. In this process the cottonseed (19) Vix, H. L. E., Pollard, E. F., Spadaro, J. J., and Gastrock, E. A., Ind. Eng. Chem., 38, 635-642 (1946). meats are rolled to form very thin flakes and then (20) Boatner, C. H., Oil & Soap, 21, 10-15 (1944). disintegrated by violent agitation in a liquid medium (21) Boatner, C. H., Caravella, M., and Samuels, C. S., which makes possible their separation by flotation J. Amer. Chem. Soe., 66, 838-839 (1944); Oil Mill Gazetteer, into (a) intact pigment glands, (b) an oil-solvent 50, (No. 9), 15-16 (1946). (22) Boatner, C. H., and Hall, C. M., Oil & Soap, 23, mixture, and (c) meal free of oil and pigment 123-128 (1946). glands. (23) Boatner, C. H., Hall, C. M., and Rollins, M. L., The The disintegration and separation of the rolled Pigment Glands of Cottonseed. II. Nature and Properties of meats into these three components is effected in a the Gland Membranes, Bot. Gazz. (In press). medium comprising a mixture of chlorinated and (24) Boatner, C. H., Samuels, C. S., Hall, C. M., and Caravella, M., The Pigments of Cottonseed. II. Gossycaerulin, unchlorinated solvents adjusted to a specific gravity A Blue Quinoid Gossypol Occurring in Cooked Cottonseed, that allows the pigment glands to float to the surface J. Amer, Chem. Soc. (In press). and the meal to sink to the bottom, leaving the (25) Boatner, C. H., O’Connor, R. T., Caravella, M., and miscella or oil-solvent mixture between the two (22). Samuels, C. S., The Pigments of Cottonseed. III. Gossyfulvin, a Native Cottonseed Pigment Related to Gossypol, J. Amer. Since practically all of the gossypol group of pig­ Chem. Soc. (In press). ments are removed in the form of the intact glands, (26) Boatner, C. H., Hall, C. M., O’Connor, R. T., Castillon, the meal and oil are relatively light colored. The L. E., and Caravella, M., Processing of Cottonseed. I. Pig­ protein content of the meal (approximately 60 per­ ment Distribution in Oils and Meals by Hydraulic and Screw Press Methods, Oil & Soap. (In press). cent) is increased both by removal of the glands, (27) Boatner, C. H., Hall, C. M., and O’Connor, R. T., which amount to approximately 3 percent of the Processing of Cottonseed. II. Factors Determining the Dis­ weight of the meal, and by the nearly complete re­ tribution of Pigments in Products Prepared by Solvent Ex­ moval of the oil. Because of the complete removal of traction of Cottonseed, Presented before the 37th Annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, May 15-17, the gossypol pigments, they can have no effect on 1946. the nutritional quality of the meal either for feed­ ing livestock or as food for human consumption. Furthermore, the meal produced in this process is light colored and relatively undenatured, since it need not be subjected to high temperatures and pres­ HYDRAULIC PUMPS sures ; it can therefore be used as a source of protein Aldridge Pump Co. Vertical Triplex HYDRAULIC tor industrial uses. PUMPS, 23/4" x 8", equipped with Herringbone This process is now being operated on a prepilot Pjant scale and substantial quantities of pigment gears, 67.5 GPM. Maximum pressure for inter­ glands and gland-free meal have been produced. mittent duty 2,200 lbs., for continuous duty 1,800 ch development work needs to be done before the lbs. Pump and motor mounted on common bed piocess can be considered for operation on a large plate. scale, but pilot plant research is being conducted in _n_ ettort to develop a feasible industrial process.4 Motors are 75 HP, 3/60/220-440 volts, 1740 RPM. Complete with starting panel, consisting of G.E. prn^p6 ? nSin®®ring and Development Division of the South- ^sea rch Laboratory reports that to date, 1900 motorstarter switch, push button control, square this Tvf Ju flaked cottonseed meats have been processed by “D” Switch, and capacitator. inp- m t v produce 33 pounds of glands and correspond- Q antities of gland-and oil-free meal, and oil. Purchased new 3^ years ago. Excellent condi­ Literature Cited tion. Available for immediate delivery. Jh B-’ Proceedings Fiftieth Annual Conven- (I94fi'i n il Cottonseed Products Association, May 20-22 CONSOLIDATED PRODUCTS CO., INC. 29-34 (194G)°n an<^ ^ ° ^ on Oil Press, Convention No., pp. 17-18 PARK ROW NEW YORK, N. Y. (2) Wessen, D., Oil and Fat Ind., 7, 217-218 (1930). W Wessen, D., Oil & Soap, 10, 151 (1933). PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 32 OIL MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947

THE NEW AND THE OLD IN OIL EXTRACTION is bound to command serious respect regardless of By M. BONOTTO how the market is influenced by war or peace. Sometimes a successfully developed new process The American crushers of cottonseed, peanuts is not readily accepted by industry and it must and flaxseed are becoming more and more inter­ wage a long, uphill struggle against opposition, ested in the new oil extraction technique. How­ simply because its principles are not understood or ever, from my personal contacts with a large num­ because it jeopardizes long established interests or ber of cottonseed press operators, I have gotten practices. Sometimes it is due to the over-enthusi­ the impression that there is a certain amount of asm of the developers and the exaggerated claims confusion. Prejudice exists among them and a feel­ of manufacturers who wish to industrialize the new ing that some unknown danger will come to the oil process. crushing industry with the advent of this new oil The solvent method of extracting vegetable oils extraction system. In an effort to help you to is a veteran of this uphill struggle and is still m eet­ clarify your ideas on the subject, I will give you a ing resistance every time it attempts to enter a summary of my personal impressions without any field where the extraction of oil has been previously special attempt to influence your judgment. My done by mechanical presses. long experience in the oil extraction field restrains Not to mention the successful results obtained me from being one of those over-enthusiastic preach­ in the European vegetable oil field, I would like to ers of the new gospel who, as I said before, are point out to you the recent victory of the solvent doing more harm than good. extraction system in the American soy bean oil Comparing the Old With the New industry. Everyone of you know how the new solvent extraction plants processing soy beans I will try not to be too technical and I think that helped the vegetable oil situation during the second my task would be easier if I start by comparing the World War; and how a new protein-food was made operation of the press system with the solvent sys­ available in large quantities, both for humans and tem in a plant of average standard, eliminating for animals. our purpose, all the refinements and generalizing The new system asserted itself not only tech­ on the equipment and machinery. nically but also economically. Solvent extraction To begin with, the purpose of both systems is to plants were a success financially in the United States extract the maximum amount of oil contained in the before the war, and although the war accelerated oil cells of the oil-bearing seeds and to leave the their use, it was not the main factor in their growth. extracted meal in the best marketable condition. Generally when a process yields more of a finished The reason for leaving the least amount of oil product without increasing the processing cost it in the meal is obvious when we consider that the

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PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 33 market value of a pound of oil is much higher than finely crushing the seeds right in the solvent, that a pound of meal. If standards for cottonseed meal is, submerging the rolls in the solvent itself and specify a certain percentage of oil, it is of no con­ running them so as to break completely the oil cells. sequence in my present analysis of the two processes. Against the advantage of lessening by a few min­ New specifications undoubtedly will be agreed upon utes the time of actual extraction, such a procedure when the solvent extracted meal will appear regu­ would complicate the successive steps of the process larly on the market and we may expect that the because of the exceedingly high comminute con­ same thing will be true as far as the oil is con­ dition to which the seeds are reduced. cerned. It is safe to assume that the diffusion process Both systems use the same equipment for receiv­ in the case of vegetable oil is based on the permeable ing the raw material at the plant, for cleaning, con­ quality of the cellulose membrane which makes up ditioning and conveying it to storage. The same the wall of the cells. I will try to explain to you conveyor and elevating equipment is also used to how it works as I see it. bring the seeds from storage to the processing Suppose that we take one of these cells full of department of the plant. Speaking, from now on, oil and put it in a hypothetical container full of a especially about cottonseed, the same machinery and liquid in which the oil is soluble (which is called procedure is used in both processes to delint the the solvent of the oil) and let us suppose that this seeds, separate the hulls and deliver the kernels liquid is a certain kind of gasoline. Immediately to the rolls. The only difference at this point is the oil inside the cell starts flowing out through that it is desirable, but not necessary, to remove a the walls and goes into the solvent, while the solvent greater portion of .the hulls from the kernels to from the outside flows in and difuses into the oil. be processed through the solvent extraction plant. This exchange of liquids through a permeable mem­ On the contrary, the presence of a certain amount brane is due to an energy created by a difference of hulls in the meats seems necessary for better of concentration and goes on until the percentage results in pressing. Except for an occasional dryer of oil dissolved in the liquid outside the cell is equal used in the solvent extraction plant to eliminate to the percentage of the oil dissolved in the liquid any possible excess moisture in the kernels and to inside of it; this means that a concentration equi­ warm them in cold weather, the two processes are librium has been reached. exactly alike up to this point. At this moment the interchange of liquids stops, The real difference starts with the rolls; from and to start it again the equilibrium concentration this step on the powerful mechanical characteristics must be altered. This may be done by pouring off of the press system show up as compared with the the solvent-oil mixture (called miscella) from the mild, improperly called chemical character of the solvent system. I said “improperly called chemical character” because no chemical reaction whatsoever occurs in the solvent process. If the solvent had a tendency to react with the material under process HAYS SUPPLY CO. or the metals which the equipment is made of it would be ruled out. In addition, the proper solvent Headquarters For has to have qualities which make it readily and completely separable from the oil as well as the Carborundum Company’s meal. Abrasive Wheels, Stones and Coated Abrasives In the solvent extraction system the work of the Nicholson File Company’s rolls is much lighter and is confined to the simple American and Swiss Pattern Files—Rotary Files function of flattening the seeds so as to expose Wendt-Sonis Company’s to the action of the solvent the maximum surface Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools containing the unbroken oil cells. To produce flakes Union Twist Drill Company’s suitable for solvent extraction (about 13 to 15 High-Speed Drills, Milling Cutters and End Mills thousandths of an inch thick) the rolls are set in Greenfield Tap and Die Corporation’s pairs m a horizontal plane, have a relatively high High-Speed Taps, Dies an.d Screw Plates capacity, have practically no difference in peripheral L. S. Starrett Company’s speed and require a relatively small amount of Precision Machinists Tools power. Broivn & Sharpe Company’s Theoretically it would be possible to extract all Precision Tools and Cutters the oil from the whole cottonseed kernel without American Saw and Manufacturing Co.’s flaking it, providing that enough time were allowed Lenox High-Speed Hack Saws and Metal-Cutting Saws and enough solvent used, but this would not be Enco Manufacturing Company’s practical. Tailstock and Tool Post Turrets To accomplish better results under the press sys­ The Devilbiss Company’s tem the greater part of the oil cells are broken up Air Compressors and Paint Spray Equipment mechanically and the remainder bursted by steam Modern Engineering Company’s action; in this way the oil is freed and may be Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting Apparatus extracted from the solid mass when the cake is Hobart Brothers Company’s m the press. Multi-Range Gasoline and Electric-Driven Arc Welders Glenn-Roberts Company’s The Diffusion Principle G-R A. C. Arc Welders The solvent extraction system operates on the 287 S. FRONT ST. PHONE 5-2717 diffusion principle and extracts the oil from the MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE ?il cells without the necessity of breaking or burst- lrig them. Some people advocate the principle of PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 34 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947 container and replenishing it with fresh solvent. whole press system depending too much on the in­ When the equilibrium is reached again (but this dividual ability of the operator to produce proper time it will be at a lower concentration) the opera­ results. tion is repeated and so on gradually until the cell With my process, for instance, the resulting ex­ becomes full of pure solvent, having replaced the tracted meal can also be processed for uses other original oil. than feed, as the gossypol may be decomposed dur­ Suppose now that all the oil in the solvent mix­ ing the solvent elimination step, which is after the ture (miscella) poured off the hypothetical con­ oil is extracted. tainer was collected: then by separating the solvent Proceeding in our analysis, after the meats are by distillation we will recover the oil formerly con­ properly conditioned they are conveyed to the presses tained in the cell under consideration. This phe­ previous to the “forming” operation when hydraulic nomenon is subject to a number of well known presses are used. After the oil is pressed out, fur­ physical laws and may be perfectly controlled from ther handling is required before the grinding opera­ the start to the finish. tion. Simplicity and Speed On the contrary, with the solvent extraction sys­ In some extraction systems, like mine for in­ tem once the meats go into the continuous ex­ stance, the cottonseed flakes are conveyed from tractor, they are not seen again until they are dis­ the rolls straight to the extractor without the cook­ charged as a continuous stream of extracted meal ing operation. In this instance, we again have a containing less than 1% of oil and ready to be great difference between the press and the solvent cooled off and ground. While the pressed oil is system because the so-called steaming, cooking and visible as soon as it pours out of the press, the oil conditioning steps of the press method are elimi­ extracted by solvent has to go through an elaborate nated. The cottonseed oil mill superintendent, I and exacting process of distillation before you see am sure, is the first one to appreciate the advantages it flowing to the storage tanks. The distillation derived by the elimination of this troublesome step; step, however, is fully automatic and requires only it means a saving in steam and aspirin consump­ from 10 to 15 minutes. The solvent is thus evapo­ tion due to the headaches caused by the cookers. rated from the oil and reused. From a control board The press system depends on the proper pre­ or through recording instruments the superintend­ liminary cooking of the meats; this step affects ent may follow this step every minute of the 24-hour considerably the yield and the quality of the fin­ period. The operation of the extractor may be con­ ished oil and, in addition, produces a denatured trolled and supervised from your desk in the same meal adaptable for feed only. A great deal of re­ way; and the whole process is carried out in a search and work has been done to control it; never­ safe, clean building far different from the messy, theless, it remains the most empirical step of the dusty and suffocating surroundings of the cookers and press rooms. Temperature and pressure recorders, flow meters and automatic controls replace the human element HOUSTON LABORATORIES :: in a modern solvent plant. With one operator at the control board and one doing permanent inspec­ F. R. ROBERTSON, Ph. C. < " ► tion throughout the building, the solvent extraction < ► plant works quietly and smoothly 24 hours a day, Analytical and Consulting Chemist ” month after month, without stopping. The standard i ► quality of the product does not depend on such a COTTONSEED AND PEANUT PRODUCTS - variable factor as individual skill; the superintend­ A SPECIALTY „ ent sets the processing conditions and the instru­ < ► ments guide the operator. Member National C. S. P. A. and Texas Cotton Seed Crushers Association and Referee Chemist <► Economical Factors of the American Oil Chemists ^ Society Regarding the physical and chemical character­ < ► istics of the oil produced by the two systems there Long Distance Phone: Houston 267 0 does not seem to be any appreciable difference as l206,/2 Preston Avenue HOUSTON, TEXAS o <► far as the refining requirements are concerned. Moreover, the solvent extraction process is more

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PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 35 flexible and is in a better position to meet more equipment, the increased capacity and local condi­ exacting raw oil specifications that the refining in­ tions make this method of processing economical dustry may demand in the future. when the cost of steam and electricity is high, and There is practically no difference between the labor is comparatively cheap. Personally, in the two processes regarding cost of operation. If in case of a completely new project, I cannot see any some instances there is a difference it would be special advantage in the investment for presses and due to local conditions, or the fact that the capacity accessories in order to follow the above procedure of the solvent extraction plant is near its minimum when the cost of steam, power and labor is some­ economical size; in this case the solvent extraction what balanced. If the material to be processed plant processes at higher cost. The same holds has a high oil content the solvent extraction plant true when a plant is built in a place where the becomes economical if it can deliver to the distilla­ price of the cooling water necessary for the con­ tion system a miscella containing not less than 40% densers is prohibitive or where the cost of the solvent of oil by weight. is out of line due to lack of transportation facilities. Get Ready for Tomorrow For example, a projected solvent extraction plant From what I have said you can realize that I have for .cottonseed to be built in Egypt was recently not attempted to sell you the solvent extraction discouraged by our company for the reasons stated system on a more-money-for-your-investment-basis. above; but in the United States I do not know of My purpose is to call your attention to this new any place where a solvent extraction plant would process and, by analyzing it, invite your serious have to operate under such conditions, unless one consideration of its merits, possibilities and its fu­ would wish to install a plant in the Arizona desert! ture. I do not think that its adoption by the cotton­ The depreciation of the solvent extraction equip­ seed crushers will produce revolutionary changes; ment as well as its maintenance is much lower it will, however, improve technically and economical­ than the press machinery, but this advantage is ly your position as superintendents and that of your partially offset by the solvent losses. The slightly more intelligent workers. It is not difficult to be­ higher initial investment of the solvent extraction come thoroughly familiar with this new technique plant is compensated by the saving in labor cost. and it will give you more satisfaction, and better The insurance rates are about the same and in working conditions. some instances are lower for the solvent extraction There is a last and a more important point in plant. favor of the new process that I want to present to Going now into the profit end of the subject it you before closing. The trend to transform an in­ may be generally stated that the income resulting dustrial process from the batch operation to the from the additional oil obtained by the solvent continuous one, has also reached the vegetable oil process represents its economical advantage. In industry. Very promising results are known to have making this statement I am being conservative, as been obtained in pilot plants with new continuous I am not an expert in this matter and therefore leave it up to the economists to evaluate it. The fact remains that the Balance Sheets of solvent extrac­ Whatever Your Needs Are in tion plants in the United States present a very good picture. LEATHER BELTING After analyzing the analogies and the differences for all between the two systems let us see if the two can be operated together. There are such cases and, OIL MILL and GINNING MACHINERY especially in Europe, a large number of press plants operate in conjunction with the solvent system “AKRON” when processing material with an oil content above CAN SUPPLY THEM 35%, such as peanuts, copra, flaxseed, etc. In such Branch Office and Repair Plant at 406 South Second St. instances a first light pressing is employed so as Memphis, Tenn. to leave in the cake about 20% to 24% of oil; this procedure increases the capacity of the press room THE AKRON BELTING CO. by about 60%. Then the resulting cake is sent Akron, Ohio through the solvent plant and the oil is extracted Leather Belting Makers Since 1885 down to less than 1% . The utilization of existing

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PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 36 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Ianuary, 1947 systems for refining, deodorizing, hydrogenizing veg­ come to the conclusion that any actual operating etable oils and also for soap manufacturing. Some figures of the past presented to you at this time of these processes have been in commercial operation would be just so many figures and wouldn’t have for years and it is now the opinion of the experts any particular relationship to the relative merits of in this new field that a more controllable way of one or more oil processing methods. This led me to extracting oil from seeds will eventually prove itself take the liberty of broadening the subject and dis­ a necessity. cussing with you in more or less general terms the The industry that transforms the oil to suit the consumer by finding new and more profitable uses relative merits of all three processes that are now for it is today well on its way towards moderniza­ either existent or proposed, that is, the hydraulic tion. system of pressing, the mechanical screw press or Can the oil crusher afford to ignore these facts expeller system and the proposed solvent extraction and merrily go on extracting oil with the same sys­ process. This subject, for ease of handling, may be tem used by the Chinese 2000 years B. C. ? readily divided into two—that is, a comparison of the two existing processes, which in effect will be an actual comparison; and secondly, a comparison EXTRACTING OIL FROM COTTONSEED AND OTHER OIL BEARING SEEDS between the better of the two existing processes and a hypothetical process which doesn’t yet exist, that By L. U. COLE is, the solvent extraction process. Having taken the Paper Read at the Annual Convention in Fort Worth of the liberty of broadening the subject, I am not going to National Oil Mill Superintendents Association, July 8, 1946. bore you with a lengthy paper, going into the details It is indeed an honor to have been asked to discuss of all three processes, but will compensate for my the subject of oil extraction with you. In approach­ extension of the subject by treating each process in ing this subject my first thought was to give you its broadest aspect. a rather elaborate and detailed comparison between the two well-known processes, that is, the hydraulic In comparing the expeller or mechanical press process and the expeller process, one which would with the hydraulic system, it may be said, first, from include not only the qualitative characteristics of the qualitative viewpoint, that the expeller has about the products and the relative yields; but also the rel­ come of age. There never has been any doubt in the ative costs of the two. After having devoted a con­ past that the expeller could produce more oil than siderable amount of energy toward collecting data, the hydraulic system, but there has been some doubt I have come to the conclusion that we are now and that the oil produced by the expeller system would have for the last three or four years been working be equal in value to hydraulic production. With the under such unusual conditions with reference to cost, that anything I might compile would after all introduction of cooling features on the mechanical be past history and not reflect the probabilities of screw press, a development that has occurred in the the future. Certainly none of us is interested in re­ last few years, it may now be stated without much hashing the past. It is the future that holds our at­ fear of contradiction that oil produced by the screw tention. This condition was particularly impressed press is equal to if not superior to that produced by upon my mind when I approached the subject of the hydraulic system. From the quantitative view­ costs. A study of available cost figures showed that point, that is having to do with yields, as mentioned some mills were operating near war plants and re­ above the expeller process inherently produces a flected more nearly the cost of war production than greater amount of oil and further protects the manu­ they did of oil milling. Others were operating on facturer against the human element which has been very unusual schedules because of the shortage of so undependable and irritating in the past few years. press room labor and reflected not the cost of oper­ Expressing this another way, the hydraulic system ation of a process but the cost of operation under is known to produce fairly good results provided it that particular condition. Then most everybody was has fairly good attendance, but without fairly good operating with what normally would be considered attendance there is always an accidental feature in inefficient labor, to the extent that in many cases the hydraulic system, over which we sometimes have two men were required to do the work of one. Add control and sometimes we don’t. There is daily fluc­ to all of this the existence of widely divergent wage tuation in the forming, cooking, in the placement of scales and you can readily appreciate why I have cake in the presses, et cetera, et cetera, all of which are human elements. When these things are work­ ing right, they do pretty good work but they never work uniformly. In this, I am trying to point out Robt. H. Acock, Managing Chemist Phone 9555 that the expeller not only enjoys an inherent ability to produce more oil from a ton of seed but also en­ ACOCK LABORATORIES joys the advantages of uniformity achieved by the elimination of the human element, a defect always Analytical and Consulting Chemists present in the hydraulic system. Official Chemists National Cottonseed Products Ass’n From the cost viewpoint, again the expeller enjoys National Soybean Processors A ss’n the advantage. In oil processing, the expeller is sim­ Referee Chemists— American Oil Chemists Society ply following the age-old industrial evolution where Member Texas Cottonseed Crushers A ss’i? power is substituted for human effort. The relative Service— Fast and Accurate Analysis of All advantage that the expeller enjoys with reference Cottonseed and its Products to cost of course depends chiefly upon the relation­ ship between cost of labor and cost of power. There Austin, Texas still exists in some places in the world today eco­ nomic conditions where labor is actually cheaper PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS JanuctrY' 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 37

than power, and under such conditions the expeller do with the presence of gossypol. You aM know that e n jo y s no advantage over the hydraulic process. when we cook cottonseed meats we denature the Those conditions however do not govern in this gossypol and convert it from what is normally con­ co n a tr y , and further, I am inclined to believe that sidered a detrimental feeding material to a harmless the future development is pointed toward higher one. If you solvent extract and expect to produce a labor costs and lower power costs. Should I be cor­ feedstuff, you must still cook either the meats to be rect in this assumption, then we may look forward extracted or the meats after extraction, so as to de­ to an increasing advantage in favor of the expeller. nature this gossypol. If you cook it before extrac­ In summation, it may be said that within the three tion, then you make a great deal of coloring matter aspects of manufacture— that is the qualitative, the available to the solvent and you turn up with dark- quantitative, and the cost— the expeller through in­ colored oil. If you cook it after extraction, then you may or may not be facing a new and different proc­ creased yields and lower costs enjoys the advantage ess for denaturing meal. At least so far as I am in two without suffering from any disability in the aware, there has been no process developed, con­ third. firmed by biological experiment, which could assure In the introduction I pointed out to you that I had you solvent extracted meal from uncooked meats broadened out the subject to include a third and pro­ equal in value as a feedstuff to meal produced by posed process, solvent extraction. It is always dif­ the present methods. So here you hit upon another ficult to compare an actuality with a proposal. It unsolved approach to solvent extraction, and that is, might be well to go back somewhat into the history what are you going to extract? I might call to your of solvent extraction. There is nothing new about attention that the Southern Regional Research Lab­ it. It has been used in laboratories ever since the oratories at New Orleans has approached this prob­ modern chemist has come into being, which is pretty lem from another viewpoint and that is to develop far back. Then again it went into industrial appli­ a process for quantitatively removing all gossypol cation on specialized products way back in the from the meats before oil recovery is attempted. 1800’s. These plants were small and were devoted This process is at present in the laboratory stage usually to by-product operations or to specialized and if successfully ‘developed, may lead to a cotton­ high-priced commodity recoveries. It first came into seed solvent process involving really two processes. industrial being as a fat recovery process from oil I should also like to point out to you the course bearing seeds in the 1920’s. It may be said that the solvent extraction has followed in Europe, where it first really successful solvent extraction was _ de­ is more highly developed than it is in this country. veloped in the ’20’s and applied to soyabeans. Since The Europeans go on the fundamental assumption that time the solvent extraction has enjoyed an in­ that the solvent extraction process is not applicable creasing popularity in its application to soyabeans to any oil bearing seed having an oil content in ex­ but it is worthwhile noting that it hasn’t yet sup­ cess of 18%. Beans are fine. Other products with planted the expeller, even though it has_ enjoyed higher oil content won’t work. So what they do is what might be called a successful industrial appli­ first convert other oil bearing seeds into the equiva­ cation for the last twenty years. So far as I am lent of beans by first passing them through an ex­ aware it has enjoyed no great industrial application peller and reducing the oil content to 15% or 18%. for any commodity other than beans. There have They then extract the residue with solvent. If this been several attempts made in this and other coun­ is the eventual application of the solvent extraction tries to extract other materials and so far as my process, you must consider not that we are dealing knowledge goes, they have met with only indifferent with a comparison between the expeller and the sol­ success. The fact that this process might be success­ vent extraction process but in all probability we are fully applied to one oil bearing commodity doesn’t considering whether it is economical to add the sol­ mean that it can meet with equal success when vent process to the expeller. The main point how­ applied to another. Because of the versatility of the ever is, at the present stage of the game, we don’t hydraulic and the expeller presses we are accustomed know where to start a comparison. There are too to think of oil recovery as being more or less the many unknown factors in the application of solvent same independent of the product worked. This is extraction to oil bearing seeds other than soyabeans, certainly not true when you think of solvent extrac­ to allow for anything but speculation—and if this tion, because this solvent process introduces into the is true of other oil bearing seeds, it is particularly scheme of recovery new and additional factors not true of cottonseed because cottonseed has one prob­ existing in the others. lem in addition to all those presented by other seeds, For example, interaction of the solvent with the and that is the presence of gossypol. In the cotton­ oil bearing material may and does produce recovered seed we are dealing with a dark colored as distin­ materials other than fats, which have a direct bear­ guished from the light oils such as sesam§, peanut, ing on the qualitative characteristics of the fat. linseed and soya. There are new and unsolved prob- Then too the solvent extraction process introduces a second mechanical feature not present in other processes, through the physical disintegration of the oil bearing material when it is subjected to the ac­ tion of the solvent. This exhibits itself in the pro­ ELECTRICAL REPAIR WORK duction of fines, which not only bring about techni­ 2301 Prairie Avenue cal difficulties in the processing itself but affect the quality of the finished feedstuffs in so far as they HOUSTON, TEXAS are produced in a mechanical condition unsuitable tor animal consumption. Then too, in the specific application to cottonseed, there is still a third new HOUSTON ARMATURE WORKS element introduced by solvent extraction, having to PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Page 38 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January. 1947

lems here. There is a good deal of conversation and THE USE OF ERIEZ NON ELECTRIC MAGNETO some industrial experimentation going on in this IN OIL SEED PLANTS country at this time involving the application of sol­ vent to the cottonseed. A successful solution, if it is attained, will require years, and when it is solved, we still don’t know if it is going to be a process added on to our present process or whether it can stand by itself as a separate and distinct one. If you f IS If consider, as a great number of people do, the simple 5 ■ * * I question of how much oil one process can recover as compared with another and let it go at that, you .....— .. . will find a great incentive in following the develop­ ment of the solvent extraction process or even pio­ ERIEZ Non-Electric Permanent Magnets, manu­ neering in that field. On the other hand, if you factured by ERIEZ MANUFACTURING COM­ broaden your thought to the realm of the qualitative PANY, 88 East 12th Street, Erie, Pa., are innova­ features—that is, what kind of oil you are going to tions in the oil seed field. Made of Alnico, under produce and what will be its value as compared with General Electric patents, they are very powerful oil now produced— how are you going to sell feed- non-electric magnets. ERIEZ Magnets are very stuffs with a lower productive energy value at the same price with present day feedstuffs?—what are practical in oil seed extraction plants because of you going to do about the elimination of fines in the their extremely flexible design . . . being light 222 process^ itself, and then eliminate them again so that weight.. . having unique features which adapt them the animal will accept the feed without getting to any width or length required . .. possess the out­ dusted ?— and further, which of the three routes that standing feature of being non-electric, thus elimi­ are now available are you going to start with, and nating the extreme danger of sparks from electrical still further how will you handle gossypol—you will connections, “shorts” and the like. find cause to pause. ERIEZ Magnets, used in oil seed plants, remove Nothing has been said about the cost of solvent all tramp iron from such materials as. beans, seeds, extraction equipment. The indications, from what nuts, copra, palm leaves— and other oil-bearing plant I have heard, are that the first installation cost is seeds and grains. The danger of tramp iron sparks going to be higher than the crushing equivalent in dust-filled elevators, scalpers, etc., is thus elimi­ press room in expellers. But this is simply the first nated when ERIEZ Magnets are installed wherever cost. How much experimentation and plant revision such materials are conveyed. is going to be necessary after the first installation lies in the hands of the gods. With all of these un­ Usually ERIEZ Magnetic Protection is installed known factors, it becomes apparent why I stated in at strategic points: the beginning it is difficult to compare an actuality 1. Where seeds, etc., enter the plant before being with a proposal. It would be a little easier if you stored in elevators; could compare an actuality with one proposal but it becomes even more difficult when you compare 2. Ahead of machinery (such as “3-high mills,” it with three alternate proposals. In short, it is my “flaking rolls” and “hydraulic presses” ) to eliminate view the solvent extraction process is an interesting wrenches, bolts and nuts, etc., which would seriously experimental venture at this time. It may or may damage machinery. not be developed to an industrial application with Every oil mill operator knows that tramp iron cottonseed. If it is, it may be additive or substitutive gets into his oil seeds and damages his equipment in its nature. Considering these possibilities, the and plant. It is ERIEZ’ specific job to take all wise man may refer to the lesson an old squirrel hunter taught me: tramp iron out economically, with adequate installa­ tions at the proper points. ERIEZ Magnets remove It’s not always the first man that gets to the tramp iron, prevent machinery damage and the tree who has the opportunity to shoot the hazard of tramp iron sparks igniting heavily dust­ squirrel. laden air in preliminary processing. OIL MILL MACHINERY Hydraulic Presses Hydraulic Pumps Meats Rolls Accumulators Stack Cookers Knife Hullers Pressure Cookers Mote Reclaimers Drain Pumps Hull Packers Hydraulic Formers Cracked Cake Feeders

ATLANTA January* 1947 OIL MILL GAZETTEER Page 39

Eliminating the Fire Hazard in Solvent Extraction The same story can be told about hammermills Plants and attrition mills. ERIEZ keeps tramp iron from seriously damaging the hammers and grinders. Solvent extraction presents a terrific hazard of fire because of the use of paraffin solvents—which Other machines which must be protected are Flak­ are more volatile and explosive than gasolines. Be­ ing Rolls, which are very smooth—and any tramp ing extremely inflammable, they can be safely used iron getting through will score and/or damage the only after using strict precautions against leakage rolls beyond repair. The hazard of fire is great in and the ignition of vapors which escape. soybean and other processing mills because: 1. of the heavy quantity of dust in elevator shafts, along In such solvent plants, ERIEZ perform an especial the conveyor belts, in the scalpers, etc.; and 2. in function—eliminating tramp metal which is always solvent extraction mills where a very inflammable a danger because of sparks. solvent is used, metal sparks can cause a very dis­ Extreme precautions are used in modern oil ex­ astrous explosion or fire. traction plants— switches and light fixtures are ex­ Full particulars on ERIEZ Magnetic Equipment plosion-proof . . . V-belts are static-proof . . . all floors for use in Oilseed plants to remove tramp iron and are of concrete, with grate-covered openings to pro­ steel objects from materials in conveying units; mote uniform diffusion of air and to obviate gas hoppers, spouts, chutes, in advance of expensive pockets. Along with all of these extreme and com­ processing machinery, can be secured by writing mendable precautions— ERIEZ Non-Electric Per­ ERIEZ MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 88 East manent Magnets are a “must” ! 12th Street, Erie, Pa. Eriez Magnets Can Be Used in All Types of Extraction PLANNING THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION ERIEZ Magnets are used very similarly in the PLANT 3 common processes used to recover oil and meal By C. W . BILBE, Engineer, Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing from oil seeds, etc.: 1. Hydraulic Pressing; 2. Ex­ Company, Milwaukee, Wis. peller Pressing; 3. Solvent Extraction. Some of Address before National Oil Mill Superintendents these mills use hammermills— or attrition mills— Convention, Fort Worth, Texas instead of rolling mills. Regardless of the type of equipment used, ERIEZ Magnets are placed in the A solvent extraction plant is not a cure-all for pro­ chutes or above conveyors leading into each mill. duction troubles nor is it a Royal Road to great profit with small investment such as appears to be ERIEZ Magnets should be placed ahead of each the impression in some quarters. It is a useful tool “3-high mill.” An ERIEZ Magnet installation pro­ where properly applied and with careful planning longs the lives of the rolls on these mills—remov­ it is possible to pay out the original investment in ing tramp metal which would otherwise damage the a surprisingly short time. In fact, based on present rolls. It is estimated that a normal set of rolls market conditions, it is possible to recover the cost will last one season . . . but if a great deal of tramp of converting a hydraulic mill of 200 T/day capacity metal gets through, the rolls will not last half a in less than 2 years. season. As is well-known, when these rolls become dull (the result of metal passing through), they As attractive as this may look however, the most do not grind properly and must be re-corrugated. compelling reason for now considering such a proj­ The rolls then have to be taken off and re-cut with ect lies in what the future may bring forth. an entirely new corrugation. Every time this is If past experience can be relied on as a guide, a done, the diameter of the roll is reduced. To re- time will again come, and perhaps sooner than ex­ corrugate a set of rolls costs in the neighborhood pected, when prices of the products of the oil mill of $150 to $200— plus loss of time, cost of shipping will fall. To some extent this will be balanced by rolls, and the operational expense of tearing down lower seed prices, but it is almost certain that labor and re-mounting the rolls. Furthermore, these rolls costs, the largest single element making up process­ are only good for approximately four cuttings— ing costs, will remain high. It therefore behooves the then the corrugations become dull very quickly forward-looking operator to make his plans now to and do not grind properly. avoid being caught between continuing high labor

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PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS Pag© 40 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947 costs and falling oil and meal prices. He has two It should be realized however, that the conversion avenues of approach. They are (1) increased effi­ cost from hydraulic to solvent will vary with local ciency (lower unit cost) and (2) greater yield. conditions, management and methods. For purposes A solvent extraction plant will go a long way in of this estimate the $390,000 conversion cost is improving the approximately 85% yield obtained in broken down as follows: the conventional hydraulic plant. Assuming a con­ M a ch in e ry ...... $190,000.00 servative 1% to 1.5% oil left in meal from the ex­ B u ild in g ...... 43,000.00 traction plant, one should expect 95% to 97% yield Installation (wiring, piping, thermal as compared to the 85% figure for average hy­ insulation, e tc.) ...... 150,000.00 draulic operation. Miscellaneous ...... 7,000.00 If present day prices are used as a basis of com­ parison, the results for hydraulic versus solvent ex­ Total ...... $390,000.00 traction will look about as follows for a typical 200 Having decided upon the change over to solvent ton per day plant: All figures are on a per ton of seed basis. extraction methods, it is of utmost importance to take the necessary time to do a good job of planning HYDRAULIC SOLVENT the new mill. Oil 315 lbs. @ 12%c $40.16 3601bs. @12%c $45.90 Most of the factors dictating the selection of a site Meal ,916 lbs. @ $59.50 27.20 916 lbs. @ $59.50 27.20 Hulls 450 lbs. @ 13.00 2.93 407 lbs. @ 13.00 2.65 will be the same as for the hydraulic mill. In order Lint 200 lbs. @ 4% c 9.00 200 lbs. @ 4V2c 9.00 to be assured of maximum return, however, it is well to give thought to an adequate seed supply to permit Total return $79.29 $84.75 full time operation at the maximum possible rate. Thus it is seen that a solvent plant will return Three hundred days per year or more is desirable roughly $5.50 per ton additional revenue. Based on and it is probable that plant capacity should not be a 300 day per year operation this will add up to less than 75 to 100 tons per day. Full time operation $330,000 additional profit for the year’s operation. is especially desirable since operating personnel This is without taking into account labor savings an­ must be thoroughly trained, careful, competent peo­ ticipated at roughly $1.30 per ton as compared to the ple who cannot be obtained on a season-to-season hydraulic operation. The estimated installed cost of basis. We do not wish to create the impression how­ converting a hydraulic mill of this size is $390,000 ever that super-men are required or that highly edu­ of which about $190,000 represents machinery cost. cated operators are necessary. The process is basical­ On the basis of added yield of $330,000 per year this ly simple, but operating technique and process con­ investment can be completely recovered in a little trol must be exact and consistent to get the kind of over a year. results required. Having determined the site, the physical arrange­ ment of the extraction plant must be thoroughly considered. Adequate space must be available to per­ Over 50 Texas Oil Mills mit a distance of at least 60 feet and preferably 100 feet from the solvent building to other structures, Are Using: railroads or public roadways. It is probable that many of the new plants will be built on existing sites and existing preparation fa­ T0N-TEX BELTING cilities will be modified and utilized to a consider­ able degree. Linting, hulling and separating equip­ EXPERIENCE has shown TON-TEX a MASTER ment if in serviceable condition will usually be util­ for driving: ized in its entirety. We have planned to augment the LINTERS. ROLLS. ATTRITION MILLS. FANS, preparation equipment with corrugated cracking or on any drive where hard work and shock rolls and smooth flaking rolls to take the place of loads are encountered. the usual 5-high crushing rolls. The usual cooker can be used if of adequate capacity and in good con­ TON-TEX BELTS can easily be made ENDLESS e-> dition, although it is thought that the eventual sub­ drive without disturbing pulleys, bearings, couplings, or machine and shafting adjustmen stitution of a pressure cooker may prove advan­ TON-TEX has less permanent stretch than other types tageous. of belting; therefore take-ups not necessary. LINTER In most mill layouts, room can be found for the BELTS in use five sea son s h ave n ever b e e n tou ch ed. flaking and cracking rolls in the existing press ATTRITION MILLS, SEED UNLOADER S. BLOWERS, plant. If this is not so, it will be necessary to pro­ are successfully being driven with TON-TEX ENDLESS Belts without use of idlers or take-ups of any kind. vide space in a new structure. From an operating TON-TEX BELTING is showing two to one life over standpoint, it is best to have the flaking and cooking other belts on Oily Rolls and difficult drives. apparatus immediately adjacent to the extraction WE GUARANTEE Longer Belt Life, More efficient room. This can be done b y putting it in the same Service at Less Cost. building with a fire wall in between. In this event ENGINEERING data cheerfully furnished. there should be no interior door communication be­ tween the two parts of the building. Class 2 Group “CEN TEX SERVICE” “ G” electrical equipment and control should be used in this arrangement. Fire insurance companies have D. E. SHIPP BELTING CO. approved this type of layout in several soybean P. O. BOX 951 WACO, TEXAS plants. A further improvement can be made in oper­ "A Complete Belting Service" ation by putting the flaking rolls at a high enough elevation to permit delivering flakes to the extractor PATRONIZE YOUR ADVERTISERS January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 41 with no re-elevation and a minimum of conveying into difficult, corrosive and even dangerous com­ equipment between the flaking rolls and the extrac­ pounds. tor. This will result in a slightly higher building Although much has been said regarding safety cost, but should be worthwhile on the basis that measures for a solvent extraction plant, it is well not more trouble-free operation will result. to lose one’s perspective about the degree of hazard In considering the extraction building itself the entertained in the operation of such a plant. Proper­ first requirement is that it should obviously be of ly installed and operated the risk involved is not as fire proof construction. Secondly, it should be amply great as that encountered in a filling station or bulk large, well ventilated and lighted, and equipped with station handling motor fuel. In this connection it is adequate fire protection. well to remember that safety and good housekeeping Various types of building construction have been go hand in hand. In recent years the insurance rec­ used. Concrete or concrete and brick probably pre­ ord of solvent extraction plants has been remark­ sent the nicest appearance and greatest comfort and ably good. The only case we know of where a fire are also the most expensive. It appears to us that the loss has been encountered in the last ten years was logical selection for this climate is a steel structure in a plant using a “non-inflammable” solvent. with “transite” or similar siding. Such a building There has been a great deal of discussion about should have large window area provided in sash the possibility of putting such plants out of doors. hinged at the top. In the building illustrated here the There is at least one case where this has been done window area is about 32% of the total wall area. and another where a semi-outdoor arrangement has Note use of several fans just above the floor been used. It is our thought that in climates where line. These fans should be designed to pull air in, temperatures may drop below freezing it is prefer­ not to blow it out. The natural stack action of the able to house the equipment. Although there is un­ building aided by these fans can be counted on to doubtedly some of the equipment which can be put rapidly reduce by dilution any vapor concentration outside, it is our feeling the success of such a that may result from accidental spillage. Such a plant is in the hands of the operators and that op­ building should have no basement, pits or other erators will not do their best work when they are un­ pockets where heavy vapors might accumulate. Hex­ comfortable. Insofar as cost saving is concerned the ane vapor is about three times as heavy as air. Grat­ difference is probably minor. Framing and supports ing floors are recommended instead of solid floors at must still be supplied and the savings in siding will the upper levels to assist ventilation. Exception to be partially offset by additional cost of thermal pro­ this rule is advisable under the filter presses for tection for apparatus, piping, gage and instrument cleanliness reasons, where conventional presses with lines. open cake discharge are used. Most of the foregoing comments have to do with Steel members of the building should all be elec­ structural feature for safety reasons. It is no less trically bonded together either by copper straps or important to give thought to layout for operating by welding together for static and lightning protec­ convenience. It has been said that the ideal plant tion. In addition, it is understood that electrical would have no spouts and no conveyors. This is an equipment will be grounded in accordance with the ideal that should be approached as closely as possi­ National Electrical code. ble in the light of experience indicating that 60% of the production stoppages in such a plant can be All electrical apparatus should be Class 1 Group traced directly to failure of materials transport “D.” Solvent and miscella piping should not run un­ equipment and spouting. Any time spent in arrange­ der ground or have loops or pockets not subject to ment study leading to fewer and shorter conveyors complete drainage when shut down. and elevators and shorter and more direct spouting For fire protection the so-called “fog system” will pay dividends. with a separate water supply and stand-by power Insofar as possible, the control of such a plant source appears to be the best combination. Conven­ should be established from a central control station tional sprinkler systems and steam “snuffer” sys­ where instruments and gages and starter stations tems have also been used. Carbon dioxide systems may be grouped on suitable panels. Interlocking of are attractive from a theoretical viewpoint but are all motors in the main flow circuit is advisable. In­ expensive and have some practical limitations. terlocking with preparation equipment is probably In considering design for safety in a solvent ex­ not advisable, but where interlocks are broken surge traction plant, the use of a non-inflammable solvent capacity or spill over should be provided for. Signal has immediate appeal and there has been much in­ lights on all motors in the main flow circuit are de­ terest in this subject. There are a number of ob­ sirable and permanently installed indicating am­ stacles, however, in the way of taking advantage of meters on all apparatus handling solids will afford a this expedient. In the first place, there is cost. Based means of detecting overloading before it causes a on equal volumetric losses the use of trichlorethylene shutdown of the plant. as compared to hexane would add more than $2.00 per ton to the processing cost. This is prohibitive. Accompanying drawings illustrate the construc­ In the second place, triclorethvlene is not suffi­ tion of such building. This is designed to house a ciently selective. In the extraction of soybeans a typical 200 ton per day plant. The building is roughly dark crude is produced which is bleachable at higher 36 feet by 46 feet in floor plan and 52 feet high. refining loss. Although work on cottonseed is not so This affords ample space for operating convenience complete there is some work indicating that the re­ and equipment servicing and yet presents a compact sulting crude is unbleachable. and economical arrangement. In the third place, the chlorinated solvents are A diagrammatic flow sheet is shown together with wore toxic than the simple hydrocarbons. In the ab­ some views of equipment. The most novel features sence of complete stabilization they may break down in this flow sheet are the method of decantation Page 42 O I L MILL GAZETTEER January, 1947

from the extractor, the continuous solid bowl cen­ wide shortage of all fats and oils, getting the Philip­ trifugal for clarifying miscella and the squeezer for pines back into production was generally recognized discharging solids from the extractor. In planning as an immediate and urgent task. this plant the use of screens in the extractor has been intentionally avoided, because cottonseed will Acting under a Presidential directive to assist not make a durable flake. It easily reduces to fines in the rebuilding of the Philippine economy, a spe­ and screens would be almost unworkable. So far as cial corporation was organized in May, 1945, to we know, this application of the continuous cen­ act as an agent in copra development. Known as trifuge for miscella clarification will be the first in the Copra Export Management Company (CEMCO), commercial use. It is not expected that a pei’fectly this corporation included five major Philippine ex­ clear effluent will be obtained. The polishing filters porters who had offices in the United States. are estimated on the basis of removing 75% of the Operating at first on funds of the United States total solids in the centrifugal machine and 25% in Commercial Company, and after January 1, 1946, on the filters. Experimental results indicate that up to those of the Commodity Credit Corporation, directed 90% removal in the centrifugal may be possible. by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, CEMCO headed up the tremendous undertaking of bringing The squeezer eliminates the need for a screen in Philippine copra back into world markets. draining the solvent from spent flakes and also will serve to reduce materially the steam required for One of the first jobs was to reestablish adequate vaporization of the solvent, water for condensing transportation. The Philippine Government, the TJ. and dust loss from the driers through the vapor S. Army occupation forces, the Navy, and other scrubber. It has the further interesting possibility agencies cooperated to replace bridges and rebuild of measurably reducing the residual oil content of docks. Coastal and inter-island boats, frequently the spent flakes by reducing resaturation due to of an emergency nature, were pressed into service. slight solvent contamination which is always pres­ The Army made FS boats available. The Navy ent. furnished other craft. Barges, lighters and tugs were used. Trucks and spare parts were shipped in There are several views of equipment items from the United States, in addition to some 7,000 shown. Of these the extractor will probably be of the trucks made available by the Army. most interest since it is the heart of the process. It is essentially a vertical tower with a series of sta­ One and one-half million new jute bags were tionary plates and rotating scrapers or plows. This shipped from India; and equal quantity of used bur­ makes a completely counter current arrangement of lap bags was brought from the United States. Cor­ high contact efficiency. It has proven very versatile rugated iron sheets for warehouse roofs were sup­ and is especially advantageous in processing mate­ plied, along with tarpaulins, scoop shovels, scales, rials difficult or impossible to flake or containing and a long list of other needed items. large percentages of fines which would tend to plug Even with facilities available to move the copra, up screens or perforated baskets. another serious difficulty had to be overcome. Based on progress with cottonseed installations Money was almost worthless in the Islands. With now under construction we hope to have the oppor­ no consumer goods to buy, the native population tunity of reporting data on actual commercial oper­ found little inducement to work for dollars or pesos. ation at the next spring meeting of the Association. To overcome this barrier, more than three million dollars worth of “incentive” goods were shipped into the Islands or made available from surplus PHILIPPINE COPRA EXPORTS NEAR POST­ Army and Navy stocks during the earlier months of WAR LEVELS the operation. Almost complete rehabilitation of the Philippine The record of copra export from the Philippines copra industry within a year and a half after the in 1946 indicates the success o f the cooperative Islands were liberated has been one of the out­ action which was taken. Starting from almost noth­ ing in 1945, with an estimated total shipment of standing accomplishments of the postwar period. only from 6 to 8 thousand long tons for that whole Copra production has been brought up from noth­ year, exports have climbed steadily. Exports in ing to a level very close to prewar output. This January last year reached nearly 5 thousand tons. has been done through a cooperative program which The March total was more than 13 thousand, and has been directed by the Department of Agricul­ by June the figure for the month was just under ture, working with the Philippine Government and 49 thousand long tons. The rate of shipment reached with the full cooperation of the Army, Navy, War 66 thousand for September, and more than 100 Shipping Administration and other agencies. thousand tons for October. When Japan’s grip on the Philippines was broken, Even with the slow start during the earlier the copra industry was completely prostrate. Trans­ months, when th e effects of the cooperative CEMCO portation facilities, both land and water, were not program were just beginning to be felt, it is now functioning. Bridges were out; docks had been de­ expected that the total of copra shipments from molished. No bags were available in which to the Philippines during 1946 will run above 500 carry copra to market. In addition, there was thousand long tons—just about up to the prewar virtually no system of communications, and even average annual shipments. an accepted medium of exchange was largely lack­ Not all of these supplies, of course, are available ing. for use in the United States. This country par­ The impact of this loss of Philippine production ticipates in international allocations of scarce com­ can be measured by the fact that normally fully modities through the International Emergency Food one-fourth of the world’s coconut oil supply comes Council (formerly the Combined Food Board) in from these Islands. In view of the serious world­ order to assure the most equitable possible distribu­ January, 1947 O I L MILL GAZETTEER Page 43

tion of scarce world supplies. The quick recovery Chicago took over, handling the journal until No­ of the Philippine copra industry, however, will help vember, 1941. Since that time the journal has been in easing the tight fats and oils situation in the published by the Society with its own editorial staff. United States, as well as in the rest of the world. Circulation has almost doubled in the past five Operations of CEMCO were terminated last July 1. years, and advertising has shown a similar increase. With major obstacles cleared away, the work of Members of the Society comprise about half of the purchasing and exporting was returned entirely to total number of subscribers. The size of the journal private business. ^ ______has increased also and now runs an average of 32 pages in the technical section and 24 in the advertis­ COTTON RESEARCH CONGRESS JULY 16-18 ing and news section in addition to the cover. Dallas, Texas— Burris C. Jackson, Hillsboro, gen­ H. L. Roschen of Swift and Company, Chicago, eral chairman of the Statewide Cotton Committee has been editor since 1937, succeeding the late of Texas, announced this week that the eighth an­ W. H. Irwin, whose term began with the Gillette nual Cotton Research Congress will be held in Dal­ period. las, July 16, 17, 18, 1947. Date and place for the Congress were selected at a meeting here Decem­ BOOK PAPER SHORTAGE ber 13. The grade of paper that we had to use in our last Pointing out that 1947 will be a crucial year for issue is not of our choosing, it is all that our pub­ cotton, Jackson said that the committee decided to lishers can get. We regret that we have to print hold a three-day session this year in order to dis­ the Gazetteer on this grade of paper, but it is a cuss more completely world trade, cotton mechaniza­ case of take what you can get when it comes to tion, research developments and other timely cotton buying paper. We hope to have our usual high gloss subjects. More than 400 cotton leaders from 20 standard Magazine paper for our next issue so if states attended 1946 sessions. our readers and advertisers will go along with us Membership of special Congress Committees will until this shortage of not only good paper but all be announced soon, and a general meeting will be grades of paper is over, we will appreciate it. held early in 1947 to develop plans for the Congress, Thanks.— Editor. which is expected to have a record number of ex­ hibits in addition to authoritative papers by cotton SOLVENT EXTRACTION ISSUE leaders. We hope that our readers will like this issue of the Gazetteer, and those who are interested in CHANGE NAME OF OIL & SOAP Solvent Extraction, for whom it is intended to help, Chicago, 111., Dec. 16, 1946— As of the January, we hope that it will be of some benefit and that it 1947, issue the name Oil & Soap will be changed can be filed away for future use. There have been to Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, so many requests for the past issues that contained according to an announcement in the December issue. any information on the question that we thought This will make the fourth name of the publication, it would be a good gesture to get all the informa­ which began in 1917 as the Chemists’ Section of tion, or as much as possible, into one issue for that the Cotton Oil Press. purpose. If you like it tell others; if you don’t In 1924 Society material was published independ­ like it tell us. We are open for suggestions at all ently as the Journal of the Oil and Fat Industries, times.— Editor. with Herbert S. Bailey as editor. Quarterly issues appeared until the end of 1925, when the name was given to the Miller Freeman company under an The Fort Worth Laboratories agreement providing for monthly publication with Consulting Analytical Chemists and J. T. Ogden as editor. Chemical Engineers Alan Porter Lee became editor in May, 1927, and Chemistry applied to all phases of manu­ as of November, 1928, the McNair-Dorland com­ facturing. Cottonseed products, fuel, pany took over publication of the journal. This water and feeds our specialty. connection lasted for three years, terminating when F. B. PORTER, B.S., Ch.E., President the publishers wished to make the journal a section R. H. FASH, B.S., Vice-President in Soap. Then the Gillette Publishing company in 8281/2 Monroe Street Fort Worth, Texas

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