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PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Wwtps) in Michigan

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PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Wwtps) in Michigan Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared in association with Project Number: 60588767 Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy April 2021 Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Stephanie Kammer Constitution Hall, 1st Floor, South Tower 525 West Allegan Street P.O. Box 30242 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared by: Dorin Bogdan, Ph.D. Environmental Engineer, Michigan E-mail: [email protected] AECOM 3950 Sparks Drive Southeast Grand Rapids, MI 49546 aecom.com Prepared in association with: Stephanie Kammer, Jon Russell, Michael Person, Sydney Ruhala, Sarah Campbell, Carla Davidson, Anne Tavalire, Charlie Hill, Cindy Sneller, and Thomas Berdinski. Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Constitution Hall 525 West Allegan P.O. Box 30473 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy AECOM Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP) in Michigan ............................................................................ 3 3.1 Michigan IPP PFAS Initiative .................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Michigan IPP PFAS Initiative Results ....................................................................................... 6 3.3 PFOA and PFOS Influent IPP PFAS Initiative Results ............................................................. 6 3.4 PFOA and PFOS Effluent IPP PFAS Initiative Results ............................................................. 8 3.5 IPP Source Reduction ............................................................................................................ 11 3.6 Non-IPP WWTP PFAS Investigation Results ......................................................................... 18 3.7 Industrial Sources Results ...................................................................................................... 21 3.7.1 CIU PFAS Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 21 3.7.2 IU and SIU PFAS Evaluation .................................................................................................. 26 3.7.3 PFAS Industrial Sources Summary ........................................................................................ 32 4. Statewide PFAS Assessment of 42 WWTPs .................................................................................... 33 4.1 Solid and Aqueous Partition Evaluation ................................................................................. 44 4.2 Treatment Process Evaluation ............................................................................................... 46 4.3 Evaluation of PFAS Fate Within WWTPs ............................................................................... 49 5. Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 61 5.1 Conclusions from the Michigan IPP PFAS Initiative ............................................................... 61 5.2 Conclusions from the Statewide PFAS Assessment of 42 WWTPs ....................................... 62 5.3 Conclusions from the Combination of Data from the IPP Initiative and Statewide WWTP Assessment ................................................................................................................ 64 5.4 EGLE Ongoing Efforts and Planned Next Steps .................................................................... 64 6. References ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy AECOM i Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Figures Figure 1. PFAS Water Cycle (EGLE, 2020a) ............................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Locations of Wastewater Treatment Plants Evaluated .................................................. (attached)6 Figure 3. Influent PFOA Concentrations in WWTPs .................................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Influent PFOS Concentrations in WWTPs .................................................................................... 8 Figure 5. Effluent PFOA Concentrations in WWTPs .................................................................................. 10 Figure 6. Effluent PFOS Concentrations in WWTPs .................................................................................. 11 Figure 7. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Bronson WWTP ............. 14 Figure 8. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Howell WWTP ............... 15 Figure 9. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Ionia WWTP .................. 15 Figure 10. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Kalamazoo WWTP ...... 16 Figure 11. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in KI Sawyer WWTP ........ 16 Figure 12. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Lapeer WWTP ............ 17 Figure 13. Temporal PFOA and PFOS Effluent and Biosolids Concentrations in Wixom WWTP ............. 17 Figure 14. Influent PFOA Concentrations in IPP and Non-IPP WWTPs .................................................... 19 Figure 15. Effluent PFOA Concentrations in IPP and Non-IPP WWTPs ................................................... 19 Figure 16. Influent PFOS Concentrations in IPP and Non-IPP WWTPs ................................................... 20 Figure 17. Effluent PFOS Concentrations in IPP and Non-IPP WWTPs ................................................... 20 Figure 18. PFOA Concentrations for Sampled 40 CFR Categories........................................................... 24 Figure 19. PFOS Concentrations for Sampled 40 CFR Categories .......................................................... 25 Figure 20. PFOA Concentrations for IU and SIU Sample Types .............................................................. 30 Figure 21. PFOS Concentrations for IU and SIU Sample Types .............................................................. 31 Figure 22. Locations of 42 Wastewater Treatment Plants Evaluated ........................................... (attached)33 Figure 23. Percent Detection of PFAS for 42 WWTPs Assessment .......................................................... 34 Figure 24. PFOA Influent and Effluent Concentrations for the 42 WWTPs Assessment ........................... 37 Figure 25. PFOS Influent and Effluent Concentrations for the 42 WWTPs Assessment ........................... 37 Figure 26. Legend for Box Plot Figures with PFAS Analyte List Grouped by Families ............................. 38 Figure 27. Influent PFAS Detection Frequency and Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Box Plot ............... 39 Figure 28. Influent PFAS Detection Frequency and Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Dot Plot ................ 40 Figure 29. Effluent PFAS Detection Frequency and Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Box Plot .............. 40 Figure 30. Effluent PFAS Detection Frequency and Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Box Plot .............. 41 Figure 31. Final Treated Solids (Sludge and Biosolids) PFAS Detection Frequency and Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Box Plot ............................................................................... 41 Figure 32. Final Treated Solids (Sludge and Biosolids) PFAS Concentrations for 42 WWTPs – Dot Plot ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 33. Final Treated Solids (Sludge and Biosolids) PFOS Concentrations for 42 WWTPs ................ 42 Figure 34. Final Treated Solids (Sludge and Biosolids) Excluding Industrially Impacted PFOS Concentrations for 42 WWTPs ................................................................................................. 43 Figure 35. Final Treated Solids (Biosolids/Sludge) PFOS Concentrations from Michigan and Biosolids Published Literature Values ...................................................................................................... 43 Figure 36. Aqueous and Solid PFAS Concentrations for Alkaline Stabilized Solids at WWTPs #4(a), #77(b), and #74(c) ............................................................................................ 44 Figure 37. Aqueous and Solid PFAS Concentrations for Anaerobic Digested Solids at WWTPs #81(a), #50(b), and #52(c) .......................................................................................... 45 Figure 38.
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