DOCSLIB.ORG

Eutectic Freeze Crystallization for Table Salt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eutectic Freeze Crystallization for Table Salt Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride Analysis of a full experimental cycle Master of Science Thesis Document number: 2461 Bruno (J.J.) Verbeek Wb1179829 29-07-2011 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride 2 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride Faculty: Process Equipment For obtaining the degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Process- & Energy Technology Exam committee: Prof. dr. G.J. Witkamp Dr. L Hartmann K. Yasadi Copyright © BJJ Verbeek All rights reserved 3 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Table of figures ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1. Eutectic freeze crystallization ..................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Sodium chloride solutions ........................................................................................................... 16 1.3. Cooled Disk Column Crystallizer (CDCC) ..................................................................................... 18 1.4. Scraped Cooled Wall Crystallizer (SCWC) in skid ........................................................................ 20 1.5. EFRO project ............................................................................................................................... 23 1.6. Scope of the research ................................................................................................................. 24 2. Theoretical heat transfer on scraped wall .......................................................................................... 25 2.1. Overall heat transfer ................................................................................................................... 25 2.2. Heat transfer coefficient metal wall ........................................................................................... 26 2.3. Heat transfer coefficient coolant ................................................................................................ 26 2.4. Heat transfer in solution ............................................................................................................. 28 2.5. Overall heat transfer coëfficiënt ................................................................................................. 31 3. Heat transfer experiments 10L CDCC.................................................................................................. 32 3.1. Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................. 32 3.2. Results & discussion .................................................................................................................... 33 3.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Heat transfer experiments 200L SCWC ............................................................................................... 38 4.1. Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................. 38 4.2. Results & discussion .................................................................................................................... 38 4.3. Corrosion in the 200L crystallizer ................................................................................................ 44 4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 45 5. Continuous operation of the skid and washing of the products ........................................................ 46 5.1. Experimental procedure ............................................................................................................. 46 5.2. General results ............................................................................................................................ 48 5.3. Mass balance ............................................................................................................................... 49 4 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride 5.4. Determination of heat losses in the crystallizer ......................................................................... 52 5.5. Ice filtration & washing ............................................................................................................... 53 5.6. Salt filtration & washing .............................................................................................................. 55 5.7. Energy balance ............................................................................................................................ 56 5.8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 60 6. Optimization and up scaling................................................................................................................ 61 6.1. Refrigeration cycle ...................................................................................................................... 61 6.2. Evaporative CO2 cooling .............................................................................................................. 62 6.3. Teflon encapsulated heat exchanger .......................................................................................... 66 6.4. Filtration & washing of salt ......................................................................................................... 67 6.5. Washing & filtration of ice .......................................................................................................... 68 6.6. Energy consumption in an ideal case .......................................................................................... 71 6.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 72 7. Environmental analyses of fresh water producing methods .............................................................. 73 7.1. LCA on potable water production ............................................................................................... 73 7.2. Evaporative crystallization .......................................................................................................... 76 7.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 78 8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 79 9. Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 81 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 82 A. Vapor pressure vs temperature of CO2 ........................................................................................... 82 B. ICP results of samples ..................................................................................................................... 83 C. Spreadsheet for evaporative CO2 cooling calculations ................................................................... 85 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 87 5 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization on Sodium Chloride Acknowledgement The final project for obtaining a Master degree has fascinated me over the past 8 months ; it offered me a wonderful opportunity to finalize my studies in Mechanical Engineering on a subject in Process and Energy in Delft. There are a number of people whose support I would like to acknowledge. First of all I have to thank prof. dr. GJ Witkamp for giving me the opportunity to work on the subject of eutectic freezing. It was a pleasure to work in his motivating department doing interesting research on this innovative subject. Two post-doc researchers of the department kept constantly track of me and pushed me in the right direction. Jaap van Spronsen helped me especially with the experiments and it was a pleasure to work with him. He is really motivating and a passionate researcher who is always willing to help. Always curious to the outcome and having an interesting view on not only the process industry but on live in general. Furthermore, I want to thank Elif for the motivating meetings we had and her critical view on my work. When I was struggling with the equipment in the skid Hans Evers was always willing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cost Analysis of the Impacts on Municipal Utilities and Biosolids Management to Address PFAS Contamination
    Cost Analysis of the Impacts on Municipal Utilities and Biosolids Management to Address PFAS Contamination October 2020 Table of Contents Executive Summary Section 1 Background 1.1 Biosolids ................................................................................................................................................................ 1-1 Section 2 Data on Actual Costs to Wastewater and Biosolids Management Programs from PFAS 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 NEBRA Survey ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2.2 Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Expanded Utility Survey ................................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.3.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.3.2 Results .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Landfill Leachate Pretreatment Process Evaluation and Pilot Study
    Landfill Leachate Pretreatment Process Evaluation and Pilot Study Richard Claus – Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. John Butler – Rumpke Consolidated Companies, Inc. Dan Miklos – Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. Presentation Overview Part 1 – Overview of Study, Piloting, and Design Introduction Timeline of Study, Evaluation, & Disposal Wastewater Characterization & Pretreatment Study Timeline of Piloting and Design Pretreatment Design Presentation Overview Part 2 – Pilot Treatment Sessil Media Trickling Filter Pilot Chemical Treatment Jar Testing and Pilot Considered ElectroCell Piloting Next Steps Introduction Rumpke Sanitary Landfill Cincinnati, OH, Colerain Township, Northwest Hamilton County Rumpke Consolidated Companies, Inc. Family Owned, Operated since 1945 One of the largest landfills in the nation, largest in Ohio Rumpke Colerain Township Landfill Introduction Northwest Area Landfill Portion of landfill undergoing a reaction since August, 2009 Source of extremely strong leachate Averaging 120-degrees Fahrenheit Average Volumes of 120,000 GPD (2010-2011) to 200,000 GPD (2012) Northwest Lift Station Lift Station No. 2 Pilot and Tanker Loadout Locations Northwest Area Landfill Introduction – NW Area Leachate Current Characteristics COD 30,000 to 50,000 mg/L BOD5 20,000 to 30,000 mg/L TSS 1,000 – 2,000 mg/L TKN 1,500 – 2,500 mg/L Fe 250 – 700 mg/L Ca 1,500 – 3,700 mg/L Temperature 120 degrees F Introduction – NW Area Leachate On –Going Issues Pipe scaling/clogging during conveyance Odors during handling/disposal Costs for disposal Study, Evaluation, and Disposal Timeline August, 2009 – Increasing leachate strength from Northwest Area August, 2010 to May, 2011 – Wastewater Characterization & Pretreatment Study August, 2011 to June, 2012 – Treatment Piloting and Pretreatment Design Study, Evaluation, and Disposal Timeline - Continued Historically until October 7, 2011 – “Blended” Flow Sewer Discharge into MSDGC Collection System NW Area Leachate (Approx.
    [Show full text]
  • PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Wwtps) in Michigan
    Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared in association with Project Number: 60588767 Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy April 2021 Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Stephanie Kammer Constitution Hall, 1st Floor, South Tower 525 West Allegan Street P.O. Box 30242 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared by: Dorin Bogdan, Ph.D. Environmental Engineer, Michigan E-mail: [email protected] AECOM 3950 Sparks Drive Southeast Grand Rapids, MI 49546 aecom.com Prepared in association with: Stephanie Kammer, Jon Russell, Michael Person, Sydney Ruhala, Sarah Campbell, Carla Davidson, Anne Tavalire, Charlie Hill, Cindy Sneller, and Thomas Berdinski. Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Water Resources Division Constitution Hall 525 West Allegan P.O. Box 30473 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy AECOM Evaluation of PFAS in Influent, Effluent, and Residuals of Project number: 60588767 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Michigan Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Imhoflot G-Cell – an Advanced Pneumatic Flotation Technology for the Recovery of Coal Slurry from Impoundments
    THE IMHOFLOT G-CELL – AN ADVANCED PNEUMATIC FLOTATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE RECOVERY OF COAL SLURRY FROM IMPOUNDMENTS M. J. G. Battersby Maelgwyn Mineral Services Ltd Llandudno, Wales, UK J. V. Brown Maelgwyn Mineral Services Limited Llandudno, Wales, UK R. M. Imhof Maelgwyn Mineral Services Ltd Dorsten, Germany 2 ABSTRACT large amounts of ultra fine high volatility coal there is the possibility that these ponds can give rise to spontaneous There is a plethora of former industrial sites where coal combustion at some time in the future. Both these mining operations have left large slurry impoundments. possibilities pose a major risk to the environment. These contain raw washed fines, which have previously been too expensive to process to requisite grades for There have been many attempts to recover coal from commercial use. New technology has been developed for tailings impoundments. Very few have been economically fine material processing, namely the Imhoflot pneumatic successful no matter which technology has been applied. flotation G-Cell. This froth flotation technique is a highly Whilst there are many different and valid reasons efficient means of concentrating coal and is particularly recorded for their failure the most common is that the appropriate to the nature of materials encountered in project had not been able to bear the burden of the capital tailings ponds. The high volumetric throughput resulting cost of a plant required to process the material to an from the vastly reduced residence time in the cell allows acceptable standard. Unlike a new mine where a planned for drastically reduced equipment sizes when compared to life of mine of twenty years would not be uncommon, a conventional flotation cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid / Solids Separation in Wastewater Treatment & Biosolids Dewatering
    LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT & BIOSOLIDS DEWATERING Chemical Products Lab Testing Plant Trials LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION APPLICATIONS Influent Water Clarification Process Water Recycling Primary Wastewater Clarification Secondary Clarification Sludge Thickening Sludge Dewatering LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION UNIT OPERATIONS Clarifiers (Many Types) WATER Filters (Many Types) OR WASTE Dissolved Air Flotation Units WATER Induced Air/Gas Flotation Units Belt Presses Centrifuges SLUDGE Screw Presses DEWATERING Plate and Frame Presses Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal) LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION PRODUCT TYPES Coagulants (+) Low Mol Wt Organic Inorganic Blended Flocculants (+ , ---, 0 ) High Mol Wt Dry Emulsion Solution OilOil----FreeFree Flocculants COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS Act on Insoluble Particles in Water Oils, Grease, Blood, Insoluble Organics, Clay, Silicates, Metal Oxides/Hydroxides Dirt, Dust, Rust & Metal Filings Can Act on Charged Organic Compounds Anionic Surfactants, Soaps & Dispersants Do Not Act on Most Dissolved Solids Salts, Acids, Nonionic Surfactants, Ammonia or Soluble Organic Compounds such as Sugar, Alcohols, etc. SUSPENSION CHEMISTRY THE KEY TO EFFECTIVE LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION SUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLES Surface Charge MOST Charge Density Particle Size IMPORTANCE Composition Particle Density Particle Shape LEAST MICROSCOPIC FORCES ELECTROSTATIC BROWNIAN VAN DER WAALS GRAVITY Colloidal Particle in Water +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Almost all Particles +++
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Solid-Liquid Separation Technologies in Bioprocessing Christopher Robert Koza Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 Development of solid-liquid separation technologies in bioprocessing Christopher Robert Koza Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Koza, Christopher Robert, "Development of solid-liquid separation technologies in bioprocessing" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12813. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12813 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Development of solid-liquid separation technologies in bioprocessing by Christopher Robert Koza A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Civil Engineering (Environmental Engineering) Program of Study Committee: Hans van Leeuwen, Co-major Professor Stephanie Jung, Co-major Professor Shihwu Sung Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Christopher Robert Koza, 2012. All rights reserved ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Thesis Organization 3 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Ethanol Industry 4 Solid-Liquid Separation 26 References 41 CHAPTER 3. A PILOT STUDY ON DEWATERING FUNGAL BIOMASS FROM A NOVEL CORN ETHANOL BIOPROCESS 45 Abstract 45 Introduction 46 Methods and Materials 49 Results and Discussion 57 Conclusion 65 Acknowledgements 66 References 67 CHAPTER 4.
    [Show full text]
  • National Manual of Good Practice for Biosolids
    Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. National Manual of Good Practice for Biosolids Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Last Updated January 2005 View the Document Control Log for a Summary of Revisions Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. NATIONAL MANUAL OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR BIOSOLIDS Table of Contents Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. Introduction Acknowledgements 1 Public Acceptance 1.1 Sharing Public Perception 1.1.1 Environmental Benefits 1.1.2 Community Benefits 1.2 Analyzing Operations 1.3 Dealing with Odors 1.4 Developing Effective Communication 1.4.1 Communication Approaches: Proactive Reactive 1.4.2 Communication Tools 1.5 Environmental Management System Connections Material Matters, Inc. 1.6 MessageMaterial DevelopmentMatters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. 1.6.1 Risk Communications 1.6.2 Information Examples with Land Application 1.6.3 Presenting Messages Effectively 1.6.4 Developing Outreach 1.7 Maintaining Support 2 Federal and State Regulations 2.1 Federal Regulations 2.1.1 History and Background 2.1.2 Standards for the use or Disposal of Biosolids 2.2 General Requirements – 40CFR Part 503.12 2.2.1 Land Application 2.2.2 Surface Disposal 2.2.3 Incineration Material Matters, Inc. 2.3 RiskMaterial
    [Show full text]
  • We're Your Single-Source for Equipment, Service and Repair
    EAST MICHIGAN CALL 248-684-1200 WEST MICHIGAN CALL 616-490-1023 We’re Your Single-Source for Equipment, Service and Repair Kennedy’s culture believes in Continuous Improvement. Continuous Improvement requires continuous investment in our facilities, equipment and personnel to ensure a Plus One experience. The result for our customers is an improvement of their entire process, not just a singular fix. As a trusted advisor, Kennedy works hard to alleviate its customers’ greatest pain points, ultimately leading TWO LOCATIONS TO SERVE YOU. to true value. Our team of highly dedicated men and women are available 24/7 and will do whatever it takes to provide 100% customer satisfaction. Water and Wastewater Treatment Equipment Influent Pumping, Sludge Pumping RAS/WAS, Aeration and Mixing Recycle Pumps, Grit Pumps, Effluent Pumps XYLEM FLYGT/AC XYLEM FLYGT/AC Direct Drive Mixers, Smart Mixers, Jet Mixing Water & Wastewater, HVAC & Industrial Pumps, AERATION INDUSTRIES Submersible Pumps & Mixers Surface Aeration Solutions SCHREIBER XYLEM SANITAIRE Archimedes Screw Pump Diffused Aeration Solutions PIONEER PUMP PARKSON Self Priming Pump Biolac Lagoon Aeration Solutions CARTER PUMP Plunger Pumps FLOWAY PUMPS Blowers Water & Wastewater Vertical Turbine Pumps HARDY-PRO SYSTEMS Custom Blower Packages Grinding, Screening, Septage Receiving, CONTINENTAL BLOWER Grit and Grease Removal Centrifugal Blowers JWC ENVIRONMENTAL Muffin Monster Grinders, Screens, Septage Receiving Clarification, Thickening, Dissolved Air Flotation, PARKSON/HYCOR Lamella Plate Clarifier,
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation Title Here
    WELCOME TO THE JANUARY EDITION OF THE 2020 M&R SEMINAR SERIES BEFORE WE BEGIN • SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – PLEASE FOLLOW EXIT SIGN IN CASE OF EMERGENCY EVACUATION – AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED) LOCATED OUTSIDE • PLEASE SILENCE CELL PHONES AND/OR SMART DEVICES • QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION WILL FOLLOW PRESENTATION • PLEASE FILL EVALUATION FORM • SEMINAR SLIDES WILL BE POSTED ON MWRD WEBSITE (https://mwrd.org/seminars) • STREAM VIDEO WILL BE AVAILABLE ON MWRD WEBSITE (https://mwrd.org/seminars - after authorization for release is arranged) Nicholas J. Menninga, PE, DEE • Mr. Menninga is the General Manager at the Downers Grove Sanitary District, where he has worked since 2004. He has over 35 years of experience in the wastewater industry, including roles in a state regulatory agency, as a consulting engineer, and practicing public utility management. • Mr. Menninga received his Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana. He is an Illinois licensed Professional Engineer, an Illinois Class 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator and a Diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (DEE). He has been the president of IAWA and co-chair of NACWA Energy Committee. Pursuit of Energy Neutrality at the Downers Grove Sanitary District Nick Menninga, General Manager January 24, 2020 4 Agenda Background Improved Efficiency / Energy Reduction Energy Production / Use Of Resources Downers Grove Sanitary District 11/22 MGD average/peak full treatment capacity Primary clarification Single-stage
    [Show full text]
  • National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado
    NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY GOLDEN, COLORADO SUBCONTRACT ACO-9-29067-01 PROCESS DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATE OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENT IN THE BIOMASS TO ETHANOL PROCESS REPORT 99-10600/14 LIQUID/SOLID SEPARATION REVISION 1 MARCH 6, 2001 WEB Harris Group Inc. 1000 Denny Way, Suite 800 Seattle, Washington 98109 REPORT 99-10600/14 LIQUID/SOLID SEPARATION SUBCONTRACT ACO-9-29067-01 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY PROCESS DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATE GOLDEN, COLORADO OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENT IN THE BIOMASS TO ETHANOL PROCESS REV 1: MARCH 6, 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Post-Distillate Liquid/Solid Separation................................................................ 2 1.2 Process P100 Ambient Pressure Liquid/Solid Separation ...................................... 2 1.3 Process P300 Ambient Pressure Liquid/Solid Separation ...................................... 3 1.4 Process P100 Elevated Temperature Liquid/Solid Separation ............................... 3 2. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 3 3. DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Liquid/Solid Separation Equipment .................................................................... 4 3.2 Liquid/Solid Separation After Distillation ........................................................... 8 3.3
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,682,004 Fels Et Al
    III US005682004A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,682,004 Fels et al. 45 Date of Patent: Oct. 28, 1997 54) APPARATUS FOR REDUCTION OF THE 4,124,663 11/1978 Brantley et al. ......................... 264/3.5 GRAN SZE OF CRYSTALLINE EXPLOSVE 4,150,900 4/1979 Smith, Jr. et al. ... 366/302 4,657,607 4/1987 Perotto et al. ....... ... 49/19.4 75) Inventors: Gregor Fels; Gerhard Ewald, both of 4,981,535 l/1991 Hadermann et al. .................. 149/19.2 Haltern, Germany 4,983.235 l/1991 Nyqvist et al. .. 149/109.6 5,057,553 10/1991 Zagefka et al. ........................, 523/80 73) Assignee: Wasagchemie Sythen GmbH, Haltern, 5,114,630 5/1992 Newman et al. ..... 264/3.4X 5,250,687 10/1993 Lukasavage et al. ................... 544/215 Germany 5,354,520 10/1994 Oliver et al....... ... 264/3.4 X 5,395,559 3/1995 Kaldas et al. ........................ 264/3.4X 21 Appl. No.:759,987 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 22 Filed: Dec. 3, 1996 733552 3/1943 Germany. Related U.S. Application Data 1 072 169 12/1959 Germany. 1944 459 3/1971 Germany. 2 336 004 2/1975 Germany. 62) Division of Ser. No. 204,323, Mar. 7, 1994, Pat No. 2 335 251 2/1977 Germany. 5,623,168. 3 617 408 6/1987 Germany. 30 Foreign Application Priority Data 4012 417 10/1991 Germany. 473 057 11/1937 United Kingdom. Sep. 18, 1991 DE Germany .......................... 41 31 O72. Jan. 14, 1992 DEl Germany .......................... 4200 743.7 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (51) Int.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet: Use of Landfilling for Biosolids Management (Pdf)
    United States Environmental Protection Agency Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet Use of Landfilling for Biosolids Management DESCRIPTION common methods of monofilling wastewater biosolids are the trench, area, and ramp methods. Current options for managing wastewater biosolids in the United States include both beneficial reuse Trench monofilling (Figure 1) involves excavating technologies (such as land application, landfilling a trench, placing the biosolids in the trench, and with biogas recovery, and energy recovery through then backfilling the trench to return the soil to its incineration) and non-reuse options, including original contours. Monofill trenches can be narrow landfilling. While implementing some type of or wide, depending on the solids concentrations of beneficial reuse is the preferred method for the biosolids to be filled. Narrow trenches managing wastewater biosolids, this is not always (typically less than 3 m [approximately 10 ft] wide) practical. For example, land acquisition constraints are generally used for disposal of biosolids with a or poor material quality may limit beneficial reuse low solids content. Wide trenches (typically greater options. In these situations, landfilling of biosolids than 3 m [approximately 10 ft] wide) are used for may be a viable alternative. disposal of biosolids with a solids content of 20 percent or more. If the biosolids contain less than Biosolids landfilling options include disposal in a 20 percent solids, they will not support the monofill (a landfill that accepts only wastewater machinery used to place the cover material over the treatment plant biosolids), or in a co-disposal trench. landfill (a landfill that combines biosolids with municipal solid waste). Although co-disposal Application rates for trenches less than 3 m in landfilling is more common than monofilling, width are approximately 2,270-10,580 m3/ha biosolids typically represent only a small percentage (1,200- 5,600 yd3/acre).
    [Show full text]