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Perth and Peel Green Growth Plan for 3.5 Million v Government of Western Australia Department of the Premier and Cabinet Perth and Peel Green Growth Plan for 3.5 million Strategic Assessment of the Perth and Peel Regions Draft EPBC Act Strategic Impact Assessment Report Appendix C: Threatened Ecological Community Profiles December 2015 Acknowledgements This document has been prepared by Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd and © Government of Western Australia Open Lines Consulting. Department of the Premier and Cabinet Disclaimer Dumas House This document may only be used for the purpose for which it was 2 Havelock Street commissioned and in accordance with the contract between Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd and the Department of the Premier and West Perth WA 6005 Cabinet. The scope of services was defined in consultation with the Department of the Premier and Cabinet, by time and budgetary Website: www.dpc.wa.gov.au/greengrowthplan constraints imposed by the client, and the availability of reports Email: [email protected] and other data on the subject area. Changes to available information, legislation and schedules are made on an ongoing Tel: 08 6552 5151 basis and readers should obtain up to date information. Fax: 08 6552 5001 Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility Published December 2015 whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report and its supporting material by any third party. Information provided is not intended to be a substitute for site specific assessment or legal advice in relation to any matter. Unauthorised use of this report in any form is prohibited. Strategic Assessment for the Perth and Peel Regions 1. AQUATIC ROOT MAT COMMUNITY IN CAVES OF THE SWAN COASTAL PLAIN 1.1 COMMONWEALTH STATUS Endangered. 1.2 WESTERN AUSTRALIA STATUS Ranked as Critically Endangered under the name ‘Aquatic Root Mat Community Number 1 of Caves of the Swan Coastal Plain’ and Community Identifier ‘CAVES SCP01’ in the listing of Threatened Ecological Communities endorsed by the Western Australian Minister for Environment. This ranking is based on IUCN criteria. 1.3 DESCRIPTION At Yanchep and on the Leeuwin Naturaliste Ridge, permanent streams and pools occur in caves and some support dense growths of root mats (CALM 2003). Where roots from living trees above the ground branch out into cave streams or pools they form root mats. These root mats provide a constant and abundant food source for a rich aquatic fauna, especially invertebrates. Aquatic root mat communities are known in caves from two areas at Yanchep, and Augusta-Margaret River (DPaW 2013). The communities in south-western Western Australia are some of the richest aquatic cave communities known. These communities comprise a complete food web; the rootlets and their associated microflora which provide the primary food source, and invertebrate assemblages including root mat grazers, predators, parasites, detritivores and scavengers, completing the trophic interactions (CALM 2003). 1.4 DISTRIBUTION A total of seven caves in the Yanchep area are known to contain streams or pools fed by groundwater from the Gnangara Mound and contain root mats from Tuart trees (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) (Figure C1). 1.5 HABITAT AND ECOLOGY The root mat communities occur at the junction of the Bassendean sands and Tamala Limestone (Spearwood Dunes). The seven caves occur where there is a surface limestone layer 5 – 20 m thick over the Bassendean sands. The formation of the caves that contain the root mat communities was caused, in part, by the flow of groundwater on the western side of the Gnangara Mound (a shallow unconfined aquifer that extends from Moore River to the Swan River) that has gradually developed into 1 Strategic Assessment for the Perth and Peel Regions underground streams. The groundwater flows about 10 m below the surface, so the caves are very shallow (CALM 2003). The existence of the root mat communities depends on the presence of permanent water in the caves (CALM 2003). The streams or pools need to be sufficiently warm, and not too deep below the ground surface, for tree roots to reach and grow in the water (Jasinska 1995 as cited in CALM 2003b). The main source of water for the cave streams is groundwater emerging into the stream bed within the caves most likely driven by the Gnangara Mound (Jasinska and Knott 1991; Jasinska 1995; Bastian 1996 as cited in CALM 2003). It is unlikely any of the caves receive water from a perched groundwater supply, so cave streams are almost certainly fed by waters of the Gnangara Mound (Glasson 1997 as cited in CALM 2003). In 1998, water levels in several of the caves had declined to the point that it was necessary to supplement water flow artificially. This was done through establishment of a sump and pump system in the base of several of the caves. The sump follows the local ground water down as it sinks below the floor of each cave and the pumps are automatically triggered by low water levels in each cave, subsequently delivering water with the same water chemistry and species composition of the original pools in each cave (CALM 2003). The caves where the root mat communities occur are not large, having a vertical range of less than 20 m. The caves that contain aquatic root mats are particularly small, the length of accessible stream chambers ranging from 3 – 25 m. The tree roots fringe the cave streams and form dense mats about 10 cm thick and 15 cm wide. The root mats provide a constant and reliable primary food source, as well as a complex habitat, and allow a complete and intricate ecosystem to exist. Microscopic fungi grow within the tissues of the rootlets (mycorrhizal associations) and may increase the nutritional value of the mats (Jasinska 1995; Jasinska et al. 1996 as cited in CALM 2003). A handful of the root mats generally contains about 500 animals (Jasinska 1995 as cited in CALM 2003). The fauna that inhabit the caves include night fish, leeches, microscopic worms, crustaceans, insects, mites and snails. More than half of the species of each cave at Yanchep occur in the root mats, with the remainder in open water, root detritus and sand in the stream bed (Jasinska 1995; Jasinska et al. 1996 as cited in CALM 2003). The faunal assemblages in the caves vary both in species composition and relative abundance of species. However, the caves are defined as containing one community type because there is considerable overlap of animal species between at least five of them, and water chemistry is very similar in all caves. Some of the species appear to be endemic to these cave streams and some are confined to a single cave. The Interim Recovery Plan for the Aquatic Root Mat Community in Caves of the Swan Coastal Plain (CALM 2003) describes the habitat critical for survival of this Threatened Ecological Community as comprising the individual caves and cave streams, the trees that have roots in each of the caves, and the catchments for the streams that flow through the caves. 1.6 THREATS The main identified threats to the Aquatic Root Mat Community in Caves of the Swan Coastal Plain are declining groundwater levels and associated water quality as a consequence of the combination of drying climate, groundwater extraction and changes in land use, destruction of the food source (i.e. the tree roots), vandalism, pollution of groundwater, cave collapse and invasion by exotic species. Indirect impacts are associated with changes to nutrient and water flow from surface and increased pollutants flowing downwards into cave systems (CALM 2003). 2 Strategic Assessment for the Perth and Peel Regions 1.7 RELEVANT PLANS 1.7.1 Commonwealth Threat Abatement Plan There is no relevant Threat Abatement Plan for this ecological community. 1.7.2 Commonwealth Recovery Plan There is no Commonwealth Recovery Plan for this ecological community, however, there is a State endorsed Interim Recovery Plan 2003 – 2008 (CALM 2003), which includes community information on habitat requirements and habitat critical for survival of the Threatened Ecological Community, summary of extent and location of occurrences, biology and ecology, threats and priority actions. The objective of the Interim Recovery Plan is to maintain or improve the overall condition of the aquatic root mat communities of caves of the Swan Coastal Plain and the Crystal Cave Crangonyctoid, and reduce the level of threat with the aim of reclassifying them from Critically Endangered to Endangered or Vulnerable. The priority recovery actions identified include: continue to monitor cave fauna and respond to results as appropriate; establish cave protection zones; monitor water levels and water quality in some caves and in likely catchment areas for cave streams; ensure land use planning and development control processes effectively safeguard against potential impacts to the cave systems; monitor and protect trees with roots in caves; wherever possible create a buffer between the caves and any tracks or trails; manage fire regimes; and map habitat critical for survival of the Threatened Ecological Community. 1.7.3 Commonwealth Conservation Advice There is no Commonwealth Conservation Advice for this ecological community. 1.8 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY CATEGORISATION FOR THE STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT The Aquatic Root Mat Community in Caves of the Swan Coastal Plain was classified as Category 1 on the basis that: the Strategic Assessment Area supports more than 50% of all known records of the Threatened Ecological Community; and the Strategic Assessment Area comprises 66% or more of the distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community. 3 Strategic Assessment for the Perth and Peel Regions 1.9 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY WITHIN THE REGION AND STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT AREA The Aquatic Root Mat Community in Caves of the Swan Coastal Plain occurs entirely within the Strategic Assessment Area (in the northern portion, Figure C1) and is considered an important Threatened Ecological Community as it is listed as Endangered.
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