DOCSLIB.ORG

The Allure of the Meadow Garden

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Allure of the Meadow Garden Meadow pp.31-35 4/25/06 10:38 AM Page 31 the allure of the Meadow Garden Creating a meadow garden takes patience and determination, but the results can be incredibly rewarding. BY CAROLE OTTESEN ROB CARDILLO May / June 2006 31 Meadow pp.31-35 4/25/06 10:39 AM Page 32 HERE’S ROMANCE IN A MEADOW. A field of pliant, swaying grasses and bright summer flowers evokes a time when the world was a younger, simpler, safer place. Global warming T wasn’t happening, fish were jumping out of pristine lakes and streams, and genetically mod- ified corn and soybeans were pure science fiction. Along with a meadow’s aesthetic charms, the yearning for simpler times was and remains a force behind a meadow movement that came to life in the iconoclastic Sixties. Around that time, packets of mixed wild- flower seeds began appearing on the market. The idea was that one had only to scatter the seeds on the wait- ing ground and, presto, a meadow would spring up. We all know that is not what hap- More than 20 years ago, a meadow tolacca americana). Steve Davis, then pened. Typically, the results were disap- was started at River Farm, home of the horticulturist, theorized that the disc- pointing, if not disastrous. But the allure American Horticultural Society in harrowing brought to the surface poke- of meadows remained. With trial, error, Alexandria, Virginia. Two acres that had weed seeds that had lain dormant for 100 and energy, gardeners learned how to once been a field and had subsequently years. They had germinated swiftly and make them. And they now know that become a lawn, were disc-harrowed and easily outgrew the slower-developing while meadows appear to come about as seeded with a suitable wildflower mix. In wildflowers. Davis learned the hard way gracious, spontaneous gifts of nature, ap- record time, the entire two acres pro- that one of the toughest places to start a pearances deceive. duced a bumper crop of pokeweed (Phy- meadow is in what was once a field. Above: Broad drifts of soft purple Monarda fistulosa and golden yellow Heliopsis helianthoides flowers are punctuated with Liatris pycnostachya, Echinacea purpurea, and various grasses in this Connecticut meadow designed by landscape architect Richard Bergmann. Previous page: A variety of colors, heights, and contrasting textures provide a long season of interest in Stephanie Cohen’s meadow garden outside Philadelphia. KAREN BUSSOLINI 32 the American Gardener Meadow pp.31-35 4/26/06 1:27 PM Page 33 FROM THE GROUND UP “It is vital that competing weeds be elim- inated to allow the young seedlings to THE PRAIRIE DIFFERENCE grow,” says Neil Diboll, president of Prairie Nursery, a Westfield, Wisconsin, Although similar in ap- firm that has installed meadows and pearance, naturally oc- prairies around the country. (For more curring meadows and about prairies, see “The Prairie Differ- prairies are distinctly ence,” right.) The way to do that is to different types of plant prepare the site with a regimen tailored communities. A mead- specifically to existing conditions. ow is a transitional When old fields are prepared for plant- stage while a prairie is a ing by cultivation alone, “every cultivation comparatively stable cycle brings up new weed seeds to the soil community. surface where they can germinate,” ex- A meadow, often a plains Diboll. It may take cultivation every small opening in wood- two to three weeks for a year or more until land, may be a natural- the weeds are gone. ly occurring community Using an herbicide such as glyphosate of forbs and grasses to kill existing vegetation is tempting be- where erratic rainfall or Prairies, like this one in Missouri, are typically grasslands. cause the soil need not be turned, so seeds drought discourages remain buried, although several applica- the establishment of trees. Or it may be an abandoned field in transition to wood- tions may be needed during the season to land. To prevent the natural succession of a meadow to woodland—and to maintain kill weeds that arise at different times. a meadow garden—opportunistic woody plants must be removed and the meadow When a more recent attempt to start mowed periodically. a meadow at River Farm began in 2003, Before European settlement in North America, prairie was the dominant flora glyphosate was employed to prepare the of vast areas of the continent, covering over a million square miles. A prairie is a site (for more details on River Farm’s climax community, predominantly grassland, typically treeless, with only about 30 meadow and its establishment, see “How percent forbs and less than five percent shrubs. Prairies can be tall grass, short to Make a Meadow,” page 34). grass, or mixed, depending upon rainfall and site conditions. In nature, prairies While the large size of the River Farm often regenerate by fire; after the above-ground vegetation burns off, the fire re- meadow made using glyphosate a practi- sistant roots re-grow. —Rita Pelczar, Contributing Editor cal choice for clearing the soil, horticul- turist and author Stephanie Cohen opted for an organic method to prepare her nique for meadow preparation, involves into the soil. If undertaken for three to six roughly half-acre meadow site alongside spreading and anchoring clear plastic weeks in sunny weather during the hot her house on the outskirts of Philadelphia. sheeting over the area to be planted in summer months, the plants and seeds She eliminated existing growth by first re- order to trap the sun’s heat. In full sun, this under the plastic covering will be killed. moving the sod and then “putting news- raises soil temperatures to as much as 140 After the plastic sheeting is removed, the paper down in the fall to smother degrees Fahrenheit on the surface and as area can be seeded or plugged with young everything that might come up.” much as 100 degrees a foot or more down plants. (For more information about soil For those uncomfortable with using solarization, see “SMARTGARDEN:Har- chemicals to prepare the ground for nessing Solar Power” in The American meadow plants, the smother-method is Gardener, July/August, 2003.) simple and effective, particularly for small-scale plantings. LET IT BE To keep the newspaper in place, cover It is also possible simply to let a field grow. it with a layer of any organic product that The late, great Pennsylvania gardener will decompose—chopped leaves, grass Joanna Reed created her meadow success- clippings, etc. To be effective, however, this fully this way, and it has also worked beau- method takes months. tifully in the meadow in Fern Valley, home Cohen began her meadow preparation of the native plant collection at the U.S. in fall. Over the winter and early spring, National Arboretum in Washington, she says, “the layers of newspaper kept un- D.C. Reed augmented her meadow by wanted plants from germinating. And we Spreading layers of newspapers over bare plugging in desirable forbs. She also mon- didn’t plant until the beginning of May.” soil to smother weeds is one effective tech- itored the meadow closely, cutting out TOP: CAROLE OTTESEN. BOTTOM: OTTESEN / AHS ARCHIVES KAREN BUSSOLINI Solarization, another organic tech- nique for meadow site preparation. plants she didn’t want. May / June 2006 33 Meadow pp.31-35 4/26/06 1:31 PM Page 34 HOW TO MAKE A MEADOW The André Bluemel Meadow at River Farm, which will eventually encompass five acres, was initiated in 2003. Although the scale of this meadow is larger than most people would plan for a home garden, the steps involved in its establishment are the same. Step 1: ELIMINATE WEEDS Weeds can be eradicated by a variety of methods, including repeated tilling, smothering with newspaper, solariza- tion, and herbicides (see page 33). The method you choose depends on factors such as the size of the planned mead- ow and your energy level or access to “helpers”. Because of the scope of the AHS meadow project, AHS Horticultur- ist Peggy Bowers used several applica- tions of glyphosate herbicide to kill the existing vegetation. Step 2: SOW SEEDS AND/OR PLANT PLUGS Once the meadow site is cleared of weeds, it’s time to sow seeds or plant the meadow with the mixture of grass- es and forbs you have chosen. Mid- spring or early fall are the best times to plant. If you are sowing seeds, use a The first quarter of River Farm’s meadow project was initiated in 2003. By August 2005, rake to loosen the top layer of soil and (above) a variety of forbs and grasses had taken root and spread. scatter your seeds. Cover the area with a fine layer of weed-free straw. For the first phase of the River Farm Bluemel of Kurt Bluemel Nursery, Inc., If you are putting in plants, plugs are meadow, Bowers seeded in 100 in Baldwin, Maryland. the most economical choice. Plant in- pounds of little bluestem (Schizachyri- dividual herbaceous perennials and um scoparium). With the help of many Step 3. WATER AND WEED grasses in broad swaths for best effect, volunteers and AHS staff members, she After seeding or planting a meadow, it setting plants about a foot apart so they also planted over 35,000 plugs—with a must be watered immediately. Regular have a little room to spread but will ratio of three grasses to one forb—do- irrigation is needed for the first growing overlap to crowd out weeds. nated by former AHS Board Chair Kurt season to help plants get established. Initial maintenance of a meadow is intensive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
    Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of 119 Infantry Brigade in the Great War with Special Reference To
    The History of 119 Infantry Brigade in the Great War with Special Reference to the Command of Brigadier-General Frank Percy Crozier by Michael Anthony Taylor A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract 119 Brigade, 40th Division, had an unusual origin as a ‘left-over’ brigade of the Welsh Army Corps and was the only completely bantam formation outside 35th Division. This study investigates the formation’s national identity and demonstrates that it was indeed strongly ‘Welsh’ in more than name until 1918. New data on the social background of men and officers is added to that generated by earlier studies. The examination of the brigade’s actions on the Western Front challenges the widely held belief that there was an inherent problem with this and other bantam formations. The original make-up of the brigade is compared with its later forms when new and less efficient units were introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Settlement and Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca
    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23 (2004) 404–430 www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Top-down or bottom-up: rural settlement and raised field agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia John Wayne Januseka,*, Alan L. Kolatab a Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States b Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60137, United States Received 12 May 2004; revision received 10 August 2004 Abstract Differing interpretations regarding the organization of past intensive farming are often distinguished as ‘‘top-down’’ or ‘‘bottom-up’’ perspectives. The development of intensive farming and its social organization are attributed to either nascent states and centralized governments or the incremental work of local communities or kin-based groups. We address the social organization of raised field farming in one region of the Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andean altiplano, Bolivia. We evaluate past research in the Katari Valley, including our own, based on recent settlement survey, excava- tion, and a variety of analyses. Taking a long-term perspective covering 2500 years, we find that relations of production and rural organization changed greatly over time in relation to changing sociopolitical conditions. Local communities played dynamic roles in the development and organization of raised field farming, yet its intensification and ultimate recession were keyed to the consolidation and decline of the Tiwanaku state. We conclude that the top-down/bot- tom-up dichotomy is overdrawn. Local communities and their productive practices never operated in a political or eco- nomic vacuum but both shaped and were transfigured by regional processes of state formation, consolidation, and fragmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Weights and Measures Standards of the United States—A Brief History (1963), by Lewis V
    WEIGHTS and MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE UMIT a brief history U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS NBS Special Publication 447 WEIGHTS and MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE TP ii 2ri\ ii iEa <2 ^r/V C II llinCAM NBS Special Publication 447 Originally Issued October 1963 Updated March 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Wash., D.C. 20402. Price $1; (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing). Stock No. 003-003-01654-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-600055 Foreword "Weights and Measures," said John Quincy Adams in 1821, "may be ranked among the necessaries of life to every individual of human society." That sentiment, so appropriate to the agrarian past, is even more appropriate to the technology and commerce of today. The order that we enjoy, the confidence we place in weighing and measuring, is in large part due to the measure- ment standards that have been established. This publication, a reprinting and updating of an earlier publication, provides detailed information on the origin of our standards for mass and length. Ernest Ambler Acting Director iii Preface to 1976 Edition Two publications of the National Bureau of Standards, now out of print, that deal with weights and measures have had widespread use and are still in demand. The publications are NBS Circular 593, The Federal Basis for Weights and Measures (1958), by Ralph W. Smith, and NBS Miscellaneous Publication 247, Weights and Measures Standards of the United States—a Brief History (1963), by Lewis V.
    [Show full text]
  • The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For
    NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v
    [Show full text]
  • Units of Measure Used in Guatemala”
    San Carlos University of Guatemala Faculty of Engineering Technical English 1 Special Assignment 1 “Units of Measure used in Guatemala” Name: Elmer Antonio Pinto Barrios ID: 201114546 1 Index Introduction……………….………………….. 3 Objectives…………………..………………..... 4 Investigation………………….……………….. 5 Conclusion………………..…………………… 9 Bibliography…………………………………… 10 2 Introduction The present work shown below is about the measurements used in Guatemala, the measurement system used in Guatemala is the metric system, however there are some other measurement units that are used from other measurement systems like the English system, and some form the Spanish system. The investigation also includes the Engineering notations, which are used to express huge numerical values in fewer terms using prefixes; each prefix is assigned to a different power of 10. It is important to be aware of the metric system used in our country given that many equipments and mechanical parts from many machines are made using different measurement systems, so it is indispensable to know the equivalences of the metric system in other measurement systems. In every part of the world, each region, each country does not necessarily have the same units and measure due to the need for measures measurement scales were made in many regions. Over time many scales were disappearing as trade routes were demanding equal measures existed between the two points, so we eventually came to establish two systems that are recognized and easily manipulated anywhere in the world (the English system and metric). Many countries now have some mixture of these two systems by many outside influences that have influenced the standards, such as conquests, trade agreements etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (Sagestep): a Test of State-And- Transition Theory
    The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment United States Department of Agriculture Evaluation Project (SageSTEP): A Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report Test of State-and-Transition Theory RMRS-GTR-237 April 2010 Year after burn—Blue Mountain Prescribed fire—Seven Mile Mastication—Stansbury Healthy sagebrush community—Steens Mountain Prescribed fire—Owyhee Mow—Rock Creek Year after burn—Onaqui McIver, J.D.; Brunson, M.; Bunting, S.C., and others. 2010. The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP): a test of state-and- transition theory. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-237. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 16 p. Abstract The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) is a comprehensive, integrated, long-term study that evaluates the ecological effects of fire and fire surrogate treatments designed to reduce fuel and to restore sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities of the Great Basin and surrounding areas. SageSTEP has several features that make it ideal for testing hypotheses from state-and-transition theory: it is long-term, experimental, multisite, and multivariate, and treatments are applied across condition gradients, allowing for potential identification of biotic thresholds. The project will determine the conditions under which sagebrush steppe ecological communities recover on their own following fuel treatment versus the communities crossing ecological thresholds, which requires expensive active restoration. Keywords:
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring Your Crop Field to Conservation Meadow
    Restoring Your Crop Field to Conservation Meadow The author of this Restoration Guide is Laura Phillips-Mao, University of Minnesota. Steve Chaplin, MN/ND/SD Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, administered the project and helped with production. Marybeth Block, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, provided review and editorial comments. Susan Galatowitsch, University of Minnesota, contributed to an earlier version of this guide. ©The Nature Conservancy January 1, 2017 Funding for the development of this restoration guide was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR) through grant LCCMR092C. The Trust Fund is a permanent fund constitutionally established by the citizens of Minnesota to assist in the protection, conservation, preservation, and enhancement of the state’s air, water, land, fish, wildlife, and other natural resources. Currently 40% of net Minnesota State Lottery proceeds are dedicated to building the Trust Fund and ensuring future benefits for Minnesota’s environment and natural resources. Additional funding for the update and redesign of the guide was provided by a Working Lands Initiative grant from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Cover photo taken at Twin Valley Prairie by Justin Meissen. Restoring Your Crop Field to Compatible land uses include: Carefully managed grazing for habitat goals1 “Conservation Meadow” Haying for habitat goals Occasional seed harvest In this guide, you will learn the basic steps to restore a crop field to a conservation meadow. Low-impact recreational activities, such as The precise restoration actions will depend on hiking, photography, or hunting the particular features of your site as well as your budget, preferences and project goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Crop Agriculture and Climate Change Julie E
    Climate Change and Agriculture Fact Sheet Series E3149 April 2011 FielD Crop Agriculture and Climate Change Julie E. Doll1 and Marci Baranski 1,2 1W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, 2Michigan State University Extension How are greenhouse gases related to agriculture? Ultimately, the way we farm the land can directly affect Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur the amount of important greenhouse gases in the naturally in the atmosphere and keep the Earth warm, atmosphere. allowing us to survive on Earth. Over the last 200 years, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere In 2008, agriculture contributed about 7% of human- has increased as a result of burning fossil fuels and based greenhouse gas emissions in the United States3. other human activities1. The majority of scientists agree Much of this impact comes from the more potent that increased greenhouse gas levels are causing Earth’s greenhouse gases (see MSU Extension E3148): methane average global temperature to rise. Consequently, we largely from animal agriculture and nitrous oxide largely experience changes in climate at the local level (see from field crop agriculture. Agricultural soil management MSU Extension E3148). was responsible for 68% of total nitrous oxide emissions; these emissions are greatly influenced by the amount Field crop agriculture both emits and consumes of nitrogen fertilizer applied, the crop grown, and the weather patterns3. Figure 1 shows the relative greenhouse gases that affect climate – so agricultural contribution of major agricultural greenhouse gas management and policies can help combat climate change. sources in the United States. Two of the most important greenhouse gases are How will climate change affect Michigan field related to field crop agriculture: carbon dioxide (CO2) crop agriculture? and nitrous oxide (N2O).
    [Show full text]
  • The SI Metric Systeld of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD
    The SI Metric SystelD of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum Engineers The SI Metric System of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum Engineers Adopted for use as a voluntary standard by the SPE Board of Directors, June 1982. Contents Preface . ..... .... ......,. ............. .. .... ........ ... .. ... 2 Part 1: SI - The International System of Units . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 2 Introduction. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 SI Units and Unit Symbols. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Application of the Metric System. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Rules for Conversion and Rounding. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance. .. 7 Mental Guides for Using Metric Units. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Appendix A (Terminology).. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Appendix B (SI Units). .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Appendix C (Style Guide for Metric Usage) ............ ...... ..... .......... 11 Appendix D (General Conversion Factors) ................... ... ........ .. 14 Appendix E (Tables 1.8 and 1.9) ......................................... 20 Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Review of Selected Units. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 Unit Standards Under Discussion ......................................... 24 Notes for Table 2.2 .................................................... 25 Notes for Table 2.3 ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How to Create a Meadow
    Resources For professional advice, contact your Herbicides county conservation district or state How to Create a extension office: Although many people are nervous about using herbicides, feeling that they are not “natural,” herbicides can be very effective tools in the estab- Meadow http://pacd.org/your-district/find-your-district/ lishment and maintenance of a healthy meadow. in Southeastern Pennsylvania After all, the weeds that provide the greatestchallenge Nicholas A. Tonelli to meadow establishment are generally not native the Basics to North America, and combating them using only http://extension.psu.edu/counties mechanical means may not be enough. Ernst Conservation Seeds, Inc. Meadow Maintenance The same chemical herbicide is often sold under 8884 Mercer Pike, Meadville, PA 16335 a wide variety of different brand names produced 800-873-3321 www.ernstseed.com The first several years after planting are from the inside out, allowing the birds the chance to Meadows will not maintain themselves over by different manufacturers. Look for the name Natural Lands Trust, Hildacy Farm Preserve critical to ensuring native grasses become escape. Application of broadleaf herbicides is also time without mowing. Meadows are an early of the chemical on the label. Talk to a local 1031 Palmers Mill Road, Media, PA 19063 appropriate if weeds are shading out the grasses. ecological successional stage, and, if left alone for 610-353-5587 www.natlands.org well-established and that weeds do not take resource professional about the correct herbicides over. These initial seasons require carefully timed Mowing later than July is also undesirable because a number of years, woody plants will take over and to minimize damage to the meadow grasses and Useful reference/reading material: mowing to prevent the weeds from developing it does not give the grasses enough time to develop the site will reforest.
    [Show full text]
  • 012 570 H Metric America: a Decision Whose Time Has Come. National
    D0CU1ENT RESUME ED 055 884 S 012 570 AUTHOR De Simone, Daniel V. TITLE h Metric America: A Decision whose Time Has Come. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NBS-SP-345 PUB DATE Jul 71 NOTE 192p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (CatalogNo C 13 10/345 $2.25) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6058 DESCRIPTORS Business; *Economics; Industry; *I ternationalTrade Vocabulary; Measurement; *MetricSystem; Standards; *Technology IDENTIPIE $ international System of Unit *United States Metric Study ABSTRACT This report- evaluates and diztilis the .findingsof the .United States Metric Study in which thouSandsof individuals, firms and organized groups, representativeof our society, participated. On the basis of all the evidencemarshalled in the Study, the report'concludes that the UnitedStates shouldchange to the-metric system througha coordinated national program. The chapter headings are: I. Perspective, II..Two Centuries of Debate, III. Measurement Systems, IV..Arguments That Have Been Made iforMetric and for,Customary, V. Going Metric: Whatiould It Reallylean?, VI. ilte Metric..Question. in the Context of.. .theFuturelorld,VII.Going -Metric: The BroadConsensus, VIII. lecomiendation and-Problems Needing Early Attentionl,IX._Benefitsand Costs, and. X. .TwO 'Pathsto MetriC: Britain and Japan. The reportincludes a .bibliography of 12 suOplemental reports authored by membersof the United States Metric Study Group, (Author/MM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION A UNITED STATES THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- COMMERCE INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY PUBLICATION REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLIcy.
    [Show full text]