Resources For professional advice, contact your Herbicides county conservation district or state How to Create a extension office: Although many people are nervous about using herbicides, feeling that they are not “natural,” herbicides can be very effective tools in the estab- Meadow http://pacd.org/your-district/find-your-district/ lishment and maintenance of a healthy meadow. in Southeastern Pennsylvania After all, the weeds that provide the greatestchallenge Nicholas A. Tonelli to meadow establishment are generally not native the Basics to North America, and combating them using only http://extension.psu.edu/counties mechanical means may not be enough. Ernst Conservation Seeds, Inc. Meadow Maintenance The same chemical herbicide is often sold under 8884 Mercer Pike, Meadville, PA 16335 a wide variety of different brand names produced 800-873-3321 www.ernstseed.com The first several years after planting are from the inside out, allowing the birds the chance to Meadows will not maintain themselves over by different manufacturers. Look for the name Natural Lands Trust, Hildacy Farm Preserve critical to ensuring native grasses become escape. Application of broadleaf herbicides is also time without mowing. Meadows are an early of the chemical on the label. Talk to a local 1031 Palmers Mill Road, Media, PA 19063 appropriate if weeds are shading out the grasses. ecological successional stage, and, if left alone for 610-353-5587 www.natlands.org well-established and that weeds do not take resource professional about the correct herbicides over. These initial seasons require carefully timed Mowing later than July is also undesirable because a number of years, woody plants will take over and to minimize damage to the meadow grasses and Useful reference/reading material: mowing to prevent the weeds from developing it does not give the grasses enough time to develop the site will reforest. The simplest way to maintain wildflowers. Eastern Purple Coneflower Bringing Nature Home, Douglas W. Tallamy, seed heads while allowing the grasses to flourish. before winter. This makes the meadow unsuitable a meadow is to mow it in the early spring down Urban & Suburban Meadows, Bringing Weeds grow more quickly than native grasses and habitat during the winter. Only mow in the late to ground level, and then remove the clippings. Meadowscaping to Big and Small Spaces, wildflowers, so regular high (4-6”) mowing will summer if there is a late season weed that needs Prescribed burns are “nature’s way” of maintaining Catherine Zimmerman keep the weeds from flowering while allowing the to be managed. meadows, and burning can have many benefits for grasses to grow and mature. Cut errant large the health of a meadow. Before using a prescribed Published by: In the second year, assess which weeds off at ground height - instead of pulling - burn, seek out expert advice. Good sources for weeds and invasive plants are to avoid disturbing young grass plants. The information on prescribed burns are the DCNR frequency of mowing will depend a great deal causing the greatest problems, and Bureau of Forestry and the Pennsylvania Game consult with experts or do some research Commission. upon the amount of rainfall in the first growing 215-545-4570 www.pecpa.org season, but mowing may need to be done up to on the best ways to address those prob- Female Bobolink once a month. Do not mow late in the season, lems. Do not mow after early spring unless since it is important to allow the young grasses to there are significant weed problems (see inside grow before winter. Mow one final time in the early chart for a list of noxious weeds). It may be spring (during March or April) of the second year. necessary to use a pre-emergent herbicide after mowing in the early spring. It is essential Watershed Coalition of the Lehigh Valley After the first year, avoid mowing during to prevent weeds from going to seed. A high www.watershedcoalitionlv.org grassland bird nesting season, from early mowing (up to 10”) is recommended when Funding provided by PA DCNR Bureau of Recreation May to mid-July. Mowing at this time can trap the weeds are in full bloom, usually in June. and Conservation, Environmental Stewardship Fund. adult and fledgling grassland birds, killing them. At this point, the grasses are unlikely to have April 2013 Instead, where at all possible, use a weed trimmer grown that high. to target undesirable vegetation, or mow the field Cover photo: Ron Cogswell, Dusk at the Meadow, Eastern Meadowlark Longwood Gardens Kennett Square (PA). Mike’s birds Dominic Sherony Doug Sherman Meadow Site Characteristics Equipment Outreach Seed Selection

All meadow creation projects are not alike. Sites owned by municipalities or county government Working on public property will require Which seed mix to choose will depend upon It matters a great deal what the soil conditions are, may be excellent candidates for conversion to mead- working with various municipal or county your soil texture and moisture conditions. and also what the history of the sites is – has it been ows because the equipment necessary to create the bodies to make sure that everyone is Make certain you take this information into Ernst Seeds Management After Planting lawn, agricultural fields, or was it forest? Meadows meadow may be easily available. Large commercial “on-board” with the meadow project. account, because a seed mix that is successful on or campus landowners may also have the necessary only grow well in full sun, so make sure that the Just because, for example, the municipal public works one site may not do well on a different site. The equipment. On private land, owned by individals, Meadows – The Basics site you select is sunny for most of the day. Take staff agrees with the meadowcreation does not mean grass chart, inside this brochure, lists a number of it is more likely that these items will have to be rented. soil samples and have them analyzed; also consider that the municipal governing board will support the suitable grasses to choose from, but there are many One piece of equipment that is essential to the Establishing a native plant meadow is not soil moisture: is the site wet for most of the spring project. Or, there may be citizen groups who may other species available that may also be right for establishment of a successful meadow is a field-mower as simple or easy as letting the grass grow, season, or is it dry even in April? Where possible, have objections based upon perceptions of a “sloppy” your site. Soil science is very complex and you’ll work with your Conservation District staff, a that can be set to mow at a height no lower than six but with planning and work, a successful appearance or fear of insects or wildlife. need an expert. Consult with experienced profes- Cooperative Extension Agent, or a trained inches or so. Also useful is a drill-seeder, as well as sionals to determine the best species for your site. native grass or wildflower meadow can be professional to evaluate site and soil conditions. herbicide spraying equipment. Because using herbi- It is important to work with the community as a Site management is different depending upon very rewarding. Native grass and wildflower cide is usually a good first step, it is important to know whole to make sure that your project does not run Take note of what types of plants are currently on whether native wildflowers are included in the meadows, naturally created by fire and other that a license is required to use herbicides on property into roadblocks that could have been prevented by the site, or are growing nearby. For sites that are original meadow seeding. This is because a natural processes before European colonization that you do not own. engaging concerns ahead of time. Even when USDAgov of Pennsylvania, require a great deal more care to currently in mowed grass, it can be helpful to do working on private property, it can really be helpful mowing and maintenance schedule that helps successfully establish in areas filled with seed stock a small “meadow test plot” for a year to see what * Many meadow sites are too small for grassland birds, to reach out to adjacent landowners to let them facilitate the growth of grasses may impede the of invasive plants and agricultural weeds. plants show up. The type of meadow you create but can be excellent habitat for insect pollinators. For know the intentions of the project. Working with Site Preparation success of wildflowers. This is particularly true if will depend on the landowner’s goals and size those landowners with sufficient acreage for birds, the it is necessary to use herbicide to control weeds This publication details the “basics” of what is your local conservation district or watershed of the area.* preferred cover type will depend upon the species desired. By far the best way to ensure that a new after the initial planting, since the herbicide used required to create and maintain native grass and association is a great way to ensure that all the meadow is successful to is completely is targeted to broadleafed plants (not grasses) and wildflower meadow in Southeastern Pennsylvania, concerned stakeholders are informed of the project. eliminate the existing vegetation. There are will therefore kill any native wildflowers along focusing on the necessary steps, year by year. Once the community understands the significant a number of ways to do this, and which method with undesirable weeds. Often it is best to leave However, this publication is not meant to be a habitat and environment benefits of meadow projects to select will depend upon the size of the site and wildflowers out of the initial seeding and add comprehensive resource, and it is highly recom- and learns that meadow areas are not be “neglected,” the resources available. For small sites, smothering them at a later time, once the meadow has mended that those interested in establishing a native they are more likely to the site with plastic can be very effective. If there become established. A small selection of suitable meadow seek out additional in-person professional be supportive. are few existing weeds on a site, a plough or sod wildflowers is also included in the chart inside help and take advantage of the numerous excellent cutter can work, but this is not a method to use this brochure. published resources available. Educational signage if agricultural weeds or other invasive plants are Planting is best done in late spring when Be prepared to perform regular maintenance for at a problem ahead of time. Most common is to use will help to improve the soil is warm. Use of a no-till drill seeder least the first three years (or more) after planting, to public perception. herbicide: Gyophosphate (Roundup). This method ensure that the desired native species become well- can take several sprayings to be fully effective. for planting provides the best results with the established and that the site is not overtaken by One benefit to using plastic or herbicide is that least risk of erosion. However, if the soil has been invasive plants. How much maintenance is needed the existing vegetation continues to stabilize the ploughed, hand casting for small areas and will depend a great deal on how well the site is surface, limiting soil erosion. If a sod cutter or broadcast seeders for larger areas may be used. prepared before the meadow is planted, and also on plough is used, then erosion control measures In that case, be sure to mulch properly (not too what types of invasive weed seeds are in the soil or will need to be taken. Talk to your Conservation heavily!) to prevent erosion. can be easily carried to the site from adjacent areas. District about erosion control requirements. Image by John Tann Ernst Conservation Seeds K. Maxfield A Selected List of Grasses for Meadows Which seed mix to choose will depend upon your soil texture and moisture conditions. If sight lines are important for safety of residents living near a meadow, then select a seed mix that has limited use of species that grow taller than four feet. Consult with experienced professionals where possible to determine the best species for your site.

Big Bluestem Little Bluestem Sideoats Grama Broomsedge Indiangrass Andropogon gerardii (Schizachyrium scoparium) Bouteloua curtipendula (Andropogon virginicus) Sorghastrum nutans Moisture: dry to medium Moisture: dry Moisture: dry Moisture: dry Moisture: dry to medium 4 - 6 feet, warm season 2 - 3 feet, warm season 2 feet, warm season 2 - 3 feet, warm season 3 - 4 feet, warm season Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Woodlot at en.wikipedia Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds

Switchgrass Canada Wild Rye Purple Lovegrass Purpletop Prairie Dropseed Panicum virgatum Elymus canadensis Eragrostis spectabilis Tridens flavus Sporobolus heterolepis Moisture: medium to wet Moisture: medium to wet Moisture: medium Moisture: medium Moisture: medium 4 feet, warm season 2 feet, cool season 1 -3 feet, warm season 2 -3 feet, warm season 2 -3 feet, warm season Photo: Ernst Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds

Blue Joint Grass Awl Sedge Fox Sedge Tussock Sedge Soft Rush Calamagrostis canadensis Carex stipata Carex vulpinoidea Carex stricta Juncus effusus Moisture: wet Moisture: wet Moisture: wet Moisture: wet Moisture: wet 2 - 4 feet, cool season 1.5 -3 feet 3 feet 2 feet 4 feet Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds Photo: Ernst Conservation Seeds

Meadow Wildflowers

Butterfly Weed Aromatic Aster Lance-leaved Coreopsis Eastern Purple Coneflower Beebalm Wild Blue Lupine Blackeyed Susan Spiderwort Asclepias tuberosa Symphyotrichum oblongifolium Coreopsis lanceolata Echinacea purpurea Monarda didyma Lupinus perennis Rudbeckia hirta Tradescantia ohiensis Loughmiller, Campbell and Lynn Wasowski, Sally and Andy John Hixson Doug Sherman Nature Center of Charleston R. W. Smith George H. Bruso Thomas L. Muller

Noxious Weeds These undesireable plants are considered harmful to animals or the environment.

Bull Thistle Crabgrass Ragweed Burdock Canada Thistle Johnson’s Grass Wild Parsnip Curly Dock Cirsium vulgare Digitaria spp. Ambrosia trifida Arctium lappa Cirsium arvense Sorghum halepense Pastainaca sativa Rumex crispus Tenaglia, D. - www.missouriplants.com Meade, J., Rutgers NJAES Coop. Ext. Meade, J., Rutgers NJAES Coop. Ext. Creative Commons - Chernilevsky, G. Tenaglia, D. - www.missouriplants.com Swearingen, J. USDI National Park Service Creative Commons - Manske, M. USDA - Mohlenbrook, R. H

Horseweed Bur Cucumber Field Bindweed Garlic Mustard Queen Anne’s Lace Multiflora Rose Jimsonweed Honeysuckle Conza canadensis Sicyos angulatus Convolvulus arvensis Alliaria petiolata Daucus carota Rosa multiflora Datura stramonium Lonicera tartarica, L. morrowii USDA - Bodner, Ted www.illinoiswildflowerinfo USDA - Akexander, P.J. Creative Commons - Atkin, Tony Creative Commons - Sibley, Christopher Creative Commons USDA - Justice, William Creative Commons - Roletschek, R.