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A Comparative Study of Radar Innovation in Sweden and Australia

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A Comparative Study of Radar Innovation in Sweden and Australia Why innovation outcomes differ among defence innovation systems: a comparative study of radar innovation in Sweden and Australia Robert Charles Wylie A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Business UNSW@Canberra October 2014 ABSTRACT Why do nations at comparable stages of economic development, with comparable political systems and with access to comparable technologies perform differently in generating novel solutions to similar requirements for military capability? To address this question the thesis compared case studies of radar-based innovation in Sweden and Australia during the Cold War. The case studies were organised around the "building blocks" of a defence sectoral system of innovation which comprised institutions, actors and networks, military doctrine, technology and the exercise of demand. Development of innovative surveillance radars in, respectively, Sweden and Australia was then used to show how the functioning of those building blocks influenced the performance of the Swedish and Australian innovation systems. The performance of each system was then compared in terms of the time each took to develop their respective radars, the cost they incurred in doing so and the development/diffusion of those radars after their acceptance into Swedish and Australian service respectively. The comparison showed that distinctive features of each country's defence sectoral innovation system caused Australia to take longer than Sweden to develop a broad area surveillance radar, to incur higher costs in doing so, to pursue a narrower path of post-acceptance development of the radar and to impose more stringent constraints on the diffusion of the resulting technology. The thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature on, and to the management of, military technological innovation in terms of the subject addressed, the methodology used and the conclusions reached. Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements v Abbreviations and Symbols vi List of Figures ix List of Tables x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis Limits: Military innovation in small democracies. 2 1.2 Thesis Focus: Military capability and military technological innovation. 3 1.3 Thesis technology focus: Radar. 4 1.4 Thesis Metrics: Innovation performance. 4 1.5 Thesis Framing: A system perspective. 5 1.6 Thesis Research: Case Study Methodology. 6 1.7 Thesis Structure. 9 Chapter 2 Literature 11 2.1 Defining innovation and military technological innovation. 11 2.2 The defence innovation literature 12 2.3 The wider innovation literature. 18 2.4 The innovation systems literature 21 2.5 Conclusion 29 Chapter 3 Defence Sectoral Innovation Systems 30 3.1 Defining and ordering the defence innovation building blocks 30 3.2 Identifying the distinctive features of defence innovation building blocks 34 3.2.1 Institutions. 34 3.2.2 Actors and Networks. 36 3.2.3 Defence-specific knowledge 42 i 3.2.4 Technology. 43 3.2.5 Demand. 51 3.3 Conclusion 53 Chapter 4 The Swedish defence sectoral innovation system 56 4.1 Swedish institutions 56 4.2 Swedish actors, networks and the Swedish competence block. 62 4.3 Swedish military doctrine. 72 4.4 Swedish technology. 74 4.5 Swedish demand. 83 4.6 Conclusion. 86 Chapter 5 Developing, Procuring, Operating and Diffusing the ERIEYE Radar System. 87 5.1 Developing ERIEYE: Overview. 87 5.2 Developing radar competencies at Ericsson 88 5.3 Developing a rapid reaction surveillance radar. 92 5.4 The requirement for a rapid reaction surveillance system 97 5.5 Executing demand for a rapid reaction surveillance system. 98 5.6 Post-acceptance ERIEYE diffusion. 105 5.7 Conclusion. 107 Chapter 6 The Swedish innovation system and ERIEYE innovation outcomes 108 6.1 The influence of Swedish Institutions 108 6.2 The influence of the Swedish defence competence block. 111 6.3 The influence of Swedish military doctrine. 116 6.4 The influence of the Swedish technology base. 119 6.5 The influence of Swedish demand. 122 ii 6.6 Conclusion 125 Chapter 7 The Australian defence sectoral innovation system 126 7.1 Australian institutions. 126 7.2 Australian actors, networks and the Australian competence block. 133 7.3 Australian military doctrine. 143 7.4 Australian technology. 146 7.5 Australian demand. 151 7.6 Conclusion. 154 Chapter 8 The Jindalee Operational Radar Network 155 8.1 Developing JORN: Overview. 155 8.2 Initial investigation of OTHR technology. 157 8.3 Project Jindalee: Developing OTHR for broad area surveillance. 160 8.4 Formulating demand for an OTHR-based broad area surveillance capability. 165 8.5 Executing demand for an OTHR-based broad area surveillance capability. 168 8.6 Post-acceptance development of JORN. 181 8.7 Conclusion. 185 Chapter 9 The Australian innovation system and JORN innovation outcomes 187 9.1 The influence of Australian institutions. 187 9.2 The influence of the Australian defence competence block. 190 9.3 The influence of Australian military doctrine. 201 9.4 The influence of the Australian technology base. 204 9.5 The influence of Australian demand. 206 9.6 Conclusion. 213 iii Chapter 10 Explaining divergent innovation performance. 215 10.1 Military technological innovation in Sweden and Australia 216 10.1.1 Comparing Swedish and Australian institutions. 10.1.2 Comparing Swedish and Australian competence blocs. 219 10.1.3 Comparing Swedish and Australian military doctrine. 223 10.1.4 Comparing Swedish and Australian technology. 224 10.1.5 Comparing Swedish and Australian demand. 227 10.2 Contribution to military technological innovation literature. 229 10.3 Managing military technological innovation 232 10.3.1 Undertaking military technological innovation. 232 10.3.2 Learning for military technological innovation. 233 10.3.3 Exchanging information for military technological innovation. 234 10.3.4 Allocating risk and accountability for military technological Innovation 234 10.4 Conclusion and directions for future research. 235 Bibliography 237 Interviews 248 Parliamentary Hearings 250 Thesis-related publications and presentations 251 iv Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been started without the inspiration of Sir Malcolm Kenneth McIntosh (1945-2000). It would not have been completed without the support of my interviewees who shared their stories, my supervisors who guided my work, my colleagues who shared my journey and my family who encouraged and sustained me. The thesis taps the experience of innovators in Sweden and Australia. Among the many Swedes who gave me their time, shared their knowledge and sponsored me into their networks my deepest thanks go to Sven Larsson, Carl-Gilbert Lonroth, Lennart Kallquist and Charles Edquist. Of the numerous Australians who shared their knowledge and insights, alerted me to nuance and pointed out my errors, I must single out Don Sinnott and Paul Johnson for special thanks. The thesis reflects the guidance and support of my academic mentors. My heartfelt gratitude to Professor Peter Hall who supervised my work with patient insight, guided my learning over innumerable cups of coffee and helped me clarify my thinking with unfailing grace. Thanks also to Professor Michael O’Donnell who somehow always made time to read and re-read my drafts and to Associate Professor Stefan Markowski who never failed to stimulate me with comments and ideas. The thesis would never have been finished without the practical support of the willing professionals who work in the UNSW@Canberra library, in the Committee Secretariat for the Australian Senate, in Australia’s National Library and in Sweden’s Riksdag Library. I also acknowledge the cheerful encouragement of my colleagues in the School of Business, UNSW@Canberra. By demonstrating that the job could be done they helped me do it. My thesis was both personal journey and academic endeavour. I cannot adequately express my gratitude to Sylvie, my wife, who was always there as I struggled to make sense of my professional experience. Nor can I overstate my thanks to our two children, Neil and Nicole. As recently qualified medical doctors they understood - perhaps better than I did - what the endeavour entailed. v Abbreviations and Symbols AEW&C Airborne Early Warning and Control AII Australian Industry Involvement ANAO Australian National Audit Office AN-APG 55 Pulse Doppler intercept radar fitted to the RAAF F/A-18 aircraft AN-FPS 118 Over-the-horizon backscatter radar (originally developed for the US Air Force) AN-TPS 71 ROTHR Relocatable over-the-horizon backscatter radar (originally developed for the US Navy) AOCI Australian Ownership, Control and Influence ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (US) ASCC Air Standardisation Coordinating Committee ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIC Air and Space Interoperability Council AWA Amalgamated Wireless Australasia (company) BAE British Aerospace (company) BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Limited (company) CAFOP Chief of Air Force Operations and Plans COCOM Coordinating Committee CSA Computer Sciences Australia CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CTD Capability and Technology Demonstrator (a fund administered by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation) DAO Defence Acquisition Organisation DDAW Defence Designated and Assisted Work vi DEPSECA Deputy Secretary (Acquisition) DID Defence Industry Development (a fund administered by the Australian Department of Defence). DSDC Defence Source Definition Committee DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation
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