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INTEROPERABILITY A CONTINUING CHALLENGE IN COALITION AIR OPERATIONS MYRON HURA GARY McLEOD ERIC LARSON JAMES SCHNEIDER DANIEL GONZALES DAN NORTON JODY JACOBS KEVIN O’CONNELL WILLIAM LITTLE RICHARD MESIC LEWIS JAMISON R Project AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-96-C-0001. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Interoperability of U.S. and NATO allies’ air forces : focus on C3ISR / Myron Hura ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1235-AF.” ISBN 0-8330-2912-6 1. United States. Air Force. 2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 3. Air Forces—Europe. 4. Command and control systems. 5. Electronic intelligence. 6. Aerial reconnaissance. 7. Space surveillance. 8. Internetworking (Telecommunication) I. Hura, Myron, 1943– UG633 .I58 2000 358.4'0094—dc21 00-064025 RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover designed by Tanya Maiboroda © Copyright 2000 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2000 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Internet: [email protected] PREFACE This report describes research that was conducted (1) to help the U.S. Air Force identify potential interoperability problems that may arise in NATO Alliance operations or in U.S. coalition operations with NATO allies over the next decade; and (2) to suggest nonmateriel and technology-based solution directions to mitigate identified shortfalls. The focus of the research is on command, control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C3ISR) systems and on out-of-NATO-area operations. The research was sponsored by the Air Force Director of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (USAF/XOI), the Air Force Director of Command and Control (USAF/XOC), and the comman- der of the Aerospace Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Center (AC2ISR/CC). The research was per- formed within the Aerospace Force Development program of Project AIR FORCE (PAF), and it builds on two recent PAF study projects: “Investment Guidelines for Information Operations—Focus on ISR” and “Developing Future Integrated C2 and ISR Capabilities.” This report should be of interest to policymakers, planners, and pro- gram managers involved in interoperability issues and programs of U.S. and NATO allies’ air forces. It should also be of interest to plan- ners and operational commanders involved in the employment of coalition C3ISR and combat capabilities. iii iv Interoperability: A Continuing Challenge Project AIR FORCE Project AIR FORCE, a division of RAND, is the Air Force federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) for studies and analysis. It provides the Air Force with independent analyses of pol- icy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future aerospace forces. Research is performed in four programs: Aerospace Force De- velopment; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Manage- ment; and Strategy and Doctrine. CONTENTS Preface ......................................... iii Figures ......................................... ix Tables.......................................... xi Summary ....................................... xiii Acknowledgments................................. xxiii Acronyms ....................................... xxvii Chapter One INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 Study Objective and Scope ....................... 1 Background .................................. 2 Study Approach ............................... 3 Structure of the Report .......................... 4 Chapter Two A BROAD DEFINITION OF INTEROPERABILITY ....... 7 Strategic Perspectives ........................... 8 Operational and Tactical Perspectives ............... 12 Technological Perspective ........................ 13 Summary .................................... 15 Chapter Three INTEROPERABILITY CHALLENGES IN RECENT COALITION OPERATIONS .................... 17 Interoperability Lessons Learned ................... 17 v vi Interoperability: A Continuing Challenge Key Interoperability Challenges and Workarounds ...... 19 Broader Lessons for Interoperability Planning ......... 20 Chapter Four NEW TRENDS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE INTEROPERABILITY ........................ 23 The International Security Environment ............. 23 Changes in NATO’s Security Environment .......... 24 New Missions for NATO ........................ 27 The Budgetary and Programmatic Environment ........ 27 Tighter Defense Budgets ....................... 27 The Political and Economic Aspects of Defense Consolidation ............................. 28 Concurrent Development and Introduction of New NATO Capabilities .......................... 28 A Potentially Widening Gap in U.S.-NATO Capabilities ... 29 Precision Strike .............................. 32 Network-Centric Collaborative Force-Level and Unit- Level Operations ........................... 32 Dynamic Assessment, Planning, and Execution ...... 33 Defence Capabilities Initiative ................... 33 Case Studies .................................. 34 Chapter Five COMMAND AND CONTROL ...................... 37 Strategic Level................................. 39 Current Command Constructs ................... 40 Evolving Command Constructs .................. 42 Operational and Tactical Levels .................... 43 Technological Level ............................ 45 Differing Objectives, Practices, and Procedures ...... 46 Dynamic Planning ............................ 49 Common Operational Picture ................... 50 Standards .................................. 50 Observations and Suggested Actions ................ 51 Chapter Six SPACE DEVELOPMENTS ......................... 55 The Broader Context for Space Cooperation ........... 56 Motives and Methods for Space Cooperation .......... 57 European Space Programs ........................ 61 French Space Program ......................... 62 Contents vii Italian Space Program ......................... 65 WEU Satellite Centre .......................... 67 Galileo Program .............................. 70 European Space-Based Radar Programs ............ 72 Observations and Suggested Actions ................ 74 Chapter Seven AIR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ................ 77 Interoperability Challenges ....................... 80 Systems .................................... 80 Missions and Operations ....................... 83 Political Concerns ............................ 85 Training ................................... 85 Future Prospects ............................. 86 Mechanisms to Foster Interoperability .............. 88 Cost Implications .............................. 90 Observations and Suggested Actions ................ 92 Chapter Eight GROUND SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ........... 95 AGS Requirements ............................. 98 AGS Concept Definition ......................... 99 Other Means to Ensure Interoperability .............. 101 Observations and Suggested Actions ................ 104 Chapter Nine TACTICAL DATA LINKS ......................... 107 TADIL J, JTIDS, and Link 16 ....................... 108 Link 16 Terminology ............................ 110 Summary of MIDS Case Study ..................... 114 Why MIDS? ................................. 116 Observations ................................ 117 Suggested Actions ............................ 119 Chapter Ten FIGHTERS AND WEAPONS ....................... 123 Cooperative Fighter Development .................. 124 Allied Capabilities .............................. 127 Allied Air-Superiority Capabilities ................ 127 Allied Precision Strike Capabilities ................ 128 Allied SEAD Capabilities ....................... 133 U.S. Capabilities ............................... 134 viii Interoperability: A Continuing Challenge Observations.................................. 136 Suggested Actions .............................. 138 Chapter Eleven ILLUSTRATIVE MILITARY VALUE .................. 141 Peacekeeping Operations ........................ 141 Force Protection ............................... 144 Against Conventional Aircraft ................... 145 Against Cruise Missiles ........................ 147 Against Theater Ballistic Missiles ................. 149 Interdiction During the Halt Phase of a Major Theater War ..................................... 150 Engagement-Level Considerations ................ 151 Mission-Level Analysis ......................... 158 Observations.................................. 174 Chapter Twelve CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTED ACTIONS................................. 177 Recent Operations.............................. 177 Case Studies .................................. 179 Suggested Actions .............................. 180 Collaborative Actions .........................

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