Study Guide by Kate R Aynor

A lost father A thirty-year-old conspiracy A daughter’s journey to uncover the truth

A film by Juliet Lamont

A STUDY GUIDE BY KATE R AYNOR

http://www.metromagazine.com.au

http://www.theeducationshop.com.au ‘The war is ceaseless. The most we can hope for are occasional moments of tranquillity in the midst of the conflict.’

Introduction

n 1978, 34-year-old Scottish climber Jimmy Graham went to Antarctica Iwith Operation Deep Freeze to train scientists in survival skills on the ice. It was his dream job, full of adventure and challenge. He left his young family in Australia in December of that year, intending to stay at the Pole for six Young family months. Three months later he was shipped home, agitated and paranoid, claiming that he had stumbled onto FAST The Snowman Characters an illegal nuclear site and that the CIA FACTS had given him a chemical lobotomy. Juliet Lamont – Jimmy’s daughter His descent into madness was stark Antarctica: and the film’s director and terrifying for those who loved him. McMurdo Station Sean Lamont – Jimmy’s son, Juliet’s Unable to cope with his erratic and • Average mean sea-level younger brother dangerous behaviour, Frances, his temperature: -20 °C wife, fled with their two children, Juliet Frances Lamont – Juliet and and Sean. Thirty years later, Juliet tries • Monthly mean range: Sean’s mother and Jimmy’s ex-wife -3 °C in January to -28 °C in to uncover the real story and reconnect August Yanni Holiastos – cafe owner with what is left of the man she called • Stormiest months: Zac Versegi – barista her father. The Snowman is her com- February and October pelling account of this journey. She Bill Rowlings – publican tracks Jimmy down to a country town Source: U.S. National Science Foundation Hamish Small – old friend some five hours drive away from where Andy Colvin – climbing friend she lives in Sydney with her husband Sheila McLean – family friend and two daughters. He is leading a and senior secondary English, Cultural marginal, alcoholic life and has not Studies and Psychology, and has par- Rick Reynolds – hippie worked since his return from Antarc- ticular relevance for the VCE English Bruce Wilson – hippie tica. Just what happened to Jimmy Year 11 Identity strand. Tim Oates – hermit to push him so irrevocably over the Elaine Ally – Elands resident edge? Pieces of this puzzle lie scat- The family will always be an inherently tered across the globe. Juliet demon- fascinating topic: at some level, even the Lou Sanson – CEO Antarctica New strates the tenacity and fortitude of an most isolated among us are members Zealand Arctic explorer herself, taking us on her of this basic unit of human connection Carl Thomson – Operation Deep sometimes harrowing personal adven- and relationship. Reflecting on the family Freeze, Survival Trainer 1978 ture to New Zealand, America, Antarc- as a primal grouping allows students tica, Scotland and Ireland, in search of to explore their own memories and Drew Brown – Operation Deep some kind of truth that might heal the experiences in a wider social context. Freeze, Survival Trainer 1978 icy rift in Jimmy and their family. Madness is also a topic of profound Colin Monteath – Operation Deep importance. However it might have Freeze Curriculum Links come about, Jimmy’s mental health is in disarray. With some government Richard L. Horton – Operation The Snowman is an intriguing personal health bodies claiming that at least one Deep Freeze, Public Affairs Officer 1978 documentary touching on a variety in ten Australians will experience mental Jim Landy – Operation Deep Freeze, of themes, including: identity; fam- health issues during the course of their Mechanic 1978 ily; relationships; memory; personal lives, this film provides a really important history; and madness. It is a valuable forum for exploring and addressing the Peter Cleary – Operation Deep text for use in the classroom because stigma attached to mental illness. Freeze, Dog Handler 1978 of the complex and challenging ways Ed Hamblin – Operation Deep Freeze, in which it explores these issues. It Teachers please note: the film Storekeeper 1978 would be well suited to use in middle contains coarse language.

SCREEN EDUCATION 2 Ant arctic Expeditions bugger with a sharp mind and a mischievous sense of humour’ – International agreements very different to the impression he has created on publican Bill Rowl- 1932–33 International Polar Year ings who has only known him as a heavy-drinking recluse.) 1957–58 International Geophysical Year • How does Jimmy spend his days? Is Jimmy an alcoholic? 1959 Antarctic Treaty System • Juliet says that after his return from Antarctica Jimmy was never British Empire/Commonwealth the same again: ‘his mind a bliz- zard, his heart frozen’. Is Jimmy 1901–04 Scott’s first expedition still capable of love? 1907–09 Shackleton’s first • Discuss the account of Jimmy’s expedition Juliet at 18 experience at the anti-Vietnam War 1910–13 Scott’s second expedition demonstration in London, his ar- rest for the possession of marbles 1911–14 Mawson’s first expedition and his subsequent beating by po- lice. What does this anecdote tell 1914–17 Shackleton’s second expedition Activities & Discussion us about Jimmy, his background Points and his beliefs? 1921–22 Shackleton’s third • What sort of husband and father expedition The main aim of this guide is to was Jimmy prior to the trip to Ant- 1929–31 Mawson’s second present a wide variety of teaching arctica? What evidence is there to expedition and learning opportunities based on suggest Jimmy was very focused the film, ranging in sophistication and on his family? Describe Jimmy and 1934–37 Graham Land expedition complexity. Teachers are encouraged Frances’ marriage. 1943–45 Operation Tabarin to pick and choose tasks that suit • Why was Jimmy’s job with the the particular interests and abilities of New Zealand Broadcasting Corpo- 1955–58 Trans-Antarctic Expedition their students – not to work through ration particularly important? France the guide systematically. Most of the (It was through this position that activities target literacy outcomes: he discovered about Operation 1903–05 Charcot’s first expedition speaking and listening, reading and Deep Freeze.) writing. There are also activities that • What aspects of mountain climb- 1908–10 Charcot’s second address film analysis, ICT and creative ing did Jimmy specialize in that expedition thinking. The statements presented made him well suited for Operation Germany in quotation marks are intended to Deep Freeze? (ice and snow climb- be controversial and can be used in a ing) 1901–03 Drygalski expedition number of ways: as the focus for dis- • Describe Jimmy’s speech patterns cussion, debate or oral presentations; and style of speech. Consider his 1911–12 Filchner expedition and as a direction for further research, verbal tics, ‘whatever’, ‘sort of’, 1938–39 New Swabia expedition analysis or creative writing tasks. ‘mate’. What can we learn about

Norway Jimmy: ‘Something that burnt a hole in his soul …’ 1910–12 Amundsen expedition FAST ‘I’m OK, sort of.’ – Jimmy FACTS United States

1928–30 Byrd’s first expedition • Write two character profiles of Antarctica: Jimmy, one detailing the kind of 1946–47 Operation Highjump person he was prior to 1978, the • Coldest, highest, windiest continent in the world. 1947–48 Operation Windmill other describing the man we meet in the film. Where possible, identify • Highest recorded wind 1947–48 Ronne expedition velocity: 199 mph (327 the sources of information you use km/h), Dumont d’Urville, 1955–56 Operation Deep Freeze in piecing together the portrait. July 1972. (For instance, he’s described by Source: Australian Government old friend Hamish Small, who knew (See .)

SCREEN EDUCATION 3 him just from listening to him another person’s point of view? If one key factor, what Juliet calls speak? Compile a list of the odd someone sent you a camera with The Thing, to explain someone’s things Jimmy says over the course similar instructions, what would breakdown? of the film (a few of my favourites: you choose to photograph and • Juliet says that Jimmy’s mind is ‘I reckon dogs have got Chinese what might this say about you? ‘unknowable’. Isn’t this ultimately hats’; ‘the marriage of a million • Do you think the experience of true of all of our experiences of the years’; and ‘I reckon the whales making this film and econnectingr other? got me’.) Imagine that these are with his family has any impact on • What were some of the more secretly coded messages. Explain Jimmy, or is he so shut off in his extreme manifestations of Jimmy’s the deeper meaning of one of his own world that nothing can really paranoia? (At one point he thought peculiar utterings. touch him? aliens were after the family and he • Jimmy gives Juliet a book and hid the children in the woods for draws her attention to a particular T ales of Ordinary two days; when Sean was about passage: ‘The war is ceaseless. Madness? five, Jimmy came to believe he The most we can hope for are oc- was not his son and threw beer casional moments of tranquillity in ‘I’m going; he’s fucking mad.’ – Frances cans at him; on another occasion the midst of the conflict’. Juliet is he kidnapped Juliet and took her moved to tears. What do you think • Do you think Jimmy is mad? Why? to Scotland.) she is feeling here and why do What is the difference between • Both Sean and Juliet confess to these words touch her so deeply? mad and sane? Draw up a table • Juliet sends Jimmy a couple of with two columns, ‘A Guide to the disposable cameras, hoping to Mad and the Sane’. learn something about how Jimmy • Compile a list of the things that sees the world. What do you think could drive someone mad. (Grief, his photos reveal? Do you think guilt, isolation, abuse, drugs …) Do this activity allows one to step into you think it is possible to identify Clockwise from top left:

SCREEN EDUCATION 4 fearing that they too might go mad. the most convincing? Why? What its effects? It is alleged that the Do you agree with Sean that this evidence does the film present drug was administered in order fear lurks in the back of everyone’s to persuade you? Write your own to induce schizophrenic symp- minds? imaginative account of something toms. What aspects of Jimmy’s • Has Jimmy suffered more than that could have happened to behaviour might correlate with Frances and his children? Jimmy in Antarctica to push him this? (Consider, for example, his • Do you think Jimmy has ever over the edge. paranoia and aural hallucinations.) sought medical attention for his • What does Frances think actu- mental problems? Why/why not? ally happened to Jimmy? Why Mescaline: Psychedelic drug derived Do you think he might benefit from might she prefer to think the CIA from a small, spineless cactus Lopho- some sort of treatment or therapy? destroyed Jimmy’s mind over the phora williamsii of northern Mexico • Do you think there is anything that alternative explanations? and the southwest USA, known as could have been done for Jimmy • Define paranoia and discuss the peyote. The tops (called mescal but- upon his return from Antarctica paradox at its heart: one of the tons), which scarcely appear above that might have improved his out- symptoms of madness is para- ground, are dried and chewed, or come? noia, but just because you’re mad added to alcoholic drinks. Mescaline

• Several hypotheses are presented doesn’t mean that someone isn’t is a crystalline alkaloid C11H17NO3. It is to explain Jimmy’s dramatic really out to get you … used by some North American Indians transformation during his trip to • Juliet includes footage from an in religious rites. (See .) administered a chemical lobotomy Close-up to support the possibility because he had stumbled upon that Jimmy’s claim to have been evidence of nuclear experiments; drugged by the CIA might be true. guilt over an extra-marital affair Is this a credible source of infor- that might have resulted in a child; mation? The drug mentioned is a and a psychotic drug experience. mescaline-derivative. What can Which explanation do you find you find out about mescaline and Clockwise from top left:

SCREEN EDUCATION 5 • It is claimed that the CIA were • The Sane website factsheet on experimenting in biological and schizophrenia says: ‘The causes chemical controls of human behav- of schizophrenia are not fully to support someone with a severe iour. Make a list of all the biological understood. They are likely to mental illness. and chemical factors that influence be a combination of hereditary • ‘Madness can be a refuge or a your behaviour. (Think laterally with and other factors. It is probable retreat.’ Discuss. this one: sleep, diet, caffeine, nico- that some people are born with a • ‘At some level we’re all mad.’ Dis- tine, hours of daylight, weather, predisposition to develop this kind cuss. hormones, medications …) of illness, and that certain things – • Debate topic: ‘Madness is the final • If Juliet could prove the culpability for example, stress or use of drugs taboo.’ of the CIA in Jimmy’s breakdown, such as marijuana, LSD or speed do you think he would be enti- – can trigger their first episode’. All in the Family: tled to compensation? If so, how Do you think there are aspects of Relationships, History, much? Jimmy’s personality prior to his Memory • Put yourself in Frances’ shoes: experience in Antarctica that might what would you do if someone have predisposed him to such a • Discuss Juliet’s opening narra- close to you started manifest- severe breakdown? (Please note: tion, over sweeping aerial shots of ing psychotic behaviour such as the film never explicitly names the majestic Antarctic landscape: Jimmy’s? Jimmy’s condition.) ‘When I was seven years old my • Design a fact sheet on schizophre- dad went on a very big adventure’. nia. Include basic, accessible infor- Write an account of your family mation about symptoms, possible life at seven years old and your treatments and sources of further relationship with your father. Dis- information. cuss the Jesuit quote that formed Clockwise from top left: • Write up a ten-point guide on how the basis of Michael Apted’s 7-Up

SCREEN EDUCATION 6 series: ‘Give me a child until he • Change One Element: re-write the up where you are now. (sic) is seven and I will give you the story of Jimmy and his family as it • Jimmy and his family settled in man’. might have been had he not gone an alternative community in the • Write a biographical account of an to Antarctica. Explore the idea of mountains, called Elands. What experience after which you or your consequences, how one decision is meant by the word ‘alternative’ family were ‘never the same again’. can change the course of lives in here? Alternative to what? What • Discuss the ramifications of ways that cannot be predicted. values might we assume people Jimmy’s erratic behaviour on his • In what sense is Jimmy ‘lost’ to his who live this way choose? Was it family and children. What effect family? Do you think he would ever a good experience for the children did Jimmy’s breakdown have on have sought contact with Juliet? of the community? Why/why not? Sean? (Consider Sean’s admis- Is it possible that Jimmy’s loss to How might Juliet’s childhood at sion to struggling with drugs and his family is somehow even more Elands have differed to a child depression.) profound than if he had actually growing up in an outer suburb or • Make a ‘Cause & Effect Chart’, died in Antarctica? an inner-city housing commission identifying and imagining all the • Why do you think it’s Juliet and block? What experiences and possible effects of Jimmy’s mad- not Sean who goes in search of locations defined your childhood? ness on his family. Jimmy? • How does Jimmy react to meeting • What effect might Juliet’s troubled • Write a letter to Jimmy from his granddaughters? Write an ac- childhood experiences have had Frances, explaining how you feel count of Jimmy from Juliet’s nine- on her as a mother; in her personal about the end of your marriage. year-old daughter’s perspective. relationships; and in terms of her • How did Juliet come to end up in What do you think of your grand- disposition and attitudes to life? Australia? (Frances was fed up Can you trace the effects of certain with the Scottish rain and booked childhood experiences and rela- a £99 passage for the family, with- tionships on the person you have out consulting Jimmy.) Write an become? account of how you came to end Clockwise from top left:

SCREEN EDUCATION 7 father? Write an account of your so painful for Frances to contem- and the work the survival trainers own relationship with one of your plate the possibility that Jimmy were engaged in? grandparents. Does your grand- had an affair some thirty-five years • It is noted that 260 people went parent value different things and ago? Do you think Juliet is insensi- through the survival training course see the world differently because tive in how she handles this? Why and only one didn’t make it. Can of their age and experiences? does Juliet feel she’s betraying you find out what happened to this • ‘Every family has someone crazy in her friendship with her mother by person? it: sometimes you just have to dig meeting Shonagh? Why might • What aspects of life in Antarctica a little to find them.’ Discuss. Shonagh have agreed to meet could drive a person mad? Discuss • Juliet takes a nostalgic trip to Juliet? What does Shonagh have the sense of isolation, the great Scotland with her mother and her to gain/lose from telling the truth expanse, the silence … brother. Imagine you wanted to about her relationship with Jimmy? • Why does Juliet say Antarctica somehow go back to your roots Do you think Shonagh is lying? scares her? and explore the early experiences Why does Juliet think this? • Describe the culture at Scott Base that helped shape you. Where and McMurdo. (The film includes would you go and who would you A Hunger To See The accounts of heavy drinking – want to go with you? Design an World: Antarctica and industrial alcohol – fighting and identity map of key locations in Operation Deep Freeze drug-taking.) Could this have con- your past. tributed to Jimmy’s breakdown? • Why does Sean find it reassuring • In small groups, research and How? to see a photograph of his father present a paper on one particular as a young man hanging on the expedition to Antarctica. wall of a Scottish pub? (It some- • Jimmy was hired as a survival how gives him some sort of reality: instructor in Antarctica for a six- he was here.) month period. What can you find • Can you understand why it is still out about Operation Deep Freeze Clockwise from top left:

SCREEN EDUCATION 8 • Why did Graham Land in Antarc- Discuss. tica hold special significance for • ‘The film’s most important land- Juliet as a child? (Their surname scape is not Antarctica, despite all was Graham and she bragged to the many magnificent shots of icy school friends that it was named glaciers and snowy peaks; it is the after her father.) tumultuous landscape of Jimmy’s • Do you believe the (US Govern- mind with which the film is prima- ment) tested nuclear facilities in rily concerned.’ Discuss. Antarctica in the 1970s? • The US Government has been at The Film: A Closer Look the centre of a variety of conspiracy theories over the last several ‘The Snowman shows us a very real decades. Explore one of the more family with the courage to share their plausible claims of illegal acts dur- mistakes, their human frailty in the ing covert operations and present face of the challenges of dealing with you think motivated her to make your findings to the class. the mental illness of a family member this film? (Include your own ideas • ‘The South Pole is really a red her- and the potential for us all to reach but also consider comments she ring, a distraction from the more out, before it’s too late, to the people makes: having her own children troubling story of a man’s terrible we love. My family isn’t fixed, but it’s prompted her to reflect on her mental decline and its impact on less broken. And there’s enough hope childhood and compelled her to those who loved and needed him.’ in that for me. So there’s a lot to be reach out to Jimmy; his age led her said for jumping into the fire.’ to fear his death and her regrets if – Juliet Lamont she didn’t try to contact him …) • Discuss the structure of the film. • Juliet had not seen her father Does it have three acts, a begin- Clockwise from top left: for twenty-seven years. What do ning, middle and end?

SCREEN EDUCATION 9 • What is the mood of the film’s • Make a list of the types of material ending? Have Juliet’s attempts to included in the film: archival foot- reconnect with Jimmy been suc- age from Antarctica; still landscape cessful? Support your answer with photos; semi-abstract footage of evidence from the film. swirling clouds; family snaps; talk- • Juliet’s film is an adventure, a de- ing head interview material; verité tective investigation, a ghost story, doco footage of encounters and a paranoid conspiracy story, a conversations; and animation. glimpse into the heart of madness • ‘The camera acts as a bridge … If you were to make a film about between Juliet and her father. your family, what genres might it Without the film, she might never dip into? have had the courage, the reason or the resolve to re-enter Jimmy’s life.’ Discuss. Film • Choose one of the animated se- Heart of Darkness, with Jimmy as Credits quences and analyse its symbolic Captain Kurtz and Juliet as Willard meaning and tone. taking that long ride down the river Duration: 79 minutes • What steps might Juliet have taken …’ Discuss. to verify her father’s allegations • Choose someone in your family Year of Production: 2009 against the CIA? to make a film about. Write up a Director: Juliet Lamont • Do you think Juliet realised before treatment, your aims and agenda, Producers: Rachel Landers & she began making the film that she the person’s qualities and charac- Dylan Blowen would never be able to present teristics that might make them an Cinematographers: Rachel one conclusive account of what Landers & Simon Smith happened to her father? Is the film Editors: Melanie Sandford & disappointing because we never Lindi Harrison learn exactly what happened to Composer: Benjamin Speed Jimmy in Antarctica? • ‘The Snowman is like a strangely Animator: Sam Challis domestic retelling of Conrad’s Clockwise from top left:

SCREEN EDUCATION 10 interesting subject. Choose three • What can you find out about Pony Paul H. Lysaker and John T. Lysaker, real-life events or incidents that Films, the production company Schizophrenia and the Fate of you would want to include for the that made The Snowman? (See the Self, Oxford University Press, light they shed upon this relative’s .) Oxford, 2008. character. Dan Merkur, The Ecstatic Imagination: • Do you think Jimmy understands RESOURCES Psychedelic Experiences and he’s being filmed? What are the the Psychoanalysis of Self- ethical issues involved in making a Books Actualization, State University of film with someone whose ability to New York Press, Albany, 1998. give consent might be impaired? Julio Arboleda-Flórez and Norman Mark Norman, The Antarctica Book: • Design a storyboard to illustrate Sartorius (eds), Understanding the Living in the Freezer, Black Dog one of the many fascinating anec- Stigma of Mental Illness: Theory Books, Fitzroy, Vic, 2007. dotes related over the course of and Interventions, John Wiley & Janet E. Pletson (ed.), Psychology the film. Display these around the Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008. and Schizophrenia, Nova Science classroom during the unit of study. Adrian Bonner, Social Exclusion and Publishers, New York, 2007. (I would do a sequence on Jimmy the Way Out: An Individual and John Ranelagh, CIA: A History, BBC thawing out his nine-year-old Community Response to Human Books, London, 1992. daughter’s frozen hamster in the Social Dysfunction, John Wiley & Greg Reid, Antarctica: The Frozen oven – the mood here is strangely Sons, Chichester, England, 2006. Continent, Macmillan Education ambiguous: there’s the child’s grief Man Cheung Chung, K.W.M. (Bill) Australia, South Yarra, Vic, 2005. at the loss of her pet; perhaps Fulford and George Graham (eds), Russell Jack Smith, foreword by Rich- her bewilderment at the strange Reconceiving Schizophrenia, ard Helms, The Unknown CIA: My behaviour of a parent; but also Oxford University Press, New York, Three Decades with the Agency, something intimate and compan- 2007. Pergamon-Brassey’s, Washington, ionable about the two of them with Vicki Cowling (ed.), Children of Parents 1989. their faces pressed up against the with Mental Illness 2: Personal and David N. Thomas, foreword by Ray glass oven door …) Clinical Perspectives, ACER Press, Mears, Surviving Antarctica, Mu- • Imagine you are the film’s produc- Camberwell, Vic, 2004. seum Victoria, Melbourne, 2007. ers, Rachel Landers and Dylan Larry Davidson, foreword by John S. E. Fuller Torrey, Surviving Schizophre- Blowen, seeking funding for this Strauss, Living Outside Mental nia: A Manual for Families, Patients project. Write an outline of your Illness: Qualitative Studies of Re- and Providers, Collins, New York, intentions, the purpose and value of covery in Schizophrenia, New York 2006. the film. University Press, New York, 2003. Ellery D. Wallwork & Kathryn A. Wil- • Design a poster to promote this Tom Farrow and Peter Woodruff coxson, Operation Deep Freeze: film. Annotate your design choices, (eds), Empathy in Mental Illness, 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in font, colour scheme, layout, etc. Cambridge University Press, Antarctica 1956 – 2006, Scott Air How would you select a represent- Cambridge, 2007. Force Base: Office of History, Air ative image/s? Robert K. Headland, Chronological Mobility Command, 2007. • Write a review of the film to be List of Antarctic Expeditions published in a daily newspaper. and Related Historical Events, Websites • Write a fifty-word synopsis of the Cambridge University Press, film to be published in a television Cambridge, 1990. Antarctica & Operation Deep guide. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and Freeze • Who is the audience for this film? American Democracy, Yale Univer- Pacific Air Forces: Operation Deep • Consider the film’s title. Make a list sity Press, New Haven, 1989. Freeze: of other possible titles. Ronald Kessler, Inside The CIA: Re- http://www.13af.pacaf.af.mil/units/ • Consult the list of credits at the vealing the Secrets of the World’s operationdeepfreeze/index.asp end of this guide. Choose one Most Powerful Spy Agency, Pocket The United States Antarctic Program: role and write an outline of this Books, New York, 1992. http://www.usap.gov person’s responsibilities during the Jason Kimberley, Antarctica: A Dif- Map of Antarctic Expeditions, production of the film. ferent Adventure, Hardie Grant, 1772–1931: • Imagine you had the opportunity Prahran, Vic, 2007. http://www.fram.museum.no/en/ to interview Juliet. Write a list of Roger Kirkwood, Antarctica, Young default.asp?page=159 ten questions, focusing on her dual Reed, Chatswood, NSW, 2008. Scott Polar Research Institute – roles as Jimmy’s daughter and Marilyn J. Landis, Antarctica: Explor- Index to Antarctic Expeditions: the film’s director. Exchange these ing The Extreme – 400 Years of http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/ with another student and formulate Adventure, Chicago Review Press, resources/expeditions/ responses. Chicago, 2003. Chronologies & Timelines of Antarctic

SCREEN EDUCATION 11 Exploration: http://www.operationdeepfreeze. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/ http://www.antarctic-circle.org/ blogspot.com Schizophrenia timeline.htm Cool Antarctica: • http://www.mentalhealth.com/ Antarctic Connection: http://www.coolantarctica.com/ dis/p20-ps01.html http://www.antarcticconnection. Community/OAE_operation_deep_ This site gives links to a range of com/antarctic/science/mterebus. freeze.htm information: http://www.healthin shtml Operation Deep Freeze: site.gov.au/topics/Schizophrenia Antarctica New Zealand: http://www.aspen-ridge.net/body_ http://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz index.html Chemical Lobotomy Australian Antarctic Division: Operation Deep Freeze in Britannica http://www.sntp.net/drugs/thorazine. http://www.aad.gov.au/default. Online: htm asp?casid=24 http://www.britannica.com/EB http://www.freedommag.org/english/ The National Science Foundation: checked/topic/155494/Operation vol37I1/page08.htm http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/ -Deep-Freeze antarctica/background/NSF/ The World Factbook: Antarctica: Supporting People With Antarctic Heritage Trust: https://www.cia.gov/library/ Mental Illnesses http://www.heritage-antarctica.org/ publications/the-world-factbook/ http://au.reachout.com/find/articles/ aht.htm geos/ay.html supporting-someone-with-a Virtual Tour: McMurdo Station: -mental-illness http://astro.uchicago.edu/cara/ The CIA http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/ vtour/mcmurdo/ https://www.cia.gov yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/ ‘Life and Work at McMurdo Station’, Supporting%20People%20 USA Today, 28 March 2002: Mental Health Issues with%20Mental%20Illness http://www.usatoday.com/news/ Sane Australia: http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/ science/cold-science/life-work/ http://www.sane.org/information/ Support_for_People_with_a_ mcmurdo-station.htm information/factsheets_%2b_ Mental_Illness The Antarctic Sun: podcasts.html http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/ http://antarcticsun.usap.gov Schizophrenia: meddent/helping-people-mental Operation Deep Freeze: An • http://www.schizophrenia.com -illness-help-themselves Antarctic Photo-blog: • http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.

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SCREEN EDUCATION 12