Introduction to Introduction to Border Studies Border Studies Far Eastern Federal University Introduction to Border Studies Edited by Sergei V. Sevastianov, Jussi P. Laine, and Anton A. Kireev Dalnauka Vladivostok 2015 УДК 327 ББК 66.4 B 24 Рецензенты: Голунов С.В., д.полит.н., профессор, Межевич Н.М., д.э.н., профессор. Введение в исследования границ / под ред. С.В. Севастьянова, Ю. Лайне, А.А. Киреева. – Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2015. – 400 с. ISBN 978-5-8044-1579-3 Учебник, подготовленный международным коллективом авторов, представляет собой первую попытку систематического освещения в учебных целях обширного предмета такой области современного научного знания, как исследования границ. Главы книги рассказывают об истории развития исследований границ и их методологии, сущности и многообразии типов социальных границ, трансграничных отношениях и связанных с ними региональных процессах, специфике пограничной и трансграничной политики. Один из разделов учебника дает обзор состояния и функционирования государственных границ во всех основных регионах мира. Издание предназначено для студентов, изучающих проблемы социальных границ, а также для исследователей и практиков, всех тех, чьи интересы связаны с данной научной областью. © Авторы, 2015 © ДВФУ, 2015 Reviewers: Golunov S.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Mezhevich N.M., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor. Introduction to Border Studies / edited by Sergei V. Sevastianov, Jussi P. Laine, and Anton A. Kireev. – Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2015. – 400 p. ISBN 978-5-8044-1579-3 Textbook, prepared by an international team of authors, represents the first system- atic attempt to cover in training purposes such a vast subject area of modern scientific knowledge as border studies. Chapters of the book tell the history of the development of border studies and their methodologies, the essence and variety of types of social boundaries, transborder relations and related regional processes, specificity of border and transborder policies. One section of the textbook provides an overview of the condi- tion and functioning of state borders in all major regions of the world. The publication is intended for students studying problems of social boundaries, as well as for researchers and practitioners, all those whose interests are related to this scien- tific field. © The authors, 2015 © Far Eastern Federal University, 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE (Sergei V. Sevastianov, Jussi P. Laine, and Anton A. Kireev) 5 SECTION 1. BORDER STUDIES AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE 1.1 A HISTORICAL VIEW ON THE STUDY OF BORDERS (Jussi P. Laine) 14 1.2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF BORDERS (Vladimir A. Kolosov) 33 SECTION 2. CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS OF BORDER STUDIES 2.1 BOUNDARY AS AN ONTOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL CATEGORY (Sergei E. Yachin) 62 2.2 SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS (Anatolii M. Kuznetsov) 80 2.3 STATE BORDER (Anton A. Kireev) 98 2.4 TRANSBORDER RELATIONS (Alexander A. Zyikov and Sergei V. Sevastianov) 118 2.5 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER REGIONS (Sergei K. Pestsov) 139 2.6 BORDER AND TRANSBORDER POLICIES (Anton A. Kireev and Sergei A. Ivanov) 155 SECTION 3. MODERN BORDERS: CONDITION, PERFORMANCE, MANAGEMENT 3.1 STATE BORDERS IN EUROPE (Cathal McCall) 180 3.2 STATE BORDERS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE (Vladimir A. Kolosov and Alexander B. Sebentsov) 198 3.3 STATE BORDERS IN ASIA (Akihiro Iwashita and Edward Boyle) 226 3.4 STATE BORDERS IN NORTH AMERICA (Bruno Dupeyron) 245 Contents 3.5 STATE BORDERS IN SOUTH AMERICA (Adriana Dorfman, Arthur Borba Colen França, Marla Barbosa Assumpção) 265 3.6 STATE BORDERS IN AFRICA (Lindsay Scorgie-Porter) 284 3.7 STATE BORDERS IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA (Anton A. Kireev) 305 3.8 STATE BORDERS IN THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC (Ivan N. Zolotukhin) 320 ANNEX MAPS 346 BIBLIOGRAPHY 360 INTERNET RESOURCES 386 GLOSSARY 388 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 398 4 PREFACE The emergence of a new textbook is generally quite ordi- nary and even a routine event. In many disciplines new text- books are published almost every year, and the number of textbooks that are used concurrently in a particular country may reach several dozen. There are, however, also numerous rapidly evolving branches of scientific knowledge, for which textbooks of their own have yet to be written. This may be because of different reasons, but often indicate that the par- ticular branch of science has not yet matured enough to pro- duce a comprehensive book for teaching purposes. However, as a field of study evolves, it, sooner or later, reaches an es- sential milestone by having its principal provisions, peculiar- ities, problematics, and methods systematically explained in form of a textbook. Despite the rather young age of border studies as a field of study, and the impact of various confrontational factors that will be discussed later, it has made significant progress and proved its academic merits. In our opinion, there is quite a wide range of external (social) and internal (scientific) cir- cumstances, which indicate that border studies are ready to create its own textbook and really need it. Border studies do not of course exist in a vacuum, but its evolvement and turning into a full-fledged scientific field has been largely dependent on external conditions relating to various social systems and their boundaries. During the last decades, social systems and their boundaries have gone 5 Preface through revolutionary changes in terms of speed, scope and depth. It can be argued that the previous time a social trans- formation of such an importance was in the sixteenth – sev- enteenth centuries, when Europe, and behind it the rest of the world, entered the era of nation-states. The main symptoms of the changes occurring before our eyes are well known. Since the mid-twentieth century the number of states in the world increased by about three- fold, which has brought the national, political-geographic structure of the world into a new level of complexity. At the same time, a host of non-governmental (including exterritori- al) actors (ranging from small cross-border business to larg- er transnational corporations, and from informal local move- ments to international non-governmental organizations) appeared on the international stage, some of which are now fully proportional in terms of their resources and influence to those of states. All this was accompanied by a remarkable increase in the volume and intensity of international interaction, includ- ing interstate, transnational and cross-border. The strength- ening of mutual cohesion between various states and their regions contributed to the formation of new communities, distinct in their spatial configuration, up to the “global soci- ety”. The genesis of these social (and political) communities is reflected in the wide use of such concepts as “internation- alization”, “transnationalization”, “regionalization” and “glo- balization”. These processes also caused a discernable surge in international (and internationalized) conflicts, the most precarious features of which are not their quantity and de- structive potential, but rather their novelty, their exception- al diversity, as well as, their low predictability and manage- ability. Obviously, all the occurring contradictory changes are connected with social boundaries, and particularly with state borders. It is probably not an exaggeration to argue that boundaries are in the epicenter of erosion of the mod- ernistic world social and political order, and formation of the post-Modern order. Boundaries, on the one hand, are mark- ers and mediators of these complex and not fully understood processes, but on the other they may serve as important in- struments of their regulation. However, strategic, long-term management of boundaries, and with the help of boundaries that of states and societies, requires to high level of usable knowledge about them, their structure and functions. While science certainly has its own internal logic of de- velopment, and the study of borders is no exception, these profound social changes have impacted its state of affairs considerably. Border studies emerged largely within politi- cal geography at the end of the nineteenth century, yet much 6 has changed since the pioneering framework of early border Preface studies. The focus of border studies has developed in relation to the predominant geopolitical models and visions – from studying borders as delimiters of territorial control and ide- ology towards areal differentiation and later towards more dynamic role of borders as bridges rather than barriers. The emergence of globalization and the rhetoric of a “borderless world” only fuelled interest in borders. The apparent renais- sance of border studies that followed acquired an increasing- ly interdisciplinary take. Since then, the number of academics regarding them- selves as border scholars has multiplied and geographically speaking the scope of the academic community now extends far beyond North America and Western Europe, the core ar- eas of early border studies. What stands out even more is the increased array of scientific literature on borders and bound- aries, which now consists of various types and genres of pub- lications – from working papers and articles to major theo- retical volumes and encyclopedias. Undeniable progress has also been made in the terms of formal institutionalization of border studies as a field of study: specialized (governmental, university, and public) re- search units have been set up in many countries, while the number of existing professional