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Natural Gas Conflict in Tanzania and the Impacts to the Population In ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of various contributions and efforts of many individuals. While it is not possible to mention all of them, first and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Mohamed Husein Gaas for his kind guidance, devotion, scholarly advice, patience, encouragement, tireless effort and concern for accuracy which have shaped this study into its present form. Secondly I extend my sincere gratitude to NORAGRIC coordinator Madam Ingunn Bohmann for her tireless coordination and direction throughout the time of my studies at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Thirdly I owe much gratitude to my beloved wife Joyce Marcelin for her tolerance, prayer, moral support and affection during my time of study in Norway. Fourthly I extend my sincere gratitude to my children Petra and Quip for your prayers, tolerance, discomfort and loneliness during my time of study abroad, which has been exceptional. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention my blood brother Frederick Mwakisambwe and my friends Elisabeth Silayo, Edgar Liheluka and Benjamin Tassi. You deserve my appreciation for your close cooperation, support and encouragement day and night which brought this work into its present form. Finally, I wish to express my thanks to all members of NORAGRIC for their lectures, as well as to my fellow masters (IR) students and the staff of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences for their cooperation, encouragement and mutual support during my time of study. i ABSTRACT The study explored the problem of Natural gas conflict and their impact to the society in Tanzania by examining the case of Mtwara Municipality which is located in Mtwara region. Specifically, it assessed the trend and the extent of Natural gas conflict, their impact to the society and possible interventions to be made. Data were collected from local and national government sources including leaders, politicians, traditional healers, various community members, youths, elders, religious leaders and police officers. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information about the study. The study findings shows that, the conflict over natural gas is resulted by unfulfilled promises of government, natural gas transfer from Mtwara to Dar-es-salaam, inconsiderate and exclusive political agenda, Lack of information or education on natural gas project and lack of commitment of the government that resulted youth and the community of Mtwara to rally against the government after many measures taken to address the problem by the government has failed. These include providing education to the society on natural gas project, establish the development investment in Mtwara, To stop the project of transferring natural gas by pipe line to Dar-es-Salaam, the government to avoid the use of forces to resist the society. Therefore, this study recommends that, the central as well as local governments should take serious measures like education to the society, practice real benefit to Mtwara community following natural gas discovery, policies should be established which favour the local society on natural gas benefit also the government should be transparency on various community project and then the NGO have to be made to try to make various initiatives to provide an understand to the people about natural gas. Lastly it suggests some areas for further researchers solving the problem of natural gas conflict. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CHADEMA Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo CUF Civic United Front DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EU European Union FGD Focus Group Discussion GNI The gross national income ITV Independent Television MEP Mtwara Energy Project MP Member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCCR National Convention for Construction and Reform NGOs Non Government Organizations RAS Regional administrative secretary REPOA Research on Poverty Alleviation TPDC Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation U.S. United States UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola USAID U.S. Agency for International Development MW Megawatt TCF Trillion Cubic feet GDP Gross Domestic Product iii FGD Focus Group Discussion TCDD Tanzania Coalition on Debt and Development iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... ii 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Background of the study ......................................................................................................... 1 GAS CONFLICTS IN THE WORLD AND THEIR SITUATION ................................................ 1 GAS CONFLICT IN AFRICA ....................................................................................................... 3 GAS CONFLICT IN TANZANIA ................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4. Objective of the Study............................................................................................................. 7 1.5. Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 7 1.6. Significance of the study ......................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Scope of the study and limitations of the study ...................................................................... 7 1.8. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 9 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Definition of the key terms ..................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Theoretical literature review ................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Malthusian theory ......................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Functionalist Theory ..................................................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Conflict Theory ............................................................................................................. 14 2.4.4 Critical Theory .............................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Empirical Literature Review ................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................ 33 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Area of the Study .................................................................................................................. 33 3.3. Research Design .................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Quantitative Research Design ....................................................................................... 33 v 3.3.2. Qualitative Research Design ......................................................................................... 34 3.4 Sampling Procedure/Techniques ........................................................................................... 34 3.5 Sample Size ........................................................................................................................... 35 3.6 Data Collection Strategy/Techniques .................................................................................... 35 3.7 Data Collection Methods ...................................................................................................... 35 3.8 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation ......................................................................... 37 3.9 Reliability and Validity ......................................................................................................... 38 3.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 38 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................... 39 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 39 4.2. Characteristics of the Respondents ....................................................................................... 39 4.2.1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex .............................................................................
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