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Euphorbiaceae), with Emphasis on Two Species Of UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS HANNAH CASCELLI FARINASSO FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION OF MANIHOT MILL. (EUPHORBIACEAE), WITH EMPHASIS ON TWO SPECIES OF THE CERRADO BIOLOGIA FLORAL E POLINIZAÇÃO DE MANIHOT MILL. (EUPHORBIACEAE), COM ÊNFASE EM DUAS ESPÉCIES DO CERRADO Brasília 2019 HANNAH CASCELLI FARINASSO FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION OF MANIHOT MILL. (EUPHORBIACEAE), WITH EMPHASIS ON TWO SPECIES OF THE CERRADO BIOLOGIA FLORAL E POLINIZAÇÃO DE MANIHOT MILL. (EUPHORBIACEAE), COM ÊNFASE EM DUAS ESPÉCIES DO CERRADO Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do Título de Mestra em Botânica Orientador: Prof. Dr. Hélder Nagai Consolaro Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio José Camillo de Aguiar Brasília 2019 DEDICATÓRIA Ao Cerrado, por sua imensa diversidade de formas, que abriga tamanha fonte de riqueza e inspiração. À rainha do Brasil, a mandioca e ao seu gênero, por ser tão interessante e apaixonante, e a todos os antepassados indígenas que domesticaram e criaram esse tesouro. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos orientadores Hélder e Antonio, pela disponibilidade, paciência e aprendizado. Aos colaboradores Moises e Sueli, fundamentais na dissertação. A todos os membros das bancas, que contribuíram para o melhor desenvolvimento do trabalho. Aos pesquisadores doutores que identificaram espécimes entomológicos: José Pujol, Julia Calhau, Paula Riccardi, Rosaly Rocha, Silvio Nihei (Diptera); Rodrigo Feitosa (Formicidae); Luís Lira (Coleoptera). Sou grata a Karla Monique Valadão, imprescindível para a inclusão da anatomia e histoquímica das glândulas de M. esculenta no estudo. Ao Jaime Sautchuk, pelo consentimento para a realização da pesquisa com a espécie M. oligantha, na RPPN Serra Linda dos Topázios. Também sou grata ao Ibram pela concessão e permissão de coleta para o estudo dentro do Parque Dom Bosco. As seguintes instituições e seus técnicos também foram de suma importância para a realização da dissertação: o laboratório de Microscopia e Microanálise do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da UnB; a Embrapa Cenargen, e a sua Coleção viva do gênero Manihot, e o Laboratório de Microscopia; a Embrapa Cerrados; a Estação Ecológica da UnB. Aos que auxiliaram em campo: Vítor, Raphael, Gabriela, Raquel, Caracol, Bebela, Gustavo, Carol, Bruno, os Matheus, Mayco, Moises, Wagner, Rogério, e Antonio que também fotografou o comportamento dos polinizadores nas flores de Manihot. A todos os professores, colegas das disciplinas e os companheiros dos laboratórios de Hymenoptera e Biologia Reprodutiva de Angiospermas. Agradeço ao Vítor, maravilhoso, essencial em diversos momentos da dissertação, desde trabalho e incentivo moral no campo a revisões de manuscritos. Aos ciclos de familiares e amizades por apoiarem meus estudos e escolhas. À Universidade de Brasília e ao PPG-Botânica. À CAPES pela bolsa de mestrado. RESUMO As espécies do gênero Manihot, das quais M. esculenta apresenta importância alimentícia, são pouco conhecidas sobre sua biologia reprodutiva. Nesta dissertação investigamos caracteres florais, reprodutivos e interações planta-polinizador em Manihot, focando em espécies do Cerrado, bioma com área prioritária para conservação do gênero. No primeiro capítulo, comparamos espécies de distribuição restrita no Cerrado a espécies mais amplamente distribuídas. Revelamos a ocorrência de osmóforos, glândulas que emitem odores, nas flores de todas as 16 espécies analisadas. As estruturas das glândulas florais mantiveram-se conservadas e aplicando testes histoquímicos em três espécies, identificamos compostos que potencialmente contribuem na proteção das flores e atração de polinizadores (terpenos). As espécies endêmicas do Cerrado se diferenciaram no design da flor feminina e morfologia dos osmóforos, indicando maior diversificação nesse bioma. No segundo capítulo, demonstramos em duas espécies de Manihot do Cerrado, sistemas reprodutivos que dependem de polinizadores para a formação de sementes. Variados grupos funcionais de insetos atuaram como polinizadores, porém as espécies podem manifestar características florais, como baixa concentração do néctar, que resultam na restrição de determinados visitantes. As duas espécies diferem nos principais polinizadores (abelhas versus formigas e moscas) e, independente do sistema de polinização generalista, evidenciamos filtros florais. Ademais, a monoicia limita possibilidades de visitantes pouco frequentes polinizarem pelo baixo número de flores femininas. Concluindo, apesar de possuir características florais conservadas, as espécies de Manihot podem diferir em sua biologia da polinização, tendendo a depender de grupos de insetos mais abundantes para seu sucesso reprodutivo. Palavras-chave biologia reprodutiva da mandioca, endemismo, flores unissexuais, interações planta- inseto, metabólitos secundários, parentes silvestres de culturas ABSTRACT The species of the genus Manihot, whose M. esculenta is of nutritional importance, are poorly known about their reproductive biology. In this dissertation we investigated floral and reproductive characters and plant-pollination interactions in Manihot, focusing on species of the Cerrado, a biome with priority area for conservation of the genus. In the first chapter, we compared species with restricted distribution in the Cerrado to more widely distributed species. We revealed the occurrence of osmophores, scent glands, in the flowers of all 16 species analyzed. The structures of the floral glands were conserved and applying histochemical tests in three species, we identified compounds that potentially contribute to the protection of the flowers and attraction of pollinators (terpenes). The endemic species of the Cerrado differed in the design of the female flower and morphology of osmophores, indicating greater diversification in this biome. In the second chapter, we demonstrated in two Cerrado Manihot species, reproductive systems that depend on pollinators for seed formation. Various functional groups of insects acted as pollinators, but the species can manifest floral characteristics, such as low concentration of nectar, resulting in the restriction of certain visitors. The two species differ in the main pollinators (bees versus ants and flies) and, regardless of the generalist pollination system, we evidenced floral filters. Additionally, monoecy limits the possibilities of infrequent visitors to pollinate due to the low number of female flowers. In conclusion, despite having conservative floral traits, Manihot species can differ in their pollination biology, tending to depend on more abundant groups of insects for reproductive success. Keywords crop wild relatives, endemism, plant-insect interactions, reproductive biology of cassava, secondary metabolites, unisexual flowers SUMÁRIO GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 Optimizing gland functions: defense and attraction evidence in conservative floral structures of Manihot species (Euphorbiaceae)............................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 15 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 18 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 21 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 35 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 2 Ecological generalized but not so much: pollinator filtering in monoecious Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ............................................................................................................................... 53 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 54 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 55 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 57 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 61 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 77 APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................... 87 8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Manihot is a neotropical genus with recent diversification in South America, reaching the highest diversity and endemism in Brazilian Cerrado
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