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Leaf Anatomy of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz. Cv. IAC-12) After Herbicides Application to Control Weeds in Minas Gerais, Br

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Leaf Anatomy of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz. Cv. IAC-12) After Herbicides Application to Control Weeds in Minas Gerais, Br Ecofisiología Vegetal y Producción de Cultivos / Plant Ecophysiology and Crop Production Acta Agron. (2017) 66 (3) p 385 -390 ISSN 0120-2812 | e-ISSN 2323-0118 https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v66n3.56055 Leaf anatomy of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. IAC-12) after herbicides application to control weeds in Minas Gerais, Brazil Anatomia foliar da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. IAC-12) após aplicação de herbicidas para controlar as plantas daninhas em Minas Gerais, Brasil Daniel Valadão Silva1, Cassia Michelle Cabral2, Sarah Stéphane Diamantina da Costa2, Matheus de Freitas Souza3*, Evander Alves Ferreira2, Renan Rodrigues Braga3, Gustavo Antônio Mendes Pereira2 and José Barbosa dos Santos2 1Departamento de produção agrícola. Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido- UFERSA, Brasil. 2Departamento de Agronomia- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri- UFVJM, Brasil. 3Programa de Manejo Integrado de Plantas Daninhas. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brasil. Author for correspondence: [email protected] Rec.: 05.03.2016 Accep.: 20.08.2016 Abstract Micro-morphological changes precede the appearance of visible damage after herbicide application and are essential in providing data for the safe recommendation in chemical management of weeds. Therefore, the aim of this research was to verify the anatomical changes of leaf tissue caused by application of herbicides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12). A greenhouse experiment was conducted with post-emergence herbicides treatments as follows: nicossulfuron (60 g a.i ha-1), fluazifop (250 g a.i ha-1), fomesafem (250 g a.i ha-1), metribuzin (480 g a.i ha-1), oxyfluorfen (720 g a.i ha-1) and the mixture fluazifop + fomesafen (200 + 250 g a.i ha-1), and an untreated control, respectively. The results obtained have allowed to affirm the cassava plants (cultivar IAC-12), exhibited changes in leaf anatomy in response to herbicide application even on cassava leaves without no visual toxicity symptoms. The products caused alterations both in tissue thickness as in tissue proportion in the leaf blade. For the fluazifop, a eudicotyledonous selective herbicide, changes were observed in tissue thickness and proportion of leaf blade, even without any visual toxicity detected. Cassava plants (IAC-12), showed structural changes in leaf anatomy in response to application of herbicides. The leaf anatomy of cassava cv. IAC-12, can be used to indicate the herbicide effect on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12) plants. Keywords: Post-emergence herbicides, selectivity, tissue thickness and proportion, visual toxicity, weed chemical management. Resumo Mudanças micro-morfológica precede o aparecimento de danos visíveis após a aplicação do herbicida e são essenciais no fornecimento de dados para a recomendação segura no manejo químico de ervas daninhas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho visou verificar as alterações anatômicas do tecido foliar causada pela aplicação de herbicidas em mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12). Um experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido com os seguintes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na cultura da mandioca: nicossulfuron (60 g i.a ha-1), fluazifop (250 g i.a ha-1), fomesafem (250 g i.a ha-1), metribuzin (480 g i.a ha-1), oxyfluorfen (720 g i.a ha-1), a mistura fluazifop + fomesafen (200 + 250 g ha-1), e um tratamento sem aplicação de herbicidas. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que as plantas de mandioca (cultivar IAC-12) apresentaram mudanças na anatomia foliar, em resposta à aplicação do herbicida até mesmo em folhas sem nenhum sintoma visual de intoxicação. Os produtos causaram alterações tanto na espessura do tecido como na proporção de tecidos na lâmina de folha. Para o fluazifop, um herbicida seletivo para espécies eudicotiledôneas foram observadas alterações na espessura do tecido e na proporção de lâminas foliares, mesmo quando não foram detectadas sintoma visual de intoxicação nas folhas. As plantas de mandioca (IAC-12) apresentaram mudanças estruturais na anatomia foliar em resposta à aplicação de herbicidas. A anatomia da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12) é um parâmetro para indicar o efeito de herbicidas em relação as avaliações visuais. Palavras-chave: Espessura e proporção do tecido, intoxicação visual, herbicidas pós-emergência, manejo químico de plantas daninhas. Seletividade. 385 Acta Agronómica. 66 (3) 2017, p 385-390 Introduction action, the light is always required for their action. Nicosulfuron is an acetolactate synthase Cassava is a eudicotyledonous, Euphorbiaceae inhibitor (ALS), responsible for the synthesis and genus Manihot (Carvalho, 2013). The species of aminoacidsvaline, leucine and isoleucine, Manihot esculenta Crantz., is a traditional crop in interrupting, thereby, the synthesis of proteins tropical regions, producer of carbohydrates that (Silva & Silva, 2007). provides food from their roots to humans (da Silva et al., 2016) and animals (Yuquilema et al., 2014) According to Ferreira et al. (2002a,b) and Procópio et al. (2003), the anatomical study Life cycle of cassava can reach up to two of leaves can improve understanding of the years and weed competition can reduce roots barriers that each species imposes on herbicide production. Besides that, the lack of registered penetration and, thus, contribute to the search herbicides is a problem and difficult weeds for strategies that overcome these obstacles. management (Silva et al., 2012; Braga et al., Therefore, leaf anatomical analysis can be 2014). Also there is lack of studies related to successfully applied in the identification of the selectivity of new herbicides, especially for species that are susceptible, tolerant or resistant application post-emergence of cassava. This fact to a given chemical, as well as in the description makes some growers to use herbicides without of phytotoxic symptoms, contributing to studies registration and non-selective to the crop, of herbicide selectivity to terrestrial or aquatic damaging its productivity (Silva et al., 2012). species. The presence of weeds alter cassava growth Therefore, there is a need to assess the injuries and development, affecting its photosynthetic caused in the leaf tissue of cassava resulting from characteristics (Aspiazú et al., 2010), with a the application of herbicides that may harm plant consequent size reduction, weight and number of physiological functions. Even if not observing roots. The response of cassava plants to herbicide visible effects on the plant canopy, the continued application varies from overall selectivity to use of such products may, in the medium and long severe impairment of the production due to the term, compromise the production. Given these toxicity caused to the crop (Silva et al., 2012). concerns, the aim of this research was to verify Therefore, the basis for the success of the practice the anatomic changes on leaf tissue caused by in agriculture is the selectivity of the herbicides, fluazifop, fomesafen, metribuzin, nicossulfuron, which can be defined as the differential response oxyfluorfen post-emergence herbicides and the of the plant species to the application of a specific mixture fluazifop + fomesafen herbicides used molecule. Thus, the intensity of application and to control weeds in cassava (Manihot esculenta the formulation used are extremely relevant Crantz. cv. IAC-12 ) plants in Minas Gerais, Brazil. information on crop management, regarding the unwanted contact of the herbicide at the time of application (Tuffi-Santos et al., 2009). Materials and methods Furthermore, effects of herbicides on tissues level may not be seen and, thereby, decrease the ability Preparation of substrate in cultural competition after a period of effective control by the herbicide (Pavlovic et al., 2013). The experiment was conducted in a green house, However, there is an information gap regarding with controlled conditions of temperature and the effect of different molecules in leaf anatomy humidity. It was used a Red Yellow Latosol soil of cassava plants. Since micromorphological with clay texture. Soil physical and chemical changes precede the appearance of visible damage analysis showed in Table 1, according to (Tuffi Santos et al., 2007), demonstrating that EMBRAPA soil classification. microscopic studies provide additional important data. Table 1. Results of soil physical-chemical analysis Metribuzin is a photosystem II inhibitor, pH P K Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ H+Al (t) Soil (H 0) -3 acting in the chloroplast by competing with 2 (cmolc dm ) partially reduced plastoquinone “Qb” (QBH) for LRY 5.4 1.4 10 0.5 0.2 0.4 4.4 1.7 the site at the D-1 protein, causing an output Textural Class of plastoquinone and interrupting the flow of electrons between photosystems (Silva & Silva, Clay Silt Sand 2007). Other products such as oxyfluorfen and 56% 6% 38% fomesafen inhibit the protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) enzyme, this way paralyzing the Analyses carried out according to the methodology of the Brazilian Agricultural synthesis of chlorophyll and causing a series Research-EMBRAPA (1997). of oxidative reactions. After absorption and translocation of these herbicides to the site of 386 Leaf anatomy of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. IAC-12) after herbicides application to control weeds in Minas Gerais, Brazil To ensure adequate nutrition on the substrate, per replicate for each analyzed variable (Ribero 300 kg ha-1 of lime (PRNT = 80%), 220 kg ha-1 et al., 2012). of single superphosphate (18% P O ) and 40 2
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