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Manganese Fertilization for Sweet Cassava Production Under Organic Management System1

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Manganese Fertilization for Sweet Cassava Production Under Organic Management System1 e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 50, e66133, 2020 Research Article Manganese fertilization for sweet cassava production under organic management system1 Giuliano Marchi2, Josefino de Freitas Fialho2, Thomaz Adolpho Rein2, João de Deus Gomes dos Santos Junior2, Eduardo Alano Vieira2, José Carlos Sousa-Silva2, Juaci Vitória Malaquias2, Douglas Ramos Guelfi Silva3 ABSTRACT RESUMO Fertilização com manganês na produção de Organic management farms in the Federal District, mandioca de mesa sob sistema de manejo orgânico Brazil, usually present overlimed and overfertilized soils, with high content of organic matter and high pH. These conditions Solos de propriedades agrícolas do Distrito Federal sob lead to a low availability of manganese to crops. Many sweet manejo orgânico normalmente apresentam calagem e fertilizantes cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) crops were diagnosed with em excesso, contendo alto conteúdo de matéria orgânica e Mn deficiency in the region, presenting low yields. In order elevado pH. Essas condições levam a uma baixa disponibilidade to overcome such condition, an experiment was established de manganês às culturas. Muitas culturas de mandioca de mesa comprising the following treatments: application of MnSO4 (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) foram diagnosticadas com deficiência banded in rows; treatment of cassava cuttings with a MnSO4 de Mn na região, apresentando baixa produtividade. Para superar solution before planting; application of MnSO4 and elemental essa condição, um experimento foi instalado com os seguintes 0 sulfur (S ) banded in the rows, to acidify the soil, increasing tratamentos: aplicação de MnSO4 nas linhas de plantio; tratamento the Mn solubility; and leaf spraying of a Mn solution. The das manivas com solução de MnSO4 antes do plantio; aplicação de 0 best results were revealed when the Mn was applied by foliar MnSO4 e enxofre elementar (S ) nas linhas de plantio, para acidificar spraying and using a combination of methods (treatment o solo, aumentando a solubilidade de Mn; e aplicação foliar de uma of cassava cuttings with Mn, and Mn and S0 applied to the solução de Mn. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando o Mn soil before planting). This treatments provided a fresh root foi fornecido via foliar e pela combinação de métodos (tratamento yield of 19.5 Mg ha-1, contrasting with the control treatment de manivas com Mn, e Mn e S0 aplicados ao solo antes do plantio). (3.6 Mg ha-1). Esses tratamentos promoveram uma produção de raízes frescas de 19,5 Mg ha-1, contrastando com o tratamento controle (3,6 Mg ha-1). KEYWORDS: Manihot esculenta Crantz, root production, PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Manihot esculenta Crantz, produção de micronutrients. raízes, micronutrientes. INTRODUCTION al. 1988). Manganese deficiency is more common in soils with pH above 6.5 (Galrão 1999). This Manganese (Mn) deficiency in sweet cassava pH condition is common in soils under organic crops has been noticed in many farms in the Federal management in the region. District, Brazil, particularly those that use organic Manganese deficiency causes cassava to management systems (Fialho et al. 2020). It was also present low yields and interveinal chlorosis of observed that the use of lime, poultry manure and upper and middle leaves (Howeler 2002), due to the thermal phosphate applied in excess in these farms fact that the Mn functions as an enzyme activator have caused an increase in the soil pH. However, as for steps in photosynthesis (Broadley et al. 2012). the soil pH increases, the amounts of exchangeable Therefore, cassava crops present yellowish tips when Mn2+ and readily reducible Mn in the soil decrease, Mn is poorly translocated in the plant, and deficiency as well as the uptake of Mn2+ by plants (Reuter et symptoms appear first on young leaves (Galrão 1999). 1 Received: Oct. 13, 2020. Accepted: Nov. 27, 2020. Published: Dec. 21, 2020. DOI: 10.1590/1983-40632020v5066133. 2 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Cerrados), Planaltina, DF, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: [email protected]/0000-0002-2887-790X, [email protected]/0000-0003-2146-0981, [email protected]/0000-0002-0146-0012, joã[email protected]/0000-0003-1113-3178, [email protected]/ 0000-0003-4931-3895, [email protected]/0000-0001-5648-6773, [email protected]/0000-0001-6720-9624. 3 Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail/ORCID: [email protected]/0000-0002-4674-4780. 2 G. Marchi et al. (2020) Manganese availability to plants is influenced MATERIAL AND METHODS by soil type, organic matter content, moisture, soil aeration and pH (Reuter et al. 1988, Husson 2013). The study was conducted in a farm under When the organic matter increases in organic organic management system since 2007, in the Federal management systems, the amount of exchangeable District, Brazil (15º40’25.54”S and 48º09’48.40”W; Mn reduces, due to the increased formation of organic altitude: 1,237 m a.s.l.). The climate is characterized matter and Mn complexes (Alejandro et al. 2020). as tropical - Savanna (AW), according to the Köppen The high porosity and drainage of the classification, comprising an annual average rainfall Ferralsols in the Federal District may strongly of 1.552 mm, with monthly average rainfall ranging contribute to the Mn deficiency, mainly when the from 9 mm (June) to 249 mm (December) (Ghisi et organic matter contents and pH values are high. On al. 2009). the other hand, Mn deficiency seems to be related The soil was classified as Acrustox (USDA more to soil particle size than to organic matter 2015), and the soil analysis (0-20 cm) presented the content (Reuter et al. 1988). When the soil pH and following characteristics (Embrapa 2017): pH (H2O) organic matter content are high, the methods used was 6.75; P and K were 255.7 and 156.0 mg dm-3, to estimate the Mn availability to plants, such as respectively (Mehlich-1; 0.05 mol L-1 of HCl + -1 -1 DTPA-TEA pH 7.3, HCl 0.1 mol L , Mehlich-1 and 0.0125 mol L of H2SO4; 1:10 soil:solution ratio); -3 3, may not work properly. Although these methods Ca, Mg and Al were 6.5, 2.5 and < 0.1 cmolc dm indicate adequate concentrations of available Mn in (1 mol L-1 of KCl); Cu, Zn and Mn (Mehlich-1) the soil, the Mn is unavailable to plant uptake. Such were 0.7, 52.0 and 29.0 mg dm-3, respectively; tests seem to be unable to consistently account for B: 2.4 mg dm-3 (hot water); sand: 254 g kg-1; the nature of the inorganic and organic reactions to silt: 346 g kg-1; clay: 399 g kg-1; organic matter: which Mn is subject in soils (Hannam & Ohki 1988). 39.2 mg g-1. Although Mn fertilization is not recommended The area had been previously fertilized and in soils where its content is higher than 5 mg kg-1 cultivated with green vegetables, following the (Galrão 1999, Souza et al. 2009), in soils presenting current farm practices (organic agriculture). A high pH, organic matter, drainage and porosity, Mn composite sample from a nearby area under native is less available. The Mn application banded in Brazilian Savanna vegetation was collected as a rows is recommended in such situations, in order to reference. The reference soil, analyzed using the provide a short-term Mn supply (Reuter et al. 1988, same methods previously described, presented Camberato 2004), as it oxidizes rapidly in soils under the following characteristics: pH (H2O): 5.2; -3 -3 -3 these conditions (Reuter et al. 1988). Yet, the high P: 0.5 mg dm ; K: 19.0 mg dm ; Ca: 1.1 cmolc dm ; -3 -3 -3 pH of a soil could be locally attenuated by adding Mg: 0.6 cmolc dm ; Al: 0.3 cmolc dm ; Cu: 0.7 mg dm ; acidifying fertilizers, such as elemental sulfur (S0) Zn: 0.4 mg dm-3; Mn: 4.2 mg dm-3; B: 0.5 mg dm-3; (Reuter et al. 1988). After the plants present leaves, it sand: 330 g kg-1; silt: 276 g kg-1; clay: 388 g kg-1; is possible to provide Mn by foliar spraying (Howeler organic matter: 41.8 mg g-1. 2002, Schmidt et al. 2016). Another efficient form The experiment was designed in randomized of overcoming the Mn deficiency is by treating the blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The -1 cassava stem cuttings with Mn solutions before treatments were: T1: control; T2: 4.28 kg ha of Mn planting (Howeler 2002). (MnSO4.H2O) banded in rows before planting; T3: Mn The study of forms of fertilizaton with Mn is stem cuttings treatment [cuttings were immersed in a important, because they may contribute to decrease 5 % Mn - MnSO4.H2O solution for 15 min (Howeler the Mn deficiency in cassava grown in soils where 2002)]; T4: combined Mn stem cuttings treatment and the Mn deficiency impacts negatively the crop Mn banded in rows; T5: combined Mn stem cuttings production, allowing farmers to obtain healthy and treatment, Mn banded in rows and 150 kg ha-1 of profitable crops. elementary sulfur (banded in rows before planting); Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate traits T6: 0.5 % Mn - MnSO4.H2O (2 L). This last formula of sweet cassava grown under organic management was sprayed over the leaves weekly in each plot system, in soil with high pH and Mn deficient, after (Howeler 2002), from the 30th to the 51st day different forms of Mn fertilization. after planting. The plots consisted of five 4 m-rows e-ISSN 1983-4063 - www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq.
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