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Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology and Toxicity of Jatropha Curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): a Review

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Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology and Toxicity of Jatropha Curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): a Review South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 204–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Review Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review H.A. Abdelgadir, J. Van Staden ⁎ Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa article info abstract Article history: Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a multiple purpose plant with potential for biodiesel production and Received 7 December 2012 medicinal uses. It has been used for treatment of a wide spectrum of ailments related to skin, cancer, digestive, Received in revised form 13 July 2013 respiratory and infectious diseases. This review aims to provide an up-to-date survey of information available Accepted 22 July 2013 on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of J. curcas. Establishing a scientific Available online 30 August 2013 basis that explains its ethnopharmacological uses in order to facilitate and guide future research. The review fi Edited by GI Stafford covers literature available from 1960 to 2012 collected from scienti c journals, books and electronic searches such as Google scholar, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. Ethnomedicinal uses of J. curcas have been reported Keywords: from many countries in Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East for almost 100 different types of ailments. Anti-inflammatory The phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many secondary metabolites including diterpeniods, Antioxidant sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, lignans, coumarins and cyclic peptides. Crude extracts and iso- Antimicrobial lated compounds from J. curcas show a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, an- Anticoagulant tioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, hepatoprotective, analgesic and Anticancer abortifacient effects. J. curcas has been a widely used source of medicine for decades in many cultures. The present Toxicity review reveals that J. curcas is a valuable source of medicinally important molecules and provides convincing sup- port for its future use in modern medicine. © 2013 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................. 205 1.1. Taxonomyandbotanicaldescription............................................... 205 1.2. Habitat,distributionandecology................................................. 205 1.3. Generaluses.......................................................... 205 2. Vernacularnamesandtraditionaluses.................................................. 206 2.1. Vernacularnames........................................................ 206 2.2. Huntingpoison......................................................... 206 2.3. Usesintraditionalveterinarypracticesandmedicine........................................ 206 3. Phytochemicalanalysis......................................................... 208 3.1. Diterpenes........................................................... 208 3.1.1. Phorbolesters..................................................... 208 3.1.2. Dinorditerpenes,deoxypreussomerinsandpimarane.................................... 208 3.1.3. Lathyraneandrhamnofolane.............................................. 210 3.2. Sesquiterpenoidsandtriterpenes................................................. 210 3.3. Alkaloids............................................................ 210 3.4. Flavonoids........................................................... 210 3.5. Phenolics............................................................ 210 3.6. Lignans,neolignans,coumarins,coumarino-lignoidsandphytosterols................................ 210 3.7. Proteins............................................................ 211 ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 33 2605130. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Van Staden). 0254-6299/$ – see front matter © 2013 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.021 H.A. Abdelgadir, J. Van Staden / South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 204–218 205 4. Pharmacologicalinformation...................................................... 211 4.1. Anti-inflammatoryeffects.................................................... 211 4.2. Antioxidantactivity....................................................... 211 4.3. Antimicrobialactivity...................................................... 211 4.4. Anticanceractivity....................................................... 212 4.5. Antiviralactivity........................................................ 212 4.6. Antidiabeticactivity....................................................... 212 4.7. Analgesicactivity........................................................ 213 4.8. Hepatoprotectiveactivity.................................................... 213 4.9. Woundhealingactivity..................................................... 213 4.10.Anticoagulantandprocoagulantactivity............................................. 214 4.11.Antifertilityactivity(abortifacientactivity)............................................ 214 5. Toxicity ............................................................... 214 5.1. Toxicandantinutritionalcomponents .............................................. 214 5.2. Toxicological effects in the in vitro and in vivo models....................................... 214 6. Conclusions.............................................................. 215 Acknowledgements ............................................................ 215 References................................................................. 216 1. Introduction span of the plant is up to 50 years (Achten et al., 2010). It is a deciduous plant with an articulated growth habit with morphological discontinuity Jatropha curcas is a multiple purpose plant with potential for (Becker and Makkar, 2008). The root system constitutes a main taproot biodiesel production and medicinal uses. In recent years, increased and four shallow lateral roots (Carels, 2009; Heller, 1996; interest in its seed oil for biodiesel production has encouraged Neuwinger, 1996). The branches are glabrous with smooth cultivation of the plant on large scale. There are predictions that millions greenish-bronze-coloured bark and translucent latex (Neuwinger, of hectares will come under J. curcas cultivation (Devappa et al., 2011). 1996). The leaves are smooth simple, 5-lobed and heart-shaped, This would generate huge quantities of raw materials for biodiesel and 10–15 cm long, dark green, cordate or round, acute at the apex, cordate other potential uses that could open new routes for sustainable at the base, alternate and may fall once a year (Dehgan and Webster, ecofriendly development. 1979; Neuwinger, 1996). The flowers are in axillary clusters with a A number of reviews were written on the genus Jatropha covering stalk of 3–5 cm long, bracts entire, lanceolate or linear, densely various aspects for example, medicinal properties, phytochemistry and pubescent, yellowish-green, with prominent glandular discs in the pharmacology (Sabandar et al., 2012; Sharma and Singh, 2012), flowers. Male flowers with 5 ovate-elliptic sepals, less than 4 mm long diterpenes (Devappa et al., 2011), toxicity (Devappa et al., 2010a), nu- and 5-oblong-obovate petals united in the lower half, densely hairy tritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and inside, 6–7mmlong,8stamens.Femaleflowers with free oblong petals peptides (Devappa et al., 2010b) and chemical constituents (Zhang and larger sepals, 4 mm long (Abdelgadir et al., 2009; Bhattacharya et al., 2009). Although there are some reviews published recently on et al., 2005; Chang-Wei et al., 2007; Raju and Ezradanam, 2002). Fruits medicinal benefits and applications from J. curcas species (Prasad are ovoid capsules 3–4 cm long, slightly trilobite, splitting into three et al., 2012; Sharma et al., 2012; Luis et al., 2012; Kamal et al., 2011; cells. The seeds are three per fruit, large, oblong, 2 cm long and sweet Thomas et al., 2008), there is still a crucial need for an inclusive review tasting (Kochhar et al., 2008; Neuwinger, 1996). that covers the therapeutic and toxicological potential of this species. The present review attempts to collate the available information on 1.2. Habitat, distribution and ecology the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of J. curcas. We hope that this review may provide scientific basis that The center of origin of J. curcas is in the Northeastern part of South explain the ethnopharmacological use of J. curcas in order to facili- America and the dry areas of Mexico (Jongschaap et al., 2007; Makkar tate and guide future research. In particular, we aimed to answer et al., 2009). It was reported that the plant was distributed by Portuguese the following questions. (1) What information is available on the ships via the Cape Verde Islands and Guinea Bissau to other countries in traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and toxicity of J. curcas? Africa and Asia (Heller, 1996). Currently it is cultivated abundantly in (2) What pharmacological studies were performed on this plant many tropical and sub-tropical regions in Africa and Asia (Schmook and and how do they validate its traditional uses? and (3) What is
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