10/100 Mb/S Ethernet Frame Processor Agilent Technologies Broadband Series Test System
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Computer Networking in Nuclear Medicine
CONTINUING EDUCATION Computer Networking In Nuclear Medicine Michael K. O'Connor Department of Radiology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota to the possibility of not only connecting computer systems Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a com from different vendors, but also connecting these systems to prehensive description of computer networks and how they a standard PC, Macintosh and other workstations in a de can improve the efficiency of a nuclear medicine department. partment (I). It should also be possible to utilize many other Methods: This paper discusses various types of networks, network resources such as printers and plotters with the defines specific network terminology and discusses the im nuclear medicine computer systems. This article reviews the plementation of a computer network in a nuclear medicine technology of computer networking and describes the ad department. vantages and disadvantages of such a network currently in Results: A computer network can serve as a vital component of a nuclear medicine department, reducing the time ex use at Mayo Clinic. pended on menial tasks while allowing retrieval and transfer WHAT IS A NETWORK? ral of information. Conclusions: A computer network can revolutionize a stan A network is a way of connecting several computers to dard nuclear medicine department. However, the complexity gether so that they all have access to files, programs, printers and size of an individual department will determine if net and other services (collectively called resources). In com working will be cost-effective. puter jargon, such a collection of computers all located Key Words: Computer network, LAN, WAN, Ethernet, within a few thousand feet of each other is called a local area ARCnet, Token-Ring. -
Windows NT Workstation in Engineering and Science
Windows NT Workstation in Engineering and Science A White Paper from the Business Systems Technology Series Windows NT Workstation in Engineering and Science A White Paper from the Business Systems Technology Series Abstract This paper will assist in the evaluation of workstation operating systems used by engineers and scientists. Microsoft Windows NT Workstation is a powerful desktop operating system for the most demanding engineering, scientific and manufacturing applications. Windows NT enables better integration between existing productivity applications and the new generation of 32-bit applications. All applications benefit from the Windows NT robust architecture, preemptive multitasking, network access, security, and reliability. Combined with the mix of available productivity and specialized applications, these factors make Windows NT Workstation ideal for technical users. About the Microsoft Business Systems Technology Series The Microsoft Business Systems Technology Series consists of a number of interrelated white papers dedicated to educating IT professionals and advanced users, such as engineers and scientists, about Windows NT and the Microsoft BackOffice™ family of products. While current Microsoft technologies are often covered, the objective of this series is to offer an idea of how major technologies are evolving, how Microsoft will use those technologies, and what it means to technology planners and users. Legal Notice The descriptions of other companies’ products in this paper are provided only as a convenience to the reader. Microsoft cannot guarantee their accuracy, and the products may change over time. Also, the descriptions are intended as brief highlights to aid understanding, rather than as thorough coverage. For authoritative descriptions of these products, please consult their respective manufacturers. -
The Essential Guide to Audio Over IP for Broadcasters 2 5
The Essential Guide To Audio OverIP FOR BROADCASTERS Powerful Performance | Powerful Control | Powerful Savings i 1. Why IP for Broadcast Audio? Reasons to Migrate to Audio over IP ..........................................................................................................8 1. Flexibility ..................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. Cost ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 3. Scalability ................................................................................................................................................................................9 4. Reliability (yes really!) .........................................................................................................................................................9 5. Availability ..............................................................................................................................................................................9 6. Control and Monitoring .....................................................................................................................................................9 7. Network Consolidation ......................................................................................................................................................9 -
EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the Robustness of Implementations of Two Common “Ethernet” Protocols
EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the robustness of implementations of two common “Ethernet” protocols Version 2.01 September 2010 Copyright © 2009-2010 ASCI – Automation Standards Compliance Institute, All rights reserved EDSA-401-2.01 A. DISCLAIMER ASCI and all related entities, including the International Society of Automation (collectively, “ASCI”)provide all materials, work products and, information (‘SPECIFICATION’) AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY AND WITH ALL FAULTS, and hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions, whether express, implied or statutory, including, but not limited to, any (if any) implied warranties, duties or conditions of merchantability, of fitness for a particular purpose, of reliability or availability, of accuracy or completeness of responses, of results, of workmanlike effort, of lack of viruses, and of lack of negligence, all with regard to the SPECIFICATION, and the provision of or failure to provide support or other services, information, software, and related content through the SPECIFICATION or otherwise arising out of the use of the SPECIFICATION. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF TITLE, QUIET ENJOYMENT, QUIET POSSESSION, CORRESPONDENCE TO DESCRIPTION, OR NON- INFRINGEMENT WITH REGARD TO THE SPECIFICATION. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, ASCI DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR HARM TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY, AND USERS OF THIS SPECIFICATION ASSUME ALL RISKS OF SUCH HARM. IN ISSUING AND MAKING THE SPECIFICATION AVAILABLE, ASCI IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO RENDER PROFESSIONAL OR OTHER SERVICES FOR OR ON BEHALF OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY, NOR IS ASCI UNDERTAKING TO PERFORM ANY DUTY OWED BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY TO SOMEONE ELSE. ANYONE USING THIS SPECIFICATION SHOULD RELY ON HIS OR HER OWN INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT OR, AS APPROPRIATE, SEEK THE ADVICE OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL IN DETERMINING THE EXERCISE OF REASONABLE CARE IN ANY GIVEN CIRCUMSTANCES. -
Professional Services Online
Professional Services Online IT Categories CATEGORY # YRS OF EXP. PER DIEM RATE Identify the category(ies), years of experience and rate(s). To view the duties of each category go to http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/acquisitions/text/ps/category-e.html Business Transformation Architect Call Centre Consultant Database Administrator/Analyst Enterprise Architect Information Architect Internet/Intranet Site Specialist IT Project Executive IT Risk Management Service IT Security Consultant IT Technical Writer IT Tester Platform Analyst Programmer Programmer Analyst Project Administrator Project Leader Project Manager Quality Assurance Consultant Senior Platform Analyst Senior Systems Analyst Systems Auditor Technology Analyst Technology Architect Technology Operator WEB Accessibility Services Wireless Application Services Consultant SKILL GROUP/SKILLS X Select every skill within each group with a mark. To view the definitions of each skill go to http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/acquisitions/text/ps/skills-e.html 4th Generation Clarion CSP Focus Foremark Ideal Ingres LINC MANTIS Natural OMNIS 7 Oracle PowerBuilder PowerHouse Progress QMF SAS SQL/QL Windows VisionBuilder ZIM Application Accounting ARCHIBUS/FM Autorun CD Axios Assyst Billing Business Objects CALS CA Unicentre CCM Plus Software Cognos Impromptu Web Reports (IWR) Cognos PowerPlay Cognos PowerPlay Web Cognos Reporting Environment Cold Fusion Command and Control Systems ComSec Congnos Impromptu Distribution and Warehousing Document Management EIS Financial Financial Applications Financial Programming -
Bab 9 Pengenalan Jaringan Komputer
11 BAB 9 PENGENALAN JARINGAN KOMPUTER Jaringan komputer, atau jaringan data, adalah jaringan telekomunikasi digital yang memungkinkan simpul untuk berbagi sumber daya. Dalam jaringan komputer, perangkat komputasi jaringan bertukar data satu sama lain menggunakan data link. Sambungan antar simpul dibuat menggunakan media kabel atau media nirkabel. Perangkat komputer jaringan yang berasal, rute dan penghentian data disebut node jaringan. Node dapat mencakup host seperti komputer pribadi, telepon, server serta perangkat keras jaringan. Dua perangkat seperti itu dapat dikatakan jaringan bersama bila satu perangkat dapat bertukar informasi dengan perangkat lain, apakah mereka memiliki hubungan langsung atau tidak langsung satu sama lain. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, protokol komunikasi khusus aplikasi berlapis (yaitu dibawa sebagai muatan) melalui protokol komunikasi umum lainnya. Koleksi teknologi informasi yang tangguh ini membutuhkan pengelolaan jaringan yang terampil agar tetap berjalan dengan andal. Jaringan komputer mendukung sejumlah besar aplikasi dan layanan seperti akses ke World Wide Web, video digital, audio digital, penggunaan bersama dari server aplikasi dan penyimpanan, printer, dan mesin faks, dan penggunaan aplikasi email dan pesan instan serta banyak lainnya Jaringan komputer berbeda dalam media transmisi yang digunakan untuk membawa sinyal mereka, protokol komunikasi untuk mengatur lalu lintas jaringan, ukuran jaringan, topologi dan maksud organisasi. Jaringan komputer yang paling terkenal adalah Internet. 9.1 Sejarah Kronologi perkembangan jaringan komputer yang signifikan meliputi: l Pada akhir 1950-an, jaringan komputer awal mencakup sistem radar militer A.S. Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE). l Pada tahun 1959, Anatolii Ivanovich Kitov mengusulkan kepada Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet sebuah rencana terperinci untuk pengorganisasian kembali kendali angkatan bersenjata Soviet dan ekonomi Soviet berdasarkan jaringan pusat komputasi , OGAS. -
Ethernet Basics Ethernet Basics
2016-09-24 Ethernet Basics based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4th ed., Mike Meyers Ethernet Basics • History • Ethernet Frames • CSMA/CD • Obsolete versions • 10Mbps versions • Segments • Spanning Tree Protocol 1 2016-09-24 Ethernet – Early History • 1970: ALOHAnet, first wireless packet-switched network - Norman Abramson, Univ. of Hawaii - Basis for Ethernet’s CSMA/CD protocol - 1972: first external network connected to ARPANET • 1973: Ethernet prototype developed at Xerox PARC - (Palo Alto Research Center) - 2.94 Mbps initially • 1976: "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" published in Communications of the ACM. - Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs - sometimes considered “the beginning of Ethernet” Ethernet goes Mainstream • 1979: DEC, Intel, Xerox collaborate on a commercial Ethernet specification - Ethernet II, a.k.a. “DIX” Ethernet - (Digital Equipment Corporation) • 1983: IEEE 802.3 specification formally approved - Differs from Ethernet II in the interpretation of the third header field • 1987: alternatives to coaxial cables - IEEE 802.3d: FOIRL, Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link - IEEE 802.3e: 1 Mbps over Twisted Pair wires (whoopee!) • 1990: Twisted-Pair wiring takes over - IEEE 802.3i: 10 Mbps over Twisted-Pair – 10Base-TX, 10Base-T4 2 2016-09-24 the Future is Now (next chapter) (and Now is so Yesteryear…) 1995 – Now: speed and cabling improvements • 1995: 100Mbps varieties • 1999: 1Gbps on twisted-pair • 2003-2006: 10Gbps on optical fiber and UTP • 2010: 40Gbps, 100Gbps (802.3ba) - optical fiber or twinaxial cable - point-to-point physical topology; for backbones • 2016, September: 2.5GBase-T, 5GBase-T ? - who knows? What Is Ethernet? • Protocols, standards for Local Area Networks » Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3 • Specifies Physical-layer components - Cabling, signaling properties, etc. -
Medium Access Control (MAC)
1 Medium Access Control 2 Medium Access Control (1) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 Broadcast networks have possibility of multiple access (MA) to a channel medium access control describes how we resolve the conflict assume only one channel available for communication additional channels would also be the subject of MAC 3 Medium Access Control (2) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 4 Medium Access Control (3) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 5 Medium Access Control (4) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 assume when two frames overlaps at the Rx then both are lost, and thus both must be retransmitted assumption always be true in LANs in broadcast WANs might not be true 6 ALOHA protocol You can do nothing for MAC . The Network The Network The Network The Network H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 ALOHA is contention based: a host may broadcast whenever necessary higher layers spot errors caused by collisions, and do retransmission 7 Performance of ALOHA H n vulnerable period for -1 start (λt) −λt Pn(t)= e t1 + t2 n! H1 To find p from Poisson Equation - t set t = 2T, λ = µG, n = 0: t2 -1 0 (µ 2T ) − H2 p = G e µG2T t1 + t2 - 0! −µG2T vulnerable period for H2 start p = e µ − S = e µG2T Let t1 = t2 = T µG µS successfully sent per second −µG2T µS = µGe µG sent (including failures) per second p is probability frame has no collisions µST frames are delivered in T µ seconds p = S µG −µG2T ρ = µST = µGe T 8 Is ALOHA good? ρ 6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 µGT load of 50% gives maximum efficiency of 18% not a very satisfactory performance no way of assuring that even this maximum efficiency is reached 9 Improving basic ALOHA 1. -
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Computer Networking MAC Addresses, Ethernet & Wi-Fi Lecturers: Antonio Carzaniga Silvia Santini Assistants: Ali Fattaholmanan Theodore Jepsen USI Lugano, December 7, 2018 Changelog ▪ V1: December 7, 2018 ▪ V2: March 1, 2017 ▪ Changes to the «tentative schedule» of the lecture 2 Last time, on December 5, 2018… 3 What about today? ▪Link-layer addresses ▪Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) ▪Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 4 Link-layer addresses 5 Image source: https://divansm.co/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address-fresh-day-18-santa-s-letters/ Network adapters (aka: Network interfaces) ▪A network adapter is a piece of hardware that connects a computer to a network ▪Hosts often have multiple network adapters ▪ Type ipconfig /all on a command window to see your computer’s adapters 6 Image source: [Kurose 2013 Network adapters: Examples “A 1990s Ethernet network interface controller that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete ISA bus. This combination card features both a BNC connector (left) for use in (now obsolete) 10BASE2 networks and an 8P8C connector (right) for use in 10BASE-T networks.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller TL-WN851ND - WLAN PCI card 802.11n/g/b 300Mbps - TP-Link https://tinyurl.com/yamo62z9 7 Network adapters: Addresses ▪Each adapter has an own link-layer address ▪ Usually burned into ROM ▪Hosts with multiple adapters have thus multiple link- layer addresses ▪A link-layer address is often referred to also as physical address, LAN address or, more commonly, MAC address 8 Format of a MAC address ▪There exist different MAC address formats, the one we consider here is the EUI-48, used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi ▪6 bytes, thus 248 possible addresses ▪ i.e., 281’474’976’710’656 ▪ i.e., 281* 1012 (trillions) Image source: By Inductiveload, modified/corrected by Kju - SVG drawing based on PNG uploaded by User:Vtraveller. -
Banyan VINES
CHAPTER 21 Banyan VINES Background Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES) implements a distributed network operating system based on a proprietary protocol family derived from Xerox Corporation’s Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocols (see Chapter 22, “Xerox Network Systems”). VINES uses a client-server architecture in which clients request certain services, such as file and printer access, from servers. Along with Novell’s NetWare, IBM’s LAN Server, and Microsoft’s LAN Manager, VINES is one of the best-known distributed system environments for microcomputer-based networks. Technology Basics The VINES protocol stack is shown in Figure 21-1. Figure 21-1 VINES Protocol Stack OSI reference model VINES protocol File Print Other 7 services services StreetTalk applications 6 5 RPC 4 IPC SPP (datagram) (stream) ARP 3 VIP RTP ICP 2 Media-access protocols 1 S1352a Banyan VINES 21-1 Media Access Media Access The lower two layers of the VINES stack are implemented with a variety of well-known media-access mechanisms, including High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) (see Chapter 11, “Synchronous Data Link Control and Derivatives”), X.25 (see Chapter 12, “X.25”), Ethernet (see Chapter 5, “Ethernet/IEEE 802.3”), and Token Ring (see Chapter 6, “Token Ring/IEEE 802.5”). Network Layer VINES uses the VINES Internetwork Protocol (VIP) to perform Layer 3 activities (including internetwork routing). VINES also supports its own Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), its own version of the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) called the Routing Table Protocol (RTP), and the Internet Control Protocol (ICP), which provides exception handling and special routing cost information. -
Traffic Generation
WHITEPAPER Joan d’Austria, 112 - Barcelona - SP - 08018 Chalfont St Peter - Bucks - UK - SL9 9TR www.albedotelecom.com Ethernet Traffic Generation One of the key features of Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga tester fami- lies is the ability to generate traffic with deterministic and random bandwidth profiles. The traffic generation feature can be used to stress the network, sim- ulate user traffic and, if a suitable payload is configured, to measure critical net- work performance parameters like bit errors, packet loss or latency. The above mentioned Ethernet testers manufactured by ALBEDO, have eight in- dependent full featured traffic generators attached to the main test port (Port A). Each traffic flow may be configured with specific encapsulation and ad- dressing parameters thus providing great versatility in all applications requiring Ethernet and IP traffic generation. 1. GENERATION OF ETHERNET TRAFFIC In Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga testers, generation of custom Ether- net frames is available for Port A in Ethernet endpoint mode through the Frame, Bandwith profile and Payload settings for each of the eight available traffic flows. This is a short description of the Ethernet traffic generation menus: Figure 1 ALBEDO Ether.Giga is a field tester for Ethernet equipped with all the features to install and maintain Ethernet infrastructures supporting legacy features such as BER and RFC2544 while new test such as eSAM Y.1564. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be stored, copied or transmitted, by any means, -
SYSTEM ADMINISTRAION – the BASICS WINDOWS SERVER – BACKGROUND Lecture Content Today's Lecture • Module 1 – System Administration – the Basics • Server Vs
1DV416 – Windowsadministration I, 7.5hp SYSTEM ADMINISTRAION – THE BASICS WINDOWS SERVER – BACKGROUND Lecture content Today's lecture • Module 1 – System Administration – The basics • Server vs. Client – Windows Server – Background • History 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 2 Server vs. Client 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 3 Windows Server Memory lane • 1993: Windows NT Advanced Server 3.1 – MS first server operating system – Applikation server • Novell Netware • Banyan VINES • Microsoft networks • Microsoft SQL Server • 1994: Windows NT Server 3.5 – Improved Performance – Better connectivity with other systems – New administration tools • 1995: Windows NT Server 3.51 – Client licenses – Installing Windows 95 over the network 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 4 Windows Server Memory lane • 1996: Windows NT Server 4.0 – GUI = Windows 95 – Network Throughput – Integrated Web Server, IIS 2.0 – MS FrontPage • 1997: Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition – Improved performance for large companies with many users • 1998: Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition – Terminal Server • 2000: Windows 2000 Server Family – BåBoth client and server – Active Directory – Policy Management – ASP 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 5 Windows Server Memory lane • 2003: Windows Server 2003 – MS .NET – 64-bit – Clustering – Security • 2008: Windows Server 2008 – Improved Terminal Server – Many updates to the Active Directory – NAP – Virtualization – Security – Total code rewriting 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 6 Windows Server • 2011: Windows Server 2012 – SMB 3.0 – Simplified licensing – DirectAccess – Dynamic Access Control – Server Manager – Server Core – Resilient File System 2013-11-12 © 2013 Jacob Lindehoff 7 Windows Server Windows Server 2012 development and influences VMS OS/2 Influences Early parents Client inheritance NetWare Windows NT 3.1 MS-DOS UNIX Windows NT 3.51 Windows 3.11 TCP/IP och OSI Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95/98 LDAP och DNS Windows ME Windows 2000 Win.