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WHITEPAPER Joan d’Austria, 112 - Barcelona - SP - 08018 Chalfont St Peter - Bucks - UK - SL9 9TR www.albedotelecom.com Ethernet Traffic Generation One of the key features of Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga tester fami- lies is the ability to generate traffic with deterministic and random bandwidth profiles. The traffic generation feature can be used to stress the network, sim- ulate user traffic and, if a suitable payload is configured, to measure critical net- work performance parameters like bit errors, packet loss or latency. The above mentioned Ethernet testers manufactured by ALBEDO, have eight in- dependent full featured traffic generators attached to the main test port (Port A). Each traffic flow may be configured with specific encapsulation and ad- dressing parameters thus providing great versatility in all applications requiring Ethernet and IP traffic generation. 1. GENERATION OF ETHERNET TRAFFIC In Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga testers, generation of custom Ether- net frames is available for Port A in Ethernet endpoint mode through the Frame, Bandwith profile and Payload settings for each of the eight available traffic flows. This is a short description of the Ethernet traffic generation menus: Figure 1 ALBEDO Ether.Giga is a field tester for Ethernet equipped with all the features to install and maintain Ethernet infrastructures supporting legacy features such as BER and RFC2544 while new test such as eSAM Y.1564. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be stored, copied or transmitted, by any means, without the permission in written of the Legal Owner © 2013 ALBEDO Telecom T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 2 voice / tvvoice /data / - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - ALBEDO Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga field testers in field operation.testers / Ether.Giga / Ether.Sync ALBEDO Ether.Genius mobile backhaul M T eSAM, QinQ, MPLS QinQ, eSAM, y.1564 &rfc2544 y.1564 Multistream IPTV pass ether.sync Physical LayerSettings • • • Networking &Telecoms played in greencolor. namics butthey arecontrolled by theRUN button as well. like theRFC 2544ortheeSAMhavetheir requests /an replies evenifthereisnot traffic orreplytocertain messagesechoerate signalling likeARPorICMP test trafficisgenerated if you don’t Frame generation capability iscontro interfaces. framed in BER testing for 1 only) isused (flow payload TheBERT loss. and packet ter jit- delay, measure the userto enables The SLApayload frames. Ethernet ed Payload Bandwidth profile tags. these andpriorityfor VID the VLAN tag, configures thismenu any have frames Frame pared fortrafficgeneration andanalysiswhen the are the may need tocheck beforeyouget alink fromtheDUT / SUT.Thesesettings layer configurationtotheminimum. Bu rectly configured.Ethernet technologyhas been designed tokeep physical ed tothenetworkandelectrical and optical physicallayermust becor- Before starting any frame generation test, theequipment must be connect- choose: to files Professional TelecomSolutions : Configures the encapsulation and MAC addresses. If theEthernet and MAC addresses. the encapsulation : Configures Connector : This menu is used to set the payload to be inserted in the generat- beinserted to setthe payload to : Thismenu isused sym/asym RFC2544 BER, FSC error FSC BER, Traffic Search Traffic ether.sync point end Constant RFC-eSAM and the : Sets the traffic generation statistics. There are four pro- four are There statistics. generation thetraffic : Sets Net.Hunter wi-fi , - Periodic Burst Periodic Auto-negotiation ethernet Ethernet TrafficGeneration ip config / results / config press RUN. However, thetestermaygen- monitor ether.sync lled by RUNbutton.Thatmeans that no ongoing tests.Someautomatic tests , t there areatleast twosettings you Ramp own internaltrafficgenerationdy- . You will know that PortYou willknow . is pre- A and remote control control remote 1000, 100 1000, 100 Poisson remote control . wi-fi or ether.sync loopback 10 vnc LEDisdis- 2 / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 3 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - MAC frame structure: MAC frame SNAP frame (IEEERFC 1042) 802.2/ 13 57 bits 13 5 7 2 Frame Settings 2 • • Networking &Telecoms (0x00-00-00) DIX Frame Protocol ID IEEE802.3 and DIX. Preamble Payload 468 Control the IEEE 802.2 to leave frames IEEE 802.3 in bytes. length frame the than DIXsame meaning / Ethernet II Type to /Type If value. Length /the then ithas than 0x0600 Field islarger field isrenamed that theType for usage adifferent butitspecifies DIX frame same framingstructure. The available for yourtr specific framing The generation. fic tell thetester whichframest necessary to fieldsavail Most theEthernetframe are IEEE 802.3 DIX field set to 0x0800 for IPv4 encapsulation. IPv4 for 0x0800 to set field RFCworks: DIX a 894mandates / Ethern Type Ethernet DIX IIframes. /II fr Ethernet 468 Type Data Type FCS SA DA : Port A generates frame field. This is the most common framing format found in real net- in real found format framing field. common This isthe most frame Professional TelecomSolutions (LLC) the specification of the payload type. of thepayload specification the (LLC) : Frame format defined in IEEE 802.3 standard. It issimilar the to standard. inIEEE 802.3 defined format : Frame bytes bytes 4 2 6 6 8 3 2 Frame type DEC, Intel, Xerox Intel, DEC, - affic,the all streamsthe portcarry youdefinefor Ethernet TrafficGeneration LLC frame (IEEE 802.21042) /RFC 13 57 bits is a port-wide setting. Once is setting. you choosean a port-wide 13 5 7 2468 2 IEEE 802.3 FrameIEEE 802.3 ames encode the payload type inthe thepayload encode ames Frame type Control (0x03) Type /Length Type DSAP (0xaa) able forconfiguration but before itis SSAP (0xaa) Preamble et II frame structure withthe structure frame et II Payload field but otherwise it specifies the field butotherwiseit specifies ructure is goingto beusedfortraf- ructure is 468 LLC SDF FCS Pad SA DA (DIX) frames, also known as frames, (DIX) settingsare: 4 2 6 6 1 7 bytes bytes 1 1 1 Logical Link Logical 3 Type / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 4 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - IEEE 802.1Q y IEEE 820.1ad frame structures. 4. 3. 2. 1. Networking &Telecoms 13 57 bits (0xaa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa) largest framesizeaccepted withoutdeclaringthe for This settingisrelevant Unit (MTU). The second port-wide setting tobeconfiguredisthe Maximum Transmission All settings relatedwithframeconfiguration aredisplayed. theEnter in port. available fromthis becauseis not traffic generation Note Select eitherPort AorPort Btoente layer physical The From the network. the to connected is be must up and working. tester your that sure Make port-wide and flow-specific configurationis included. the Both procedure. configuration frame the illustrate steps following The but theyarecurrently notaccepted to bytes payl ratio ofheader cause the frames. as jumbo larger framesknow VLAN tags(IEEE802.3ad,Q-in-Q).So 1522 isadmittedforVLANframesand1526validcarryingtwo byte MTU of1518 IEEE 802.3specifiesan 2 Ethertype (0x8100) (IEEE 802.1Q) SDF (0xab) Preamble : Mostoftheframeconfiguration settings arenotPort availablefrom B Ethertype Professional TelecomSolutions Q frame 468 Q-Tag FCS SA DA Home bits Frame 13 5 7 PCP panel, goto 24 6 8 bytes menu. 4 2 2 2 6 6 1 7 DEI CFI VID - Ethernet TrafficGeneration Setup . The testportsettingspanel isdisplayed. by any international standard. r inthe portspecific configuration. me switches provide support formuch me switchesprovide the analyzer only anditconfiguresthe oad bytes is smaller for larger frames oad bytesissmallerforlarger These frames are moreefficientbe- frames These 13 57 bits (0xaa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa) Ethertype (0x8100) Ethertype (0x88a8) s for ordinary Ethernet framesbut s forordinary 246 (IEEE 802.1ad) SDF (0xab) PB frame Preamble Ethertype C-Tag S-Tag FCS SA DA Oversized 8 defect.Standard bytes 4 2 2 2 2 6 6 1 7 2 4 / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 5 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - ALBEDO Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. Networking &Telecoms flow specificconfiguration. included in thegeneratedframes. included Q-in-Q) VLAN tags, enter the enter Q-in-Q) VLAN tags, If youare using frames carrying one Configure the MAC address from Enter the destination MACaddressoraddresses byusing the address. generatedthea
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  • Medium Access Control (MAC)

    Medium Access Control (MAC)

    1 Medium Access Control 2 Medium Access Control (1) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 Broadcast networks have possibility of multiple access (MA) to a channel medium access control describes how we resolve the conflict assume only one channel available for communication additional channels would also be the subject of MAC 3 Medium Access Control (2) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 4 Medium Access Control (3) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 5 Medium Access Control (4) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 assume when two frames overlaps at the Rx then both are lost, and thus both must be retransmitted assumption always be true in LANs in broadcast WANs might not be true 6 ALOHA protocol You can do nothing for MAC . The Network The Network The Network The Network H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 ALOHA is contention based: a host may broadcast whenever necessary higher layers spot errors caused by collisions, and do retransmission 7 Performance of ALOHA H n vulnerable period for -1 start (λt) −λt Pn(t)= e t1 + t2 n! H1 To find p from Poisson Equation - t set t = 2T, λ = µG, n = 0: t2 -1 0 (µ 2T ) − H2 p = G e µG2T t1 + t2 - 0! −µG2T vulnerable period for H2 start p = e µ − S = e µG2T Let t1 = t2 = T µG µS successfully sent per second −µG2T µS = µGe µG sent (including failures) per second p is probability frame has no collisions µST frames are delivered in T µ seconds p = S µG −µG2T ρ = µST = µGe T 8 Is ALOHA good? ρ 6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 µGT load of 50% gives maximum efficiency of 18% not a very satisfactory performance no way of assuring that even this maximum efficiency is reached 9 Improving basic ALOHA 1.