DOCSLIB.ORG

Traffic Generation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traffic Generation WHITEPAPER Joan d’Austria, 112 - Barcelona - SP - 08018 Chalfont St Peter - Bucks - UK - SL9 9TR www.albedotelecom.com Ethernet Traffic Generation One of the key features of Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga tester fami- lies is the ability to generate traffic with deterministic and random bandwidth profiles. The traffic generation feature can be used to stress the network, sim- ulate user traffic and, if a suitable payload is configured, to measure critical net- work performance parameters like bit errors, packet loss or latency. The above mentioned Ethernet testers manufactured by ALBEDO, have eight in- dependent full featured traffic generators attached to the main test port (Port A). Each traffic flow may be configured with specific encapsulation and ad- dressing parameters thus providing great versatility in all applications requiring Ethernet and IP traffic generation. 1. GENERATION OF ETHERNET TRAFFIC In Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga testers, generation of custom Ether- net frames is available for Port A in Ethernet endpoint mode through the Frame, Bandwith profile and Payload settings for each of the eight available traffic flows. This is a short description of the Ethernet traffic generation menus: Figure 1 ALBEDO Ether.Giga is a field tester for Ethernet equipped with all the features to install and maintain Ethernet infrastructures supporting legacy features such as BER and RFC2544 while new test such as eSAM Y.1564. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be stored, copied or transmitted, by any means, without the permission in written of the Legal Owner © 2013 ALBEDO Telecom T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 2 voice / tvvoice /data / - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - ALBEDO Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga field testers in field operation.testers / Ether.Giga / Ether.Sync ALBEDO Ether.Genius mobile backhaul M T eSAM, QinQ, MPLS QinQ, eSAM, y.1564 &rfc2544 y.1564 Multistream IPTV pass ether.sync Physical LayerSettings • • • Networking &Telecoms played in greencolor. namics butthey arecontrolled by theRUN button as well. like theRFC 2544ortheeSAMhavetheir requests /an replies evenifthereisnot traffic orreplytocertain messagesechoerate signalling likeARPorICMP test trafficisgenerated if you don’t Frame generation capability iscontro interfaces. framed in BER testing for 1 only) isused (flow payload TheBERT loss. and packet ter jit- delay, measure the userto enables The SLApayload frames. Ethernet ed Payload Bandwidth profile tags. these andpriorityfor VID the VLAN tag, configures thismenu any have frames Frame pared fortrafficgeneration andanalysiswhen the are the may need tocheck beforeyouget alink fromtheDUT / SUT.Thesesettings layer configurationtotheminimum. Bu rectly configured.Ethernet technologyhas been designed tokeep physical ed tothenetworkandelectrical and optical physicallayermust becor- Before starting any frame generation test, theequipment must be connect- choose: to files Professional TelecomSolutions : Configures the encapsulation and MAC addresses. If theEthernet and MAC addresses. the encapsulation : Configures Connector : This menu is used to set the payload to be inserted in the generat- beinserted to setthe payload to : Thismenu isused sym/asym RFC2544 BER, FSC error FSC BER, Traffic Search Traffic ether.sync point end Constant RFC-eSAM and the : Sets the traffic generation statistics. There are four pro- four are There statistics. generation thetraffic : Sets Net.Hunter wi-fi , - Periodic Burst Periodic Auto-negotiation ethernet Ethernet TrafficGeneration ip config / results / config press RUN. However, thetestermaygen- monitor ether.sync lled by RUNbutton.Thatmeans that no ongoing tests.Someautomatic tests , t there areatleast twosettings you Ramp own internaltrafficgenerationdy- . You will know that PortYou willknow . is pre- A and remote control control remote 1000, 100 1000, 100 Poisson remote control . wi-fi or ether.sync loopback 10 vnc LEDisdis- 2 / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 3 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - MAC frame structure: MAC frame SNAP frame (IEEERFC 1042) 802.2/ 13 57 bits 13 5 7 2 Frame Settings 2 • • Networking &Telecoms (0x00-00-00) DIX Frame Protocol ID IEEE802.3 and DIX. Preamble Payload 468 Control the IEEE 802.2 to leave frames IEEE 802.3 in bytes. length frame the than DIXsame meaning / Ethernet II Type to /Type If value. Length /the then ithas than 0x0600 Field islarger field isrenamed that theType for usage adifferent butitspecifies DIX frame same framingstructure. The available for yourtr specific framing The generation. fic tell thetester whichframest necessary to fieldsavail Most theEthernetframe are IEEE 802.3 DIX field set to 0x0800 for IPv4 encapsulation. IPv4 for 0x0800 to set field RFCworks: DIX a 894mandates / Ethern Type Ethernet DIX IIframes. /II fr Ethernet 468 Type Data Type FCS SA DA : Port A generates frame field. This is the most common framing format found in real net- in real found format framing field. common This isthe most frame Professional TelecomSolutions (LLC) the specification of the payload type. of thepayload specification the (LLC) : Frame format defined in IEEE 802.3 standard. It issimilar the to standard. inIEEE 802.3 defined format : Frame bytes bytes 4 2 6 6 8 3 2 Frame type DEC, Intel, Xerox Intel, DEC, - affic,the all streamsthe portcarry youdefinefor Ethernet TrafficGeneration LLC frame (IEEE 802.21042) /RFC 13 57 bits is a port-wide setting. Once is setting. you choosean a port-wide 13 5 7 2468 2 IEEE 802.3 FrameIEEE 802.3 ames encode the payload type inthe thepayload encode ames Frame type Control (0x03) Type /Length Type DSAP (0xaa) able forconfiguration but before itis SSAP (0xaa) Preamble et II frame structure withthe structure frame et II Payload field but otherwise it specifies the field butotherwiseit specifies ructure is goingto beusedfortraf- ructure is 468 LLC SDF FCS Pad SA DA (DIX) frames, also known as frames, (DIX) settingsare: 4 2 6 6 1 7 bytes bytes 1 1 1 Logical Link Logical 3 Type / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 4 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - IEEE 802.1Q y IEEE 820.1ad frame structures. 4. 3. 2. 1. Networking &Telecoms 13 57 bits (0xaa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa) largest framesizeaccepted withoutdeclaringthe for This settingisrelevant Unit (MTU). The second port-wide setting tobeconfiguredisthe Maximum Transmission All settings relatedwithframeconfiguration aredisplayed. theEnter in port. available fromthis becauseis not traffic generation Note Select eitherPort AorPort Btoente layer physical The From the network. the to connected is be must up and working. tester your that sure Make port-wide and flow-specific configurationis included. the Both procedure. configuration frame the illustrate steps following The but theyarecurrently notaccepted to bytes payl ratio ofheader cause the frames. as jumbo larger framesknow VLAN tags(IEEE802.3ad,Q-in-Q).So 1522 isadmittedforVLANframesand1526validcarryingtwo byte MTU of1518 IEEE 802.3specifiesan 2 Ethertype (0x8100) (IEEE 802.1Q) SDF (0xab) Preamble : Mostoftheframeconfiguration settings arenotPort availablefrom B Ethertype Professional TelecomSolutions Q frame 468 Q-Tag FCS SA DA Home bits Frame 13 5 7 PCP panel, goto 24 6 8 bytes menu. 4 2 2 2 6 6 1 7 DEI CFI VID - Ethernet TrafficGeneration Setup . The testportsettingspanel isdisplayed. by any international standard. r inthe portspecific configuration. me switches provide support formuch me switchesprovide the analyzer only anditconfiguresthe oad bytes is smaller for larger frames oad bytesissmallerforlarger These frames are moreefficientbe- frames These 13 57 bits (0xaa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa) Ethertype (0x8100) Ethertype (0x88a8) s for ordinary Ethernet framesbut s forordinary 246 (IEEE 802.1ad) SDF (0xab) PB frame Preamble Ethertype C-Tag S-Tag FCS SA DA Oversized 8 defect.Standard bytes 4 2 2 2 2 6 6 1 7 2 4 / 17 A L B E D O - W H I T E P A P E R DE R T EST- LABOS- EST- ALBEDO Telecom - Registered in Barcelona, Book 41613, Page 155, Sheet B-390886 - VAT : ESB6523022 TAPS Figure 5 - WAN EMULATION - E1 - GBE - SYNCE - WLESS - LTE - 3G - IPTV - VoIP - QoS - SLA - ONEWAY - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -JITTER -WAN - DATACOM - POLQA - PTP -SLAONEWAY - VoIPQoS -3GIPTV -LTE -SYNCE -WLESS -GBE WAN EMULATION -E1 - ALBEDO Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. Networking &Telecoms flow specificconfiguration. included in thegeneratedframes. included Q-in-Q) VLAN tags, enter the enter Q-in-Q) VLAN tags, If youare using frames carrying one Configure the MAC address from Enter the destination MACaddressoraddresses byusing the address. generatedthea
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Ttethernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks
    On TTEthernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks Andrew Loveless∗ NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058 There has recently been a push for adopting integrated modular avionics (IMA) princi- ples in designing spacecraft architectures. This consolidation of multiple vehicle functions to shared computing platforms can significantly reduce spacecraft cost, weight, and de- sign complexity. Ethernet technology is attractive for inclusion in more integrated avionic systems due to its high speed, flexibility, and the availability of inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. Furthermore, Ethernet can be augmented with a variety of quality of service (QoS) enhancements that enable its use for transmitting critical data. TTEthernet introduces a decentralized clock synchronization paradigm enabling the use of time-triggered Ethernet messaging appropriate for hard real-time applications. TTEther- net can also provide two forms of event-driven communication, therefore accommodating the full spectrum of traffic criticality levels required in IMA architectures. This paper explores the application of TTEthernet technology to future IMA spacecraft architectures as part of the Avionics and Software (A&S) project chartered by NASA's Advanced Ex- ploration Systems (AES) program. Nomenclature A&S = Avionics and Software Project AA2 = Ascent Abort 2 AES = Advanced Exploration Systems Program ANTARES = Advanced NASA Technology Architecture for Exploration Studies API = Application Program Interface ARM = Asteroid Redirect Mission
    [Show full text]
  • Data Center Ethernet 2
    DataData CenterCenter EthernetEthernet Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-1 OverviewOverview 1. Residential vs. Data Center Ethernet 2. Review of Ethernet Addresses, devices, speeds, algorithms 3. Enhancements to Spanning Tree Protocol 4. Virtual LANs 5. Data Center Bridging Extensions Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-2 Quiz:Quiz: TrueTrue oror False?False? Which of the following statements are generally true? T F p p Ethernet is a local area network (Local < 2km) p p Token ring, Token Bus, and CSMA/CD are the three most common LAN access methods. p p Ethernet uses CSMA/CD. p p Ethernet bridges use spanning tree for packet forwarding. p p Ethernet frames are 1518 bytes. p p Ethernet does not provide any delay guarantees. p p Ethernet has no congestion control. p p Ethernet has strict priorities. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-3 ResidentialResidential vs.vs. DataData CenterCenter EthernetEthernet Residential Data Center Distance: up to 200m r No limit Scale: Few MAC addresses r Millions of MAC Addresses 4096 VLANs r Millions of VLANs Q-in-Q Protection: Spanning tree r Rapid spanning tree, … (Gives 1s, need 50ms) Path determined by r Traffic engineered path spanning tree Simple service r Service Level Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • PROFINET for Network Geeks
    PROFINET for Network Geeks (and those who want to be) Introduction PROFINET is an open Industrial Ethernet standard. It is a communication protocol that exchanges data between automation controllers and devices. With over 25 million installed nodes (as of 2018), PROFINET is one of the most widely used Industrial Ethernet standards worldwide. But even though millions of users are familiar with PROFINET, not all users understand how it works. This white paper starts with a brief overview of Ethernet and the 7-layer ISO-OSI model. Then, it describes how PROFINET’s 3 communication channels fit in the model: TCP/IP and UDP/IP, Real-Time (RT), and Isochronous Real-Time (IRT). 1 Ethernet The transition from using 4-20 mA analog signals for I/O communication to digital fieldbuses provided the benefits of reduced wiring, access to network data, and robust diagnostics. The later transition from digital fieldbuses to Ethernet was also similarly a shift to a more modern technology. Ethernet incorporated and improved upon the benefits of fieldbuses. Ethernet is ubiquitous and PROFINET uses standard Ethernet. Ethernet gives PROFINET the ability to provide faster updates, more bandwidth, larger messages, an unlimited address space, and even more diagnostic capabilities. Also, as commercial Ethernet evolves, PROFINET can take advantage of these physical layer improvements. Figure 1 ISO-OSI Model The ISO-OSI Model Ethernet-based communications can be represented by a seven-layer model: the ISO/OSI Reference Model. The model generically describes the means and methods used to transmit data. Each layer has a specific name and function, as shown in Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Žilinská Univerzita V Žiline Elektrotechnická Fakulta Katedra Telekomunikácií
    Žilinská univerzita v Žiline Elektrotechnická fakulta Katedra telekomunikácií Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP Pavol Križan 2006 Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCA PAVOL KRIŽAN ŽILINSKÁ UNIVERZITA V ŽILINE Elektrotechnická fakulta Katedra telekomunikácií Študijný odbor: TELEKOMUNIKÁCIE Vedúci diplomovej práce: Ing. Peter Zuberec Stupeň kvalifikácie: inžinier (Ing.) Dátum odovzdania diplomovej práce: 19.05.2006 ŽILINA 2006 Abstrakt Diplomová práca popisuje základy fungovania počítačových sietí VLAN, protokoly, ktoré sa v nich využívajú a základy smerovacích protokolov, špeciálne Border Gateway Protokol (BGP). Práca sa tiež zaoberá vytvorením modelu sieťového uzla, ktorý bude poskytovať smerovanie s použitím BGP protokolu, podporu VLAN a vysokú redundanciu zariadení alebo liniek. This diploma work is dealing with basic functions of Virtual Local Area Networks, protocols used in those netwoks and basics of routing protocols, specially Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It describes creation of network node, which will provide routing using BGP protocol, VLAN support and high redundancy of devices or links . Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, Elektrotechnická fakulta, Katedra telekomunikácií ________________________________________________________________________ ANOTAČNÝ ZÁZNAM - DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCA Priezvisko, meno: Križan Pavol školský rok: 2005/2006 Názov práce: Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP Počet strán: 50 Počet obrázkov: 23 Počet tabuliek: 0 Počet grafov: 0 Počet príloh: 0 Použitá lit.: 16 Anotácia: Diplomová práca popisuje základy fungovania počítačových sietí VLAN, protokoly, ktoré sa v nich využívajú a základy smerovacích protokolov, špeciálne Border Gateway Protokol (BGP). Práca sa tiež zaoberá vytvorením modelu sieťového uzla, ktorý bude poskytovať smerovanie s použitím BGP protokolu, podporu VLAN a vysokú redundanciu zariadení alebo liniek.
    [Show full text]
  • IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008)
    IEEE Standard for Ethernet IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008) 28 December 2012 IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2008) IEEE Standard for Ethernet Sponsor LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 30 August 2012 IEEE-SA Standard Board Abstract: Ethernet local area network operation is specified for selected speeds of operation from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s using a common media access control (MAC) specification and management information base (MIB). The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC protocol specifies shared medium (half duplex) operation, as well as full duplex operation. Speed specific Media Independent Interfaces (MIIs) allow use of selected Physical Layer devices (PHY) for operation over coaxial, twisted-pair or fiber optic cables. System considerations for multisegment shared access networks describe the use of Repeaters that are defined for operational speeds up to 1000 Mb/s. Local Area Network (LAN) operation is supported at all speeds. Other specified capabilities include various PHY types for access networks, PHYs suitable for metropolitan area network applications, and the provision of power over selected twisted-pair PHY types. Keywords: 10BASE; 100BASE; 1000BASE; 10GBASE; 40GBASE; 100GBASE; 10 Gigabit Ethernet; 40 Gigabit Ethernet; 100 Gigabit Ethernet; attachment unit interface; AUI; Auto Negotiation; Backplane Ethernet; data processing; DTE Power via the MDI; EPON; Ethernet; Ethernet in the First Mile; Ethernet passive optical network; Fast Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet; GMII; information exchange; IEEE 802.3; local area network; management; medium dependent interface; media independent interface; MDI; MIB; MII; PHY; physical coding sublayer; Physical Layer; physical medium attachment; PMA; Power over Ethernet; repeater; type field; VLAN TAG; XGMII The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Guide to Audio Over IP for Broadcasters 2 5
    The Essential Guide To Audio OverIP FOR BROADCASTERS Powerful Performance | Powerful Control | Powerful Savings i 1. Why IP for Broadcast Audio? Reasons to Migrate to Audio over IP ..........................................................................................................8 1. Flexibility ..................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. Cost ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 3. Scalability ................................................................................................................................................................................9 4. Reliability (yes really!) .........................................................................................................................................................9 5. Availability ..............................................................................................................................................................................9 6. Control and Monitoring .....................................................................................................................................................9 7. Network Consolidation ......................................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • 10-Port 2.5GBASE-T Web Smart Switch with 2 X 10G SFP+ Slots
    TEG-30102WS 10-Port 2.5GBASE-T Web Smart Switch with 2 x 10G SFP+ Slots TEG-30102WS (v1.0R) • 8 x 2.5GBASE-T RJ-45 ports with 2 x 10G SFP+ slots • 2.5GBASE-T supports up to 2.5Gbps connection speeds • Compatible with existing Cat5e or better cabling • Easy to use web-based management interface • Supports up to 32 IPv4/IPv6 static routes • Supports LACP, VLAN, and IGMP Snooping • IEEE 802.1p QoS with queue scheduling support • Per port MAC restriction and dynamic ARP inspection • Bandwidth control per port • 80Gbps switching capacity • 1U rack mountable (brackets included) TRENDnet’s 10-Port 2.5GBASE-T Web Smart Switch with eight 2.5GBASE-T ports and two 10G SFP+ slots, model TEG-30102WS, delivers advanced management features with an 80Gbps switching capacity. The TEG-30102WS is equipped with 2.5GBASE-T RJ-45 ports that provide higher gigabit speeds capable of up to 2.5Gbps over existing Cat5e or better cabling. This rack mountable IPv6 ready switch comes with an intuitive web-based interface. Advanced traffic management controls include IP routing, VLAN, QoS, access controls, link aggregation, troubleshooting, and SNMP monitoring, making this a powerful solution for SMB networks. TEG-30102WS Web Smart Management 2.5GBASE-T Ports 10G SFP+ Slots Provides an easy to use web-based GUI Equipped with eight 2.5GBASE-T RJ-45 Offers two 10G SFP+ slots for high-speed management interface for advanced traffic ports that provide higher gigabit speeds network connections providing a cost- management controls, IP routing, VLAN, capable of up to 2.5Gbps over existing effective solution in adding 10G link QoS, access controls, link aggregation, Cat5e or better cabling.
    [Show full text]
  • Converged Networking in the Data Center
    Converged Networking in the Data Center Peter P. Waskiewicz Jr. LAN Access Division, Intel Corp. [email protected] Abstract data center as a whole. In addition to the general power and cooling costs, other areas of focus are the physical The networking world in Linux has undergone some sig- amount of servers and their associated cabling that re- nificant changes in the past two years. With the expan- side in a typical data center. Servers very often have sion of multiqueue networking, coupled with the grow- multiple network connections to various network seg- ing abundance of multi-core computers with 10 Gigabit ments, plus they’re usually connected to a SAN: ei- Ethernet, the concept of efficiently converging different ther a Fiber Channel fabric or an iSCSI infrastructure. network flows becomes a real possibility. These multiple network and SAN connections mean large amounts of cabling being laid down to attach a This paper presents the concepts behind network con- server. Converged Networking takes a 10GbE device vergence. Using the IEEE 802.1Qaz Priority Group- that is capable of Data Center Bridging in hardware, ing and Data Center Bridging concepts to group mul- and consolidates all of those network connections and tiple traffic flows, this paper will demonstrate how dif- SAN connections into a single, physical device and ca- ferent types of traffic, such as storage and LAN traf- ble. The rest of this paper will illustrate the different fic, can efficiently coexist on the same physical connec- aspects of Data Center Bridging, which is the network- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Carrier Ethernet Tutorial
    Carrier . Ethernet Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/ ©2019 Raj Jain 6-1 Overview 1. Enterprise vs Carrier Ethernet 2. UNI vs Peer-to-Peer Signaling 3. Metro Ethernet 4. Ethernet Provider Bridge (PB) 5. Provider Backbone Network (PBB) 6. Connection Oriented Ethernet Note: Although these technologies were originally developed for carriers, they are now used inside multi-tenant data centers Washington(clouds) University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/ ©2019 Raj Jain 6-2 Enterprise vs. Carrier Ethernet Enterprise Carrier Distance: up to 2km Up to 100 km Scale: Few K MAC addresses Millions of MAC Addresses 4096 VLANs Millions of VLANs Q-in-Q Protection: Spanning tree Shortest Path Routing Path determined by spanning Traffic engineered path tree Simple service SLA Priority ⇒ Aggregate QoS Need per-flow QoS No performance/Error Need performance/BER monitoring (OAM) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/ ©2019 Raj Jain 6-3 Carriers vs. Enterprise We need to exchange topology for Sorry, We can’t tell you optimal routing. anything about our internal network. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/ ©2019 Raj Jain 6-4 Network Hierarchy Provider Provider Backbone Provider Customer Bridge Network Bridge Network Bridge Network Customer Network (PBN) (PBBN) (PBN) Network Backbone Provider Provider Core Core Core Bridge Bridge Bridge Customer Provider Provider Customer Edge Edge Backbone Edge Edge Bridge Bridge Provider Backbone Edge Provider Bridge Bridge Edge Edge Bridge Edge Bridge Bridge Bridge Washington University in St.
    [Show full text]
  • EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the Robustness of Implementations of Two Common “Ethernet” Protocols
    EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the robustness of implementations of two common “Ethernet” protocols Version 2.01 September 2010 Copyright © 2009-2010 ASCI – Automation Standards Compliance Institute, All rights reserved EDSA-401-2.01 A. DISCLAIMER ASCI and all related entities, including the International Society of Automation (collectively, “ASCI”)provide all materials, work products and, information (‘SPECIFICATION’) AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY AND WITH ALL FAULTS, and hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions, whether express, implied or statutory, including, but not limited to, any (if any) implied warranties, duties or conditions of merchantability, of fitness for a particular purpose, of reliability or availability, of accuracy or completeness of responses, of results, of workmanlike effort, of lack of viruses, and of lack of negligence, all with regard to the SPECIFICATION, and the provision of or failure to provide support or other services, information, software, and related content through the SPECIFICATION or otherwise arising out of the use of the SPECIFICATION. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF TITLE, QUIET ENJOYMENT, QUIET POSSESSION, CORRESPONDENCE TO DESCRIPTION, OR NON- INFRINGEMENT WITH REGARD TO THE SPECIFICATION. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, ASCI DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR HARM TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY, AND USERS OF THIS SPECIFICATION ASSUME ALL RISKS OF SUCH HARM. IN ISSUING AND MAKING THE SPECIFICATION AVAILABLE, ASCI IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO RENDER PROFESSIONAL OR OTHER SERVICES FOR OR ON BEHALF OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY, NOR IS ASCI UNDERTAKING TO PERFORM ANY DUTY OWED BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY TO SOMEONE ELSE. ANYONE USING THIS SPECIFICATION SHOULD RELY ON HIS OR HER OWN INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT OR, AS APPROPRIATE, SEEK THE ADVICE OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL IN DETERMINING THE EXERCISE OF REASONABLE CARE IN ANY GIVEN CIRCUMSTANCES.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethernet Basics Ethernet Basics
    2016-09-24 Ethernet Basics based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4th ed., Mike Meyers Ethernet Basics • History • Ethernet Frames • CSMA/CD • Obsolete versions • 10Mbps versions • Segments • Spanning Tree Protocol 1 2016-09-24 Ethernet – Early History • 1970: ALOHAnet, first wireless packet-switched network - Norman Abramson, Univ. of Hawaii - Basis for Ethernet’s CSMA/CD protocol - 1972: first external network connected to ARPANET • 1973: Ethernet prototype developed at Xerox PARC - (Palo Alto Research Center) - 2.94 Mbps initially • 1976: "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" published in Communications of the ACM. - Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs - sometimes considered “the beginning of Ethernet” Ethernet goes Mainstream • 1979: DEC, Intel, Xerox collaborate on a commercial Ethernet specification - Ethernet II, a.k.a. “DIX” Ethernet - (Digital Equipment Corporation) • 1983: IEEE 802.3 specification formally approved - Differs from Ethernet II in the interpretation of the third header field • 1987: alternatives to coaxial cables - IEEE 802.3d: FOIRL, Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link - IEEE 802.3e: 1 Mbps over Twisted Pair wires (whoopee!) • 1990: Twisted-Pair wiring takes over - IEEE 802.3i: 10 Mbps over Twisted-Pair – 10Base-TX, 10Base-T4 2 2016-09-24 the Future is Now (next chapter) (and Now is so Yesteryear…) 1995 – Now: speed and cabling improvements • 1995: 100Mbps varieties • 1999: 1Gbps on twisted-pair • 2003-2006: 10Gbps on optical fiber and UTP • 2010: 40Gbps, 100Gbps (802.3ba) - optical fiber or twinaxial cable - point-to-point physical topology; for backbones • 2016, September: 2.5GBase-T, 5GBase-T ? - who knows? What Is Ethernet? • Protocols, standards for Local Area Networks » Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3 • Specifies Physical-layer components - Cabling, signaling properties, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Medium Access Control (MAC)
    1 Medium Access Control 2 Medium Access Control (1) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 Broadcast networks have possibility of multiple access (MA) to a channel medium access control describes how we resolve the conflict assume only one channel available for communication additional channels would also be the subject of MAC 3 Medium Access Control (2) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 4 Medium Access Control (3) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 5 Medium Access Control (4) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 assume when two frames overlaps at the Rx then both are lost, and thus both must be retransmitted assumption always be true in LANs in broadcast WANs might not be true 6 ALOHA protocol You can do nothing for MAC . The Network The Network The Network The Network H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 ALOHA is contention based: a host may broadcast whenever necessary higher layers spot errors caused by collisions, and do retransmission 7 Performance of ALOHA H n vulnerable period for -1 start (λt) −λt Pn(t)= e t1 + t2 n! H1 To find p from Poisson Equation - t set t = 2T, λ = µG, n = 0: t2 -1 0 (µ 2T ) − H2 p = G e µG2T t1 + t2 - 0! −µG2T vulnerable period for H2 start p = e µ − S = e µG2T Let t1 = t2 = T µG µS successfully sent per second −µG2T µS = µGe µG sent (including failures) per second p is probability frame has no collisions µST frames are delivered in T µ seconds p = S µG −µG2T ρ = µST = µGe T 8 Is ALOHA good? ρ 6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 µGT load of 50% gives maximum efficiency of 18% not a very satisfactory performance no way of assuring that even this maximum efficiency is reached 9 Improving basic ALOHA 1.
    [Show full text]