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Žilinská Univerzita V Žiline Elektrotechnická Fakulta Katedra Telekomunikácií

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Žilinská Univerzita V Žiline Elektrotechnická Fakulta Katedra Telekomunikácií Žilinská univerzita v Žiline Elektrotechnická fakulta Katedra telekomunikácií Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP Pavol Križan 2006 Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCA PAVOL KRIŽAN ŽILINSKÁ UNIVERZITA V ŽILINE Elektrotechnická fakulta Katedra telekomunikácií Študijný odbor: TELEKOMUNIKÁCIE Vedúci diplomovej práce: Ing. Peter Zuberec Stupeň kvalifikácie: inžinier (Ing.) Dátum odovzdania diplomovej práce: 19.05.2006 ŽILINA 2006 Abstrakt Diplomová práca popisuje základy fungovania počítačových sietí VLAN, protokoly, ktoré sa v nich využívajú a základy smerovacích protokolov, špeciálne Border Gateway Protokol (BGP). Práca sa tiež zaoberá vytvorením modelu sieťového uzla, ktorý bude poskytovať smerovanie s použitím BGP protokolu, podporu VLAN a vysokú redundanciu zariadení alebo liniek. This diploma work is dealing with basic functions of Virtual Local Area Networks, protocols used in those netwoks and basics of routing protocols, specially Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It describes creation of network node, which will provide routing using BGP protocol, VLAN support and high redundancy of devices or links . Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, Elektrotechnická fakulta, Katedra telekomunikácií ________________________________________________________________________ ANOTAČNÝ ZÁZNAM - DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCA Priezvisko, meno: Križan Pavol školský rok: 2005/2006 Názov práce: Teoretický návrh a realizácia sieťového uzla na báze protokolov 802.1Q, IP a BGP Počet strán: 50 Počet obrázkov: 23 Počet tabuliek: 0 Počet grafov: 0 Počet príloh: 0 Použitá lit.: 16 Anotácia: Diplomová práca popisuje základy fungovania počítačových sietí VLAN, protokoly, ktoré sa v nich využívajú a základy smerovacích protokolov, špeciálne Border Gateway Protokol (BGP). Práca sa tiež zaoberá vytvorením modelu sieťového uzla, ktorý bude poskytovať smerovanie s použitím BGP protokolu, podporu VLAN a vysokú redundanciu zariadení alebo liniek. Anotácia v cudzom jazyku: This diploma work is dealing with basic functions of Virtual Local Area Networks, protocols used in those netwoks and basics of routing protocols, specially Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It describes creation of network node, which will provide routing using BGP protocol, VLAN support and high redundancy of devices or links . Kľúčové slová: VLAN, BGP, Router, Switch Vedúci práce: Ing. Peter Zuberec Recenzent práce: Dr. Ing. Peter Vestenický Dátum odovzdania práce: 19. 5. 2006 Žilinská univerzita v Žiline Diplomová práca Obsah 1. Úvod ............................................................................................................................1 2. Cieľ riešenia................................................................................................................2 3. História a rozdelenie sietí VLAN..............................................................................3 3.1 Rozdelenie sietí VLAN........................................................................................3 3.1.1 VLAN podľa portov.........................................................................................4 3.1.2 VLAN podľa MAC adresy ..............................................................................4 3.1.3 VLAN podľa protokolu alebo adries ...............................................................5 3.1.4 VLAN podľa skupinového vysielania .............................................................6 3.2 Vytvorenie a konfigurácia VLAN .......................................................................7 3.2.1 VLAN podľa štruktúry firmy...........................................................................7 3.3 Vzájomná komunikácia switchov........................................................................8 3.4 Vývoj štandardu 802.1Q ......................................................................................9 3.4.1 802.1Q podrobnejšie......................................................................................10 3.4.2 Značkovanie rámcov......................................................................................11 3.5 Výhody a nevýhody sietí VLAN .......................................................................12 4. Protokoly pre konfiguráciu sietí VLAN.................................................................14 4.1 Generic Attribute Registration Protocol ( GARP )...........................................14 4.2 GARP Multicast Registration Protocol ( GMRP )............................................16 4.3 GARP VLAN Registration Protocol ( GVRP ) ................................................16 5. Zvýšenie spoľahlivosti v sieťach VLAN ................................................................18 5.1 802.1d Spanning Tree Protokol .........................................................................18 5.2 802.1w RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree protocol....................................................20 5.3 Topológia skupín ...............................................................................................21 5.3.1 Master VLAN a Member VLAN...................................................................21 5.4 Metro Ring Protokol .........................................................................................22 6. Smerovanie v IP sieťach..........................................................................................25 6.1 Routovacie protokoly.........................................................................................26 6.1.1 Distance-vector protokol................................................................................26 6.1.2 Link-state protokol.........................................................................................27 Katedra telekomunikácií Žilinská univerzita v Žiline Diplomová práca 6.2 Autonómne systémy...........................................................................................27 6.3 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) .......................................................................28 6.3.1 Funkcia BGP4................................................................................................30 6.4 Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP).............................................33 7. Začlenenie do existujúcej siete................................................................................35 7.1 Hlavné požiadavky na sieťový uzol...................................................................35 7.2 Redundancia.......................................................................................................36 7.2.1 Zabezpečenie prvej vrstvy modelu ISO/OSI ................................................36 7.2.2 Zabezpečenie druhej vrstvy modelu ISO/OSI ...............................................37 7.2.3 Zabezpečenie tretej vrstvy modelu ISO/OSI .................................................38 7.3 Výsledný model sieťového uzla.........................................................................39 7.4 Technické a programové vybavenie ..................................................................40 7.5 Bezpečnosť.........................................................................................................44 7.6 Overenie.............................................................................................................46 8. Záver .........................................................................................................................50 Katedra telekomunikácií Žilinská univerzita v Žiline Diplomová práca Zoznam obrázkov Obr. 3.1 Rozšírenie virtuálnej siete cez viacero switchov ..................................................4 Obr. 3.2 Vytvorenie siete VLAN podľa protokolu .............................................................6 Obr. 3.3 Štandardný a značený rámec ..............................................................................12 Obr. 4.1 Architektúra GARP ...........................................................................................15 Obr. 4.2 Štruktúra GARP PDU .........................................................................................17 Obr. 4.3 Štruktúra GARP správy .....................................................................................17 Obr. 4.4 Štruktúra GARP atribútu ....................................................................................17 Obr. 5.1 Topológia siete s redundantnými spojmi.............................................................18 Obr. 5.2 Topológia siete s blokovanou záložnou linkou ..................................................19 Obr. 5.3 Bridge ID ...........................................................................................................19 Obr. 5.4 Príklad kruhu MRP.............................................................................................22 Obr. 6.1 Prepojenie autonómnych systémov ....................................................................28 Obr. 6.2 Príklad smerovania cez samostatný systém .......................................................29 Obr. 6.3 Príklad AS grafu ciest ........................................................................................30 Obr. 6.4 Vybudovanie spojenia medzi smerovačmi ........................................................30 Obr. 6.5 Výmena informácií medzi smerovačmi .............................................................30 Obr. 6.6 Aktualizácia o vypadnutí smeru N1 ..................................................................31 Obr. 6.7 Ustálený stav,
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