Optical Transport Networks & Technologies Standardization Work
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On Ttethernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks
On TTEthernet for Integrated Fault-Tolerant Spacecraft Networks Andrew Loveless∗ NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058 There has recently been a push for adopting integrated modular avionics (IMA) princi- ples in designing spacecraft architectures. This consolidation of multiple vehicle functions to shared computing platforms can significantly reduce spacecraft cost, weight, and de- sign complexity. Ethernet technology is attractive for inclusion in more integrated avionic systems due to its high speed, flexibility, and the availability of inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. Furthermore, Ethernet can be augmented with a variety of quality of service (QoS) enhancements that enable its use for transmitting critical data. TTEthernet introduces a decentralized clock synchronization paradigm enabling the use of time-triggered Ethernet messaging appropriate for hard real-time applications. TTEther- net can also provide two forms of event-driven communication, therefore accommodating the full spectrum of traffic criticality levels required in IMA architectures. This paper explores the application of TTEthernet technology to future IMA spacecraft architectures as part of the Avionics and Software (A&S) project chartered by NASA's Advanced Ex- ploration Systems (AES) program. Nomenclature A&S = Avionics and Software Project AA2 = Ascent Abort 2 AES = Advanced Exploration Systems Program ANTARES = Advanced NASA Technology Architecture for Exploration Studies API = Application Program Interface ARM = Asteroid Redirect Mission -
1) What Is the Name of an Ethernet Cable That Contains Two
1) What is the name of an Ethernet cable that contains two electrical conductors ? A coaxial cable 2) What are the names of the two common conditions that degrade the signals on c opper-based cables? Crosstal and attenuation 3) Which topology requires the use of terminators? Bus 4) Which of the following topologies is implemented only logically, not physical ly? Ring 5) How many wire pairs are actually used on a typical UTP Ethernet network? Two 6) What is the name of the process of building a frame around network layer info rmation? Data encapsulation 7) Which of the connectors on a network interface adapter transmits data in para llel? The System bus connector 8) Which two of the following hardware resources do network interface adapters a lways require? I/O port address and IRQ 9) What is the name of the process by which a network interface adapter determin es when it should transmit its data over the network? Media Access Control 10) Which bus type is preferred for a NIC that will be connected to a Fast Ether net network? PCI 11) A passive hub does not do which of the following? Transmit management information using SNMP 12) To connect two Ethernet hubs together, you must do which of the following? Connect the uplink port in one hub to a standard port on the other 13) Which term describes a port in a Token Ring MAU that is not part of the ring ? Intelligent 14) A hub that functions as a repeater inhibits the effect of____________? Attenuation 15) You can use which of the following to connect two Ethernet computers togethe r using UTP -
Ethernet Alliance Hosts Third IEEE 802.1 Data Center Bridging
MEDIA ALERT Ethernet Alliance® Hosts Third IEEE 802.1 Data Center Bridging Interoperability Test Event Participation is Open to Both Ethernet Alliance Members and Non‐Members WHAT: The Ethernet Alliance Ethernet in the Data Center Subcommittee has announced it will host an IEEE 802.1 Data Center Bridging (DCB) interoperability test event the week of May 23 in Durham, NH at the University of New Hampshire Interoperability Lab. The Ethernet Alliance invites both members and non‐members to participate in this third DCB test event that will include both protocol and applications testing. The event targets interoperability testing of Ethernet standards being developed by IEEE 802.1 DCB task force to address network convergence issues. Testing of protocols will include projects such as IEEE P802.1Qbb Priority Flow Control (PFC), IEEE P802.1Qaz Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) and DCB Capability Exchange Protocol (DCBX). The test event will include testing across a broad vendor community and will exercise DCB features across multiple platforms as well as exercise higher layer protocols such as Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), iSCSI over DCB, RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) and other latency sensitive applications. WHY: These test events help vendors create interoperable, market‐ready products that interoperate to the IEEE 802.1 DCB standards. WHEN: Conference Call for Interested Participants: Friday, March 4 at 10 AM PST Event Registration Open Until: March 4, 2011 Event Dates (tentative): May 23‐27, 2011 WHERE: University of New Hampshire Interoperability Lab (UNH‐IOL) Durham, NH WHO: The DCB Interoperability Event is hosted by the Ethernet Alliance. REGISTER: To get more information, learn about participation fees and/or register for the DCB plugfest, please visit Ethernet Alliance DCB Interoperability Test Event page or contact [email protected]. -
Gigabit Ethernet - CH 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethern
Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet - CH 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethern.. Page 1 of 36 [Figures are not included in this sample chapter] Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet - 3 - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet Standards This chapter discusses the theory and standards of the three versions of Ethernet around today: regular 10Mbps Ethernet, 100Mbps Fast Ethernet, and 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet. The goal of this chapter is to educate you as a LAN manager or IT professional about essential differences between shared 10Mbps Ethernet and these newer technologies. This chapter focuses on aspects of Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet that are relevant to you and doesn’t get into too much technical detail. Read this chapter and the following two (Chapter 4, "Layer 2 Ethernet Switching," and Chapter 5, "VLANs and Layer 3 Switching") together. This chapter focuses on the different Ethernet MAC and PHY standards, as well as repeaters, also known as hubs. Chapter 4 examines Ethernet bridging, also known as Layer 2 switching. Chapter 5 discusses VLANs, some basics of routing, and Layer 3 switching. These three chapters serve as a precursor to the second half of this book, namely the hands-on implementation in Chapters 8 through 12. After you understand the key differences between yesterday’s shared Ethernet and today’s Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet, evaluating products and building a network with these products should be relatively straightforward. The chapter is split into seven sections: l "Ethernet and the OSI Reference Model" discusses the OSI Reference Model and how Ethernet relates to the physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the OSI model. -
Data Center Ethernet 2
DataData CenterCenter EthernetEthernet Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-1 OverviewOverview 1. Residential vs. Data Center Ethernet 2. Review of Ethernet Addresses, devices, speeds, algorithms 3. Enhancements to Spanning Tree Protocol 4. Virtual LANs 5. Data Center Bridging Extensions Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-2 Quiz:Quiz: TrueTrue oror False?False? Which of the following statements are generally true? T F p p Ethernet is a local area network (Local < 2km) p p Token ring, Token Bus, and CSMA/CD are the three most common LAN access methods. p p Ethernet uses CSMA/CD. p p Ethernet bridges use spanning tree for packet forwarding. p p Ethernet frames are 1518 bytes. p p Ethernet does not provide any delay guarantees. p p Ethernet has no congestion control. p p Ethernet has strict priorities. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ ©2015 Raj Jain 4-3 ResidentialResidential vs.vs. DataData CenterCenter EthernetEthernet Residential Data Center Distance: up to 200m r No limit Scale: Few MAC addresses r Millions of MAC Addresses 4096 VLANs r Millions of VLANs Q-in-Q Protection: Spanning tree r Rapid spanning tree, … (Gives 1s, need 50ms) Path determined by r Traffic engineered path spanning tree Simple service r Service Level Agreement. -
MPLS-Based Metro Ethernet Networks a Tutorial • Paresh Khatri • 2018
MPLS-based Metro Ethernet Networks A tutorial • Paresh Khatri • 2018 1 © Nokia 2017 Public Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Introduction to Metro Ethernet Services 3. Traditional Metro Ethernet networks 4. Delivering Ethernet over MPLS 5. Summary 6. Questions 2 © Nokia 2017 Public introduction 3 © Nokia 2017 Public Introduction • Paresh Khatri ([email protected]) - Chief Architect – IP Routing & Transport APAC, Alcatel-Lucent • Key focus areas: - End-to-end network architectures - SDN/NFV - Large-scale IP/MPLS networks - L2/L3 VPNs - Carrier Ethernet - Next-generation mobile backhaul networks • Acknowledgements: - Some figures and text are provided courtesy of the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) 4 © Nokia 2017 Public introduction to metro ethernet services 5 © Nokia 2017 Public AGenda 2. Introduction to Metro Ethernet Services a) Why Metro Ethernet ? b) Attributes of Carrier Ethernet c) Carrier Ethernet Services defined by the MEF 6 © Nokia 2017 Public 2.1 Why Metro Ethernet ? 7 © Nokia 2017 Public Introduction to Metro Ethernet Services What is Metro Ethernet ? “… generally defined as the network that bridges or connects geographically separated enterprise LANs while also connecting across the WAN or backbone networks that are generally owned by service providers. The Metro Ethernet Networks provide connectivity services across Metro geography utilising Ethernet as the core protocol and enabling broadband applications” from “Metro Ethernet Networks – A Technical Overview” from the Metro Ethernet Forum 8 © Nokia 2017 Public Introduction to Metro -
PROFINET for Network Geeks
PROFINET for Network Geeks (and those who want to be) Introduction PROFINET is an open Industrial Ethernet standard. It is a communication protocol that exchanges data between automation controllers and devices. With over 25 million installed nodes (as of 2018), PROFINET is one of the most widely used Industrial Ethernet standards worldwide. But even though millions of users are familiar with PROFINET, not all users understand how it works. This white paper starts with a brief overview of Ethernet and the 7-layer ISO-OSI model. Then, it describes how PROFINET’s 3 communication channels fit in the model: TCP/IP and UDP/IP, Real-Time (RT), and Isochronous Real-Time (IRT). 1 Ethernet The transition from using 4-20 mA analog signals for I/O communication to digital fieldbuses provided the benefits of reduced wiring, access to network data, and robust diagnostics. The later transition from digital fieldbuses to Ethernet was also similarly a shift to a more modern technology. Ethernet incorporated and improved upon the benefits of fieldbuses. Ethernet is ubiquitous and PROFINET uses standard Ethernet. Ethernet gives PROFINET the ability to provide faster updates, more bandwidth, larger messages, an unlimited address space, and even more diagnostic capabilities. Also, as commercial Ethernet evolves, PROFINET can take advantage of these physical layer improvements. Figure 1 ISO-OSI Model The ISO-OSI Model Ethernet-based communications can be represented by a seven-layer model: the ISO/OSI Reference Model. The model generically describes the means and methods used to transmit data. Each layer has a specific name and function, as shown in Figure 1. -
Generating Synthetic Voip Traffic for Analyzing Redundant Openbsd
UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Department of Informatics Generating Synthetic VoIP Traffic for Analyzing Redundant OpenBSD-Firewalls Master Thesis Maurice David Woernhard May 23, 2006 Generating Synthetic VoIP Traffic for Analyzing Redundant OpenBSD-Firewalls Maurice David Woernhard May 23, 2006 Abstract Voice over IP, short VoIP, is among the fastest growing broadband technologies in the private and commercial sector. Compared to the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS), Internet telephony has reduced availability, measured in uptime guarantees per a given time period. This thesis makes a contribution towards proper quantitative statements about network availability when using two redun- dant, state synchronized computers, acting as firewalls between the Internet (WAN) and the local area network (LAN). First, methods for generating adequate VoIP traffic volumes for loading a Gigabit Ethernet link are examined, with the goal of using a minimal set of hardware, namely one regular desktop computer. pktgen, the Linux kernel UDP packet generator, was chosen for generating synthetic/artificial traffic, reflecting the common VoIP packet characteristics packet size, changing sender and receiver address, as well as typical UDP-port usage. pktgen’s three main parameters influencing the generation rate are fixed inter-packet delay, packet size and total packet count. It was sought to relate these to more user-friendly val- ues of amount of simultaneous calls, voice codec employed and call duration. The proposed method fails to model VoIP traffic accurately, mostly due to the cur- rently unstable nature of pktgen. However, it is suited for generating enough packets for testing the firewalls. Second, the traffic forwarding limit and failover behavior of the redun- dant, state-synchronized firewalls was examined. -
Navigating Network Migration Challenges: Upgrade Your 1GE
Navigating Network Migration Challenges: Upgrade Your 1GE Metro Ethernet Access Network to 10GE A White Paper from Telco Systems Upgrade Your 1GE Metro Ethernet Access Network to 10GE | 2 Intoduction Many businesses and service providers are migrating from • Service providers are finding it more difficult to live up to 1GE to 10GE networks as they attempt to avoid the obstacles their customers’ service level agreements (SLA) to presented by heavy bandwidth, while leveraging the benefits provide multiple services, which require more bandwidth that 10GE networking has to offer. The requirement for • Generating more revenue within the current limits of a more bandwidth has become a constant battle. As internet 1Gig network usage continues to increase with the popularity of data and streaming services, so does the demand for more bandwidth. As the gap between service revenues and the demand for From education (homework, e-learning, campus networks), higher bandwidth grows, providers are looking for ways to finance (online banking, stock trading, bill pay), and business better control their expenses while offering higher bandwidth purposes (company intranets, remote workers), to social media and more services to more customers. With the increasing (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat), political (campaigns demand for more bandwidth with OTT (over-the-top) and outreach) and personal purposes, data requirements applications like video streaming, Hulu, Netflix, and Amazon continue to rise – quicker than service providers can react. Prime becoming more popular, 1GE networks aren’t going to cut it anymore. In support of these activities, service providers are being driven to enhance their network capacities in their business Ethernet, To conquer these challenges, enterprises and service mobile backhaul, E-Rate, cloud networking, and SDN & NFV providers are migrating their 1GE networks to 10GE. -
T-Metro 200 Carrier Ethernet Multi-Service Ces Aggregation
T-Metro 200 carrier ethernet multi-service ces aggregation The T-Metro 200 is a feature-rich multiservice access device designed to increase service provider revenues and deliver a complete portfolio of voice, data and video services. The T-Metro family of products supports a wide variety of technologies including Ethernet, circuit emulation services (CES), MPLS, OAM (operations, administration and maintenance) tools and hierarchical quality of service (HQoS). This rich combination of technologies PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS allows service providers to deliver an enhanced service offering while Enhanced Ethernet services, maintaining competitive pricing. features and capabilities The T-Metro 200 provides access to advanced data services such as virtual – 802.1ad provider bridges for Ethernet private LAN services (VPLS), virtual private wire services (VPWS) and IP virtual based L2VPN services private network (IP-VPN) services. In addition, the T-Metro product line enables – Super VLAN for traffic isolation service providers to carry native TDM traffic transparently across packet – Fast-Ring with sub 50ms recovery switched networks (PSN), using various circuit emulation techniques. The TDM traffic is encapsulated in Ethernet or IP frames to emulate the functionality of a – IEEE 802.3ad link aggregation TDM circuit, ensuring that all original feature-sets are preserved. Circuit Emulation Services deliver traditional voice or leased line Designed for Metro Ethernet Services services Convergence of voice, data and video services over a single Ethernet-based – Structured agnostic traffic over infrastructure is transforming the way enterprises and service providers packet (SAToP) conduct their businesses. The T-Metro 200’s versatility, advanced feature-set, – CES over packet switched networks wire speed performance and robust design makes it an ideal convergence (CESoPSN) platform for metro applications, either in a bridged metro Ethernet or MPLS – T1/E1; DS3/T3, OC-3/STM-1 environment. -
IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008)
IEEE Standard for Ethernet IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008) 28 December 2012 IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2008) IEEE Standard for Ethernet Sponsor LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 30 August 2012 IEEE-SA Standard Board Abstract: Ethernet local area network operation is specified for selected speeds of operation from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s using a common media access control (MAC) specification and management information base (MIB). The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC protocol specifies shared medium (half duplex) operation, as well as full duplex operation. Speed specific Media Independent Interfaces (MIIs) allow use of selected Physical Layer devices (PHY) for operation over coaxial, twisted-pair or fiber optic cables. System considerations for multisegment shared access networks describe the use of Repeaters that are defined for operational speeds up to 1000 Mb/s. Local Area Network (LAN) operation is supported at all speeds. Other specified capabilities include various PHY types for access networks, PHYs suitable for metropolitan area network applications, and the provision of power over selected twisted-pair PHY types. Keywords: 10BASE; 100BASE; 1000BASE; 10GBASE; 40GBASE; 100GBASE; 10 Gigabit Ethernet; 40 Gigabit Ethernet; 100 Gigabit Ethernet; attachment unit interface; AUI; Auto Negotiation; Backplane Ethernet; data processing; DTE Power via the MDI; EPON; Ethernet; Ethernet in the First Mile; Ethernet passive optical network; Fast Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet; GMII; information exchange; IEEE 802.3; local area network; management; medium dependent interface; media independent interface; MDI; MIB; MII; PHY; physical coding sublayer; Physical Layer; physical medium attachment; PMA; Power over Ethernet; repeater; type field; VLAN TAG; XGMII The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -
Datasheet - Public
Marvell® Alaska® 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 Integrated 10/100/1000 Mbps Energy Efficient Ethernet Transceiver Datasheet - Public Doc. No. MV-S107146-U0 Rev. E June 3, 2021 Document Classification: Public Cover Alaska 88E1510/88E1518/88E1512/88E1514 Datasheet - Public THIS DOCUMENT AND THE INFORMATION FURNISHED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. MARVELL AND ITS AFFILIATES EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM AND MAKE NO WARRANTIES OR GUARANTEES, WHETHER EXPRESS, ORAL, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, ARISING BY OPERATION OF LAW, OR AS A RESULT OF USAGE OF TRADE, COURSE OF DEALING, OR COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. This document, including any software or firmware referenced in this document, is owned by Marvell or Marvell's licensors, and is protected by intellectual property laws. No license, express or implied, to any Marvell intellectual property rights is granted by this document. The information furnished in this document is provided for reference purposes only for use with Marvell products. It is the user's own responsibility to design or build products with this information. Marvell products are not authorized for use as critical components in medical devices, military systems, life or critical support devices, or related systems. Marvell is not liable, in whole or in part, and the user will indemnify and hold Marvell harmless for any claim, damage, or other liability related to any such use of Marvell products. Marvell assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.