DOCSLIB.ORG

The Essential Guide to Audio Over IP for Broadcasters 2 5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Essential Guide to Audio Over IP for Broadcasters 2 5 The Essential Guide To Audio OverIP FOR BROADCASTERS Powerful Performance | Powerful Control | Powerful Savings i 1. Why IP for Broadcast Audio? Reasons to Migrate to Audio over IP ..........................................................................................................8 1. Flexibility ..................................................................................................................................................................................8 2. Cost ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 3. Scalability ................................................................................................................................................................................9 4. Reliability (yes really!) .........................................................................................................................................................9 5. Availability ..............................................................................................................................................................................9 6. Control and Monitoring .....................................................................................................................................................9 7. Network Consolidation ......................................................................................................................................................9 8. Potential Cost Savings from Switching from T1 to IP ............................................................................................. 10 9. Skills Consolidation ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 10. Necessity! .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 CONTENTS 2. IP Audio Applications Studio Transmitter Links ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 Remotes / Outside Broadcasts .................................................................................................................................................... 13 Audio Contribution & Distribution ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Confidence Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 3. The Nature of Audio Over IP 1. Packets and Packet Size ................................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Bandwidth,Compression & Compromise Framed Algorithms .......................................................................... 15 3. Audio Algorithms .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 New Audio Formats and Algorithms ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Opus ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 AES67 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 4. About IP Networks Types of IP Networks .........................................................................................................................................21 Dedicated IP Links .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 MPLS Links ................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Wireless IP Links ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Satellite IP .................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Public Internet ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Types of Connections IP Address ................................................................................................................................................................24 Gateway ...................................................................................................................................................................24 Mask ..........................................................................................................................................................................24 1. Dealing with Jitter ...........................................................................................................................................24 2. Dealing with Delay .........................................................................................................................................25 3. Packet Loss .........................................................................................................................................................26 The Essential Guide To Audio Over IP for Broadcasters 2 5. Overcoming Imperfections a. Concealment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27 b. Forward Error Correction ................................................................................................................................................ 27 c. Quality of Service ............................................................................................................................................................... 29 d. Service Level Agreements .............................................................................................................................................. 30 e. Alternative Connection .................................................................................................................................................... 30 f. Redundant Streaming ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Advantages of Redundant Streaming .................................................................................................................................... 33 The Audio Cloud - “Ultimate Resilience” .................................................................................................................................. 34 Redundant Streaming .................................................................................................................................................................. 35 Distributed Intelligence ............................................................................................................................................................... 35 Packet Forwarding ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Multicast / Multiple Unicast Relocation ................................................................................................................................. 36 CONTENTS 6. Advanced IP Concepts a. The IP Layer & Protocols ................................................................................................................................38 The OSI Reference Model ..........................................................................................................................38 The Four Layers of the TCP/IP Model ......................................................................................................38 The Link Layer (OSI layer 1 & 2) .................................................................................................................38 The Internet Layer .........................................................................................................................................38 The Transport Layer ......................................................................................................................................39 Encapsulation of Protocols and Services ..............................................................................................40 b. MAC & IP Addresses ........................................................................................................................................40
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comrex's Future Takes Shape with IP
    www.tvtechnology.com/04-08-15 TV TECHNOLOGY April 8, 2015 21 TK Comrex’s Future Takes Shape With IP Company’s NAB booth to feature updated LiveShot, BRIC-Link II BY SUSAN ASHWORTH productions for television,” he said. “Over the last several decades we’ve been in LAS VEGAS—Building on its experience the radio space but we’ve had so many of in remote broadcasting technology, our radio customers move on to TV [and Comrex will come to the 2015 NAB Show adopted] our audio-over-IP codec, so we with IP on its mind, showcasing technology had a lot of requests to make something that the company sees as the future of live as portable and compact as our audio video broadcasting. products but for television.” Comrex will introduce the newest What’s especially compelling about this version of LiveShot, a system that allows segment of the market, he said, is that there broadcasters to tackle remote broadcast are people “who are doing really creative setups that would be tough with and unique broadcasts with our products traditional wired configurations. Using because [they] offer two-way video and Comrex ACCESS audio IP codecs, LiveShot return video to the field and intercom in a sends live HD video and audio over IP. The small little package.” system addresses technical inconsistencies For example, at a recent air show in in public Internet locales and provides Wisconsin, two wireless Comrex devices access to low-latency broadcast-quality were used by a local broadcaster for their live video streaming, including 3G, 4G, and multicamera fieldwork.
    [Show full text]
  • IP Audio Coding with Introduction to BRIC Technology 2 Introduction by Tom Hartnett—Comrex Tech Director
    IP Audio Coding With Introduction to BRIC Technology 2 Introduction By Tom Hartnett—Comrex Tech Director In 1992, when ISDN was just becoming available in the US, Comrex published a Switched 56/ISDN Primer which became, we were told, a very valuable resource to the radio engineer struggling to understand these new concepts. As POTS codecs and GSM codecs became viable tools, Comrex published similar primers. Now, with the gradual sunsetting of ISDN availability (and the migration of phone networks to IP based services), it not only makes sense for us to introduce a product based on Internet audio transfer, but again to publish all the relevant concepts for the uninitiated. The ACCESS product is the result of years of our research into the state of IP networks and audio coding algo- rithms. This has all been in ISDN is not a long term solution. the quest to do what we do The telephone network is changing. best, which is to leverage existing, available services Transition to IP is inevitable. to the benefit of our core Resistance is futile. customers—radio remote broadcasters. The heart of this product is called BRIC (Broadcast Reliable Internet Codec). While others have introduced hardware coined “IP Codecs,” this is the first product introduced that dares to use the wordInternet with a capital I. Given the challenges the public Internet presents, it’s no small boast to say that this product will perform over the majority of available connections. BRIC represents a change that is both desirable and inevitable for remotes. This change is inevitable because, as available connections move from old fashioned circuit switched to newer packet switched style, technology like ISDN and POTS codecs will begin to work less and less often.
    [Show full text]
  • E-IPA-HX Audio-Over-IP Interface Card Eclipse HX Matrix Systems
    E-IPA-HX Audio-over-IP Interface Card Eclipse HX Matrix Systems Linking People Together E-IPA-HX Interface Card The E-IPA-HX AoIP Interface card provides multiple IP Key Features and Benefits connection types for Eclipse® HX Matrix Intercom Systems, • Available in 16, 32, 48, and 64 port including support for AES67 and SMPTE ST2110 audio. cards (16 port upgrades) • Software definable port configuration Description to support multiple IP connection and The E-IPA-HX is a high density IP interface card that supports up to 64 Clear-Com standards intercom devices. The interface card can be used with the Eclipse HX-Delta Lite, • Supports up to 64 IP ports (endpoint HX-Delta, HX-Median, and HX-Omega matrix frames. Eclipse HX Configuration connections) and additionally up to 64 Software (EHX™) configures each port for its intended application and provides a FreeSpeak IP Transceivers dedicated IP Manager screen to monitor connections and add users. The E-IPA-HX card also supports SMPTE ST2110 and AES67 connectivity. • Compatible with Eclipse HX-Delta Lite, -Delta, -Median and -Omega Connection to FreeSpeak II and FreeSpeak Edge Beltpacks frames The E-IPA-HX card connects to FreeSpeak II® Beltpacks (1.9 or 2.4) in E1 mode via • Supports connection to V-Series and fiber to the FSII-SPL for the FSII-TCVR-24 or FSII-TCVR-19-XX transceivers. This V-Series Iris panels, Agent-IC mobile will allow up to 50 beltpacks and 10 transceivers per card. The E-IPA-HX card also app, FreeSpeak II wireless beltpacks, connects FreeSpeak II or FreeSpeak Edge™ devices via AES67 protocol to Eclipse HX LQ Series devices and Station-IC frames.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Latency Audio Over IP on Embedded Systems
    Master Thesis Low-Latency Audio over IP on Embedded Systems by Florian Meier Start date: 02. April 2013 End date: 02. October 2013 Supervisor: Dipl.-Ing. Marco Fink Supervising Professor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Udo Zölzer Second Examiner: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Volker Turau Abstract Transmission of audio data over networks, such as the Internet, is a widespread technology. Up to now, the primary application is voice trans- mission (Voice over IP). Although modern Voice over IP systems are de- signed to reduce the audio latency, it is still too high for the bidirectional transmission of live music. The construction of a low-latency music envi- ronment would enable distributed musical performances and "Jamming over IP". This thesis takes a step in this direction by building an Audio over IP system as an embedded system. All components needed for a jam- ming session over the Internet are integrated in a handy box on the basis of a Raspberry Pi. This required the development of a Linux kernel driver. Furthermore, a software for low-latency audio transmission is build and evaluated, considering audio quality, data rate, and the reduced computa- tional power of the embedded system. iii iv Declaration by Candidate I, FLORIAN MEIER (student of Informatik-Ingenieurwesen at Hamburg University of Tech- nology, matriculation number 20836390), hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort and that it has not been submitted anywhere for any award. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Hamburg, 02. October 2013 Florian Meier v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Table of Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables and Sourcecodes xi List of Symbols xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 State of the Art3 2.1 Effect of Latency for Musical Interaction .
    [Show full text]
  • YOUR BROADCAST/AV EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS 1.800.438.6040 704.889.4508 Scmsinc.Com
    YOUR BROADCAST/AV EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS 1.800.438.6040 704.889.4508 scmsinc.com Welcome... Founded in 1976, Southern Coastal Marketing Services, Inc. (SCMS)—a broadcast equipment representative—rapidly evolved into a leading stocking distributor and reseller of broadcast equipment. This was due primarily to market changes and the need for turnkey packages that included installation and engineering efforts. Historically, SCMS has served the southeast but has grown to serve customers throughout the United States and Latin America. Today, we employ 19 sales represen- tatives and have 11 field offices in addition to our North Carolina corporate office. Our North Carolina facility features over 12,000 square feet of office and warehouse space—enough area to stock critical equipment and get it shipped to the consumer! Customers rely on SCMS in the fields of professional radio, audio/visual, television broadcast, educational and religious venues and for skilled and knowledgeable solutions and great broadcast gear. Our intent is to not only offer you a perfect fit in broadcast equipment but also a continuing relationship for future projects and builds. The SCMS team is eager to earn your trust and keep it. There is a radio station everywhere! Bob Cauthen, President, in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SCMS has been your Broadcast/AV Equipment Solutions provider for 42 years. You know we know radio! Some of the SCMS group in a meeting. Corporate Headquarters: 10201 Rodney Street • Pineville, NC 28134 Equipment That Performs STUDIO PRODUCTS Clocks
    [Show full text]
  • EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the Robustness of Implementations of Two Common “Ethernet” Protocols
    EDSA-401 ISA Security Compliance Institute – Embedded Device Security Assurance – Testing the robustness of implementations of two common “Ethernet” protocols Version 2.01 September 2010 Copyright © 2009-2010 ASCI – Automation Standards Compliance Institute, All rights reserved EDSA-401-2.01 A. DISCLAIMER ASCI and all related entities, including the International Society of Automation (collectively, “ASCI”)provide all materials, work products and, information (‘SPECIFICATION’) AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY AND WITH ALL FAULTS, and hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions, whether express, implied or statutory, including, but not limited to, any (if any) implied warranties, duties or conditions of merchantability, of fitness for a particular purpose, of reliability or availability, of accuracy or completeness of responses, of results, of workmanlike effort, of lack of viruses, and of lack of negligence, all with regard to the SPECIFICATION, and the provision of or failure to provide support or other services, information, software, and related content through the SPECIFICATION or otherwise arising out of the use of the SPECIFICATION. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF TITLE, QUIET ENJOYMENT, QUIET POSSESSION, CORRESPONDENCE TO DESCRIPTION, OR NON- INFRINGEMENT WITH REGARD TO THE SPECIFICATION. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, ASCI DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR HARM TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY, AND USERS OF THIS SPECIFICATION ASSUME ALL RISKS OF SUCH HARM. IN ISSUING AND MAKING THE SPECIFICATION AVAILABLE, ASCI IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO RENDER PROFESSIONAL OR OTHER SERVICES FOR OR ON BEHALF OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY, NOR IS ASCI UNDERTAKING TO PERFORM ANY DUTY OWED BY ANY PERSON OR ENTITY TO SOMEONE ELSE. ANYONE USING THIS SPECIFICATION SHOULD RELY ON HIS OR HER OWN INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT OR, AS APPROPRIATE, SEEK THE ADVICE OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL IN DETERMINING THE EXERCISE OF REASONABLE CARE IN ANY GIVEN CIRCUMSTANCES.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing Audio-Over-IP from an IT Manager's Perspective
    Implementing Audio-over-IP from an IT Manager’s Perspective Presented by: A Partner IT managers increasingly expect AV systems to be integrated with enterprise data networks, but they may not be familiar with the specific requirements of audio-over-IP systems and common AV practices. Conversely, AV professionals may not be aware of the issues that concern IT managers or know how best to achieve their goals in this context. This white paper showcases lessons learned during implementations of AoIP networking on mixed-use IT infrastructures within individual buildings and across campuses. NETWORKS CONVERGE AS IT such as Cisco and Microsoft. AV experts MEETS AV do not need to become IT managers to As increasing numbers of audio-visual do their jobs, as audio networking relies systems are built on network technology, only on a subset of network capabilities, IT and AV departments are starting configurations, and issues. to learn how to work together. As AV experts come to grips with the terminology Similarly, IT managers are beginning and technology of audio-over-IP, IT to acquaint themselves with the issues specialists—gatekeepers of enterprise associated with the integration and networks—are beginning to appreciate implementation of one or more networked the benefits that AV media bring to their AV systems into enterprise-wide converged enterprises. networks. Once armed with a clear understanding of the goals and uses This shift means that the IT department of these systems, IT managers quickly of any reasonably sized enterprise— discover that audio networking can be commercial, educational, financial, easily integrated with the LANs for which governmental, or otherwise—is they are responsible.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethernet Basics Ethernet Basics
    2016-09-24 Ethernet Basics based on Chapter 4 of CompTIA Network+ Exam Guide, 4th ed., Mike Meyers Ethernet Basics • History • Ethernet Frames • CSMA/CD • Obsolete versions • 10Mbps versions • Segments • Spanning Tree Protocol 1 2016-09-24 Ethernet – Early History • 1970: ALOHAnet, first wireless packet-switched network - Norman Abramson, Univ. of Hawaii - Basis for Ethernet’s CSMA/CD protocol - 1972: first external network connected to ARPANET • 1973: Ethernet prototype developed at Xerox PARC - (Palo Alto Research Center) - 2.94 Mbps initially • 1976: "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" published in Communications of the ACM. - Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs - sometimes considered “the beginning of Ethernet” Ethernet goes Mainstream • 1979: DEC, Intel, Xerox collaborate on a commercial Ethernet specification - Ethernet II, a.k.a. “DIX” Ethernet - (Digital Equipment Corporation) • 1983: IEEE 802.3 specification formally approved - Differs from Ethernet II in the interpretation of the third header field • 1987: alternatives to coaxial cables - IEEE 802.3d: FOIRL, Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link - IEEE 802.3e: 1 Mbps over Twisted Pair wires (whoopee!) • 1990: Twisted-Pair wiring takes over - IEEE 802.3i: 10 Mbps over Twisted-Pair – 10Base-TX, 10Base-T4 2 2016-09-24 the Future is Now (next chapter) (and Now is so Yesteryear…) 1995 – Now: speed and cabling improvements • 1995: 100Mbps varieties • 1999: 1Gbps on twisted-pair • 2003-2006: 10Gbps on optical fiber and UTP • 2010: 40Gbps, 100Gbps (802.3ba) - optical fiber or twinaxial cable - point-to-point physical topology; for backbones • 2016, September: 2.5GBase-T, 5GBase-T ? - who knows? What Is Ethernet? • Protocols, standards for Local Area Networks » Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3 • Specifies Physical-layer components - Cabling, signaling properties, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Medium Access Control (MAC)
    1 Medium Access Control 2 Medium Access Control (1) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 Broadcast networks have possibility of multiple access (MA) to a channel medium access control describes how we resolve the conflict assume only one channel available for communication additional channels would also be the subject of MAC 3 Medium Access Control (2) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 4 Medium Access Control (3) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 5 Medium Access Control (4) The Network H2 H4 H1 H3 assume when two frames overlaps at the Rx then both are lost, and thus both must be retransmitted assumption always be true in LANs in broadcast WANs might not be true 6 ALOHA protocol You can do nothing for MAC . The Network The Network The Network The Network H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H2 H4 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 H1 H3 ALOHA is contention based: a host may broadcast whenever necessary higher layers spot errors caused by collisions, and do retransmission 7 Performance of ALOHA H n vulnerable period for -1 start (λt) −λt Pn(t)= e t1 + t2 n! H1 To find p from Poisson Equation - t set t = 2T, λ = µG, n = 0: t2 -1 0 (µ 2T ) − H2 p = G e µG2T t1 + t2 - 0! −µG2T vulnerable period for H2 start p = e µ − S = e µG2T Let t1 = t2 = T µG µS successfully sent per second −µG2T µS = µGe µG sent (including failures) per second p is probability frame has no collisions µST frames are delivered in T µ seconds p = S µG −µG2T ρ = µST = µGe T 8 Is ALOHA good? ρ 6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 µGT load of 50% gives maximum efficiency of 18% not a very satisfactory performance no way of assuring that even this maximum efficiency is reached 9 Improving basic ALOHA 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
    Computer Networking MAC Addresses, Ethernet & Wi-Fi Lecturers: Antonio Carzaniga Silvia Santini Assistants: Ali Fattaholmanan Theodore Jepsen USI Lugano, December 7, 2018 Changelog ▪ V1: December 7, 2018 ▪ V2: March 1, 2017 ▪ Changes to the «tentative schedule» of the lecture 2 Last time, on December 5, 2018… 3 What about today? ▪Link-layer addresses ▪Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) ▪Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 4 Link-layer addresses 5 Image source: https://divansm.co/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address-fresh-day-18-santa-s-letters/ Network adapters (aka: Network interfaces) ▪A network adapter is a piece of hardware that connects a computer to a network ▪Hosts often have multiple network adapters ▪ Type ipconfig /all on a command window to see your computer’s adapters 6 Image source: [Kurose 2013 Network adapters: Examples “A 1990s Ethernet network interface controller that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete ISA bus. This combination card features both a BNC connector (left) for use in (now obsolete) 10BASE2 networks and an 8P8C connector (right) for use in 10BASE-T networks.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller TL-WN851ND - WLAN PCI card 802.11n/g/b 300Mbps - TP-Link https://tinyurl.com/yamo62z9 7 Network adapters: Addresses ▪Each adapter has an own link-layer address ▪ Usually burned into ROM ▪Hosts with multiple adapters have thus multiple link- layer addresses ▪A link-layer address is often referred to also as physical address, LAN address or, more commonly, MAC address 8 Format of a MAC address ▪There exist different MAC address formats, the one we consider here is the EUI-48, used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi ▪6 bytes, thus 248 possible addresses ▪ i.e., 281’474’976’710’656 ▪ i.e., 281* 1012 (trillions) Image source: By Inductiveload, modified/corrected by Kju - SVG drawing based on PNG uploaded by User:Vtraveller.
    [Show full text]
  • Traffic Generation
    WHITEPAPER Joan d’Austria, 112 - Barcelona - SP - 08018 Chalfont St Peter - Bucks - UK - SL9 9TR www.albedotelecom.com Ethernet Traffic Generation One of the key features of Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga tester fami- lies is the ability to generate traffic with deterministic and random bandwidth profiles. The traffic generation feature can be used to stress the network, sim- ulate user traffic and, if a suitable payload is configured, to measure critical net- work performance parameters like bit errors, packet loss or latency. The above mentioned Ethernet testers manufactured by ALBEDO, have eight in- dependent full featured traffic generators attached to the main test port (Port A). Each traffic flow may be configured with specific encapsulation and ad- dressing parameters thus providing great versatility in all applications requiring Ethernet and IP traffic generation. 1. GENERATION OF ETHERNET TRAFFIC In Ether.Genius / Ether.Sync / Ether.Giga testers, generation of custom Ether- net frames is available for Port A in Ethernet endpoint mode through the Frame, Bandwith profile and Payload settings for each of the eight available traffic flows. This is a short description of the Ethernet traffic generation menus: Figure 1 ALBEDO Ether.Giga is a field tester for Ethernet equipped with all the features to install and maintain Ethernet infrastructures supporting legacy features such as BER and RFC2544 while new test such as eSAM Y.1564. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be stored, copied or transmitted, by any means,
    [Show full text]
  • Aoip/AES67: Anatomy of a Full-Stack Implementation Ievgen Kostiukevych IP Media Technology Architect European Broadcasting Union
    AoIP/AES67: Anatomy of a Full-Stack Implementation Ievgen Kostiukevych IP Media Technology Architect European Broadcasting Union ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention AOIP IP STACK ON OSI LAYERS • Layer 1: 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-% (T, X, etc.) • Layer 2: Ethernet • Layer 3: IPv4, IGMPv2, DiffServ • Layer 4: UDP • Layer 5: RTP • Layer 6: PCM Audio • Layer 7: “Network-aware” A/D-D/A ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention AUDIO OVER IP IMPLEMENTATION ANATOMY ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention SMPTE ST 2110-30 ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention AUDIO OVER IP IMPLEMENTATION ANATOMY • Audio over IP protocols are packet-based • Utilize connectionless, unreliable protocol – UDP • Require additional protocols • I.E. DiffServ to maintain reliable performance • I.E. IEEE1588 to keep stable clock and synchronization • I.E. IGMP to utilize network properly and efficiently ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention AUDIO OVER IP IMPLEMENTATION ANATOMY • Core of all implementations – PCM audio • Additional functionality is required to be fully operational, configurable and user-friendly • This functionality is provided by implementation and can vary from one to another ©Ievgen Kostiukevych, [email protected], Special for AES New York 145 convention
    [Show full text]