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SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY REPORT

FOR THE NUNI LANGUAGE

WRITTEN BY: JOHN BERTHELETTE

SIL International 2001 1

Contents

0 Introduction 1 General Information 1.1 Language Name and Classification 1.2 Language Location 1.3 Population 1.4 Accessibility and Transport 1.4.1 Roads: Quality and Availability 1.4.2 Public Transport Systems 1.4.3 Trails 1.5 Religious Adherence 1.5.1 Spiritual Life 1.5.2 Christian Work in the Area 1.5.3 Language Use Parameters within Church Services 1.6 Schools/Education 1.6.1 Types, Sites, and Size of Schools 1.6.2 Literacy activities 1.6.3 Attitude toward the Vernacular 1.6.4 Summary 1.7 Facilities and Economics 1.7.1 Supply Needs 1.7.2 Medical Needs 1.7.3 Governmental Facilities in the Area 1.8 Traditional Culture 1.8.1 Aspects of the Culture Affecting the Sociolinguistic Situation 1.8.2 Attitude toward Culture 1.8.3 Contact with other cultures 1.8.4 Summary 1.9 Linguistic Work in the Language Area 1.9.1 Work Accomplished in the Past 1.9.2 Present Work 1.9.3 Materials Published in the Language 2 Methodology 2.1 Sampling 2.2 Lexicostatistic Survey 2.3 Dialect Intelligibility Survey 2.4 Questionnaires 2.5 Bilingualism Testing In Jula 3 Comprehension and Lexicostatistical Data (between villages) 3.1 Reported Comprehension 3.2 Results of the Recorded Text Tests 3.3 Percentage Chart of Apparent Cognates 3.4 Areas for Further Study 4 Multilingual Issues 4.1 Language Use Description 4.1.1 Children’s Language Use 2

4.1.2 Adults’ Language Use 4.2 Language Attitudes 4.2.1 As Reported 4.2.2 Bilingualism Testing in Jula 4.3 Summary 5 Recommendations Appendix 1 Population Data 2 A Word List of Northern and Southern Nuni Dialects Bibliography 1 References 2 Materials Concerning Nuni 3 Materials Published in Nuni 3

0 Introduction

This paper concerns the results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted by John and Carol Berthelette, Laurent Nignan, and Gregory and Rebecca Pruett. The survey was conducted between April 5 and May 15, 1994.

The survey was necessary due to a lack of data concerning the degree of intelligibility between Nuni speakers in the southern language area and those of the northern area. Since major language development work has been completed in the southern area, it is important to determine the degree of its applicability throughout the entire language area. Thus, the goals of the survey were:

♦ to gather basic information about the Nuna in the northern Nuni-speaking region; ♦ to test for both the lexical similarity and the degree of comprehension between speakers in the south and those of the north; ♦ to determine competency in and attitudes to Jula, a major trade language of Burkina Faso; and ♦ in the event of insufficient comprehension between speakers of the south and those of the north and insufficient competency in Jula, to determine a possible second site for language development work.

1 General Information

1.1 Language Name and Classification

The language of the people under study is Nuni (Ethnologue code NNW); the people call themselves “Nuna”. The inhabitants of the northern regions of the extensive “Nuni” territory are commonly referred to as the “Nounouma”. The name “Nounouma”, as it turns out, is a term given by outsiders; the inhabitants of the northern areas refer to themselves as “Nuna” and to their language as “Nuni” (see also Vismans 1994). To avoid confusion, the so-called “Nounouma” will be referred to in this paper as the “Northern Nuna” and their language as “Northern Nuni”; the other speakers, mostly found in the southern part of the language area, will be referred to as the “Southern Nuna” and their language as “Southern Nuni”.

With regards to the classification of the language, it falls under the Gur family, of which Burkina’s other Gur members include the Winyé, Lyélé, Kasem, Pana, PwX (Poughouli), Sisala (Yago 1984), and Kalemsé. According to the Ethnologue, a classification of the world’s languages published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics, its full classification is “Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern” (Grimes 1992:173). Of those Burkina languages mentioned previously, it is most closely related to Kasem and Lyélé. 4

1.2 Language Location

The Nuni-speaking territory extends from near the Ghanaian border in the province of Sissili, through most of Ziro, into the eastern parts of the provinces of Balé and of Mouhoun, and finally to the southern portions of the provinces of Sanguié and Nayala (see figure 1.2.1). It is a vast territory, covering about 1,200 km2.

The languages surrounding the Nuna are numerous. To the west are the Sissala, Dagara, Bwaaba (Cwi and Dakwi dialects), Mossi, Winyé, and Marka. To the north are the Sanan (Samo). To the east are the Lyéla, Mossi, and Kassena. The Sissala and Kassena are also located to the south of the Nuna. Furthermore, both Yari (Dagaari- Jula) and Peul villages or settlements are located within the Nuna’s territory, and a population of Yoruba (originally from Nigeria) have settled in Léo (Napon 1988:18). These neighboring language/ethnic groups can be seen on figure 1.2.1.

Figure 1.2.1 Map of Nuni Language Area1

1Adapted from CNRST/INSS 1988. 5

1.3 Population

The estimated population, according to the 1985 national census, numbers the Nuna, including the Northern Nuna, at 94,000 (INSD 1991:v. I, 7). Assuming a population increase since the figuring of the census, Lydia Krafft, an SIL linguist among the Nuna, puts the figure much higher, at over 200,000 (Grimes 1992:173). The population density is estimated at between 10–20% (Yago 1984:22). Calculations of the villages which according to our survey constitute the Northern Nuna, based on the 1985 census and figuring in an annual increase of 2.68% (Laclavère 1993:24), number them at 54,000.

1.4 Accessibility and Transport

1.4.1 Roads: Quality and Availability

Several major, well-maintained routes—three going from north to south (N6, N13, and R17) and two from east to west (N1 and N20)—pass through or closely by the Southern Nuni-speaking area. These routes serve to help the entire area, an important agricultural region, economically. They also allow for increasing contact between the various Nuni dialect groups and with neighboring ethnic groups.

It is also important to note one cause of such good arteries into the region: the importance of Léo as a political and economic center. Léo serves as the provincial seat and has a large market.

A final note about the quality of roads in the southern area concerns the difficulty of travel on the secondary routes in the area. For example, certain important villages such as Silli lie between the major arteries. The roads to these “interior” villages do not allow for travel during the rainy season. (Plans are underway to redo the road to Silli, yet as of this writing, work has only barely begun.)

In the Northern Nuni region, well-maintained routes run not so much through, but rather around, the region: N14 and N1 running east-west, and D30 running north-south. The lack of adequate road systems is felt especially in the Northern Nuni area east of the Mouhoun, where travel by truck is possible but slow.

1.4.2 Public Transport Systems

Since choices of travel within Burkina Faso are limited to either, on the one hand, one’s own bike or moped, or on the other hand, commercial bus or truck, the availability of public transport is an important consideration in assessing actual and potential contact within a larger language community. Public or commercial transport, be it by bus, bush taxi, or private merchants, is possible throughout much of both the Southern and Northern Nuni regions. Two disclaimers must be included. First, Léo and the villages along the main axes are decidedly more accessible by way of public transport than the many villages away from the main routes, due to the simple fact that more 6 traffic passes by. Second, the villages off of the main routes, even if that be by only a few kilometers, can become inaccessible to 4-wheel vehicles during the rainy season.

1.4.3 Trails

Numerous trails exist between Nuni villages. In the absence of well-maintained roads, these trails allow for contact by foot, bike, and moped between villages that are not separated by too great a distance. However, relying on trails in the bush will not get one very far very fast. Specifically, those Nuna living in the interior region between routes R17 (and to the north, D30) and N13 have much less contact with the important villages of their respective regions, for example Léo in the south and Pouni in the north, than those living along the main arteries.

1.5 Religious Adherence

1.5.1 Spiritual Life

Traditional religious practices and beliefs are still the dominant religious life of the Nuna. In Nuni territory, traditional religion often takes the form of ancestor worship, in which one worships the spirits of dead ancestors. Among the Nuna, too, fetish worship, worshipping objects believed to be indwelled by spirits, and thereby having supernatural power, is strong. In fact, the Nuna, according to G. Kurrle, are renowned in Burkina for their animistic powers. Thus it is plain that many Nuna openly profess to practice the traditional animistic ways. Furthermore, one can never assume that even those professing to be Catholic or Protestant have fully divorced themselves from the traditional religious practices. Pouni, in the northern Nuni country, is especially renowned as a center of fetish worship and witchcraft.

The influence of Islam is relatively small among the Nuna. Up until the late 19th century, the Nuna strongly opposed Islam. The Muslim influence that is apparent today is largely the result of three factors: the influence of Samory, a Muslim warrior who came from what is today Guinea; the desire to be left in peace by the Zaberma, Muslim slave traders; and finally, the Jarsi (or Dagaari-Jula), Muslims who came into the area from Ghana in the mid-19th century (Vismans 1994:29–31). However, it was at that point that it became advantageous to become Muslim to avoid ill-treatment (Vismans 1994:30) at the hands of invaders. Islamic-dominated villages, however, are the exception, and not the rule.

1.5.2 Christian Work in the Area

We will now turn our attention to the Christian presence among the Nuna. In the southern area, Catholic contact with the Nuna in the Léo region dates to 1900 (Vismans 1994). A chapel was started in 1931, a catechist arrived in 1955 (Vismans 1994:5), and a diocese based there in 1960. It was also in the mid 1950s that other Southern Nuni villages saw their first Catholic contacts, and since that time, catechists 7 have begun work in various villages (see table 1.2 in the appendix for listing). Concerning Protestant activity in the southern area, two Protestant groups, the Association Eglise Evangélique de Pentecôte (AEEP) and the Assemblies of God, have undertaken the work. The AEEP began work in Léo in 1946, Silli in 1952, and Cassou in 1956 (Vismans 1994:4), starting a Bible school and starting churches in various villages. Though their expatriate force has diminished, various churches remain (see table 1.2 in the appendix).

In the Northern Nuni area, the Catholic presence is very apparent. West of the Mouhoun River, European priests, based in Ouri, have worked among the Northern Nuna for at least 25 years, and catechists and small churches are found in many of the villages. East of the Mouhoun, the Catholic influence among the Lyélé spills over into the Northern Nuni area. The Protestant influence in the region, however, appears very limited.

1.5.3 Language Use Parameters within Church Services

In the Southern Nuni areas, most Catholic and Protestant churches provide for both Nuni and Mooré speakers. Several key figures in the Catholic Church have emphasized written materials in general in the vernacular.

In the Northern Nuni area, the Catholic priests have worked to translate their New Testament readings, as well as Old Testament portions, into Northern Nuni. Masses east of the Mouhoun, meanwhile, are conducted in either Lyélé (in the case of Guigui) or Mooré (in Tita).

1.6 Schools/Education

1.6.1 Types, Sites, and Size of Schools

The provinces of Sissili, Mouhoun, and Sanguié have a fair number of educational facilities, particularly in the form of primary schools. See table 1.3 in the appendix for a list of primary schools in Nuni-speaking villages in these provinces. Table 1.6.1 shows the scolarity rates for the four major provinces of the Nuni region, according to the pre- 1996 provincial boundaries.2 As is common throughout Burkina Faso, boys outnumber girls in the schools. Furthermore, even with the construction of new primary schools in the last two decades, the percentage of children who attend school is only around 40% according to UNICEF statistics (MEBAM 1996).3

2Please note that the area now called Ziro was part of Sissili province prior to 1996, and that the statistics for the province of Sourou are included because of the presence of Northern Nuna in the present Nayala province, what formerly was part of Sourou. 3Scolarity statistics vary between 11% for Gnagna province and 80% for Kadiogo province. 8

Table 1.6.1 Scolarity Rate by Province (1994–1995) Province Girls’ Scolarity Rate Boys’ Scolarity Rate Total Scolarity Rate Mouhoun 32.9% 43.2% 38.2% Sanguié 33.3% 50.3% 42.0% Sissili 19.7% 32.2% 26.3% Sourou 33.6% 47.6% 40.7%

Middle and high schools are much less common, forcing most potential students to travel outside of their home villages to attend (see table 1.4 in the appendix for a list). However, the biggest single deterrent to educational access is not distance from schools, but parents’ lack of money to send their children. Thus, as is clearly visible in the appendix, only a rather small proportion of children, receive quality education.

Another formal government educational activity is through the program, Centre de Formation de Jeunes Agriculteurs. These CFJAs were developed to provide very basic education for those villages far removed from primary schools, and also are a way to educate children who don’t have the means to go to primary schools. It is often CFJAs which are involved in literacy programs in the vernacular. See table 1.5 in the appendix for a list of the CFJA schools in the Nuni region.

1.6.2 Literacy Activities

According to the 1993 government figures, Nuni literacy in 1992–1993 was formally carried out in 31 villages in the province of Sissili by 6 organizations, with a total number of those becoming literate during this period at 482. In Sanguié province, Nuni literacy is being carried out at an additional 8 centers, with 87 deemed literate (MEBAM 1996:147,149). The DPEBAM has been directing the literacy program in Southern Nuni since the late 1980s.

1.6.3 Attitude toward the Vernacular

As was just noted, the DPEBAM has been very involved in the literacy efforts in Nuni. As is the case with the other national languages, though, literacy, must be carried out outside of the primary and postprimary schools; French is the only language allowed in these schools. Therefore, literacy takes place through CFJAs and literacy centers.

1.6.4 Summary

The Burkina Faso government has developed a fairly extensive public school system, especially in Sissili and Sanguié provinces. Nevertheless, this effort has not boosted Nuni literacy. Several factors hinder the literacy effort: 9

♦ French is seen as a prestige language by a majority of Nuna. ♦ While there are those motivated to become literate, the ever present lack of funds stunts literacy development. ♦ In part because of a lack of funds but also due to the unavailability of personnel, an intensive, enduring advertising campaign throughout the southern Nuni-speaking region has not been carried out. ♦ Those carrying out literacy find that the literate end up not using what they have learned, and therefore forget. ♦ The Northern Nuni regions, especially north of Pouni, have difficulty with the literacy materials published in Southern Nuni. Especially west of the Mouhoun River, the Nuna are starting to take on Jula more and more (partly as a result of no suitable literacy materials in their dialect).

1.7 Facilities and Economics

1.7.1 Supply Needs

The economic situation in the Nuni region is similar to that of most rural Burkina Faso: almost all of the Nuna are farmers. They grow what they need to eat, as well as plant to a limited extent some cash crops. Small markets, held every few days, are found in most villages. Often, Mossi and Jula traders sell at these markets, and in the Northern Nuni area east of the Mouhoun, Lyélé traders are also common.4 In short, the Nuna have at their disposal, if not within their means, the basic goods that they need to carry on their lives.

Many young Nuna travel in the dry season in order to find paying jobs. Their destination is often Ghana or Côte d’Ivoire, although some attempt to look for work in Burkina Faso’s larger cities (Napon 1988:3).

1.7.2 Medical Needs

As is true for all of Burkina Faso, medical treatment is an area of great need for the Nuna. Throughout the overall Nuna area, small dispensaries, where one can obtain very basic medical care, exist in most villages. However, two obstacles hinder those who need more urgent medical care: distance to pharmacies, clinics, and hospitals and the means to pay for the treatment. Concerning distance, the clinics within reach of the Nuna are in Léo, Fara, and Koudougou. Needless to say, most Nuna live at least 30 km (a one-hour journey by bike or motorcycle) away from clinics, the result being that by the time most of the sick arrive for treatment, the illness is worse.

4As a side note, one result of people of other groups being the sellers and the Nunas being the buyers is that invariably, like it or not, the Nunas learn the language of the traders. 10

1.7.3 Governmental Facilities in the Area

The various department seats/prefectures generally fall within the Nuni-speaking area, notwithstanding the rare exception; in these locations, French and Nuni are the languages used. Police checkpoints are not uncommon; French is the language of use here. Several police barracks are found within the Nuni-speaking area—most would not have to travel outside the area to find a policeman.

1.8 Traditional Culture

1.8.1 Aspects of the Culture Affecting the Sociolinguistic Situation

Concerning the ethnic group as a whole, there is no overarching hierarchy; each Nuni village is rather autonomous. The Nuna are known for their independent spirit, and dislike of outside domination (Napon 1988:4). On the village level, nevertheless, the Nuna have a defined hierarchical structure, with sex and age being the important criteria for power and the control of wealth. In the case of males, it is generally the case that the older one is, the more respect one is accorded. Women in the Nuni society are not involved in important decision-making. (Napon 1988:22).

1.8.2 Attitude toward Culture

In general, the Nuna are happy with village life and with their culture. As is the case of many Burkina ethnic groups, many young, especially men, spend a bit of time “seeking fortune” in Côte d’Ivoire, Togo, and Ghana. While it is impossible to know how many actually return to their home village, it would seem that a fairly high percentage do return after their money-making stint. According to those responding to our questionnaires, most prefer the life of the village to life away and in the bigger cities.

Concerning attitudes toward their culture, they assert that their culture has noticeable differences with the cultures of surrounding ethnic groups. Differences are noted even within the northern and southern Nuna communities. Emmanuel Bayilli argues that the culture of the north is distinct from that of the south, admitting nonetheless that one has difficulty in fixing a boundary between the two regions (Bayilli 1983:6).5 Yago as well admits that the southern and northern groups have some differences in culture, which he attributes to their adoption of cultural characteristics of neighbors. He notes among the Northern Nuna the obvious example of facial scarification, a trait which has been adapted from the Bwaaba to the West (Yago 1984: 22–23). At least openly, they state that their culture and way of living are better, and that they wish to keep their own cultural practices.

5Bayilli seems to state that the northern subgroups—Northern Nuna and Lyéla—have more in common than the Northern Nuna have with the Southern Nuna. 11

1.8.3 Contact with Other Cultures

The last 20 years have seen a great amount of immigration into the Southern Nuna territory. According to Léo’s Fr. Carol Vismans, a large influx of Mossis first came into the province of Sissili in the early 1970s, following years of drought (Vismans 1994:10). And in the 1980s, he estimates that an additional 150,000 non-Nunas— mainly Mossis—have made their home in Sissili (Vismans 1994:11).

It must be stated that the relations between the Nuna and Mossi have not always been friendly. Bayilli asserts that the Nuna inhabited an area further to the east than their present homeland. The most important factor in their migration westward was Mossi pressure (Bayilli 1983:238). This pressure seems to have started in the late 15th century; by the first half of the 18th century, the boundaries between the Nuna and Mossi were fairly well established (Bayilli 1983:298–299). Even to this day, the Nuna have less than a fondness for Mossis and Mooré, albeit that some intermarriage exists between the two groups. The Southern Nuna refer to Mossis as “people of the bush” and resent both what they consider Mossi intrusion into their territory and Mossi dominance in the larger Burkina region. In an interview with Père Yves de Jardin, who has worked among the Northern Nuna for 25 years, the Northern Nuna resent the Mossis’ past attacks against them: the memory of shed blood is not easy to erase.

As a final note, contact between Nuna, Sane (Samo) and Marka also had some importance. In part, the influx of Sane and Marka explain some of the Nuna migration (Bayilli 1983:238). It appears as well that some Nuni clans ventured into what are now Sane areas. These Nuna are now losing their language, yet vestiges of the Nuna culture remain (Bayilli 1983:253).

1.8.4 Summary

In short, both the Southern and Northern Nuna have strong attitudes toward their ethnic group. Throughout the entire region, they assert with pride “We are Nuna.” In the northern areas, for example, it is common to catch the “we” (Nuna) vs. “they” (Lyélé, Mossi, Winyé, Marka, and Jula) attitude, while in the South, the “they” are principally the Mossi, Sissala, and Bobo (Bwaaba).

1.9 Linguistic Work in the Language Area

1.9.1 Work Accomplished in the Past

Roman Catholic priests have carried out a great amount of work in the Northern Nuni region. While the local priest admits to a rather literal translation, it is still noteworthy that large parts of the gospels, some portions of the epistles, and some Old Testament passages are translated. Three levels of primers, catechism books, and a hymnbook are other materials already produced. Also in the northern area, Denis Nébié has written both a grammar and dictionary in Northern Nuni (Nébié 1985). 12

In the southern area, Zakaria Yago published a quite thorough phonological analysis (1984). Others who have contributed to the linguistic study of Nuni include Azouma Dyen, Halidou Nigna, G. Williams, and J. Zwernemann. A. Napon and I. Nacro have carried out sociolinguistic studies. See section 2 in the bibliography for a list of linguistic, historical, and anthropological works about the Nuna.

1.9.2 Present Work

Concerning the Southern Nuni area, a linguist/translator, Lydia Krafft, began work in Léo in 1982. Having a good base in the form of Yago’s thesis (1984), she and G. Kurrle have furthered the research into the Nuni phonology and grammar, and to this point have directed the translation of the New Testament. See section 1.6.2 for information on current literacy work.

To our knowledge, no follow-up linguistic work is in progress in the Northern Nuni region.

1.9.3 Materials Published in the Language

Lydia Krafft and Gertrud Kurrle have developed three primers, two books of traditional stories, books on health, and Biblical story books (see section 2 in the bibliography for a complete list). As was mentioned previously, the DPEBAM is currently directing literacy campaigns in the vernacular in various Nuna villages.

2 Methodology

2.1 Sampling

The sites chosen for research were in large part based on the dialect boundaries drawn from the thesis by Zakaria Yago (1984) and in consultation with L. Krafft and G. Kurrle. The six regions delineated by Yago are northern =O+¹EC4+¸?, south-central =DC"U+¸PLC4¸?, central =LC" VºP¸?, southeast =IQ4º?, central-east =DQ‹P‹?, and central-west =UC PM74C? (Yago 1984:20–21). Napon agrees for the most part with this schema. He adds however, another southeastern dialect, =H74+º? which he locates in the Biéha region, and a northwestern dialect, =Ì+º4C?, for which a representative village is Sadouan (Napon 1988:8).

In order to achieve our goal of testing lexical similarity and the degree of comprehension between the various dialect regions, we identified these cities as test centers: 13

Table 2.1.1 Sites Chosen According to Dialect Region

Nuni Dialect Name Region of Nuni Territory Representative City for (Yago 1984) the Region =IQ4+º? southeast Sapouy =DC"U+¸PLC4+¸? south-central Léo (Dabiou)6 =DQ‹P‹? central-east none (in the case of further research, Cassou) =LC" VºP¸? central Silli Nébielyanayou =UC PM74C? west Naboun7 =O+¹EC4+¸? northern Poura Guigui8 Séréna Tikan

In table 2.1.1, Yago classifies all of the northern area under the name =O+¹EC4+¸?. At this point, in table 2.1.2, we include the schema of J. P. Ledoux (Vismans 1994:56) for various names for the northern varieties. Table 2.1.2 Speech Varieties of the Northern Nuni Region Name of Variety Region =LCVGPC? western region, including the area to the west of the Mouhoun River =PGDYG"NG"? region extending from the Lyélé region in the north to Bandéo- Naponé in the south =IYGTK? the immediate area surrounding the village of Godo =PWP¿? the immediate area surrounding the village of Pouni =MQVKCNC? the region to the south and east of Pouni, including the villages of Tita-Naponé, Villibongo, Edié, Nebwa, etc. =MYCOC? in general, the region of the department of Zawara =MLQ4C? a small zone to the north of Poura

6Wanting to avoid the chance of contact with other dialects that life in Léo allows, we chose to carry out most of the testing in a village 6 km from Léo, Dabiou. 7Yago identifies Poura as the center of this dialect region; again to lower the chances of contact with those of other dialects, we chose Naboun, 13 km south of Poura. 8Well into the survey, it became clear that northern speakers could not easily understand the southern dialects, and particularly not the Silli and Léo dialects. It was at this point that we added another goal: to determine a possible second site for language development work. 14

2.2 Lexicostatistic Survey

To determine the degree of lexicostatistic similarity, we elicited a 220 word word list, including in it various parts of speech. As part of our second pass through each village, we checked any discrepancies with data from contiguous dialects in order to avoid mistaken data and therefore achieve purer results. (See section 2 in the appendix for a complete list of the glosses and data.)

2.3 Dialect Intelligibility Survey

In order to measure the degree of inherent intelligibility between speakers of the various dialects, we followed the methodology developed by E. Casad, commonly referred to as the Recorded Text Test. The various steps are as follows:

1. A text is elicited from a native speaker of Village A, a text as free as possible from objectionable subject matter and words borrowed from another language. 2. A group of 12–15 questions are developed based on the text. These questions are recorded in the dialect of Village A and inserted into the text. From six to ten native speakers of the dialect of Village A listen to the text and respond to the questions, in order that any bad or misleading questions can be isolated and removed. The 10 best questions, in which almost all native speakers have responded correctly, are chosen for the final form of the test. 3. The refined text/test of Village A is played in Village B, having recorded Village A’s questions in the dialect of Village B. At least 10 speakers in Village B listen to the text, responding to the questions. Their cumulative scores to the Recorded Text Test are taken as the percentage of their intelligibility with the dialect of Village A.

In the testing process in Village B, it is very important to be aware of and guard against the influence of factors that may skew the results, and in particular, factors which may allow respondents to achieve higher scores. For example, it is important to choose candidates with very little or no previous contact with speakers of Village A. Such exposure may allow them to score higher on this test designed to measure inherent (natural) intelligibility. In table 3.2.1, it is the standard deviation column which signals high contact, and therefore learned intelligibility. A high (above 1.6) standard deviation, a result of a wide range of test scores, suggests that some testees have “learned” to understand the speech tested.

Conversely, it is just as important to find candidates who can master the question/answer technique of the Casad methodology. It is sometimes not an easy task for those who have not gone to school.

2.4 Questionnaires

We questioned two to four men from each village concerning both general demographic and general sociolinguistic matters. The subject matter covered by the questionnaires ranged from the ethnic composition and facilities in the area to 15 perceived dialect differences, bilingualism, and language use. The men were chosen by the village’s government representative, and sometimes the representative himself was included. Due to the surveyors’ not knowing the trade language and a desire to better monitor the questioning process, the questionnaires were carried out in French. We also interviewed available school teachers and religious leaders using prepared questionnaires. Results of the sociolinguistic questionnaires form the basis of much of our following discussion on multilingualism (section 4).

2.5 Bilingualism Testing In Jula9

The Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) for the Jula language was developed by following the procedures of Radloff (1991). An SRT is comprised of 15 sentences, arranged in increasing order of difficulty. For each sentence answered correctly, 3 points are earned, with 45 being a maximum score. For each mistake, a point is subtracted from 3. The SRT used to assess proficiency in Jula was calibrated to a Reported Proficiency Evaluation (RPE) test.10 The sample used to calibrate the SRT with the RPE consisted of 83 people who were both native and second language Jula speakers. They were volunteers found in the city of Ouagadougou.

The regression equation for predicting RPE means from SRT means was:

RPE = 1.94 + 0.0665 SRT

This calibration allows for a prediction of RPE levels based on the SRT scores, according to the following table:

Table 2.5.1 Predicted RPE level from SRT score. SRT score range RPE level equivalent 0–8 2 9–15 2+ 16–23 3 24–30 3+ 31–38 4 39–45 4+

A further comparison was done between the SRT scores and an oral proficiency exam using SIL’ s Second Language Oral Proficiency Evaluation (SLOPE) (SIL 1987). A subset of 25 of the most proficient speakers of the original sample was evaluated with this oral interview technique. It was found in this study that those scoring at or above 25 on the SRT could be reliably classed in SLOPE level 4; those scoring below 25 were below SLOPE level 4. This particular level represents the ability to “use the

9Editor’s note: R. Berger and S. Showalter have contributed significantly to this section. 10For a full description of the development of the Jula SRT, see Berthelette et al.(1995). 16 language fluently and accurately on all levels normally pertinent to needs” (SIL 1987:34). The discrepancy between RPE and SLOPE evaluations in relation to SRT scores, along with broader issues concerning the interpretation of the SRT, are discussed at length in Hatfield, ms.

In addition to the calibration effort, the completed SRT was given to a sample of reported native speakers of Jula in two villages of southwest Burkina, Péni and Sindou, to provide a means of comparison between L1 and L2 speakers of Jula in Burkina. The collective mean SRT score from samples in both villages was 30.5, lower than expected but still corresponding to a high level of Jula competence. This gives us a baseline of comparison between native and non-native speakers of Jula, and allows us to say that scores of 30 and above indicate a competence level similar to that of native speakers, as measured by this test. A full report on the development of the Jula SRT in Burkina Faso can be found in Berthelette et al. 1995.

Nuni speakers were given the SRT to estimate their proficiency in Jula. The testers were instructed to visit a wide area in the village in order to make the sampling as representative as possible, using quotas based on sex and age.

To understand the interacting influences of sex, age, and geographical location of villages on Jula proficiency, a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical design was used on the SRT scores. This design was based on SRT data collected from both females and males whose ages were from 12 and up, and who lived in 10 villages. The specific factors examined were age with three levels: 12–25, 26–45, and 46+ years; villages with 10 levels; and sex with two levels. Interacting effects among these factors were examined. The specific ANOVA selected for the analysis was the General Linear Model (GLM) because the requirement of a balanced design was not a precondition for its use. A balanced ANOVA design requires equal numbers of subjects at all factor levels. Another unique feature of the GLM is that it considers the correlation coefficients among age, sex, and villages. These relationships were examined by regression analysis which involves correlational analyses. The GLM makes adjustments in the factor level means and standard deviations which are predicted from the correlated data.

Differences between factor level means, which occurred by chance 5% or less, were considered statistically significant. In probability terms, if mean differences in SRT scores occurred by chance five times or less out of 100 times between levels of a factor they would be considered statistically significant. In that case, the factor level with the largest mean would be considered more bilingual than the other level. If statistical significance was found among three or more levels, the Tukey test was used to determine which means were significantly different from each other.

In general, language groups having the SRT means below 16 (level 3 on RPE scale) were prioritized for minority language development while language groups with 17 significantly higher SRT means had a lower priority. Of course, attitudinal factors were also considered when priorities were determined (Bergman 1990:9.5.2).11

3 Comprehension and Lexicostatistical Data (between villages)

3.1 Reported Comprehension

It is always interesting—and challenging—to try to pinpoint how villagers perceive their own ability to understand other languages or dialects. Table 3.1.1 is an attempt to grade the Nuna’s reported comprehension of other dialects. Please note that our questioning was not exhaustive—that is, we did not ask a rating for each village which we visited in our survey. Nevertheless, the trends are quite evident.

11In 1989, the Summer Institute of Linguistics’ Area Directors and Vice Presidents established the language assessment criteria for the organization. This work is a set of standards for such domains as dialect intelligibility, bilingual ability, etc., developed in an attempt to guide decision-making as to the need for language development in specific situations. 18

Table 3.1.1 Reported Comparison of the Ease of Understanding of Nuni Dialects

Respondent’s Reported Comprehension Village Tikan easiest quite difficult <------> Zamo (dept. of Zamo) Pouni Léo Séréna easiest quite difficult <------> Pouni Silli Nébielyanayou Léo Guigui easiest quite difficult <------> Pouni Séréna Nébielyanayou Silli Léo Pouni easiest quite difficult <------> Zamo (dept. of Zamo) Nébielyanayou/Séréna Tiyellé (dept. of Pouni) Silli Léo Nébielyanayou easiest quite difficult <------> Bougnougnou Silli Pouni Naboun/Léo Naboun easiest quite difficult <------> Léo Silli Bougnougnou (dept. of Bougnougnou) Nébielyanayou/Zamo Silli easiest quite difficult <------> Léo/Fara (dept. of Fara) Sapouy Nébielyanayou/Bougnougnou Sapouy easiest quite difficult <------> Léo/Silli/Cassou (dept. of Cassou) Bougnougnou Dabiou easiest quite difficult (just north of Léo) <------> Boutiourou/Sanga/Nadio (all in dept. of Léo) Tiessourou (dept. of Tô) Cassou Bougnougnou 19

In summary, the reported intercomprehension is quite poor between the northern and southern dialect areas. The only surprise in the answers was at Séréna, where the respondents judged the dialect of Silli easier than that of Nébielyanayou, a village closer geographically to Séréna. As we shall see in the following discussion, these opinions generally fall in line with results from the Recorded Text Test.

3.2 Results of the Recorded Text Tests

Denis Nébié, from the Northern Nuni region and speaking from his experience, comments: “We need to go to the essential core, leaving aside all that is not fundamental. The Nuni language has a common base. This, essentially, is why a Nuni speaker from any region, traveling to a different region, needs only a few weeks to be able to understand the local dialect perfectly”12 (1985:1). While it is true that the speeches of the south and north have much in common and that it may take only a few weeks for one to adapt to the speech pattern of the other region, very few Nuna actually have the opportunity to do this. Thus the need to see if the Southern Nuni materials must be adapted. Linguists have debated the threshold of comprehension a speaker of one dialect must attain if he is to be reasonably expected to profit from literacy materials. An accepted minimum threshold for the Summer Institute of Linguistics is 75% (Bergman 1990:9.5.2).

Table 3.2.1 summarizes the results of the Recorded Text Test among the target villages: Table 3.2.1 Results of the Recorded Text Test in the Nuni Region

Test Conducted Text of Which Number Number Percent Standard in: Village: of of Compre- Deviation Females Males hension Tested Tested

SERENA Séréna 6 5 94.55 0.45 Pouni 6 5 92.27 1.03 Tikan 6 5 95.91 0.47 Guigui 6 5 66.82 1.17 Silli 6 5 40.45 1.29

12“Nous devons aller à l’essentiel, laisser du côté tout ce qui n’est pas fondamental. Le nuni a un fond commun. C’est essentiellement pourquoi, lorsqu’un nuniphone de n’importe quelle région va dans une autre, seulement quelques semaines lui suffisent pour comprendre parfaitement le dialecte local" 20

Test Conducted Text of Which Number Number Percent Standard in: Village: of of Compre- Deviation Females Males hension Tested Tested

TIKAN Tikan 4 6 98 0.40 Séréna 4 6 88 0.64 Pouni 4 6 90 0.77 Guigui 4 6 81.5 0.84 Silli 4 6 39 1.67

GUIGUI Guigui 4 6 97.5 0.40 Pouni 4 6 92 0.87 Tenado 4 6 68 2.14 (LYÉLÉ) Séréna 4 6 76.5 0.78 Silli 4 6 68 1.87

POUNI Pouni 6 5 100.00 0.00 Guigui 6 5 95.45 0.58 Séréna 6 5 57.73 1.54 Silli 6 5 77.27 1.05 Léo 6 5 74.55 1.72

NEBIELIANAYOU Nébielianayou 3 7 99 0.30 Pouni 3 7 92.5 0.72 Silli 3 7 87.5 1.33 Léo 3 7 80 1.63 Séréna 3 7 49.5 1.33

NABOUN Naboun 5 5 95 0.50 Léo 5 5 95 0.81 Silli 5 5 94 0.92 Pouni 5 5 87.5 0.98 Séréna 5 5 40.5 0.76

SAPOUY Sapouy 4 6 98.5 0.32 Léo 4 6 92 0.40 Silli 4 6 87 1.00 Séréna 4 6 15 1.30 21

Test Conducted Text of Which Number Number Percent Standard in: Village: of of Compre- Deviation Females Males hension Tested Tested

SILLI Silli 3 7 99 0.30 Léo 3 7 89 1.45 Pouni 3 7 86.5 1.18 Séréna 3 7 40.5 0.88

LEO (DABIOU) Léo 4 6 99.5 0.15 Silli 4 6 88.5 0.90 Pouni 4 6 59 1.22 Séréna 4 6 26 0.49

Before interpreting the scores, I will underline again the main goals of the survey:

1. to gather basic information about the Nuna in the northern Nuni-speaking region, about whom very little was known; 2. to test for both the lexical similarity and the degree of comprehension between speakers in the south and those of the north; and 3. in the event of insufficient comprehension between speakers of the south and those of the north, to determine a possible second site for language development work.

Regarding the second goal of the survey, it is very clear in looking at table 3.2.1 that the further one progresses north of Silli—from Nébielianayou to Pouni—the Nuna of these villages have increasing difficulty in understanding the Nuni of Léo. Indeed, it is the Nuni of Léo on which primers and translation work is based. Therefore, we conclude that neither the dialect of Léo, nor the one of Silli, nor any other dialect can be adequately understood by the entire Nuna population.13

A confirmation of the test results were the Nunas’ own assessments, obtained through a sociolinguistic questionnaire, of their ability to understand other dialects. In all cases, the test results mirrored their own answers in rating how well they understood speeches of other villages.

13Note, too, that we stopped testing the Léo text north of Pouni. We did so for the following reasons. First, the comprehension of the Silli text was greater than that of Léo in these locations (and as it turns out, the standard deviation involving the Léo text was higher than one would like, showing the likelihood of learned intelligibility and contact). Second, because it seems that a person can usually only hold his concentration for no more than 5 texts. Discontinuing the Léo text in the north made the testing there shorter and more manageable. 22

The results of the test were further reinforced by the experiences of L. Nignan, our companion. Having traveled through most of the Nuni-speaking region, he can communicate well with members of most dialects. However, in Séréna, Guigui, and Tikan, he could neither understand nor be understood well in Nuni. To allow for communication, he spoke in Jula in these regions. Therefore, looking at the decrease in comprehension compared with the increase in distance, it seems clear that the Nuni speeches form a dialect chain.

Let us consider at this point the third goal of the survey: in the event of insufficient comprehension between speakers of the south and those of the north, to determine a possible second site for language development work. Has the survey achieved this goal? Considering the data from table 3.2.1, the text from Pouni was the only text understood by speakers from all the northern villages above the 85% threshold. (In fact, it can be noted as well from table 3.2.1 that those from Nébielyanayou also scored better on the Pouni text than on the Silli text.)

Albeit a dialect difference which the Northern Nuna recognize between those villages east of the Mouhoun and those west of the Mouhoun, the Northern Nuna from both sides appear to have little difficulty with the Pouni speech.14

3.3 Percentage Chart of Apparent Cognates

The percentage chart of apparent cognates, while not strongly reinforcing the scores from the RTT, do not undermine the conclusions either. Referring to percentages from Pouni, one would expect the cognate count between Tikan, Séréna, and Pouni to be somewhat higher than they actually are (80% is not very high).

Table 3.3.1 Percentage of Apparent Cognates in Nuni Dialects Tikan 84 Séréna 81 81 Guigui 80 79 86 Pouni 73 69 73 76 Nébielianayou 69 64 69 70 72 Silli 69 64 67 70 72 86 Léo 67 63 68 69 71 85 80 Naboun15 63 59 64 68 70 75 75 74 Sapouy

14Bayilli notes that Pouni was in fact the base for some northwestern Nuni clans (Bayilli 1983:215). 15Naboun is actually located to the north and west of both Léo and Sapouy. 23

Nevertheless, now referring to the various columns, the cognate counts, as did the Recorded Text Test scores, definitely attest to the supposition of a dialect chain or continuum heading in general from south to north.16

3.4 Areas for Further Study

Several questions remain after the survey. One has to do with the neatness of the statistical support for Pouni as a target location. While we tested with only narrative texts, was there an extenuating reason why the Northern Nuna found the Pouni text easier to understand?

A second matter for further research has to do with the dialects of Cassou and Bougnougnou. This matter has more to do with research completeness than necessity. We decided to leave Cassou as our last center, an “if we have time” location. It is located close to both Silli and Léo—chances are very good that the Cassou comprehension of the Léo and Silli dialects is above 90%. Unfortunately, the rains in the south came a little too early the year that we were carrying out this survey. Concerning Bougnounou, the Nuna of Nébielyanayou reported that they had no trouble understanding the speech of that locality. It, too, was left for “if we have time”.

Finally, we will be compiling a data concerning grammatical similarity for the Burkina Gur languages. Besides the standard word list, we elicited 32 sentences from 3 points. These sentences form part of a tool developed by Ulla Wiesemann (Wiesemann 1989:11). It is intended to determine the degree of difference in grammatical structures between dialects, and therefore, used in conjunction with the word list, it serves to further refine the results of the lexical similarity.

4 Multilingual Issues

4.1 Language Use Description

4.1.1 Children’s Language Use

The language of all Nuna homes, according to the survey respondents, is Nuni. Of course, most villages have at least one neighborhood with those of another ethnic group, often Mossi. Undoubtedly, therefore, most Nuna children learn to speak a second language, be it Mooré or Jula, fairly well because of school, market, and normal village contact. A specific example of bilingualism among children concerns the far west Northern Nuni-speaking area. Northern Nuna students there have contact with Marka children at school; Jula is usually their language of communication.

16Note, too, that while the word lists were rechecked, there is still room for error. 24

4.1.2 Adults’ Language Use

Between adult Nunas, there is no doubt as to the language used: it is always Nuni. According to the responses to our questionnaires, we are fairly certain that many Nuna learn Mooré (in the south), Jula (in the north, west of the Mouhoun River), and Lyélé (in the north, east of the Mouhoun River) in order to do business in the local markets. And a fair percentage of the population also travel to Côte d’Ivoire to earn money; they learn to speak Jula very well as a result. However, these languages are used mainly in the domain of the marketplace.

Regarding Lyélé, we carried out an experiment in the village of Guigui. Having been told by some of the villagers that they had used Lyélé literacy materials, we tested a text recorded in Lyélé. The results, seen in Guigui’s statistics in table 3.2.1, show a 68% comprehension score. The standard deviation of 2.14, however, is a strong indicator that there is some learned intelligibility which raised the scores of some testees.17

4.2 Language Attitudes

4.2.1 As Reported

As we have already noted, French is something of a prestige language; in most cases, mastering it is one prerequisite to getting a good job. Nevertheless, fairly few do master it, and once out of school and settled in normal village life, most gradually lose some of their ability through disuse. Also noted above, the Nuna do not hold a great deal of affection toward Mossis and Mooré. For those Nuna with much contact with Lyélé, they do not feel bothered to learn it, and some Lyélé learn Nuni. It is not, however, their language of preference. Furthermore, those Nuna west of the Mouhoun River have no incentive to learn Lyélé.

Finally, with regards to Jula, there is a growing desire to learn and use it. Some Nuna in the area west of the Mouhoun are literate in Jula. According to the Roman Catholic priest based in Oury, Père Yves de Jardin, the young are adopting Jula more and more. As proof, they have recently requested that one of the readings in the Mass, otherwise fully conducted in Northern Nuni, be in Jula. Nevertheless, as noted from their responses to our questionnaires, they would still rather be literate in Northern Nuni than in Jula.

When questioned, both the Southern and Northern Nuna have strong attitudes toward their language. In his thesis, Napon writes: “Any man who loses his language is no longer himself, because he loses his cultural identity at the same time”18 (Napon

17Bergman (1990) emphasizes the need for computing the standard deviation for a given data set. He terms a deviation as high, apparent in instances where the scores cover a wide range, as those above 12–15%. 18“Tout homme qui perd sa langue n’est plus lui-même, car il perd du même coup son identité culturelle.” 25

1988:24). He cites the case of civil servants in Léo: they use French a great deal, yet strongly encourage the use of Nuni in the home so as not to lose the ability to speak Nuni (Napon 1988:25). This fact is reinforced indirectly by their radio-listening habits. We were accompanied by the Nuni radio announcer, Laurent Nignan; it was obvious from the attention he received that Nuna listened to his news capsules.

4.2.2 Bilingualism Testing in Jula

As stated previously, the tool used to measure the level of bilingual competency in Jula was the Jula Sentence Repetition Test (SRT). The tests were carried out by Assounan Ouattara and Soungalo Coulibaly in April 1995. While the choice of candidates generally involved quota sampling (as opposed to strict random sampling), the testers were told to test over as wide an area of the village as possible.

The villages tested were chosen according to their geographic location and suspected level of interethnic contact. Pouni is 5 km from the national highway N1 and is the center of the department; being near a large group and having a large number of non-Nuna, we suspected that it would have a great amount of interethnic contact. Tikan is also on a major route, on the well-traveled road that joins Koudougou and Dédougou. As in the case of Pouni, we suspected that because of its location and the fact that it has a mixed population, its inhabitants would have a fairly high amount of interethnic contact. Séréna, on the other hand, though located on the border of the Marka region, has a much more homogenous population. We took this village as representative of villages with lower levels of competence in Jula.

The following chart shows the results of these tests.

Table 4.2.1 Means and Standard Deviations of SRT Scores for the Northern Nuni People Group According to Villages, Age, and Sex Factor Level Mean Standard Number of P Deviation Test takers Village Pouni 14.31 1.20 41 sig Séréna 13.33 1.21 40 Tikan 19.10 1.25 38

Sex Female 14.70 1.01 58 ns Male 16.40 0.99 61

Age 12–25 17.03 1.09 47 sig 26–45 17.16 1.15 43 46+ 12.55 1.40 29 26

Factor Level Mean Standard Number of P Deviation Test takers Village x Sex Pou x F 14.24 1.64 21 ns Pou x M 14.38 1.73 20 Sér x F 12.13 1.70 20 Sér x M 14.52 1.70 20 Tik x F 17.72 1.85 17 Tik x M 20.48 1.66 21

Village x Age Pou x 12–25 16.38 1.87 16 ns Pou x 26–45 13.25 1.94 15 Pou x 46+ 13.30 2.39 10 Sér x 12–25 14.63 1.87 16 Sér x 26–45 17.36 2.00 14 Sér x 46+ 8.00 2.37 10 Tik x 12–25 20.08 1.94 15 Tik x 26–45 20.86 2.01 14 Tik x 46+ 16.36 2.51 9

Sex x Age F x 12–25 18.68 1.56 23 sig F x 26–45 15.38 1.53 24 F x 46+ 15.18 1.68 20 M x 12–25 19.04 1.56 23 M x 26–45 10.47 1.94 15 M x 46+ 14.75 2.00 14

In general, the scores were quite low. Only in the village of Tikan did the average surpass the score of 16, the lowest figure corresponding to Level 3 of the RPE scale (see section 2.5). Referring to the “sex” and “age” factors of table 4.2.1, the males had a mean of just 16, higher than the females, but still barely indicative of level 3 competency on the RPE. However, this difference between males and females is not significant. The division of the data by age groups shows most of the competence in the youth and adult cohorts, which together, are significantly different from the elder cohort. This indicates a growing competence in Jula in the younger generation and could signal a future trend for Northern Nuni society.

To conclude, the level of bilingualism in Jula is rather low. It is clear that in general the Nuna of the northern region cannot make use of written materials in Jula.

4.3 Summary

At this moment, the level of overall bilingualism is too low for the Northern Nuna to take advantage of literacy materials published in Jula. Furthermore, their attitudes are too favorable toward their own language to not take advantage of their desire to learn 27 to read and write in it. Bilingualism in Jula is a topic that will require further attention in the future.

5 Recommendations

As I have stated previously, I believe that the Southern Nuni is sufficiently unintelligible to the Northern Nuna that they need literacy materials in their own language. The Northern Nuni language would be a good candidate for a CARLA (Computer Assisted Related Language Adaptation) program.19

The optimal Northern Nuni site at this point is Pouni. Not only is this due to linguistic facts, but also Pouni is by far the most easily accessible of the Northern sites.

19For a more complete description of CARLA, please refer to “Deciding whether to use CADA for a translation project”. William Mann, and David Weber (1990). 28

Appendix

1 Population Data

Table 1.1 Nuni Population Statistics Province Département Village Autre Langue Population Parlée au Village Balé Oury Mou 1084 Balé Oury Séréna 1456 Balé Oury Seydou 841 Bulkiemde Sabou Ipendo Mooré 958 Bulkiemde Sourgou Nadiolo 2735 Bulkiemde Sourgou Ouoro Mooré 1081 Mouhoun Tchériba Bankorosso 133 Mouhoun Tchériba Békyou 1037 Mouhoun Tchériba Bénégou 75 Mouhoun Tchériba Bissandérou Samo 281 Mouhoun Tchériba Bonouba 314 Mouhoun Tchériba Didié 330 Mouhoun Tchériba Djissasso Marka 281 Mouhoun Tchériba Gamadougou 390 Mouhoun Tchériba Kana 89 Mouhoun Tchériba Kari 694 Mouhoun Tchériba Labien 963 Mouhoun Tchériba Nerkorosso 598 Mouhoun Tchériba Oualou 1084 Mouhoun Tchériba Ouézala 595 Mouhoun Tchériba Oula Marka 256 Mouhoun Tchériba Sao 1 1667 Mouhoun Tchériba Sao 2 (inclus en Sao 1) Mouhoun Tchériba Tchériba 1854 Mouhoun Tchériba Tierkou 1613 Mouhoun Tchériba Tikan 2306 Mouhoun Tchériba Tissé 1591 Mouhoun Tchériba Zékuy 1603 Nayala Gassan Zaba Marka 359 Nayala Kougny Gounian Samo 285 Nayala Yé Saoura Marka 506 Nayala Yé Tani 2047 Sanguié Pouni Bagarrapoun 1584 Sanguié Pouni Bandeo 404 Sanguié Pouni Bandeo Naponé 2069 Sanguié Pouni Edie 932 Sanguié Pouni Elinga 796 Sanguié Pouni Gado 516 29

Province Département Village Autre Langue Population Parlée au Village Sanguié Pouni Moukouan Sanguié Pouni Naboua 1297 Sanguié Pouni Nataou 2057 Sanguié Pouni Pouni Mooré 1166 Sanguié Pouni Pousma 510 Sanguié Pouni Tambouassa 1284 Sanguié Pouni Tiekouyou 1187 Sanguié Pouni Tita Mooré 664 Sanguié Pouni Tita Naponé Mooré 1721 Sanguié Pouni Tiyellé 1802 Sanguié Pouni Valiou 2182 Sanguié Pouni Villibongo 767 Sanguié Pouni Villy 2191 Sanguié Ténado Barsila Sanguié Ténado Koualio 2164 Sanguié Zamo Bakaporé 289 Sanguié Zamo Bounga 1014 Sanguié Zamo Bwo Sanguié Zamo Guigui 2535 Sanguié Zamo Koalio 1692 Sanguié Zamo Lia 2424 Sanguié Zamo Sadouan 595 Sanguié Zamo Zamo 3555 Sanguié Zawara Evidie 463 Sanguié Zawara Gabou 1880 Sanguié Zawara Irredie Sanguié Zawara Laba 7955 Sanguié Zawara Tiodie 1103 Sanguié Zawara Zawara 1225

Total: 79,129 30

Table 1.2 Churches in Nuni-speaking Area List of Abbreviations

AG: Assemblies of God CMA: Christian and Missionary (Assemblées de Dieu) Alliance (Alliance Chrétienne) AP: Apostolic Church (Eglise RCC: Roman Catholic Apostolique) B: Baptist (Convention Baptiste)

Villages with Catholic Catechists Villages with at Least a Protestant Sunday Worship Service Sapouy Cassou Tô Lon Tabou Kayro Bagoun Mouna Boura Biéha Kassou Yelbouga Bougnounou Bagoun Dalo Kadapra Bazilakoa Oupon Nessira Tô Nebourou Tekrou (en Mooré) Lon Metio Sagalo Sapouy 31

Table 1.3 Primary Schools in Northern and Southern Nuni Areas (1992–1993) Province Department Village Date of Number Total Enrollment Number Number School of of Girls of Boys Open- Classes ing Balé Fara Bouzourou 1986 3 83 36 47 Balé Fara Kasso 1989 2 83 37 46 Balé Fara Nabou 1971 2 184 59 125 Balé Oury Mou 1985 3 99 28 71 Balé Oury Séréna 1980 3 159 56 103 Balé Oury Seyou 1985 3 79 33 46 Mouhoun Tchériba Labien 1989 1 59 15 44 Mouhoun Tchériba Nérkorosso 1993 1 57 24 33 Mouhoun Tchériba Oula 1985 2 76 30 46 Mouhoun Tchériba Sao 1986 2 61 23 38 Mouhoun Tchériba Tierkou 1967 3 143 59 84 Mouhoun Tchériba Tikan 1982 3 93 56 37 Mouhoun Tchériba Tissé 1982 3 115 52 63 Mouhoun Tchériba Zékuy 1981 3 111 31 80 Sanguié Pouni Bagarrapoun figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Bandéo- figures Naponé unavailable Sanguié Pouni Edié figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Lia figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Naboua figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Nataon figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Pouni figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Pousma figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Tita figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Tita figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Tita figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Tiyellé figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Valiou figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Villibongo figures unavailable Sanguié Pouni Villy figures unavailable Sanguié Zamo Bounga figures unavailable 32

Province Department Village Date of Number Total Enrollment Number Number School of of Girls of Boys Open- Classes ing Sanguié Zamo Guigui figures unavailable Sanguié Zamo Koualio figures unavailable Sanguié Zamo Zamo figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Baporo figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Bénéga figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Bourou figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Carrefour figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Irrédié figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Laba figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Nimnélaye figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Tiodié figures unavailable Sanguié Zawara Zawara figures unavailable Sissili Biéha Biéha 1961 5 316 126 190 Sissili Biéha Danfina 1985 3 112 56 56 Sissili Biéha Koumbo 1980 3 80 25 55 Sissili Biéha Koumbogomo 1980 3 34 8 26 Sissili Biéha Néboum 1980 3 90 44 46 Sissili Biéha Pissai 1993 1 106 38 68 Sissili Biéha Yelbouga 1982 3 129 68 61 Sissili Boura Bon 1984 3 124 36 88 Sissili Boura Longa 1982 3 115 56 59 Sissili Léo Kayéro 1982 3 91 32 59 Sissili Léo Léo 1990 3 233 95 138 Sissili Léo Léo 1991 2 120 53 67 Sissili Léo Léo 1965 6 436 195 241 Sissili Léo Léo ? 6 659 293 366 Sissili Léo Léo ? 6 256 100 156 Sissili Léo Léo ? 6 643 278 365 Sissili Léo Nadion 1982 2 89 40 49 Sissili Léo Onliassan 1990 2 93 36 57 Sissili Léo Outoulou 1992 1 58 22 36 Sissili Léo Sanga 1986 3 151 62 89 Sissili Léo Sissili 1981 3 132 38 94 Sissili Nébielyanayou Loro 1986 3 109 38 71 Sissili Nébielyanayou Nébielyanayou 1980 3 76 18 58 Sissili Niabouri Kabaro 1986 2 70 18 52 Sissili Niabouri Niabouri 1979 3 127 30 97 33

Province Department Village Date of Number Total Enrollment Number Number School of of Girls of Boys Open- Classes ing Sissili Niabouri Sadon-nuna 1986 2 55 18 37 Sissili Silli Bouri 1984 2 55 21 34 Sissili Silli Brédié 1983 3 173 56 117 Sissili Silli Dio 1982 3 109 25 84 Sissili Silli Kalao 1985 3 101 45 56 Sissili Silli Kiéli 1993 1 69 15 54 Sissili Silli Kiere 1993 1 53 17 36 Sissili Silli Ladio 1986 3 84 33 51 Sissili Silli Sadouan 1984 1 46 20 26 Sissili Silli Sadouin 1989 2 79 21 58 Sissili Silli Silli 1953 6 254 81 173 Sissili Tô Beun 1964 3 149 65 84 Sissili Tô Ly 1993 1 79 21 58 Sissili Tô Météo 1993 1 75 32 43 Sissili Tô Météo 1987 1 30 3 27 Sissili Tô Nabon 1989 2 60 22 38 Sissili Tô Sagalo 1982 3 130 38 92 Sissili Tô Tabou 1982 3 152 53 99 Sissili Tô Tiessourou 1989 2 104 31 73 Sissili Tô Vara 1992 1 60 20 40 Sourou Kougny Gounian 1988 3 121 48 73 Ziro Bougnounou Bougnounou 1961 6 303 125 178 Ziro Bougnounou Nétiao 1989 2 112 34 78 Ziro Bougnounou Salo 1984 2 144 36 108 Ziro Bougnounou Zao 1983 3 102 25 77 Ziro Cassou Cassou 1956 6 344 129 215 Ziro Cassou Lon 1988 3 115 43 72 Ziro Cassou Nereri 1983 2 81 34 47 Ziro Cassou Ouayou 1981 3 118 34 84 Ziro Dalo Dalo 1980 3 144 35 109 Ziro Gao Lerou 1993 1 95 26 69 Ziro Gao Tékrou 1986 2 90 27 63 Ziro Sapouy Kation 1990 2 88 22 66 Ziro Sapouy Ladiaga 1991 2 70 20 50 Ziro Sapouy Latian 1991 1 50 15 35 Ziro Sapouy Nabilipaga 1993 1 60 11 49 (Naléilipaga) Ziro Sapouy Poun 1989 2 114 31 83 Ziro Sapouy Sapouy 1957 6 426 150 276 Ziro Sapouy Tiabien Kasso 1989 2 35 12 23 34

Table 1.4 Closest Middle and High Schools to Survey Villages Village Closest Middle Schools Closest High Schools Léo (Dabiou) Léo Léo Sapouy Léo, Cassou, Ouagadougou Léo, Ouagadougou Silli Fara, Léo Léo Naboun Fara Ouagadougou, Koudougou Nébielianayou Tita, Sabou, Cassou Koudougou, Ouagadougou Pouni Pouni Koudougou Guigui Pouni Tenado Séréna Dédougou, Boromo, Safané, Séjé Dédougou, Boromo Tikan Dédougou, Safané Dédougou

Table 1.5 Locations of CFJAs in the Nuni-speaking Area (DFPP 1994:8, 10) Province Department Village Language Language Number of of Village of CFJA Participants Sanguié Pouni Tiyélle Nuni-nord Lyélé 45 Sanguié Pouni Bandéo-Naponé Nuni-nord Lyélé 27 Sanguié Pouni Tita Naponé Nuni-nord Lyélé 31 Sanguié Tenado Barsila (Bavila?) Nuni-nord Lyélé 28 Sanguié Zamo Koalio Nuni-nord Lyélé 40 Sissili Biéha Prata Nuni-sud Nuni 16 Sissili Biéha Yelbouga Nuni-sud Nuni 14 Sissili Biéha Pissai Nuni-sud Nuni 18 Sissili Léo Outoulou Nuni-sud Nuni 27 Sissili Léo Nadion Nuni-sud Nuni 19 Sissili Nébiélianayou Nébiélianayou Nuni-sud Nuni 22 Sissili Silli? Yao Nuni-sud Nuni 28 Sissili Tô Tiéssourou Nuni-sud Nuni 17 Sissili Tô Tabou Nuni-sud Nuni 26 Sissili Boura Yoro Nuni-sud? Nuni 25 Ziro Cassou Nevry Nuni-sud Nuni 25 35

2 A Word List of Northern and Southern Nuni Dialects

=#M# ? Tikan 001 personne =M# t ? Guigui =P‹D+¸P¹ ? Séréna Naboun =M# p ? Pouni =P‹D+¹P¸ ? Guigui =M# ? Nébiélianayou =¹NN' ? Tikan =0M# ? Naboun =NN# ? Guigui =M# Ö? Silli =N‹" ? Pouni =#M' p ? Sapouy =N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =M# tÖ? Léo =N¸W" ? Naboun =N+¹W ? Silli 006 père =N¿q ? Sapouy =#Õ¹P# ? Séréna =N¹W ? Léo =#Õ¹P# ? Pouni =ՋP# ? Tikan 002 nom =#Õ+¹P# ? Guigui =#L¸N# ? Séréna =#Õ¸P# ? Nébiélianayou Sapouy =#L¸N' ? Tikan =ՋP# ? Naboun =LºN# ? Guigui =ՋP# ? Silli =L¸N‹" ? Pouni =Õ+¹P# ? Léo =L¸ÖN‹ ? Nébiélianayou =L'4' ? Naboun 007 mère =#L¸4' ? Sapouy =#P#" ? Séréna Tikan =L+¹4+¹ ? Léo Nébiélianayou =U‹P+¹ ? Silli =#PP# ? Guigui =P#" ? Pouni 003 homme =PW ? Naboun =PGD+¹P+¹ ? Guigui =PW ? Silli =D#"4# ? Sapouy =#PW" ? Sapouy =D#N# ? Pouni =PWW" ? Léo =DQNQ ? Séréna =D# ? Tikan 008 femme =D# ? Nébiélianayou =M# p ? Séréna Tikan Pouni =OD# ? Naboun Nébiélianayou =D' ? Silli =M# t ? Guigui Silli =D' ? Léo =M# ? Naboun =N‹ ? Guigui =M' p ? Sapouy =M# tÖ? Léo 004 mari =M#PQ ? Séréna 009 garçon =D#N# ? Tikan Pouni Tikan =D#D#U¸D¹G ? Séréna =D#4# ? Guigui =DQD9#"Dº ? Tikan =#D#"N# ? Nébiélianayou =D# ? Guigui Nébiélianayou =OD#4' ? Naboun =D#N# ? Pouni =D#4º ? Silli =D# ? Naboun =D4' ? Sapouy =D#4# ? Sapouy =D#4+¹ ? Léo =#U‹"OQOD# ? Nébiélianayou =DK7 ? Silli 005 épouse =D¹W" ? Léo =#M# p ? Séréna 36

010 fille =#Õn" ? Tikan =M#D#U¸D¹G ? Séréna =P#MW p ? Sapouy =M#OD‹U‹"DW4G ? Guigui =Õ#"P7 ? Léo =M#D#UQ"D#NG ? Pouni =D9# p ? Tikan 014 petit frère =Õ#"PQ"P#M9' y ? =D9# ? Naboun Séréna =Õ#PQ ? =D9# ? Silli Naboun =Õ#P# ? =DQ p ? Sapouy Silli =Õ#"P7 ? =D7#" ? Léo Léo =Õn" ? =#U‹"OQM'P' ? Nébiélianayou Tikan =ÕÖ# t ? Guigui 011 grande soeur =Õ# p ? Pouni =PQM9#"P#MºQ y ? Séréna =Õ#Ö? Nébiélianayou =P‹M9# ? Tikan =Ջ" ? Sapouy =P#M9# ? Guigui =P‹D9#"P# pM9' t ? Tikan =PWM9Q" ? Nébiélianayou =P#D7#" ? Léo =P#M9#"P‹M9+¿uL‹ y ? Naboun =P#M9#"P#M¹L# ? Silli 015 chef =R‹DQNQ ? =P#M9#" ? Léo Séréna =R‹D‹"N‹ ? =\‹M# t ? Tikan Pouni Tikan =R‹D# ? =\‹Mn t ? Guigui Guigui =RGQ" ? =P#M#"P# ? Nébiélianayou Pouni =R¸n" ? =P#MW p ? Sapouy Nébiélianayou =R¹Q" ? =\7"P7 ? Léo Naboun Silli =R+¹¸ ? Sapouy 012 grand frère =R+¹7" ? Léo =\‹D#" ? Séréna =\‹D# ? Tikan Pouni 016 ancien =P#"M¹Q t ? =U‹D# ? Guigui Séréna =P#"M¹' t ? =\‹OD# ? Nébiélianayou Tikan =P#Mº# ? =P‹D9# ? Tikan Guigui =P#ÖMº# ? =P#D7#" ? Léo Pouni =P#"MG ? =\QPQ ? Naboun Nébiélianayou =P‹M9+¸# ? =\QPQ ? Silli Léo =D#M9Kn ? =\‹Pn" ? Sapouy Naboun =PQM9+¿q ? =\7"P7 ? Léo Sapouy =D#"\QPQ ? Silli 013 petite soeur =D#\QPQ ? Léo =PQM9#"P#M9' y ? Séréna =P‹M9#"P# pM9' t ? Tikan 017 guérisseur =LGVKG4QQD‹NGNK# ? =P‹M9# ? Guigui Séréna =NG"X4‹PW ? =P‹M9# t ? Pouni Tikan =X4W ? =PWM9#"P#"DK# ? Nébiélianayou Nébiélianayou =X747 ? =P#M9# ? Naboun Léo =F‹7V¹ ? =P#M9#"P#O9# ? Silli Guigui =VQÖH#4# ? =P#M9#" ? Léo Pouni 37

=V# H#4# ? Nébiélianayou 022 mur =V#"H# t ? Silli =D‹NG ? Séréna =V#H#Pn ? Sapouy =D+¸N+¹ ? Tikan =VK' pVK7 ? Naboun =D‹N' ? Guigui =D‹PP# ? Pouni 018 forgeron =D¹4‹ ? Naboun =L#ÖD# ? Séréna =D‹4‹ ? Silli Sapouy =L#N# ? Tikan =D‹"4‹ ? Léo =L#D# ? Guigui =DNG" ? Nébiélianayou =L#N# ? Pouni =L#‹ ? Nébiélianayou 023 porte =L#4Q ? Naboun =09‹ tP+¿z ? Séréna =L#4Q" ? Silli =09+¿uP+¹ ? Guigui =ºL#4# ? Sapouy =DWNW ? Tikan Pouni =L#47 ? Léo Nébiélianayou =DQ4W ? Guigui 019 balafoniste =DQ4W ? Naboun =4KGP ? Tikan Léo =DQ4W ? Silli =U¿uP¿uV‹"D# ? Séréna =DQ47 ? Sapouy =I9#D# ? Guigui =DW4W ? Léo =I9#FW4? Pouni =U‹FW"4W ? Nébiélianayou Silli 024 grenier =U'ÖFW4W ? Naboun =U‹DWPW ? Séréna =UGN'FW"4W ? Sapouy =U‹"DW"PW ? Tikan =R‹"NW ? Guigui 020 village =R‹"NW" ? Pouni =V#Q ? Séréna =R‹NW ? Nébiélianayou =V#Q" ? Tikan =RWNW ? Naboun =V¹Q" ? Guigui =RW"NW ? Silli =V¹Q ? Pouni Nébiélianayou =RWNW ? Léo =VKQ ? Naboun =5¸Q ? Sapouy =VKG"Q ? Silli =VKQ ? Sapouy 025 toit =V+¹7 ? Léo =Pº#ÖLW ? Séréna =P¿qL# ? Tikan 021 case =Õ#LW ? Guigui =FKG ? Séréna =P#ÕW" ? Pouni =FK' ? Tikan =P#LW ? Nébiélianayou =F+G ? Guigui =PGLW" ? Naboun Silli =U[D¸FKG ? Pouni =F‹LWÖ? Léo =FK‹ ? Silli =D9#P# ? Sapouy =F¸‹ ? Léo =U7N‹" ? Nébiélianayou =U+¹N+¸ ? Naboun =U‹N¸ ? Sapouy 38

026 pagne =\Y‹O¸ ? Pouni =I#PQ ? Séréna Guigui =\‹O+¹ ? Nébiélianayou =I#PW ? Tikan =\n y0n t ? Naboun =I#PQ ? Nébiélianayou =\#07 ? Léo =I# tÖXGW ? Pouni =\Q t ? Silli =I# tQXQ p ? Naboun =\n p ? Sapouy =IQ yXWL7 ? Silli =I# tXY¹L7 ? Sapouy 031 fusil =O#4H9#" ? =I# tX¸Q ? Léo Séréna =O#4WH# ? Tikan 027 boubou =O#H# ? Guigui =I# t\YG" ? Séréna =O#H# t ? Pouni =I#O‹\+¹W ? Guigui =R9¿qLW t ? Nébiélianayou =I# y\W ? Nébiélianayou =RK#"Q ? Silli =I#UQ" ? Naboun =R¸7 t ? Sapouy =I# y\QÌQ ? Silli =RKn p ? Naboun =M#Un" ? Sapouy =R¸Q ? Léo =I# Ö\KQ ? Léo =I# ÕÖFQNQ ? Pouni 032 flèche =M*¹O¹ ? =OQUQNQ ? Tikan Séréna =M*+¸O+¹ ? Tikan 028 sandales =E+¸O+¸ ? Guigui =P‹V‹"N# ? Séréna =M¹GOG ? Pouni =P‹V‹"N' ? Tikan =MK' ? Tikan =P‹V‹N# ? Guigui =VK'" ? Nébiélianayou =P‹V‹N‹ ? Pouni =E' t ? Naboun =P‹V‹VG" ? Nébiélianayou =MK‹ p ? Silli =P#V#4# ? Naboun =M¿ ? Sapouy =P#V#4# ? Silli =MG t ? Léo =P#V4# ? Léo =N#V'4' ? Sapouy 033 arc =V9# ? Séréna Guigui 029 bague Nébiélianayou =FK‹ÖH‹"NG ? Séréna =V9#" ? Tikan =E‹H+¸N' ? Tikan =V9# ? Pouni =M‹D+¹LG" ? Guigui =V9# t ? Naboun Léo =IK¹H‹"NG" ? Pouni =V9n t ? Silli =Ì'H'N' ? Naboun =V9' ? Sapouy =̋H‹"N+¹ ? Silli =L#H¹NG ? Sapouy 034 corde =ÕGPG ? =LWH#YN' ? Nébiélianayou Séréna Guigui =Õ'"P'" ? =Ì+¹H‹"N+¹ ? Léo Tikan =Õ[+¸P+¸ ? Pouni 030 collier =Y'P' ? Nébiélianayou =\WO¹ ? Séréna =L['P' ? Naboun =\‹O+¹ ? Tikan =Ջ pP‹ t ? Silli =\YGO+¸ ? Guigui 39

=Y# pP# ? Sapouy =P¹L¸N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =09n"P‹ ? Léo =P#¹N# ? Naboun =P#¸N# ? Silli 035 tisserand =P#L¸N# ? Sapouy =I# yUQ4QIDQNQ ? Séréna =P#"L¹N# ? Léo =I# UQ4QD# ? Tikan =I# yÖUQPQ ? Tikan 040 sel =I# yÖUQ4Q ? Pouni =P‹M9' t ? Séréna =I# tUQNQ" ? Nébiélianayou =P‹M9# t ? Tikan Guigui =I# yUn4n ? Naboun =PQMW' t ? Pouni =I# yUQ4Q ? Silli =PW tM9' p ? Nébiélianayou =I# yU‹M9‹4G ? Guigui =P#M9n t ? Naboun =I# yV9#ÖF‹"N‹ ? Sapouy =P#MWn p ? Silli =I# tV9#"UQ"4Q ? Léo =P‹MW t' p ? Sapouy =P‹M9‹ p ? Léo 036 calebasse =\7 t0# p ? Léo 041 bâton =\7# t ? Séréna =P‹FQNQ ? Tikan =\Y' t ? Tikan Guigui Sapouy =P#FQ4Q ? Guigui =\Y' t' p ? Pouni =P‹FQNQ ? Pouni =\Y# t ? Nébiélianayou Naboun =P‹F#NQ ? Nébiélianayou =\Y# p ? Silli =HQ4Q ? Séréna =F#Q ? Pouni 037 panier =F#Q ? Nébiélianayou Naboun =VGG ? Séréna Silli =V'' ? Tikan Guigui =F#Q ? Sapouy =VK‹ ? Silli =F#Q ? Léo =V¹‹" ? Léo =H¸ÖL# ? Pouni 042 daba =H¸L# ? Nébiélianayou Silli =D‹V9# ? Séréna Guigui Sapouy =DWV9' t ? Pouni =H¸# ? Naboun =DWV9# ? Nébiélianayou =D‹Vn ? Sapouy 038 graisse =X#NQ ? Tikan =PW' t ? Séréna =X#4Q ? Naboun Silli =PY' t' p ? Pouni =X#"47 ? Léo =PW' ? Nébiélianayou =PW t'" ? Sapouy 043 hache =PY#" ? Tikan =F‹NW ? Séréna Tikan =PY# ? Guigui Naboun Silli =F‹4' ? Guigui =P7I#" ? Léo =F[GNG ? Pouni =FY'N'" ? Nébiélianayou 039 lait =F'4¹ ? Naboun =P‹L¹NG ? Séréna =F‹4¹ ? Silli =P‹L+¹N# ? Tikan =F‹4‹ ? Sapouy =P#L¹N# ? Guigui =F‹4¸ ? Léo =PºL¹N' ? Pouni 40

044 champs =RQ4¸ ? Sapouy =M'N' ? Séréna =RQ"4¹ ? Léo =M'"N'" ? Tikan =M‹"N' ? Nébiélianayou 049 arachide =U‹"PQ' ? =M#4# ? Naboun Silli Séréna =U¸G" ? =M#4# ? Sapouy Guigui =U¸'" ? =M#"4# ? Léo Pouni =U¸‹ ? =V¹# ? Guigui Pouni Nébiélianayou =U+¹' ? Naboun 045 riz =U¸' ? Silli =DQOQNG ? Séréna =5¸' ? Sapouy =D#OWN' ? Tikan =U¸¸ ? Léo =O9¿z# ? Guigui =O# tV¹' t ? Tikan =OW yL' t ? Pouni =O7L' ? Naboun 050 sésame =4KGP ? =OQL# ? Silli Léo =Õ# tU# pÖ? =O9¹L' p ? Sapouy Séréna =L# yU#NG ? =O7L‹" ? Léo Tikan =L# yU# t ? =PY¿q ? Nébiélianayou Guigui =Õ#U# Æ ? Pouni 046 gros mil =OK# tU# p ? Nébiélianayou =L'"N' ? Séréna Tikan =L# yU# t ? Silli Nébiélianayou =L' tU# p ? Sapouy =L'"N'" ? Guigui =IK# yÖUnNn ? Naboun =L'N' ? Pouni =PK# tU9Q y ? Naboun 051 =4KGP ? =L# pUWQ ? Silli Léo =U9'P' ? =Õ# pÖUn ? Sapouy Séréna =U['P' ? =Õ# pU7 ? Léo Tikan =U9'P' ? Guigui Naboun 047 petit mil =U['P' ? Pouni =O‹"N# ? Séréna Tikan =U9‹P‹ ? Nébiélianayou =O‹N# ? Pouni Nébiélianayou =U9'P' ? Silli =O‹P‹ ? Naboun =U9'P'" ? Sapouy =O‹P# ? Guigui =O#P# ? Silli 052 maïs =R‹ÖO‹"N# ? =O‹P' ? Sapouy Séréna =R‹O‹N# ? =O‹"P# ? Léo Tikan =R‹O‹P‹ ? Guigui 048 gombo =R‹OGNG ? Pouni =RWN¹ ? Séréna =R‹O+¹N+º ? Nébiélianayou =RWN¹ ? Tikan =R#ÖO‹P# ? Naboun =RW4+º ? Guigui =R#O'P' ? Silli =RQ‹N+¹ ? Pouni =R#O¸P# ? Sapouy =R7N¹ ? Nébiélianayou =R#O‹P# ? Léo =R74¹ ? Naboun =R‹4+¹ ? Silli 41

053 arbre =U¹L# p ? Léo =V‹W ? Séréna Tikan =Uº4+¹ ? Sapouy =V‹W ? Guigui =V‹W" ? Pouni 058 fleur =RWP' ? =V¹7" ? Nébiélianayou Léo Séréna Silli =RWP# ? =VKQ" ? Naboun Tikan Guigui =RWP‹ ? =VKQ ? Silli Pouni =RWP¸ ? =V¹W" ? Sapouy Nébiélianayou =RWP'" ? Naboun Sapouy 054 forêt =RWP‹" ? Léo =M‹W ? Séréna =I‹W" ? Tikan 059 fruit =WD¹L#" ? =M‹Q ? Guigui Séréna =WD¹Q ? =M¹7" ? Nébiélianayou Tikan =YW yÖDºL# ? =MK7 ? Silli Guigui =Dº ? =RW pY' p ? Pouni Pouni =D¹L#" ? =RWW"0? Léo Nébiélianayou =D¸# ? =RW p ? Guigui Naboun =DKW ? =R7 p ? Sapouy Silli =DºL' ? =V*WPW" ? Naboun Sapouy =NGP¹ ? Léo 055 bois =F#4# ? Séréna 060 feuille =XQ4‹ ? =F#4‹ ? Tikan Séréna =XQ ? =F#4‹ ? Guigui Tikan Guigui Nébiélianayou Naboun =F#W" ? Pouni Silli Sapouy =F' t ? Naboun =XQ" ? Pouni =F' ? Silli Sapouy =XQÖ ? Léo =F'Ö? Léo =F‹MWN‹ ? Nébiélianayou 061 branche =P‹M‹NG ? Séréna Tikan 056 herbe =P+¹MN'" ? Guigui =I#4‹ ? Séréna Guigui Pouni =P'O'" ? Pouni =I#4‹ ? Tikan =P#" ? Nébiélianayou =I#Q ? Nébiélianayou =P# ? Naboun =I#W ? Sapouy =P# ? Silli Sapouy Léo =I#7" ? Léo =I' ? Naboun Silli 062 écorce =F#DÔ[LW ? Séréna 057 karité =F#DQ4‹ ? Tikan =U9Q ? Séréna =F‹D9‹4‹ ? Guigui =UK' t ? Tikan =F‹D'Q" ? Pouni =UQ t ? Guigui =F‹D‹47" ? Nébiélianayou =U¸' p ? Pouni =F'DQ4W ? Naboun =UQ p ? Nébiélianayou =F‹DQ4W ? Silli =UK# p ? Naboun =D#DQ"4W ? Léo =UºL# t ? Silli 42

=Rn4n ? Sapouy =GU' t ? Guigui ='"UÖ' p ? Pouni 063 racine =P‹"U' ? Nébiélianayou =QՋ tPQ y ? Séréna =U¹U' y ? Naboun =Ջ tP‹ ? Tikan =U¹Un y ? Silli =P‹ tP‹ tP‹ ? Guigui =P‹Un y ? Sapouy =P‹ tՋ pPQ p ? Pouni =U+¹U# p ? Léo =P#0# tPW y ? Naboun =0#P# ? Silli 068 mouton =0WP7 ? Sapouy =R' ? Séréna =09n tP7 ? Léo =R' ? Tikan Guigui Pouni =F# tI#"PQ ? Nébiélianayou =R¹' ? Nébiélianayou =F#I#"4Q ? Sapouy =RK' ? Naboun =R¹Q ? Silli 064 animal =R¹n ? Sapouy =Xn ? Séréna =R¸‹ ? Léo =XQ yQ t ? Tikan =X#O? Guigui Pouni 069 =X# p ? Nébiélianayou =DW t ? Tikan =X#P#" ? Sapouy =D7 t ? Guigui Léo =X#P7" ? Léo =DW p ? Pouni =FQP' ? Naboun =DQ p ? Nébiélianayou =FQP# ? Silli =Dn t ? Naboun Silli =I#P#Y# ? Naboun =DQ y ? Sapouy =D7 Q t ? Séréna 065 chien =MWN' ? Séréna Tikan 070 hyène =MWNK' ? Guigui =LWNW ? Séréna =MWN'" ? Pouni =LWNW" ? Tikan =NWNG" ? Nébiélianayou =PGL‹NW ? Guigui =MWFW4Q ? Naboun =PWLWNW" ? Pouni =MQ4Q ? Silli =L¿uNW" ? Nébiélianayou =MQ4n" ? Sapouy =P'LW4W ? Naboun Silli =MWMW4‹" ? Léo =DWLW4W" ? Léo =D7Ö4n ? Sapouy 066 =P#Q? Séréna Tikan Naboun 071 porc Silli =V'W ? Séréna =P#Q? Guigui =V‹W ? Tikan =P#Q" ? Pouni =V‹Q ? Naboun =P# tQ? Nébiélianayou =VQW" ? Silli =P#Q ? Sapouy =VQ ? Sapouy =P#7" ? Léo =VQÖ? Léo =M‹4WM‹4W ? Guigui 067 cheval =MW4MW"4W" ? Pouni ='U' t ? Séréna =MW4WMW"4W ? Nébiélianayou =¹U֋ t ? Tikan 43

072 oiseau =P‹OGNG ? Pouni =M9'O' ? Séréna Tikan =P‹O'N' ? Nébiélianayou =MQO' ? Guigui =O‹O‹P' ? Naboun =M9G"OG" ? Pouni =OWOQP# ? Silli =M9'"O' ? Nébiélianayou =O‹P# ? Sapouy =\'ODº' ? Naboun =O‹"O‹P# ? Léo =\‹"ODºQ ? Silli =\¹OD¸‹ ? Léo 077 sauterelle =EQ y ? =\W' y ? Sapouy Séréna =EQ t ? Tikan Pouni 073 poule =M9‹"O+¸ ? Guigui =M‹NW ? Séréna Tikan =#L¸N' ? Nébiélianayou =M'NW ? Guigui =M#L+¹4# ? Léo =M‹"NW" ? Pouni =IK'4W ? Naboun Silli Léo =M*+¸N7 ? Nébiélianayou =P# pMK7 p ? Sapouy =MK'4W ? Naboun Silli =MK'4W" ? Sapouy 078 singe ='"N'W ? =E‹4W" ? Léo Séréna =+¹NW ? Tikan 074 araignée =GNQW ? Guigui =P‹P#PQ ? Séréna Tikan =G"NÖ#W? Pouni =P‹ tP# tPW t ? Guigui =#"Nº‹ ? Nébiélianayou =P#P#PW ? Pouni =M'"NKW ? Naboun =P‹P#PQ ? Nébiélianayou Silli =M¸NºW ? Silli Sapouy =M‹"Nºn ? Sapouy =P‹P#PW ? Naboun =M#N¸‹ ? Léo =P‹P#"P7 ? Léo 079 lion 075 termite =L'4' ? Séréna =M‹W ? Séréna Guigui =L#4# ? Tikan =M‹W ? Tikan =DQ4Q ? Guigui =M*¹LW" ? Nébiélianayou =DQ4Q ? Pouni =MºW ? Silli =I‹"Ö4W ? Nébiélianayou =M‹"HW" ? Séréna =I‹"4W ? Naboun Léo =MW"HW" ? Pouni =I‹4W ? Silli =M‹HW ? Guigui Tikan =ÕQ p ? Sapouy =M*¸H¸W ? Nébiélianayou =MK'"HKW" ? Naboun 080 éléphant =VW" ? =M¸HKW ? Silli Séréna Guigui Pouni =H¸W ? Sapouy Léo Naboun Silli Sapouy =V*W" ? =M‹Dº# ? Pouni Tikan =VW"Ö? =M'D'4W ? Naboun Nébiélianayou Léo

076 fourmi 081 serpent =F# tQ ? =P‹OGNG ? Séréna Séréna Guigui =FQ p ? =P‹O‹Nº ? Tikan Tikan =F#O? =P‹O'N+¹ ? Guigui Pouni 44

=F# t ? Nébiélianayou Silli 086 queue =F' t ? Naboun =P‹D‹"N‹ ? Séréna Nébiélianayou =Fn p ? Sapouy =P‹D‹N# ? Tikan =F‹0? Léo =P‹D‹N‹ ? Guigui =P‹D‹"N‹" ? Pouni 082 poisson =F‹D¸N¹ ? Naboun =D‹ÖH¹NG ? Séréna =F‹DN¹ ? Silli =D‹"H+¸N+¸ ? Tikan =P#DºN¹ ? Sapouy =D#H‹N+¹ ? Guigui =F#D‹"N¹ ? Léo =D#H‹NG ? Pouni =H¹Nº ? Nébiélianayou 087 viande =H‹NK ? Silli =P#O#" ? Séréna =H‹"N¹ ? Sapouy Léo =P#O# ? Tikan Pouni =P#0W"DKW ? Naboun =P#O# ? Guigui =P#0W ? Naboun 083 aile =P#07 ? Silli =XYn t ? Séréna =P#L7" ? Léo =Xn t ? Pouni Silli =P# Ö? Nébiélianayou =XQ t ? Nébiélianayou =P'Ö? Sapouy =XY# t ? Naboun =X' y ? Sapouy 088 sang =X# tÖ? Léo =Ì#"P# ? Séréna Léo =MWO¹Ìº ? Tikan =Ì#N# ? Tikan Pouni =XWÌ#P# ? Guigui =Ì#P# ? Guigui Silli =Ì#N# ? Nébiélianayou 084 corne =ÌK#P# ? Naboun =Õ¿W t ? Séréna =Ì'P' ? Sapouy =P‹ tW ? Tikan =Õ7Ö? Léo 089 os =Õ# p ? Guigui =MQ"E‹NQ ? Séréna =ÕW" ? Pouni =M9‹"EQDQ ? Guigui =ÕQ ? Sapouy =MW" ? Tikan Pouni =L¿uÖP# ? Nébiélianayou Nébiélianayou Silli =LnÖ? Naboun =M*W" ? Naboun =LGIQ ? Silli =MW ? Sapouy =MWW" ? Léo 085 oeuf =MK'N+¹ ? Séréna 090 corps =E+¹N' ? Tikan =L#"N# ? Séréna =M‹E'N' ? Guigui Pouni =L#N# ? Tikan Nébiélianayou =E'N' ? Nébiélianayou =L#4# ? Guigui =MK#"MK+¹4' ? Naboun =L#N# ? Pouni =MK'4' ? Silli =L+¹4# ? Naboun Silli =MK#N' ? Sapouy =L¹4# ? Sapouy =E#N+¹ ? Léo =L+¸4# ? Léo 45

091 peau 096 nez =V#PQ ? Séréna =OG ? Séréna =V‹PQ ? Tikan =O' t' p ? Tikan =V#PQ ? Guigui Sapouy =O¹¸ ? Guigui =V#PQ ? Pouni =OG tÖ? Pouni =V#P' ? Nébiélianayou =O¿u ? Naboun =V#PQ ? Naboun Silli =O¿uÖ? Silli =V#"P7 ? Léo =O¿q ? Sapouy =O+¹Ö? Léo 092 tête =O‹N' ? Nébiélianayou =LWW" ? Léo =LW"Ö? Nébiélianayou 097 oreille =LW" ? Séréna Tikan Guigui =\¹' p ? Séréna Pouni Naboun Silli =\G yG t ? Pouni Sapouy =\' t ? Tikan Guigui =\+¿u ? Nébiélianayou Naboun 093 visage =\+¿uÖ? Silli Léo =L+ÖVK‹ ? Séréna =<¿q ? Sapouy =L+º ? Tikan =LÖ# ? Guigui 098 oeil =LG ? Pouni =L¸ ? Séréna Guigui Pouni Silli =L'Ö? Nébiélianayou =L#" ? Naboun Silli =L¹ ? Tikan =Ln" ? Sapouy =L¸Ö? Nébiélianayou Sapouy =L#Ö? Léo Léo =L¿q ? Naboun 094 cheveux =[¸ ? Séréna 099 bouche =L[¸ ? Tikan Guigui =P¸ ? Séréna Tikan Pouni Silli =[+¸ ? Pouni =P¹ ? Guigui Nébiélianayou =LY¸ ? Nébiélianayou Silli =P¿q ? Naboun Sapouy =P¿u ? Sapouy =LW"MW4G ? Naboun =P¸Ö? Léo =LW"MQ"4‹ ? Léo 100 dent 095 poils =L'N' ? Séréna Tikan =MW"4‹ ? Séréna =L'NQ ? Guigui =MW"4W" ? Tikan =L¸N+¸ ? Pouni =MW4‹ ? Pouni =L'N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =M74W ? Nébiélianayou =LG"N¹ ? Naboun =MW4G ? Naboun =L+¸N+¹ ? Silli =MQ"4Q ? Silli =L‹"N¹ ? Sapouy =MQ4n ? Sapouy =LGN¹ ? Léo =MQ4‹ ? Léo =MW4? Guigui 101 langue =P‹F'N' ? Séréna =O‹F'NG ? Tikan 46

=P‹F‹NW ? Guigui =P‹D#P# ? Guigui =P‹F‹NW ? Pouni =P‹D#"P#" ? Pouni =P‹FGN¹ ? Nébiélianayou =P‹D#P# ? Nébiélianayou =F‹F#N' ? Naboun =Õ9'P' ? Naboun =F+¸F'N¹ ? Silli =ÕWP¹ ? Silli =P¸F'N¹ ? Sapouy =Õ9' tP+¹ ? Sapouy =P‹PFG"N¹ ? Léo =Õ7"P+¹ ? Léo

102 bras 107 coeur =Xn t ? Séréna Pouni Silli Sapouy =D‹EQ t ? Séréna =D‹En y ? Tikan =XQ yÖ? Tikan =D‹E# yQ? Guigui =XYQ t ? Guigui =D‹E# tW ? Pouni =XQ t ? Nébiélianayou =D+ºE# yQ? Nébiélianayou =X# t ? Naboun Léo =DWE9# t ? Naboun =D‹VKQ t ? Silli 103 jambe =D¹VKn p ? Sapouy =M¸ ? Séréna Tikan Guigui =D+¹E#U¸ ? Léo =M¿u ? Silli =P# ? Pouni Nébiélianayou Silli 108 ventre Sapouy =RW‹ ? Séréna =P#Ö? Naboun Léo =RW' ? Tikan =RW‹ ? Guigui Nébiélianayou 104 doigt =RW#" ? Pouni =Ì'HW"# ? Silli =R9Q" ? Naboun =̋H9#" ? Séréna Tikan =R9n" ? Silli =̋H9# ? Guigui Nébiélianayou =RW'" ? Sapouy =Ì+¹H9#" ? Léo =RW"‹ ? Léo =FK#H9#" ? Sapouy =̋HW"DºG ? Séréna 109 bon =ÌGÖHW"Dº# ? Pouni =Q[' p ? Séréna =̋H‹ pÖDº# ? Nébiélianayou =QL[# t ? Tikan =I'HKW"DºG t ? Naboun =QÕ9' p ? Pouni =P#\Q pOQ p ? Guigui 105 cou =P‹\‹ p0Q ? Naboun =D¸' t ? Séréna =Q\n p ? Nébiélianayou =DK' p ? Tikan =MW\+¿q ? Naboun =DK' t ? Guigui Silli =MW\' t ? Silli =D¹# t ? Pouni =MQ\' p ? Sapouy =D¹L# y ? Nébiélianayou =\‹ t ? Léo =D¹# y ? Naboun =D¹' p ? Sapouy 110 mauvais =D+¸‹ ? Léo =QD‹\# pD# ? Séréna =QD‹\#OD# ? Tikan 106 poitrine =QD‹"\n p ? Nébiélianayou =P‹D‹P‹ ? Séréna =MWD'\+¿q ? Naboun =P‹D#"P# ? Tikan 47

=MWD‹\' t ? Silli =L[+¸ ? Tikan =MQD‹\' p ? Sapouy =L+¹+¸ ? Guigui =P#MW t ? Tikan =L' ? Pouni =P#D#NQ"4Q" ? Guigui =L¿u ? Naboun =MWM9#"NQ ? Naboun =L+¹ ? Séréna Léo =QDW"Õ9'" ? Pouni =L¸ ? Silli =N7"4# ? Léo =N¸L¹ ? Nébiélianayou

111 dos 115 ciel =V' y' t ? Séréna =L¸N¹ ? Nébiélianayou =V' t ? Guigui =L¸Ö? Léo =F'Ö? Nébiélianayou =L+¹ ? Séréna =Vn p ? Sapouy =L¹ ? Naboun =V# t ? Léo =L¸ ? Silli =M¹' ? Tikan =LG ? Guigui =VKGMG ? Naboun =L' ? Pouni =M9# ? Pouni =FY' ? Tikan =VQMW4W ? Silli =WM9‹ y0? Sapouy =F‹MQ"4Q ? Léo 116 soleil 112 âme =P‹Õ'"P' ? Séréna Tikan =['"N' ? Séréna =#Õ#PQ ? Guigui =L['"N'" ? Guigui =#Õ'"PG" ? Pouni =[G"NG" ? Pouni =P¿uL#PQ ? Nébiélianayou =Ì'N'" ? Nébiélianayou =V¹E#Q? Naboun =̋4‹ ? Silli =LºE#Q? Silli Sapouy Léo =Ì74‹" ? Léo 117 lune =O'4' ? Tikan =MK'P' ? Séréna =FY# t ? Naboun =E'P' ? Tikan Guigui =FKn4n" ? Sapouy =MK'PG ? Pouni =R‹DW0# ? Léo =E'P' ? Nébiélianayou 113 vie =EK#P# ? Naboun =Oº¹ ? Séréna =EK#P# ? Silli =O¹ ? Tikan =MK#0# ? Sapouy =O' p ? Pouni =E#"P# ? Léo =O¿u ? Naboun 118 étoile =O+Ö ? Léo ='"M' tÖÌY# ? Séréna =NW ? Séréna Nébiélianayou =G"EWPÌY#Ô? Tikan =NWÖ? Guigui =E#D‹EQ y ? Guigui =NQÖ? Naboun =Ì#D‹"E‹Y# ? Pouni =NWÖLn t ? Silli =E#OD#"EW# ? Silli =NQÖL#"PQ ? Sapouy =E#"EW# ? Nébiélianayou 114 dieu =M#E7N#"E# ? Léo =W+¹ ? Sapouy =P#M¹N# pÖMK' y ? Naboun 48

=MK# tP‹"MK‹Y# ? Sapouy =D‹P' ? Nébiélianayou =D¹Pº ? Silli 119 matin =D‹P+¹ ? Sapouy ='I'UQ y ? Séréna =D‹"P+¹ ? Léo =G̹UQ ? Tikan =#Ì#UQ y ? Guigui 124 vent =#ÌQ ? Pouni =XW ? Séréna =P#ÌQÌQ ? Nébiélianayou =XWÖ? Tikan =I‹̋IQ ? Naboun =XQ" ? Guigui =̋ÌQIQ ? Silli =XQ ? Pouni =P#"IKQ ? Sapouy =X¹7 ? Nébiélianayou ≠Ì7 ? Léo =XW yÖ? Naboun =XQ ? Silli 120 jour =XQÖ? Sapouy =L[¹ ? Séréna =X7Ö? Léo =V‹"MW"NQ ? Tikan =F' t ? Guigui 125 feu =+¿uÖ? Naboun Silli Sapouy Léo =O‹P‹ ? Séréna =#LQ"PQ" ? Pouni =O‹ y0Ø ? Léo =P+¿zL#PQ ? Nébiélianayou =O‹ t0? Sapouy =V‹"R74# ? Sapouy =O‹ pP? Pouni =O‹ p ? Nébiélianayou Silli 121 nuit =O‹ t ? Tikan Guigui =P‹VK' t ? Séréna =O¿u ? Naboun =P‹VK' p ? Tikan =P‹ pVK' p ? Guigui 126 fumée =P‹"V' p ? Pouni =ÕG ? Séréna =P‹V*G ? Nébiélianayou =Õ' t ? Tikan =V‹V+¿qÖ? Naboun =Õ[' ? Guigui =V‹V¿q¿u ? Silli =P[' t ? Pouni =P‹V¿u ? Sapouy =PY+¿u ? Nébiélianayou =V‹"V+¹ ? Léo =09+¿u ? Naboun Léo =YG p ? Silli 122 mois =Õ9G p ? Sapouy =MK'P' ? Séréna =E'P' ? Tikan Guigui 127 eau =MK'PG ? Pouni =P#"O# ? Séréna Nébiélianayou =E'P' ? Nébiélianayou =P#O# ? Tikan =EK#P# ? Naboun =P#"O#" ? Guigui Pouni =MK#P# ? Silli =P+# t ? Naboun =MK#P# ? Sapouy =P+¸# ? Léo =E#"P# ? Léo =P' ? Silli Sapouy

123 année 128 pluie =D‹P‹ ? Séréna =FY# ? Séréna Guigui =D‹"P‹" ? Tikan Guigui Nébiélianayou Silli =D‹P‹ ? Pouni Naboun Sapouy 49

=FW# ? Tikan 133 poussière =FY# ? Pouni Naboun =HW"PW ? Séréna =FY# t ? Léo =HW" ? Tikan =HW"PWOW ? Guigui 129 terre =H‹"N֋OW ? Pouni =V¹‹ ? Séréna =HW"PWI' ? Nébiélianayou =V¸# ? Tikan Silli =H‹"PW ? Sapouy =V¸#" ? Guigui =H#ÖPQIQ ? Naboun =V¹# ? Pouni =RW4W ? Naboun =V+¹# ? Nébiélianayou =RW4W ? Silli =V¹# ? Naboun =RW4W" ? Léo =V'# ? Sapouy =V+¹#" ? Léo 134 chemin =M¹Oº ? Séréna 130 nuage =M+¸O¹ ? Tikan ='D# y ? Séréna =M*¸O¸ ? Guigui =GD# y ? Tikan =M¸OG" ? Pouni =#"D# t ? Guigui Pouni =E¸O' ? Nébiélianayou =#D# yQ? Nébiélianayou =EKQ t0Q t ? Naboun =D#M9#PG ? Naboun =EW pQ t ? Silli =D#M9# y ? Silli =VKn p ? Sapouy =D#"M9# t ? Léo =EQ0# ? Léo =7MW y ? Sapouy 135 fer 131 rocher =NW" ? Sapouy =P‹R#V#Q ? Séréna =NW ? Séréna Pouni =#"R#V#Q ? Guigui =NW ? Tikan =M#R#V#Q ? Naboun =N7 ? Guigui =P‹"MWNW ? Tikan =NWIW ? Nébiélianayou =RG pLQ" ? Pouni =NWÌW ? Naboun =RK#Q? Silli =NWIW ? Silli =R¸Q ? Léo =NW"IW ? Léo =R# tÖ? Nébiélianayou =M#"RQ t ? Sapouy 136 blanc =P#RW ? Séréna 132 sable =P#"RW ? Tikan =Õ¿uQ y ? Séréna =P'RQ y ? Guigui =Õ' tQ" ? Tikan =PGYR7 y ? Pouni =#"LºQ ? Guigui =P#R7 y ? Nébiélianayou =#"ÖL' yQ ? Pouni =PW yÖRQ t ? Naboun =#H7 pDQ ? Nébiélianayou =P‹RQ t ? Silli =M#ÖH‹ODn ? Naboun =P‹"RQ t ? Sapouy =M#"U‹"ODQÖ? Silli =P‹"RQ ? Léo =M#"U‹NQ ? Sapouy =M#"U7N7 ? Léo 137 noir =P#DW y ? Séréna =P#"D‹ p ? Tikan 50

=P'"DW p ? Guigui =F# ? Léo =PGYDW t ? Pouni =F' p ? Sapouy =P#\7PW ? Nébiélianayou 142 faible =P‹Ö\QPQ ? Naboun =QR# pV'N'D# ? Séréna =P7\7P7 ? Silli =QD9# t ? Tikan =P‹\Q"PW" ? Sapouy =P‹D9'P' ? Guigui =P‹"UQPW ? Léo =P#DQPQ ? Pouni 138 chaud =P‹ÖD9#P‹ ? Naboun =D'N' ? Séréna =MQD#P# ? Silli =E#"ÖD'NW ? Tikan =N#ID#P‹" ? Sapouy =V‹D#4W ? Guigui =D7#P‹ ? Léo =V‹DnDn ? Pouni =D‹"F#+¹ ? Nébiélianayou =D#4' ? Naboun 143 grand =MQÌQ"D#4G ? Silli =P#"FQÖNQ ? Séréna =QN‹ p ? Nébiélianayou =P#"FY#N‹ ? Tikan =VQNn p ? Sapouy =P#"DQ ? Guigui =N#"0# ? Léo =P#"ÖFQNQ ? Pouni 139 froid =P#"FQNQ ? Nébiélianayou =Y#4# ? Séréna =P‹ÖH#4Q ? Naboun =Y#4‹ ? Tikan Nébiélianayou =MQF#4# ? Silli =Y#4# ? Guigui Pouni =F#4‹" ? Sapouy =Y#4' ? Naboun =F#"4# ? Léo =Y#4# ? Sapouy 144 petit =MW\W4+¹ ? Silli =PGD7NG ? Séréna =\W"4‹ ? Léo =P# tDWN¹ ? Tikan 140 sec =P#"ÖDº' ? Nébiélianayou =P#MWNW ? Séréna =P#"O'"4'" ? Guigui =P#"MWNW ? Tikan Nébiélianayou =P‹O9#Ö? Naboun =V‹"MWNW ? Guigui =MWO‹ t ? Silli =PG"Q"MWNW ? Pouni =PG"MWNG ? Pouni =P‹ÖMQ4Q ? Naboun =WMW"Y‹ ? Sapouy =P‹"MQ4Q ? Silli =MW"N‹ ? Léo =Y#MQ4Q ? Léo 145 long =MQM9# ? Sapouy =QÕ¿u ? Séréna =M9# ? Léo =P#"F‹FQNQ ? Tikan 141 fort =P#"FQ4# ? Guigui =MQF# ? Silli =P#"ÖFQNQ ? Pouni =QF# ? Séréna Tikan =P‹ÖF#4Q ? Naboun =QF# ? Guigui =FY#N' ? Nébiélianayou =F# p ? Pouni =MQF#4# ? Silli =P"F# ? Nébiélianayou =MQF'4'" ? Sapouy =F# tÖ? Naboun =F#"4# ? Léo 51

146 court =QÌY# ? Tikan =O'"P'"MWNG"Ö? Séréna =QFY' ? Guigui =P# pMW4¹ ? Tikan =QF[' t ? Pouni =P‹M‹4G ? Guigui =PFY' ? Nébiélianayou =PG"MWNG ? Pouni =QFY' ? Naboun =P#MWNG ? Nébiélianayou =QFY'Ö? Silli =WMW"Y‹ ? Sapouy =QFY' p ? Sapouy =MW"N‹ ? Léo =FY'" ? Léo =P'"DWN' ? Séréna =P# tÖD9'N' ? Tikan 151 large =QY# ? =MW pMW pQ t ? Naboun Séréna =QY# ? =MWM9n y ? Silli Tikan Guigui Nébiélianayou 147 vérité =QY# ? Pouni =L[#ÖDG# ? Séréna =MQY# ? Silli =GDº# ? Tikan =QFY#"N#" ? Séréna =LGD¹# ? Guigui =Y#N# ? Léo =L¹D¸' p ? Pouni =Y#PQ ? Naboun =E‹I# ? Nébiélianayou =Y#"P‹ ? Sapouy =E¸M# ? Naboun =E‹I# ? Silli 152 mince =P#"O‹PG ? =M¸I# ? Sapouy Séréna Guigui Pouni =P#"O‹P' ? =E+¸I# ? Léo Tikan =QO‹P# ? Nébiélianayou 148 mensonge =P‹O‹P# ? Naboun =MQ t ? Séréna =PÔ@O‹P‹ ? Silli =MQ p ? Tikan Sapouy =P‹O‹P#" ? Sapouy =MW t ? Guigui =O‹"P# ? Léo =M9Q pP? Pouni =Mn t ? Nébiélianayou 153 lourd =WFW y ? =M9n t ? Silli Séréna =QFW t ? =M7 p ? Léo Tikan =QFWÖ? =MW yMW t0# ? Naboun Guigui =WFW t ? Pouni 149 vendre =WFW y ? Nébiélianayou =Q4Q"¹L‹I‹ ? Séréna =FW p ? Naboun Sapouy =Q"4Q"L‹I‹ ? Tikan =MWFW ? Silli =QÌQ¹L# ? Guigui =FW" ? Léo =QÌQ"QL' ? Pouni =QL‹̋ ? Silli 154 léger =P#"HW4G ? =QLn" ? Sapouy Séréna =QHW4‹ ? =L‹ ? Léo Tikan =PGOGHW4' ? =L‹N7 ? Nébiélianayou Guigui =WHW4# ? =QLY'N+º ? Naboun Pouni =H‹"HnNn ? Silli 150 dormir =HW"N'" ? Sapouy =Q4Q"H9¹L#" ? Séréna 52

=H7"N# ? Léo 159 pourri =7"D7"FY+¹Ö? Nébiélianayou =QE‹IQ ? Séréna =MWD'FW ? Naboun =QF' ? Tikan =QR9# p ? Guigui 155 loin =QR9# ? Nébiélianayou =QÕ¿u ? Séréna Tikan =MQR9# ? Naboun Silli =QÕ' ? Guigui =MQR9#" ? Sapouy =QÕ¹ ? Pouni =R9# ? Léo =n yÕn t ? Nébiélianayou =QD#4? Pouni =Mn t0n p ? Silli =L¿uYW tP# ? Naboun 160 droit =MW ÕÖW"P'" ? Sapouy =Q\‹I#F¹F‹ t ? Séréna =09‹"P# ? Léo =Q\‹I#V'N' ? Tikan =E'"I#" ? Guigui 156 près =\['"\Y'" ? Pouni =QD9#NG ? Séréna =\Q"\Q" ? Nébiélianayou =QD9‹N‹ ? Tikan =O‹P‹O‹P‹ ? Naboun Silli =QD9'N' ? Guigui =O‹P‹"O‹"P‹" ? Sapouy =WID9'N' ? Pouni =O‹P‹O‹P‹ ? Léo =7ID‹N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =MWDWN‹ ? Silli 161 courbé =MWID9‹"N‹" ? Sapouy =QI9GNG ? Séréna =DQ"N‹ ? Léo =QM9# ? Tikan =D9'N'D9'N' ? Naboun Silli =QI9‹"N'" ? Guigui =QI9'N' ? Pouni 157 aigu =QI9'"4+¸ ? Naboun =P#"O‹P‹ ? Séréna =M9#V‹ ? Silli =P#"ÖO‹PG ? Pouni =M9# ? Léo =U‹"U‹"O‹" ? Tikan =MQ" ? Nébiélianayou =I# ÔÖE+¹O+¹ ? Guigui =MWRW"' ? Sapouy =N¹7 ? Nébiélianayou =M7 tÌ' pP+¿q ? Naboun 162 vieux =ÌWP¹ ? Silli =P#"MKQ t ? Séréna =MWÌQ"P¸ ? Sapouy =P#"MK# ? Tikan =E¸EQ ? Léo =P#MK# ? Guigui Pouni =PQM9G p ? Sapouy 158 sale =P#"FW" ? Nébiélianayou =F‹4‹ ? Séréna =D#M9¹L' y ? Naboun =F‹4‹ ? Tikan Nébiélianayou =D#\QPQ ? Silli Léo =F‹4‹ ? Guigui =FY# t ? Léo =F‹"4? Pouni =FW"4W" ? Naboun 163 jeune =FW4W ? Sapouy =D#D#U¸DºG ? Séréna =F‹"4‹0? Léo =D‹D‹U¸ÖD9'4' ? Guigui =MWD‹4¹ ? Silli =D#D#U‹"D9‹NG ? Pouni =MWD‹4K ? Léo =DQ"D9#"D¹ ? Tikan =QFW ? Nébiélianayou 53

=D#M+¿u ? Naboun =QÌ¿q0? Silli =D#M¿u ? Silli =QLWY'" ? Sapouy =D#M¿ ? Léo =LY# t ? Léo =D‹U‹"OQ ? Sapouy 168 compter =FnÖ ? Léo =Q4Q"QI#N# ? Séréna 164 manger =Q"4Q"ÖI#N# ? Tikan =Q4Q"ÖF¹ ? Séréna =QÌQQI#N# ? Guigui =Q"4Q"F¹ ? Tikan =QÌQ"QI#N# ? Pouni =QÌQF¸ ? Guigui =L‹0I#N# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QF¸ ? Pouni =QI#N' ? Naboun =PF+¿qPF¸ ? Nébiélianayou =QI#N' ? Silli =QF¸ ? Naboun =N# t ? Léo =QÌQF‹" ? Silli =QIG"K? Sapouy =QF‹" ? Sapouy 169 donner =F‹" ? Léo =Q4Q"QR# ? Séréna 165 boire =Q4Q"ÖRQPQ ? Tikan =Q4Q"PY# ? Séréna =QÌQQR#P#P‹ ? Guigui =Q"4Q"ÖÕQ t ? Tikan =QÌQ"QR#P# ? Pouni =QÌQ"ºÕQ ? Guigui =̋ tR#P# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QÕW ? Pouni =QR+¿uÖ? Naboun =P"F' pÕ9' t ? Nébiélianayou =QR' t ? Silli =QÕ9+¿z ? Naboun =QR'" ? Sapouy =QÌQ"Õ9¹ ? Silli =R+¿u ? Léo =QPY¿q ? Sapouy 170 finir =Õ7" ? Léo =QV¸ ? Séréna 166 voir =QE¸ ? Tikan =Q4Q"QP# ? Séréna =D#V¸ ? Sapouy =QPW" ? Tikan =QÌQQ\Y' t ? Guigui =QP#"P#" ? Pouni =QÌQQU[' y ? Pouni =P"P#P# ? Nébiélianayou =P\Y' ? Nébiélianayou =QP# ? Naboun =MQ\Y' t ? Naboun =QP# ? Silli =Q\Y' ? Léo =QP'" ? Sapouy =QH#M9#\# ? Silli =P#" ? Léo 171 monter =#"N#P‹ ? Guigui =Q4Q"QF'N# ? Séréna 167 regarder =Q4Q"F‹N‹ ? Tikan =Q4Q"QP‹ ? Séréna =QÌQ"QF‹N' ? Pouni =Q"4Q"P‹P# ? Tikan =PF‹N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =#P‹ ? Guigui =QF‹I# ? Naboun =QÌQ"QP‹P# ? Pouni =F‹" ? Léo ≠PFºI# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQQF¹ ? Guigui =QÌ¿qP¹ ? Naboun =QF¹ ? Naboun Silli 54

=QF+¸ ? Sapouy =QÌQ"QYW y ? Pouni =ÌQ tY' y ? Nébiélianayou 172 aller =Q09# y ? Naboun =QX'N' ? Séréna Tikan =Q09# ? Silli =QX‹ ? Guigui =Q09' y ? Sapouy =QX' ? Pouni =09n ? Léo =PX' ? Nébiélianayou =0'4+¹ ? Silli =QX'N' ? Naboun Silli =QX‹N'" ? Sapouy 177 frapper =X‹N+ ? Léo =Q4Q"QO# ? Séréna =Q4QO# ? Tikan 173 partir =QÌQ"QO# ? Guigui =QMW4‹ ? Séréna =QÌQ"QO# ? Pouni =QMW"4‹" ? Tikan =̋OO# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQQP‹P# t ? Guigui =QÌQ"QO# ? Pouni =QP' ? Naboun =QO# ? Naboun =QX4' ? Pouni =O#Ö? Silli =PX4' ? Nébiélianayou =O#4#" ? Sapouy =QX4¹ ? Silli =O# ? Léo =QX¹4'" ? Sapouy =X¹ ? Léo 178 casser =Q4Q"QU¹I' ? Séréna 174 venir =Q4QM#" ? Tikan =QD#P# ? Séréna =QÌQQM' ? Guigui =nD#P# ? Tikan Guigui =QÌQ"QM'" ? Pouni =QD#P# ? Pouni =QM#" ? Naboun =O"D#P# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQMG ? Silli =QD'P' ? Naboun =MQM' p ? Sapouy =QD‹PG ? Silli =EQM' t ? Léo =QD¹' p ? Sapouy =Ì+¿uN9+º ? Nébiélianayou =DK# ? Léo =N9# ? Léo 175 courir 179 couper =Q4Q"FW4' ? Séréna =Q4Q"I9'O' ? Séréna =Q4QFW4# ? Tikan =Q4QIW"O# ? Tikan =QÌQQF‹4‹ ? Guigui =QÌQ"QIW"O# ? Guigui =QÌQ"QFW4# ? Pouni =QÌQ"QI9'O' ? Pouni ≠PFW4‹ ? Nébiélianayou =ÕW tI9#O# ? Nébiélianayou =QF‹4+º ? Naboun =QI9' t0+¿z ? Naboun =QF¹4º ? Silli =QÌQ"IWPº ? Silli =QF‹4‹ ? Sapouy =QI9' y ? Sapouy =F¸Ö? Léo =I9‹"0‹ ? Léo =QEQ"Y# ? 176 voler Léo =Q4Q"QPY# ? Séréna 180 tuer =Q4Q09Q ? Tikan =Q4Q"IW# ? Séréna =QÌQQYW y ? Guigui 55

=Q4QIW" ? Tikan =#PPG ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQQI9W ? Guigui =QP+¿q ? Naboun =QÌQ"QIW¹ ? Pouni =QP¿qÖ? Silli =̋ pI9+¹ ? Nébiélianayou =#P'" ? Sapouy =QI9# ? Naboun =P' ? Léo =QÌQI9º ? Silli 185 acheter =QI9#" ? Sapouy =Q4Q"QL# ? Séréna =I7 ? Léo =Q4QL' ? Tikan 181 mourir =QL¹L‹ ? Guigui =Q4Q"Vº' ? Séréna =QÌQ"QLG ? Pouni =QV‹I# ? Tikan Sapouy =Ì+¿qL' ? Nébiélianayou =QV‹I# ? Guigui =QL'I' ? Naboun =QÌQ"QV¹ ? Pouni =QL‹̋ ? Silli =P"V¹I# ? Nébiélianayou =L‹" ? Léo =QV‹I# ? Naboun =QLQ ? Sapouy =QÌQ"V¹ ? Silli 186 mordre =V‹I# ? Léo =Q4Q"QF‹O# ? Séréna 182 parler =QF‹O# ? Tikan Guigui =Q4Q"\QO# ? Séréna =QÌQ"QF‹O# ? Pouni =Q4Q\QO# ? Tikan =L‹ pF‹O# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QU9‹O# ? Guigui =QF‹0‹ ? Naboun =QÌQ"Q\Y#O# ? Pouni =QF‹0º ? Silli =Ì¿q\QO# ? Nébiélianayou =F+¸0# ? Léo =Q\Y' ? Sapouy =QFY# p ? Sapouy =QU9+¿u ? Naboun 187 savoir =Q5+¿q ? Silli =Q4Q"QP# ? Séréna =U[' ? Léo =QL# ? Tikan 183 pleurer =QL'" ? Guigui Pouni Naboun =Q4Q"M9ºL' ? Séréna Silli Sapouy =Q4QM¸ ? Tikan =L¸L' ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QM9¹L'" ? Guigui =L# ? Léo =QÌQ"QMW"L'" ? Pouni 188 tirer =ÌW pI9'N' ? Nébiélianayou =Q4Q"QX# ? Séréna =QM9+¿q ? Naboun =Q4QQX# y ? Tikan =QÌQQM9¹Ö? Silli =QÌQ"QX# t ? Guigui Pouni =QM9¸' ? Sapouy =Ì¿qX#0# ? Nébiélianayou =M9¹ ? Léo =QX# t0# ? Naboun 184 recevoir =QX# p ? Silli =Q4Q"QU9'4' ? Séréna =QX# pÖ? Sapouy =QÌQ"QÌ['P' ? Pouni =Y# p ? Léo =P‹O‹P#4‹ ? Tikan 189 se baigner =#Pº# ? Guigui =Q4Q"ÖVW' t ? Séréna 56

=Q4QÖVW ? Tikan =QFW tÖ? Tikan =D‹4‹"VWP#O# ? Séréna =QÌQ"QF‹4‹ ? Guigui =QÌQÕ¿u ? Guigui =QÌQ"QFY' y' t ? Pouni =QÌQ"QL¿uL' t ? Pouni =L¿qFWN# ? Nébiélianayou =QL¿uÖ? Naboun =QF'4' ? Naboun =P#"O#"XWIW ? Nébiélianayou =QF‹N#"Ö? Sapouy =QRWIQ ? Silli =F‹NQ ? Léo =RWIW ? Léo =QF4nFQ ? Silli =QR9‹P' ? Sapouy 194 accrocher 190 laver =Q4Q"QMWMWNG ? Séréna =Q4Q"ÖU[¹L# ? Séréna =QI¹N¹ ? Tikan =Q4QÖUº# ? Tikan =QÌQ"QI9'"N'" ? Guigui =QÌQ"QU9' ? Guigui =QÌQ"QI'N' ? Pouni =QÌQ"QU[' ? Pouni =Ì+¿qI'N' ? Nébiélianayou =#"0̋ p‹ U9' ? Nébiélianayou =QIGNº ? Naboun =QU9' ? Naboun =QLWWI‹Nº ? Silli =QU9G ? Silli =QI9'N' ? Sapouy =QU['P' ? Sapouy =IQN¹ ? Léo =U9' ? Léo 195 lever 191 s’asseoir =Q\# t ? Séréna =QÌ' p ? Séréna =Q\# p ? Tikan =QÌ# t ? Tikan =QÌQQ\' t ? Guigui =QÌ' p ? Guigui =QÌQ"Q\# y ? Pouni =QIKG ? Pouni =L¿q\#0# ? Nébiélianayou =P"ÌK' ? Nébiélianayou =QRKQ"\# t ? Naboun =QÌ' ? Naboun =Q\# t ? Silli =QÌ'" ? Silli =Q\n t ? Sapouy =QFK' y ? Sapouy =\# t ? Léo =ÌB# ? Léo =QV#"M# ? Tikan

192 pousser 196 construire =Q4Q"ÖL¹I# ? Séréna =4KGP ? Léo =Q4Q"L+ºI‹ ? Tikan =Q4Q"QN9# ? Séréna =QÌQ"ÖLºI# ? Guigui =Q4Q"N9# ? Tikan =QÌQ"Q̹I# ? Pouni =QÌQ"QN9º ? Guigui =P¸L¹I# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QN[G ? Pouni =QL¹I# ? Silli =L+¸N9+¹ ? Nébiélianayou =LW"IW" ? Léo =QN9'Ö? Naboun =Q4Q"VW#4# ? Séréna =QÌW"N9G ? Silli =QV¹ ? Naboun =QN9' ? Sapouy =Q"V¿u' ? Sapouy 197 creuser 193 jeter =Q4Q"QM9# ? Séréna =Q4Q"ÖFW' t ? Séréna =Q4Q"ÖMW ? Tikan 57

=QÌQQMW ? Guigui =Ì¿qÖPW"# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QMW" ? Pouni =QPY' t ? Sapouy =ÕW pM9¹ ? Nébiélianayou =PW0" ? Léo =QM9' ? Naboun 202 sentir =QÌQQM9' ? Silli =QÕ¸ÖXW ? Séréna =QM9+¿u ? Sapouy =QP¸XW ? Tikan =M7" ? Léo =QÕ¸ÖXQ ? Guigui 198 tisser =QP¸N9# p ? Pouni =Q4Q"ÖUW ? Séréna =P"P‹N9# t ? Nébiélianayou =Q4Q"ÖUQ" ? Tikan =QP¸Nn t ? Naboun =QÌQQUQ ? Guigui =QP‹Nn ? Silli =QÌQ"QU[' ? Pouni =QP‹N9' p ? Sapouy =Ջ pU9G ? Nébiélianayou =P‹0" ? Léo =QU9+¹ ? Naboun 203 penser =QÌQQ5º ? Silli =Q4Q"DWN' ? Séréna =QU9+¸Ö? Sapouy =QDW p0# ? Naboun =F+¸N+¹ ? Léo =DW0# ? Léo 199 attacher =Q4Q"F'O' ? Tikan =Q4Q"ÖXY# ? Séréna =QÌQQV'"4'" ? Guigui =Q4Q"ÖXY# ? Tikan =QÌQV'"4'" ? Pouni =QÌQ"QXY' ? Guigui Pouni =Ì+¿qVÕ@4‹ ? Nébiélianayou =ÕW pXY' ? Nébiélianayou =QV#4' ? Silli =QXY' ? Naboun =QFY+¸ ? Sapouy =QÌQÖXY+º ? Silli 204 attraper =QXY' ? Sapouy =QÌ'" ? Séréna =XY# ? Léo =Q4QÌ# ? Tikan 200 tomber =QÌQQÌ#4# ? Guigui =Q4Q"QVW"#" ? Séréna =QÌQ"QÌ#N# ? Pouni =QVW# ? Tikan Guigui =L+¿qÌ#N# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌQ"QVW ? Pouni =QÌ' t ? Naboun =P"VW# ? Nébiélianayou =QÌYQ ? Silli =QVW# ? Naboun =#ÌYQ" ? Sapouy =QLQV9G ? Silli =Ì# ? Léo =QV9¿u ? Sapouy 205 vomir =V9# ? Léo =Q4Q"V‹P' ? Séréna 201 chanter =Q4Q"V9'N' ? Tikan =Q4Q"F¹ÖPW# ? Séréna =QÌQQV‹PG ? Guigui =QÌQQF¹ ? Guigui =QÌQ"QVQN' ? Pouni =QÌQ"QFº ? Pouni =L+¿qVQN' ? Nébiélianayou =QF¹ ? Naboun =QVQP' ? Naboun =QÌQFG ? Silli =QVQPG ? Silli =+¹PW# ? Tikan =QV9'P' ? Sapouy 58

=V7"P+¹ ? Léo =PQO9# ? Naboun =O#"P#"MW"M9Ô' t ? Séréna 206 être debout =P#ÖO'N' ? Guigui =Q\‹I#"FY' ? Séréna =P#"ÖO'"4'" ? Pouni =Q\‹"I‹"ÌY# y ? Tikan =P# M‹ ? Nébiélianayou =Q\‹"I‹"FYº ? Guigui =MQD#F#Ö? Silli =Q\¹I'"F[G ? Pouni =MQD‹F# ? Sapouy =Q\‹I#LKPK ? Naboun =O#E¸O#E¸ ? Léo =QUGI#Y+¸ÖP#" ? Sapouy =P"\# tÖFY' ? Nébiélianayou 211 un =Q\# t ? Naboun Silli Léo =I‹FW ? Séréna Tikan =W"FW" ? Guigui Pouni 207 tenir =P7F7 ? Léo =Q4Q"QÌ# ? Séréna =M#"N7 ? Léo =QÌ'" ? Pouni =I9# t ? Nébiélianayou =P"̋ ? Nébiélianayou =P#FY# ? Naboun =QÌKG ? Naboun =P#FY#" ? Silli =QÌWQ ? Silli =M' t ? Sapouy =Ì# ? Léo =QÌQ" ? Sapouy 212 deux =QM#O# ? Tikan =D‹N' ? Séréna Tikan Guigui =QÌQ"QVºV¹P# ? Guigui =D‹NG ? Pouni =N‹ ? Nébiélianayou 208 danser =D'N' ? Naboun =Q4Q"ÖU' ? Séréna =D'N' ? Silli Sapouy =Q4QU# ? Tikan =D'N‹ ? Léo =QÌQ"QU' ? Guigui Pouni =L‹ pU' ? Nébiélianayou 213 trois =QUGK? Naboun =D‹V9# ? Séréna Tikan Guigui =QLQ"ÖUGÖ? Silli Pouni =QUGK? Sapouy =D#4V9# ? Naboun =U# ? Léo =D#V9# ? Silli Sapouy =D#"V9# ? Léo 209 beaucoup =PVQ ? Nébiélianayou =P#"YWN' ? Séréna =P‹"YWN‹ ? Guigui 214 quatre =QÖR9'N' ? Tikan =D‹P#" ? Séréna Tikan =P#"\#Q ? Pouni =D‹P# ? Guigui =QF#" ? Nébiélianayou =D‹PÖ# ? Pouni =MQF# ? Naboun =PÖ# ? Nébiélianayou =MQF#"Ö? Silli Sapouy =D#Õ# ? Naboun =MQF#" ? Léo =D#P' ? Silli =\‹ p\‹ p ? Léo =D#P'" ? Sapouy =D#"Õ# ? Léo 210 peu =D#PÖ¸# ? Léo =P#"O9' ? Séréna =P#"O9' t ? Tikan 59

215 cinq =P7I7" ? Léo =D‹PW ? Séréna =D‹PW" ? Tikan Guigui Sapouy 220 dix =HWI# ? =D‹PÖW ? Pouni Séréna =HW"#" ? =DWPÖW" ? Nébiélianayou Tikan =H‹"I#" ? =D‹PW ? Naboun Guigui Pouni =HW"I‹ ? =D‹PW t ? Silli Nébiélianayou =HW"MQ ? =D‹"PW ? Léo Naboun =HW"IQ ? Silli 216 six =HW"Y' ? Sapouy =D#FW ? Séréna Guigui =HW"I‹" ? Léo =D#FW ? Tikan =D‹FW ? Pouni =D#FW ? Nébiélianayou =D#4FQ ? Naboun Sapouy =D#4FQ ? Silli =D#"4F7 ? Léo

217 sept =D#R' ? Séréna =D#D' ? Tikan =D#R# ? Guigui Pouni =D#R#" ? Nébiélianayou =D#4R# ? Naboun =D#4R# ? Silli =D#4R' ? Sapouy =D#"4R' ? Léo

218 huit =P'P' ? Séréna =N'"N'" ? Tikan =P'"P'" ? Guigui =N'N' ? Pouni =N‹N‹ ? Nébiélianayou =P#P# ? Naboun Silli =P#P# ? Sapouy =P#"P# ? Léo

219 neuf =P‹DQ ? Séréna =P‹DQ" ? Tikan =P#DQ" ? Guigui =P#YDQ" ? Pouni =PQIQ" ? Nébiélianayou =PQMQ ? Naboun =PQMQ" ? Silli =PQIQ ? Sapouy 60

Lieu/Place Enquêteur/Researcher Date de recherche/Research date Tikan Carol Berthelette ? Séréna Carol Berthelette 13 avril 1994 Guigui Carol Berthelette, Rebekah 28 avril 1994 Pruett Pouni Carol Berthelette 14 avril 1994 Nébiélianayou Carol Berthelette 12 avril 1994 Silli Carol Berthelette 7 avril 1994 Léo Lydia Krafft 10 janvier 1983 Naboun Carol Berthelette 8 avril 1994 Sapouy Carol Berthelette 4 avril 1994

The symbols for phonetic transcription used in this document are in accordance with the standards of the International Phonetic Association (IPA).

Les symboles de transcription phonétique employés dans ce document se conforment aux normes de l’Association Internationale Phonétique (AIP). 61

Bibliography

1 References

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Direction de la Formation Professionnelle des Producteurs (DFPP). 1994. Liste des CFJA ouverts: campagne 1993–1994. Ouagadougou: DFPP, Service de la Programmation du Suivi et de l’Evaluation.

Grimes, Barbara. 1992. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 12th ed. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD). 1991. Recensement général de la population: Burkina Faso 1985. (Volume I: Ensemble du Pays). Ouagadougou: Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie.

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2 Materials Concerning Nuni

Banaon (Kouamé), Emanuel. 1986. Poterie et société chez les Nuna de Tierkou. Ouagadougou: Université de Ouagadougou.

Byen, Azouma. 1984. Quelques éléments du grammaire en Nuni. Mémoire de maîtrise. Ouagadougou: Département de Linguistique.

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Duperray, Anne-Marie. 1984. Les Gourounsi de Haute-Volta: conquête et colonialisation. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Krafft, Lydia. 1986. Le système pronominal du Nuni. Unpublished ms. 63

Kurrle, Gertrud. 1988. Some word tone patterns in Nuni. Journal of West African Languages 18:29–40.

Manessey, G. 1979. Inventaire linguistique. Paris.

Nacro, I. 1982. Monographie du village de Pissai dans ses manifestations sociolinguistiques internes et externes. Langage, espace, et société. Colloque du Laboratoire de Sociolinguistique de l’Université de Ouagadougou. Ouagadougou: Université de Ouagadougou. II. 55–66.

Nacro, I. 1986. Les classes niminales du Sundoni, dialecte parlé dans le Sundonu (Biéha, Léo). Colloque du Laboratoire de Sociolinguistique de l’Université de Ouagadougou. to appear in Rouen: Cahiers de Linguistique Sociale.

Nacro, I. 1987. Enquête sociolinguistique sur le calendrier des Sundona, population Nuna (Gurunsi) du Burkina Faso. to appear in Rouen: Cahiers de Linguistique Sociale.

Nacro, I. Les classes nominales du Nuni: dialecte parlé dans le Sundonu. Présentation du 2ème Colloque Sociolinguistique.

Nao, Oumarou. 1984. Masques et société chez les Nouna de Zawara (République de Haute-Volta). Mémoire de maîtrise d’histoire. Ouagadougou: Université de Ouagadougou.

Nao, Oumarou. 1985. Le masque à lame chez les populations Nouna, Bwaba, et Mossi du Burkina Faso (essai d’un analyse plastique). D. E. A. d’Histoire de l’Art. Paris: Université de Paris I, Panthéon/Sorbonne.

Nigna, Halidou. 1984. Quelques éléments de grammaire en Nuni. Mémoire de maîtrise. Ouagadougou: Université de Ouagadougou, Ecole Supérieure des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département de Linguistique.

Nebié, Bétéo Denis. La centralisation en Nuni. Présentation du 2ème Colloque Sociolinguistique.

Ponton, G. L. 1932. Le caïman sacré de Poun. Outremer. Paris.

Ponton, G. L. 1932. Les Gourounsi du groupe voltaïque. Outremer. Paris. 4.

Prost, A. (R. P.). 1970. Deux langues Gourounsi: le Kasem et le Nuni. 1. Bulletin de l’IFAN. Dakar: IFAN. 32:975–1087.

Prost, A. (R. P.). 1971. Deux langues Gourounsi: le Kasem et le Nuni. Bulletin de IFAN. Dakar: IFAN. 33:343–435. 64

Prost, A. (R. P.). 1974. Le Nuni de Pouni. Unpublished ms. (Available at the Catholic mission in Ténado and Réo).

Tauxier, L. 1908. Le Noir du Gourounsi. Paris: Larose.

Tauxier, L. 1924. Nouvelles sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi. Paris: Larose.

Williams, Gary. 1979. Esquisse phonologique du nouni. Ouagadougou: University of Ouagadougou.

Zio, Marie Clémence. 1982. Phonologie du Nuni, région de Léo. Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Zio, Marie Clémence. 1983. Comparaison Kasem-Nuni sur les plans de la phonologie et du système nominale. Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Zwernemann, J. 1958. Shall we use the word “Gourounsi”? Africa. 28.

Zwernemann, J. 1962. Remarques préliminaires sur le verbe du Kasem et du Nuna. Actes du Second Colloque Internationale de Linguistique Négro- Africaine. Dakar: 191–199.

Zwernemann, J. 1964. La querelle pour l’enfant pas encore né: une légende historique des Gurunsi et ses parallèles. Notes Africaines. 101.

Zwernemann, J. 1964. Nitizen uber das verbum des Nuna. Afrika und ubersee. 45:258–272.

Zwernemann, J. 1962. Kasem et Nuni. Actes du 2nd Colloque Internationale Négro-Africaine. Dakar. 141–199.

Zwernemann, J. 1968. Ein “Gurunsi” vocabular ans Bahia. Tribus. 17:147–156.

Zwernemann, J. No date. Versuch einer analyse der nominalen klassifizierung in einigen gur-sprachen. 75–97.

3 Materials Published in Nuni

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1987. $EzUDKDPz P|| \RR VDJ| (The story of Abraham in Nuni). Ouagadougou: AWTB.

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1979. &|EDU| \~e~ \| VDJ| Wz ZD $ (Easy reading in Nuni, A) Ouagadougou: AWTB. 65

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1979. &|EDU| \~e~ \| VDJ| Wz ZD % (Easy reading in Nuni, B1) Ouagadougou: AWTB.

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1979. &|EDU| \~e~ \| VDJ| Wz ZD % (Easy reading in Nuni, B2) Ouagadougou: AWTB.

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1987. =ZH]| NzU|Vz F|EDU| \}e~ Wz PDUzNz Qz S~S~Q| (The Gospel of Mark in Nuni). Ouagadougou: AWTB.

Association Wycliffe pour la Traduction de la Bible. 1989. =ZH]| WZ| W|D \XX ZD (Portions of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke). Ouagadougou: AWTB.

Commission Technique de la sous-commission Nuni. 1992. 1z NDU| Q~Q| (Nuni primer). Ouagadougou: INA/Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Clémentine, Gertrud Kurrle, and others. 1987. %|Q| FDµQ|³ . (1988 Nuni Calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac. 1988. '||Q G||Q \RR VDJ| (1988 daily planner). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac, and Lydia Krafft. 1987. 1z NDU| Q~QL  (Nuni primer, book 2) Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac, and Lydia Krafft. 1987. Guide de l’alphabétiseur Q~QL. Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac, and Lydia Krafft. 1987. 1z NDU| Q~Q|  (Nuni primer, book 1). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac, and Lydia Krafft. 1989. 1z NDU| Q~Q|  (Nuni primer, book 2). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Diasso, Isaac, Baloa Napon, and Fatimata Yago. 1985. %|Q| FDµQ³  (1986 Nuni calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Eglise Catholique. Missel Année A (Catholic Missel, first year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Missel Année B (Catholic Missel, second year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Missel Année C. (Catholic Missel, third year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms. 66

Eglise Catholique. Catéchèse adulte, première année (Adult catechism, first year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Catéchèse adulte, deuxième année (Adult catechism, second year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Catéchèse adulte, troisième année (Adult catechism, third year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Evangile Année A (Gospel readings, first year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Evangile Année B (Gospel readings, second year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Eglise Catholique. Evangile Année C (Gospel readings, third year, in Northern Nuni). Unpublished ms.

Equipe Sissala de la SIL. 1991. %|Q| FDµQ|³  (1992 Nuni calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Fabre, Claire. %|³V|³Q ZRG|X \XX ZD V|VDU| VDJ| (Collection of stories for helping in nutrition education). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Forgues, Marcel, and Affisetou Yago. 1988. %|Q| FDµQ|³ (1989 Nuni calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Krafft, Lydia, and Paul Zopoula. 1986. %|Q| FDµQ|³ (1987 Nuni calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Kurrle, Gertrud. 1986. Guide pour lire et écrire le Nuni. Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Namoro, Michel. 1992. 1~Q| F|³EDU~ (Nuni newspaper). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Namoro, Michel. 1992. %|Q| FDµQ|³ VDJ|  (1993 Nuni calendar). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Napon, Baloua. 1986. 7X´X´ J~´U~´ Gz´ e~µ|³Q GRQ \RµRµ (The story of an elephant hunter and a thief). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Napon, Baloua. 1991. 7XX J~U| Gz \|³zµQ GXzµQ (The elephant hunt and other stories). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 67

Nebié, Denis. 1985. Lire and écrire correctement le Nuni. Unpublished ms.

Nignan, Laurent, Isaac Diasso, and the technical committee. 1991. 1z NDµU³| Q~Q| (Nuni primer). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1989. %|Q| FDµQ|³  (Calendrier nuni 1990). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1990. %|Q| FDµQ|³  (Calendrier nuni 1991). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1993 %|Q| FDµQ|³ VDJ|  (Calendrier nuni 1994). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1994. 1z NDU| Q~Q|  (Nuni primer, book 2). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1993. 1~QD GXQ PDPD \|zµQ VDJ| (1994 Nuni daily planner). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Société Internationale de Linguistique. 1991. 1~Q| V|VDU| VDJ| EzOz Q|| VDJ| (Collection of stories in Nuni, book 2). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Williams, Gary. 1979. 1z´ NDU| Q~Q| (Nuni primer). Ouagadougou: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Williams, Gary. 1979. 1z´ NDU| Q~Q| (Nuni primer). Abidjan: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Williams, Gary. 1986. Le système pronominal du Nouni. Unpublished ms. CG. NUNI.