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Agrarian Change in Tropical Landscapes

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Agrarian Change in Tropical Landscapes Agrarian change in tropical landscapes Editors Liz Deakin Mrigesh Kshatriya Terry Sunderland Agrarian change in tropical landscapes Editors Liz Deakin Mrigesh Kshatriya Terry Sunderland Center for International Forestry Research © 2016 by the Center for International Forestry Research. All rights reserved. Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-022-6 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/005867 Deakin L, Kshatriya M and Sunderland T. 2016. Agrarian Change in Tropical Landscapes. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo credits: Cover © Terry Sunderland Aerial view of mosaic landscape, Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Designed by CIFOR’s Multimedia Team CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/who-we-are/cgiar-fund/fund-donors-2/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents List of authors viii Foreword x Christine Padoch Executive summary xii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction: Agrarian change in tropical landscapes 1 Liz Deakin, Mrigesh Kshatriya and Terry Sunderland 2 Understanding people and forest interrelations along an intensification gradient in Arsi-Negele, Ethiopia 14 Jean-Yves Duriaux and Frédéric Baudron 3 Land-use change and its influence on rural livelihoods, food security and biodiversity conservation in the Southwest Region of Cameroon 54 Stella Asaha and Liz Deakin 4 Drivers and effects of agrarian change in Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia 91 Laurio Leonald and Dominic Rowland 5 Historical drivers of landscape and dietary change in an agricultural frontier: Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Siuna, Nicaragua 139 Lisa Hansen, John Innes, Bronwen Powell, Janette Bulkan, Sarah Gergel and Ian Eddy 6 Forest and agrarian change in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh 190 Ronju Ahammad and Natasha Stacey 7 Agrarian changes in the Nyimba District of Zambia 234 Davison J Gumbo, Kondwani Y Mumba, Moka M Kaliwile, Kaala B Moombe and Tiza I Mfuni 8 Drivers and outcomes of changing land use in parkland agroforestry systems of central Burkina Faso 269 Samson Foli and Rabdo Abdoulaye 9 Conclusion: Agrarian change – A change for the better? 302 Terry Sunderland, Liz Deakin and Mrigesh Kshatriya Terms and abbreviations 307 List of figures and tables Figures 1.1 Map showing the location of the seven landscapes used as case studies for the Agrarian Change Project. 6 1.2 The project’s landscape-level hierarchical research design. 7 1.3 Forest transition curve. 7 2.1 Location of Munessa Forest and the study area, which can be described as an intensification gradient. 17 2.2 Mean annual rainfall and mean temperature. 17 2.3 Map displaying the study area, and the three zones along an intensification gradient from Munessa Forest to Arsi-Negele. 20 2.4 Rainfall and agricultural calendar in the study area. 23 2.5 Household types and their proportions in the three settlements of the study area. 25 2.6 Modalities of land-use access in the study area. 28 2.7 Diagram representing access to forest products in the study area. 30 2.8 Fuelwood value chain in the study area. 34 2.9 Maize value chain in the study area. 36 2.10 Wheat value chain in the study area. 36 2.11 Potato value chain in the study area. 37 2.12 Livestock (live animals) value chain in the study area. 38 2.13 Probable vegetation loss between 1987 and 2011. 42 2.14 Historical diagram of land-use change in the landscape as perceived by elders of Zone 2. 43 2.15 Historical trend lines and important events between 1970 and 2014 in the study area. 44 3.1 Map of Cameroon. 56 3.2 Map of villages in Nguti study area, Southwest Region, Cameroon. 58 3.3 Map highlighting different land-use types in Nguti study area. 66 3.4 Mean annual buying prices of cocoa in Cameroon in Central African Franc (XAF) per kilogram. 68 3.5 Mean annual buying prices of palm oil from Cameroon producers in Central African Franc (XAF) per ton. 70 3.6 Map of the extent of the study area and the boundaries of the selected protected areas of interest. 72 3.7 Historical land-use trends in the Nguti study area. 73 3.8 Summary of the scores from the land-use valuation by men and women in the three focal villages. 74 3.9 Summary of the scores from the forest-use valuation by men and women in the three focal villages. 75 3.10 Location map of SG-SOC plantation. 78 3.11 New SG-SOC allocated land. 78 3.12 Main farm products in the study area. 80 4.1 Map of Kapuas Hulu. 93 4.2 Historical land use in Kapuas Hulu. 97 List of figures and tables • v 4.3 Forest loss in Kapuas Hulu 2000–13. 98 4.4 Forest loss by year in Kapuas Hulu 2000–13. 98 4.5 Location of Kapuas Hulu Regency in Indonesia. 100 4.6 Map of national parks in Kapuas Hulu. 102 4.7 Contribution to regional GDP of economic sectors. 106 4.8 Proposed biodiversity corridor in Kapuas Hulu. 107 4.9 Oil palm plantations in Kapuas Hulu. 109 4.10 Location of study zones. 114 4.11 Map of Zone 1 settlements. 115 4.12 Map of Zone 2 settlements. 118 4.13 Map of Zone 3 settlements and oil palm plantations. 123 4.14 Common agrarian transitions in Kapuas Hulu. 127 5.1 Bosawas Biosphere Reserve and Siuna Municipality with comarcas, Nicaragua. 141 5.2 Departments, municipalities and population of Nicaragua in 2005. 142 5.3 Bosawas with indigenous territories and zones. 143 5.4 Siuna municipality in Bosawas with zones and comarcas. 144 5.5 Map of the study communities, highways and Bosawas zones in Siuna. 145 5.6 Spatial analysis study limits (Landsat scene path 16, row 51). 148 5.7 Forest cover change in the study landscape. 150 6.1 Map of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region, Bangladesh. 193 6.2 Percentages of local ethnic population (not including Bangalees). 195 6.3 Trend in population growth in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 196 6.4 Institutional framework related to forest and land management in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 201 6.5 Different economic activities in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 204 6.6 Forest cover map of Bangladesh and encircled forest areas in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 208 6.7 Map of potential land-use Zone 1 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 218 6.8 Map of potential land-use Zone 2 in the Chittagong Hill Tract region of Bangladesh. 220 6.9 Map of potential land-use Zone 3 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 223 7.1 Districts considered for the Agrarian Change Project. 239 7.2 Mpika District showing Lwitikila National Forest No. 291. 240 7.3 Eastern Province elevation. 243 7.4 Historical trend lines and important events in the Eastern Province. 247 7.5 Location of Nyimba District in Eastern Province, Zambia. 248 7.6 Eastern Province elevation. 249 7.7 Vegetation of Nyimba District. 250 7.8 Wood biomass change in Nyimba District from 1990 to 2013. 253 7.9 Nyimba District map showing the selected landscape and location of the settlements. 254 8.1 Ziro Province, which includes Cassou, Gao and Bakata districts located in Centre-Ouest Region of Burkina Faso. 274 8.2 Climate data showing monthly rainfall (1980–2013) and minimum–maximum temperature ranges. 277 8.3. Timeline of forest cover change, and the drivers and outcomes in Ziro Province. 278 8.4 Map of Ziro Province showing the 12 management units under the CAF demarcation. 281 vi • Agrarian change in tropical landscapes 8.5 Vegetation cover change visualized between 1999 and 2013 in the 30 km radius of our study site in Ziro Province. 283 8.6 Land modification gradients in Cassou, Bakata and Gao districts classified into zones. 288 8.7 Proportion of Mossi, Gourounsi, Fulani and Walla in the local population in Ziro Province. 291 8.8 Average seasonal percentage of food sourced from markets, forests and own farms in Ziro Province. 292 8.9 Seasonal food availability in Ziro Province overlaid with average annual rainfall. 293 Tables 1.1 Example criteria used to help distinguish characteristics of different zones within a focal landscape. 8 2.1 General characteristics of the three zones characterizing the study area, which form an intensification gradient from Munessa Forest to Arsi-Negele. 21 2.2 Price range for fuelwood in Arsi-Negele market. 35 2.3 Price range for maize in Arsi-Negele market. 36 2.4 Price range for wheat in Arsi-Negele market. 37 2.5 Price range for potato in Arsi-Negele market. 38 2.6 Price range for male adult cattle for meat in Arsi-Negele market. 39 2.7 Maximum attainable income from the three main crops in the study area. 39 3.1 Number and percentage of interviewed households in each village. 59 3.2 Landownership in the Nguti study area. 63 3.3 Average number of people per household and estimated population of the three focal villages. 63 3.4 Education levels of the adult population in the Nguti study area.
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