DOCSLIB.ORG

Agrarian Change in Tropical Landscapes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Agrarian change in tropical landscapes Editors Liz Deakin Mrigesh Kshatriya Terry Sunderland Agrarian change in tropical landscapes Editors Liz Deakin Mrigesh Kshatriya Terry Sunderland Center for International Forestry Research © 2016 by the Center for International Forestry Research. All rights reserved. Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-022-6 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/005867 Deakin L, Kshatriya M and Sunderland T. 2016. Agrarian Change in Tropical Landscapes. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo credits: Cover © Terry Sunderland Aerial view of mosaic landscape, Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Designed by CIFOR’s Multimedia Team CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/who-we-are/cgiar-fund/fund-donors-2/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents List of authors viii Foreword x Christine Padoch Executive summary xii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction: Agrarian change in tropical landscapes 1 Liz Deakin, Mrigesh Kshatriya and Terry Sunderland 2 Understanding people and forest interrelations along an intensification gradient in Arsi-Negele, Ethiopia 14 Jean-Yves Duriaux and Frédéric Baudron 3 Land-use change and its influence on rural livelihoods, food security and biodiversity conservation in the Southwest Region of Cameroon 54 Stella Asaha and Liz Deakin 4 Drivers and effects of agrarian change in Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia 91 Laurio Leonald and Dominic Rowland 5 Historical drivers of landscape and dietary change in an agricultural frontier: Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Siuna, Nicaragua 139 Lisa Hansen, John Innes, Bronwen Powell, Janette Bulkan, Sarah Gergel and Ian Eddy 6 Forest and agrarian change in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh 190 Ronju Ahammad and Natasha Stacey 7 Agrarian changes in the Nyimba District of Zambia 234 Davison J Gumbo, Kondwani Y Mumba, Moka M Kaliwile, Kaala B Moombe and Tiza I Mfuni 8 Drivers and outcomes of changing land use in parkland agroforestry systems of central Burkina Faso 269 Samson Foli and Rabdo Abdoulaye 9 Conclusion: Agrarian change – A change for the better? 302 Terry Sunderland, Liz Deakin and Mrigesh Kshatriya Terms and abbreviations 307 List of figures and tables Figures 1.1 Map showing the location of the seven landscapes used as case studies for the Agrarian Change Project. 6 1.2 The project’s landscape-level hierarchical research design. 7 1.3 Forest transition curve. 7 2.1 Location of Munessa Forest and the study area, which can be described as an intensification gradient. 17 2.2 Mean annual rainfall and mean temperature. 17 2.3 Map displaying the study area, and the three zones along an intensification gradient from Munessa Forest to Arsi-Negele. 20 2.4 Rainfall and agricultural calendar in the study area. 23 2.5 Household types and their proportions in the three settlements of the study area. 25 2.6 Modalities of land-use access in the study area. 28 2.7 Diagram representing access to forest products in the study area. 30 2.8 Fuelwood value chain in the study area. 34 2.9 Maize value chain in the study area. 36 2.10 Wheat value chain in the study area. 36 2.11 Potato value chain in the study area. 37 2.12 Livestock (live animals) value chain in the study area. 38 2.13 Probable vegetation loss between 1987 and 2011. 42 2.14 Historical diagram of land-use change in the landscape as perceived by elders of Zone 2. 43 2.15 Historical trend lines and important events between 1970 and 2014 in the study area. 44 3.1 Map of Cameroon. 56 3.2 Map of villages in Nguti study area, Southwest Region, Cameroon. 58 3.3 Map highlighting different land-use types in Nguti study area. 66 3.4 Mean annual buying prices of cocoa in Cameroon in Central African Franc (XAF) per kilogram. 68 3.5 Mean annual buying prices of palm oil from Cameroon producers in Central African Franc (XAF) per ton. 70 3.6 Map of the extent of the study area and the boundaries of the selected protected areas of interest. 72 3.7 Historical land-use trends in the Nguti study area. 73 3.8 Summary of the scores from the land-use valuation by men and women in the three focal villages. 74 3.9 Summary of the scores from the forest-use valuation by men and women in the three focal villages. 75 3.10 Location map of SG-SOC plantation. 78 3.11 New SG-SOC allocated land. 78 3.12 Main farm products in the study area. 80 4.1 Map of Kapuas Hulu. 93 4.2 Historical land use in Kapuas Hulu. 97 List of figures and tables • v 4.3 Forest loss in Kapuas Hulu 2000–13. 98 4.4 Forest loss by year in Kapuas Hulu 2000–13. 98 4.5 Location of Kapuas Hulu Regency in Indonesia. 100 4.6 Map of national parks in Kapuas Hulu. 102 4.7 Contribution to regional GDP of economic sectors. 106 4.8 Proposed biodiversity corridor in Kapuas Hulu. 107 4.9 Oil palm plantations in Kapuas Hulu. 109 4.10 Location of study zones. 114 4.11 Map of Zone 1 settlements. 115 4.12 Map of Zone 2 settlements. 118 4.13 Map of Zone 3 settlements and oil palm plantations. 123 4.14 Common agrarian transitions in Kapuas Hulu. 127 5.1 Bosawas Biosphere Reserve and Siuna Municipality with comarcas, Nicaragua. 141 5.2 Departments, municipalities and population of Nicaragua in 2005. 142 5.3 Bosawas with indigenous territories and zones. 143 5.4 Siuna municipality in Bosawas with zones and comarcas. 144 5.5 Map of the study communities, highways and Bosawas zones in Siuna. 145 5.6 Spatial analysis study limits (Landsat scene path 16, row 51). 148 5.7 Forest cover change in the study landscape. 150 6.1 Map of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region, Bangladesh. 193 6.2 Percentages of local ethnic population (not including Bangalees). 195 6.3 Trend in population growth in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 196 6.4 Institutional framework related to forest and land management in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 201 6.5 Different economic activities in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 204 6.6 Forest cover map of Bangladesh and encircled forest areas in Chittagong Hill Tracts. 208 6.7 Map of potential land-use Zone 1 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 218 6.8 Map of potential land-use Zone 2 in the Chittagong Hill Tract region of Bangladesh. 220 6.9 Map of potential land-use Zone 3 in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh. 223 7.1 Districts considered for the Agrarian Change Project. 239 7.2 Mpika District showing Lwitikila National Forest No. 291. 240 7.3 Eastern Province elevation. 243 7.4 Historical trend lines and important events in the Eastern Province. 247 7.5 Location of Nyimba District in Eastern Province, Zambia. 248 7.6 Eastern Province elevation. 249 7.7 Vegetation of Nyimba District. 250 7.8 Wood biomass change in Nyimba District from 1990 to 2013. 253 7.9 Nyimba District map showing the selected landscape and location of the settlements. 254 8.1 Ziro Province, which includes Cassou, Gao and Bakata districts located in Centre-Ouest Region of Burkina Faso. 274 8.2 Climate data showing monthly rainfall (1980–2013) and minimum–maximum temperature ranges. 277 8.3. Timeline of forest cover change, and the drivers and outcomes in Ziro Province. 278 8.4 Map of Ziro Province showing the 12 management units under the CAF demarcation. 281 vi • Agrarian change in tropical landscapes 8.5 Vegetation cover change visualized between 1999 and 2013 in the 30 km radius of our study site in Ziro Province. 283 8.6 Land modification gradients in Cassou, Bakata and Gao districts classified into zones. 288 8.7 Proportion of Mossi, Gourounsi, Fulani and Walla in the local population in Ziro Province. 291 8.8 Average seasonal percentage of food sourced from markets, forests and own farms in Ziro Province. 292 8.9 Seasonal food availability in Ziro Province overlaid with average annual rainfall. 293 Tables 1.1 Example criteria used to help distinguish characteristics of different zones within a focal landscape. 8 2.1 General characteristics of the three zones characterizing the study area, which form an intensification gradient from Munessa Forest to Arsi-Negele. 21 2.2 Price range for fuelwood in Arsi-Negele market. 35 2.3 Price range for maize in Arsi-Negele market. 36 2.4 Price range for wheat in Arsi-Negele market. 37 2.5 Price range for potato in Arsi-Negele market. 38 2.6 Price range for male adult cattle for meat in Arsi-Negele market. 39 2.7 Maximum attainable income from the three main crops in the study area. 39 3.1 Number and percentage of interviewed households in each village. 59 3.2 Landownership in the Nguti study area. 63 3.3 Average number of people per household and estimated population of the three focal villages. 63 3.4 Education levels of the adult population in the Nguti study area.
Recommended publications
  • Comparative Studies on Citrullus Vulgaris, Citrullus Colocynthis and Cucumeropsis Mannii for Ogiri Production

    Comparative Studies on Citrullus Vulgaris, Citrullus Colocynthis and Cucumeropsis Mannii for Ogiri Production

    British Microbiology Research Journal 3(1): 1-18, 2013 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Comparative Studies on Citrullus vulgaris, Citrullus colocynthis and Cucumeropsis mannii for Ogiri Production B. J. Akinyele1* and O. S. Oloruntoba1 1Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author BJA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author OSO managed the analyses of the study and the literature searches. The both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 17th October 2012 th Research Article Accepted 28 December 2012 Published 5th February 2013 ABSTRACT Aim: This study investigated the microbiological, physicochemical and antinutritional properties of three varieties of fermenting melon seeds namely: Citrullus vulgaris (Schrad), Citrullus colocynthis (L) and Cucumeropsis mannii (Naud) for ogiri production. Methodology: Ogiri was produced from these three varieties of melon seeds following the traditional fermentation process while online monitoring was used to evaluate microbial hazards using standard microbiological techniques. Physicochemical and antinutritional properties were determined using standard methods. Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 7.0 x 103 cfu/g to 2.4 x 104 cfu/g for Citrullus vulgaris, 3.2 x 105 cfu/g to 3.7 x105 cfu/g for Citrullus colocynthis and 8.7 x 106 cfu/g to 9.1 x 106 cfu/g for Cucumeropsis mannii. Some of the isolated microorganisms from the fermenting melon seeds include Lactobacillus species, Bacillus species, Aerococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium species and Fusarium eguseti.
  • Determining the Physiochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Local Nigerian White Melon Seed Flour

    Determining the Physiochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Local Nigerian White Melon Seed Flour

    [Okorie *, Vol.6 (Iss.5): May 2018] ISSN- 2350-0530(O), ISSN- 2394-3629(P) (Received: May 02, 2018 - Accepted: May 29, 2018) DOI: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i5.2018.1437 Science DETERMINING THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCAL NIGERIAN WHITE MELON SEED FLOUR Peter Anyigor Okorie *1 *1 Department of Food Science and Technology Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria Abstract The functional properties, proximate composition and phytochemical characteristics of a local Nigerian white melon seed flour was determine in this study. Foaming capacity, emulsion capacity, oil absorption, water absorption, and bulk density tests were conducted. The moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash, carbohydrate, flavonoid, saponin, carotenoid and alkaloid contents of the flour were determined. The results show that the functional properties of the flour are: foaming capacity 0.03 %, emulsion capacity 60.50 %, oil absorption capacity 34.10 %, water absorption capacity 18.60 % and bulk density 1.62 g/ml. The proximate composition of the flour are: carbohydrate 58.43 %, protein 32.55 %, moisture 1.70 %, fat 29.00 %, crude fibre 6.15 % and ash 0.85 %. The flour has the following phytochemical composition: flavonoid 3.13 %, saponin 4.88 %, carotenoid 1.80 % and alkaloid 5.90 %. The analysis revealed that the flour could be used in soup making and infant food formulation. It could also be useful for prevention and cure of heart related diseases. Keywords: Physiochemical Properties; Phytochemical Properties; Melon Seed Flour; White Melon. Cite This Article: Peter Anyigor Okorie. (2018). “DETERMINING THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCAL NIGERIAN WHITE MELON SEED FLOUR.” International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 6(5), 157-166.
  • The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and Toxicological Considerations

    The Use of Plants in the Traditional Management of Diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and Toxicological Considerations

    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 857–924 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations Udoamaka F. Ezuruike n, Jose M. Prieto 1 Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is Received 15 November 2013 now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of Received in revised form herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby 26 May 2014 carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on Accepted 26 May 2014 the available evidence on the species' pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their Available online 12 June 2014 therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare Keywords: system. Diabetes Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic Nigeria databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants Ethnopharmacology used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Herb–drug interactions Nigeria. ‘Diabetes’ and ‘Nigeria’ were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then ‘Plant name – WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy accepted or synonyms’, ‘Constituents’, ‘Drug interaction’ and/or ‘Toxicity’ for the secondary searches.
  • Tennis Courts, One Large Multi‐Purpose Indoor Facility, and Over 9,000 Acres of Open Space Will Also Be Needed

    Tennis Courts, One Large Multi‐Purpose Indoor Facility, and Over 9,000 Acres of Open Space Will Also Be Needed

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The contribution of the following individuals in preparing this document is gratefully acknowledged: City Council Robert Cashell, Mayor Pierre Hascheff, At‐Large Dan Gustin, Ward One Sharon Zadra, Ward Two Jessica Sferrazza, Ward Three Dwight Dortch, Ward Four David Aiazzi, Ward Five City of Reno Charles McNeely, City Manager Susan Schlerf, Assistant City Manager Julee Conway, Director of Parks, Recreation & Community Services John MacIntyre, Project Manager Jaime Schroeder, Senior Management Analyst Mary Beth Anderson, Interim Community Services Manager Nick Anthony, Legislative Relations Program Manager John Aramini, Recreation & Park Commissioner Angel Bachand, Program Assistant Liz Boen, Senior Management Analyst Tait Ecklund, Management Analyst James Graham, Economic Development Program Manager Napoleon Haney, Special Assistant to the City Manager Jessica Jones, Economic Development Program Manager Sven Leff, Recreation Supervisor Mark Lewis, Redevelopment Administrator Jeff Mann, Park Maintenance Manager Cadence Matijevich, Special Events Program Manager Billy Sibley, Open Space & Trails Coordinator Johnathan Skinner, Recreation Manager Suzanna Stigar, Recreation Supervisor Joe Wilson, Recreation Supervisor Terry Zeller, Park Development Planner University of Nevada, Reno Cary Groth, Athletics Director Keith Hackett, Associate Athletics Director Scott Turek, Development Director Washoe County School District Rick Harris, Deputy Superintendent 2 “The most livable of Nevada cities; City Manager’s Office the focus of culture, commerce and Charles McNeely tourism in Northern Nevada.” August 1, 2008 Dear Community Park & Recreation Advocate; Great Cities are characterized by their parks, trails and natural areas. These areas help define the public spaces; the commons where all can gather to seek solace, find adventure, experience harmony and re’create their souls. The City of Reno has actively led the community in enhancing the livability of the City over the past several years.
  • Download Press Release (.Pdf), 222.76 Kb

    Download Press Release (.Pdf), 222.76 Kb

    PRESS RELEASE _______________________________________________________________________ Waiblingen, September 19, 2017 STIHL develops future technology and records double-digit growth Triple-digit unit sales growth in cordless segment boosts turnover growth World firsts: STIHL TS 440 cut-off machine and robotic mower VIKING iMow TeaM STIHL sets new standards with electronic fuel injection in gasoline chainsaws The turnover of the STIHL Group in the current year increased by 11.9 percent to EUR 2.7 billion in the period from January to August. Had foreign exchange rates remained unchanged, growth would have been 10.7 percent. “This double-digit plus has upped the pace of our projected growth. In cordless products in particular we have achieved an exceptionally strong increase in unit sales”, explained STIHL executive board chairman Dr. Bertram Kandziora at the company’s autumn press conference in Wai- blingen. “We have the capacity to continue growing strongly and want to consolidate our technology leadership”, stressed Dr. Kandziora. STIHL is currently researching and developing products not only in the areas of battery technology and connected prod- ucts, but also wants to set new standards in gasoline products: “At present we are working on the world’s first chainsaw with electronically controlled fuel injection”, said the executive board chairman. Further world firsts are the STIHL TS 440 cut-off ma- chine with integrated Quickstop wheel brake and the intelligently interconnected robotic mower VIKING iMow TeaM. Worldwide growth – increased demand for gasoline and cordless products The U.S. market and Western Europe were the main growth engines for the STIHL Group in the first eight months of this year.
  • Restoring Forests for the Future: Profiles in Climate-Smart Restoration on America's National Forests

    Restoring Forests for the Future: Profiles in Climate-Smart Restoration on America's National Forests

    RESTORING FORESTS for the FUTURE Profiles in climate-smart restoration on America’s National Forests Left: Melissa Jenkins Front cover: Kent Mason Back cover: MaxForster. Contents Introduction. ............................................................................................................................................2 This publication was prepared as part of a collaboration among American Forests, National Wildlife Federation and The Nature Conservancy and was funded through a generous grant from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. Principles for Climate-Smart Forest Restoration. .................................................................3 Thank you to the many partners and contributors who provided content, photos, quotes and Look to the future while learning from the past. more. Special thanks to Nick Miner and Eric Sprague (American Forests); Lauren Anderson, Northern Rockies: Reviving ancient traditions of fire to restore the land .....................4 Jessica Arriens, Sarah Bates, Patty Glick and Bruce A. Stein (National Wildlife Federation); and Eric Bontrager, Kimberly R. Hall, Karen Lee and Christopher Topik (The Nature Conservancy). Embrace functional restoration of ecological integrity. Southern Rockies: Assisted regeneration in fire-scarred landscapes ............................ 8 Editor: Rebecca Turner Montana: Strategic watershed restoration for climate resilience ................................... 12 Managing Editor: Ashlan Bonnell Writer: Carol Denny Restore and manage forests in the context of
  • Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin) for Human Nutrition

    Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin) for Human Nutrition

    International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism Vol. 3(8), pp. 103 -108, 13 September, 2011 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijnam ISSN 2141-2499 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of nutrient composition of African melon oilseed (Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin) for human nutrition Samuel A. Besong 1*, Michael O. Ezekwe 2, Celestine N. Fosung 1 and Zachary N. Senwo 3 1Department of Human Ecology, Delaware State University, 1200 North DuPont HWY, Baker Annex Bldg RM #101, Dover, DE 19901, Dover, Delaware, United States of America. 2Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, United States of America. 3Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Normal, AL 35762, United States of America. Accepted 9 August, 2011 Protein deficiency is prevalent among children and even adults in developing countries, especially in African countries and contributes to immune dysfunction, opportunistic infections and mortality. The goal of this project is to search for a cheaper and sustainable plant based source of protein that can be incorporated in the diet to prevent protein deficiency and other essential nutrients. African melon oil seeds ( Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin) collected from Cameroon-West Africa were analyzed to determine their nutrient composition and whether they could serve as a sustainable source of protein, essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids for consumers in developing countries, especially in African countries. Nutrient data obtained shows that Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin has crude protein content of 31.4% and all essential amino acids. Total fat content in the seeds was 52.5% and the fatty acids that were in abundance were: linoleic (62.42%), oleic (15.90%), palmitic (10.27%), and stearic (10.26%).
  • 54 Cucumeropsis Mannii Reverses High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic

    54 Cucumeropsis Mannii Reverses High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic

    [Frontiers in Bioscience, Elite, 13, 54-76, Jan 1, 2021] Cucumeropsis mannii reverses high-fat diet induced metabolic derangement and oxidative stress Anthony T Olofinnade1, Adejoke Y Onaolapo2, Azurra Stefanucci3, Adriano Mollica3, Olugbenga A Olowe4, Olakunle J Onaolapo5 1Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria, 2Behavioral Neuroscience and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria, 3Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy, 4Molecular Bacteriology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria, 5Behavioral Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Materials and methods 3.1. Chemicals 3.2. Cucumeropsis mannii 3.3. Phytochemical screening 3.3.1. Determination of total phenol contents 3.3.2. Determination of total flavonoid content 3.3.3. Determination of ascorbic acid content 3.3.4. Antioxidant activity 3.4. Animals 3.5. Diet 3.6. Experimental method 3.7. Behavioural tests 3.7.1. Open field 3.7.2. Memory tests 3.7.3. Anxiety-related behaviour in the elevated plus maze 3.8. Blood collection 3.9. Tissue homogenisation 3.10. Biochemical tests 3.10.1. Liver and renal function tests 3.10.2. Lipid profile 3.10.3. Superoxide dismutase 3.10.4. Lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) 3.10.5 Acetylcholinesterase activity 3.10.6. γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) levels 3.11.
  • Land Use Policy Tree Farms

    Land Use Policy Tree Farms

    Land Use Policy 26 (2009) 545–550 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol Tree farms: Driving forces and regional patterns in the global expansion of forest plantations Thomas K. Rudel ∗ Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University, 55 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States article info abstract Article history: People have planted trees in rural places with increasing frequency during the past two decades, but the Received 21 November 2007 circumstances in which they plant and the social forces inducing them to plant remain unclear. While Accepted 7 August 2008 forests that produce wood for industrial uses comprise an increasing number of the plantations, most of the growth has occurred in Asia where plantations that produce wood for local consumption remain Keywords: important. Explanations for these trends take economic, political, and human ecological forms. Growth Forest plantations in urban and global markets for forest products, coupled with rural to urban migration, may spur the Forest transition conversion of fields into tree farms. Government programs also stimulate tree planting. These programs Tree farms Rural to urban migration occur frequently in nations with high population densities. Quantitative, cross-national analyses suggest that these forces combine in regionally distinctive ways to promote the expansion of forest plantations. In Africa and Asia plantations have expanded most rapidly in nations with densely populated rural districts, rural to urban migration, and government policies that promote tree planting. In the Americas and Oceania plantations have expanded rapidly in countries with relatively stable rural populations, low densities, and extensive tracts of land in pasture.
  • Forest--Savanna Transition Zones

    Forest--Savanna Transition Zones

    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 4591–4636, 2014 Open Access www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/11/4591/2014/ Biogeosciences BGD doi:10.5194/bgd-11-4591-2014 Discussions © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 11, 4591–4636, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Biogeosciences (BG). Forest–savanna Please refer to the corresponding final paper in BG if available. transition zones Structural, physiognomic and E. M. Veenendaal et al. aboveground biomass variation in Title Page savanna-forest transition zones on three Abstract Introduction continents. How different are Conclusions References co-occurring savanna and forest Tables Figures formations? J I E. M. Veenendaal1, M. Torello-Raventos2, T. R. Feldpausch3, T. F. Domingues4, J I 5 3 2,25 3,6 7 8 F. Gerard , F. Schrodt , G. Saiz , C. A. Quesada , G. Djagbletey , A. Ford , Back Close J. Kemp9, B. S. Marimon10, B. H. Marimon-Junior10, E. Lenza10, J. A. Ratter11, L. Maracahipes10, D. Sasaki12, B. Sonké13, L. Zapfack13, D. Villarroel14, Full Screen / Esc M. Schwarz15, F. Yoko Ishida6,16, M. Gilpin3, G. B. Nardoto17, K. Affum-Baffoe18, L. Arroyo14, K. Bloomfield3, G. Ceca1, H. Compaore19, K. Davies2, A. Diallo20, Printer-friendly Version N. M. Fyllas3, J. Gignoux21, F. Hien20, M. Johnson3, E. Mougin22, P. Hiernaux22, Interactive Discussion T. Killeen14,23, D. Metcalfe8, H. S. Miranda17, M. Steininger24, K. Sykora1, M. I. Bird2, J. Grace4, S. Lewis3,26, O. L. Phillips3, and J. Lloyd16,27 4591
  • November 3, 2016 Charlottetown, PEI for IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION

    November 3, 2016 Charlottetown, PEI for IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION

    November 3, 2016 Charlottetown, PEI FOR IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION SHARP AXES - POWERFUL CHAIN SAWS – PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES THE STIHL TIMBERSPORTS CANADIAN SERIES IS COMING TO TOWN! The STIHL TIMBERSPORTS Canadian Series announces the Canadian Champions Trophy. You have seen it on TV, now come experience it LIVE! As part of Canada’s 150th anniversary celebration, the top Professional Axe-Men in the country will head to town for an event never seen before in the Island and that will have spectators at the edge of their seats from beginning to end. The STIHL TIMBERSPORTS Champions Trophy is the “Master’s Cup” of the sport and is the most coveted event in the Canadian tour. This invitational event features the top eight athletes from the Canadian Championship – the ones that battled the hardest to the top of the Canadian ranking in 2016. "Thanks to the efforts of our sport tourism initiative, SCORE, Canada Day weekend in the Birthplace of Confederation is sure to be an exhilarating experience in 2017 as we welcome the STIHL TIMBERSPORTS Canadian Champions Trophy to Charlottetown," said Mayor Clifford Lee. "With the picturesque Charlottetown waterfront as a backdrop to this ultimate extreme sport, residents, visitors, and TSN viewers will be wildly entertained by this not to be missed Major League of logger sports." The Champions Trophy features four out of the six STIHL TIMBERSPORTS disciplines in a back to back relay format without taking a break. Two athletes at a time will go head to head; winner moves on to the next round, losing athlete is knocked out! The competition starts with the Stock Saw discipline, in which the athlete must cut a disc of wood, a “cookie”, from a log with one downward cut, followed by the Underhand Chop, which simulates chopping a felled tree.
  • Livelihood Transition and Adaptive Bamboo Forest Management: a Case Study in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand

    Livelihood Transition and Adaptive Bamboo Forest Management: a Case Study in Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand

    Mianmit et al., J Biodivers Manage Forestry 2018, 7:1 DOI: 10.4172/2327-4417.1000193 Journal of Biodiversity Management & Forestry Research Article a SciTechnol journal abrogated, creating an area of about 77.65km2 to be used for the Livelihood Transition and Srinakarin dam-building project and preparation for resettlement [2]. This project directly affected SPWS because bamboo cutting was Adaptive Bamboo Forest the main cash income of the reservoir refugees. The process of the development policy from the past to the present time has affected the Management: A Case Study in local people’s livelihoods and bamboo forest utilization in SPWS. Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thus, focusing on the occupational change of bamboo cutters and adaptive bamboo forest management by locals based on modified Thailand traditional knowledge, the livelihood transition and its relationship Nittaya Mianmit1*, Rachanee Pothitan1 and Shinya Takeda2 with bamboo in natural forest is investigated. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine a case of forest transition in Thailand. Forest transition refers to the change from shrinking to expanding Abstract forest focusing on the changing forest area [3-8] owever, the forest transition theory by Mather pointed that not only forest area changes The connection between livelihood transition and adaptive bamboo but forest transition also implies a changeover to a different system of forest management was investigated in a village adjoining Salakpra forest use or management [3]. They defined Thailand as a non-forest Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanchaburi Province, where three species of bamboo—Dendrocalamus membranaceus, Bambusa bambos, transition country in Asia [9], resulting in a reduction of forestland and Thyrsostachys siamensis—were collected by villagers.