DOCSLIB.ORG

The State of Environmental Migration 2013 a REVIEW of 2012

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

STUDY DECEMBER 2013 | CLIMATE The State of International Organization for Migration (IOM) Environmental Migration 2013 A REVIEW OF 2012 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco Italy New York The New Towns of L’Aquila Hurricane Sandy Japan Louisiana Fukushima evacuees’ return Hurricane Issac India Bangladesh Haiti Recurrent Flooding Floods and Food Insurity Hurricane Sandy Burkina-Faso/Mali Desertification and drought Laos Dam-Induced Migration Nigeria Philippines Managing the displacement of 2012 Kenya Typhoon Bopha Drought and internal displacements Mozambique Samoa Mozambican floods Madagascar Cyclone Evan Cyclones Giovanna and Irina Australia Australia and its swift disaster With the support of Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales WITH SUPPORT OF 27, rue Saint-Guillaume www.iddri.org 75337 Paris cedex 07 France © Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) / International Organization for Migration (IOM) D – IDDRI As a foundation of public utility, IDDRI encour- ages reproduction and communication of its copy- righted materials to the public, with proper credit (bibliographical reference and/or corresponding URL), for personal, corporate or public policy research, or educational purposes. However, IDDRI’s copyrighted materials are not for commer- cial use or dissemination (print or electronic). Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in the materials are those of the various authors and are not necessarily those of IDDRI’s board. www.iddri.org D – IOM The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the pres- entation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic develop- ment through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. www.iom.int All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. The State of Environmental Migration 2013 A REVIEW OF 2012 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco INTRODUCTION 5 In Focus METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 MIGRATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PART 1 THE CASE OF HURRICANE SANDY IN HAITI 32 FLIGHTS AND EVACUATIONS CYCLONES GIOVANNA AND IRINA HURRICANE SANDY IN NEW YORK MAKE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE HOMELESS 47 AND NEW JERSEY: EVACUATION, DISPLACEMENT RESPONDING TO HURRICANE ISAAC: AND ADAPTATION 15 ASSESSING EVACUATIONS AND FEDERAL LEVEE TYPHOON BOPHA AND PEOPLE SEVEN YEARS AFTER KATRINA 61 DISPLACEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 33 AUSTRALIA AND ITS SWIFT DISASTER CYCLONE EVAN IN SAMOA 49 RESPONSE MANAGEMENT 74 ASSAM AND THE BRAHMAPUTRA: RECURRENT MOZAMBICAN FLOODS AND RESETTLEMENT FLOODING AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 63 PROCESSES 75 DISASTER RESPONSE IN NIGERIA: MANAGING PART 2 THE LARGEST DISPLACEMENT OF 2012 76 MOBILITY, RESETTLEMENT 2012 FLOODS IN BANGLADESH AND FOOD DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT RELATED INSECURITY 99 MIGRATIONS IN THE SAHEL – THE CASES OF MALI AND BURKINA FASO 79 THE NEW TOWNS OF L’AQUILA: A SUCCESSFUL POST-QUAKE REHOUSING DROUGHT AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS PROJECT OR A WRONG LONG-TERM OF PASTORALISTS IN NORTHERN KENYA RECONSTRUCTION POLICY? 126 IN 2012: AN ASSESSMENT 101 THE FUKUSHIMA EVACUEES’ RETURN 117 DAM-INDUCED MIGRATION IN THE MEKONG REGION 127 3 with support of COST Action COST Action IS1101 on Climate change and Migration COST IS1101 Climate change and migration: knowledge, law and policy and theory is a pan-European network of social scientists that aims to build a broad body of social science research on all aspects of climate change and migration. Our objectives are: sto enhance and improve understanding of climate change and migration; sto furnish state and non-state actors with state-of-the-art empirical, theoreti- cal, legal and policy research on climate change and migration; sto inform national and international policy dialogue, such as the IPCC and other policy initiatives; sto expand research capacity in the area of climate change and migration; and sto establish a network of Europe-based social science researchers working on climate change and migration. Our work is subdivided into three working groups: Working Group I (WGI) - Knowl- edge; Working Group II (WGII) - Law and Policy; and Working Group III (WGIII) - Theory. The focus of WGI is empirical research, including method and data collec- tion, quantification, remote sensing and geographical information systems, and modelling. The focus of WGII is normative research, including research leading to the development of policy and law. And the focus of WGIII is theoretical research, including political, cultural and social theory, postcolonial theory and critical race theory. In order to achieve our objectives, we fund a range of activities including work- shops, knowledge exchange, and research dissemination, such as the annual publication of the State of Environmental Migration report. Our Action began in October 2011 and will run for 4 years, winding down in Octo- ber 2015. Dr Andrew Baldwin, Institute for Hazard, Risk, and Resilience, Durham University Chair, COST Action IS1101. The State of Environmental Migration 2011 INTRODUCTION FRANÇOIS GEMENNE, PAULINE BRÜCKER AND DINA IONESCO For the third consecutive year, the State of Environ- climate change takes many forms, hence, requires mental Migration is geared at bringing visibility to wide-ranging partnerships as it is as the cross and new evidence on the migration-environment roads of migration, development, urban and rural nexus. This third edition follows the same rationale planning, disaster risk reduction, humanitarian, as the two previous ones, giving space to young environment and adaptation policies. researchers to present a variety of case-studies on migration, environment and climate change. The State of Environmental Migration is an opportunity THE YEAR 2012: MIGRATION for young researchers to explore research on the AND DISPLACEMENT DUE matter and to propose policy recommendations. As in the previous year, the publication has TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND benefitted from the support of the COST Action CLIMATIC FACTORS IS on Climate Change and Migration, a Eu- ropean-wide network of researchers working on The year was again marred by a series of the themes explored in the different chapters that natural disasters, affecting both developing and follow. The Action puts a particular emphasis on developed countries. Though hurricane Sandy the support to young researchers, and we are very was clearly the disaster that attracted the most grateful for the support offered this year again. attention, this year’s edition of the State of Environ- The publication also owes a lot to Mark Koski, a mental Migration sheds light on a number of envi- graduate student from the University of Michigan. ronmental changes, both sudden and slow-onset, Mark did a fantastic editorial job on the different which were often little covered by the media. chapters, and we would like to use this opportu- Those include of course cyclones Bopha and nity to thank him for the energy and attention he Evan, which affected the Philippines and Samoa put into this report. respectively, but also recurrent floods in Nigeria The publication gathers a variety of cases stud- and India, for example. In , according to the ies, from drought in some of the poorest areas of Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC), Sub-Saharan Africa, to Hurricane Sandy devas- . million people were displaced because of tating the North-East United States. It documents natural disasters, a number that has doubled from sudden crises such as Typhoon Bopha, planned . The two largest disasters in are both due development-induced migration from hydroelec- to flooding, leading to the massive displacement tric dams in China and the Lower Mekong Delta of . million people in Nigeria and . million in and slow-onset droughts displacing pastoralists in India. Both disasters are presented in this edition. Kenya. The edition also analysis short-term As important as it may seem, this number does evacuations and people quickly rebuilding from not account for those who were displaced as a re- floods in Australia, while also presenting the sult of slower, gradual environmental changes, or situation of people still displaced in Japan, Italy as a result of resettlement processes. And indeed, and Haiti. The structure of the volume that pres- behind the generic term of ‘environmental migra- ents first emerging catastrophes and second ongo- tion’, this report highlights a wide range of mobil- ing crises gives us an opportunity to examine cases ity patterns. Included are situations of flights and that made headlines in , and revisit cases that evacuations, but also situations of mobility as a have long been out
Recommended publications
  • High Resolution Met-Ocean Modelling for Storm Surge Risk Analysis in Apia, Samoa – Final Report

    High Resolution Met-Ocean Modelling for Storm Surge Risk Analysis in Apia, Samoa – Final Report

    The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology High Resolution Met-Ocean Modelling for Storm Surge Risk Analysis in Apia, Samoa – Final Report Ron Hoeke, Kathy McInnes, Julian O’Grady, Felix Lipkin and Frank Colberg CAWCR Technical Report No. 071 June 2014 High Resolution Met-Ocean Modelling for Storm Surge Risk Analysis in Apia, Samoa – Final Report Ron Hoeke, Kathy McInnes, Julian O’Grady, Felix Lipkin and Frank Colberg Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, 3008 CAWCR Technical Report No. 071 June 2014 ISSN: 1835-9884 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Authors: Ron Hoeke, Kathy McInnes, Julian O’Grady, Felix Lipkin and Frank Colberg Title: High resolution met-ocean modelling for storm surge risk analysis in Apia, Samoa. ISBN: 9781486303212 Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Storm surges--Samoa--Apia--Mathematical models. Storm winds--Samoa--Apia--Mathematical models. Wind waves--Samoa--Apia--Mathematical models. Sea level--Samoa--Apia--Mathematical models. Cyclones--Samoa--Apia. Dewey Number 551.463099614 Enquiries should be addressed to: Ron Hoeke Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research: A partnership between the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO GPO Box 1289, Melbourne Victoria 3001, Australia [email protected] Copyright and Disclaimer © 2013 CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology.
  • Faleata East - Upolu

    Faleata East - Upolu

    Community Integrated Management Plan Faleata East - Upolu Implementation Guidelines 2018 COMMUNITY INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES Foreword It is with great pleasure that I present the new Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans, formerly known as Coastal Infrastructure Management (CIM) Plans. The revised CIM Plans recognizes the change in approach since the first set of fifteen CIM Plans were developed from 2002-2003 under the World Bank funded Infrastructure Asset Management Project (IAMP) , and from 2004-2007 for the remaining 26 districts, under the Samoa Infrastructure Asset Management (SIAM) Project. With a broader geographic scope well beyond the coastal environment, the revised CIM Plans now cover all areas from the ridge-to-reef, and includes the thematic areas of not only infrastructure, but also the environment and biological resources, as well as livelihood sources and governance. The CIM Strategy, from which the CIM Plans were derived from, was revised in August 2015 to reflect the new expanded approach and it emphasizes the whole of government approach for planning and implementation, taking into consideration an integrated ecosystem based adaptation approach and the ridge to reef concept. The timeframe for implementation and review has also expanded from five years to ten years as most of the solutions proposed in the CIM Plan may take several years to realize. The CIM Plans is envisaged as the blueprint for climate change interventions across all development sectors – reflecting the programmatic approach to climate resilience adaptation taken by the Government of Samoa. The proposed interventions outlined in the CIM Plans are also linked to the Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2016/17 – 2019/20 and the relevant ministry sector plans.
  • Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change Sofia Bettencourt, World Bank

    Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change Sofia Bettencourt, World Bank

    Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Pacific Island Economies Sofia Bettencourt, World Bank Pacific Islands Vulnerability is Rising... Event Year Country Losses ( US$ million) Cyclone Ofa 1990 Samoa 140 Cyclone Val 1991 Samoa 300 Typhoon Omar 1992 Guam 300 Cyclone Kina 1993 Fiji 140 Cyclone Martin 1997 Cook Islands 7.5 Cyclone Hina 1997 Tonga 14.5 Drought 1997 Regional >175 Cyclone Cora 1998 Tonga 56 Cyclone Dani 1999 Fiji 3.5 Sources: Campbell (1999) and World Bank (2000) The costs of extreme weather events in the 1990s exceeded US$1 billion Support Projects 2003 Adaptation Projects 2002 Donor Commitments are also rising… 2001 $4,000 Risk/Disaster Years $3,500 2000 Manag ement $3,000 $2,500 $2,000 1999 $1,500 $1,000 daptation Consultation, Fiji 2003 $500 $0 Commitments (US$’000) Commitments Source: Second High Level A Emerging Key Principles Merge adaptation and hazard management Treat adaptation as a major economic, social and environmental risk Mainstream adaptation into national economic planning House adaptation in a high-level coordinating Ministry Treat adaptation as a long-term process Involve communities and private sector Disseminate information to high-level decision makers and the public Strengthen regulations affecting vulnerability An Example of Mainstreaming The Kiribati Adaptation Program Kiribati Source: http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/country/kiribati.html Kiribati is one of the Most Vulnerable Countries in the World in its Physical Environment… The 33 atolls of Kiribati are less than 500-1,000 meters
  • Pacific Sheath-Tailed Bat American Samoa Emballonura Semicaudata Semicaudata Species Report April 2020

    Pacific Sheath-Tailed Bat American Samoa Emballonura Semicaudata Semicaudata Species Report April 2020

    Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat American Samoa Emballonura semicaudata semicaudata Species Report April 2020 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Honolulu, HI Cover Photo Credits Shawn Thomas, Bat Conservation International. Suggested Citation USFWS. 2020. Species Status Assessment for the Pacific Sheath Tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata semicaudata). April 2020 (Version 1.1). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI. 57 pp. Primary Authors Version 1.1 of this document was prepared by Mari Reeves, Fred Amidon, and James Kwon of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, Hawaii. Preparation and review was conducted by Gregory Koob, Megan Laut, and Stephen E. Miller of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. Acknowledgements We thank the following individuals for their contribution to this work: Marcos Gorresen, Adam Miles, Jorge Palmeirim, Dave Waldien, Dick Watling, and Gary Wiles. ii Executive Summary This Species Report uses the best available scientific and commercial information to assess the status of the semicaudata subspecies of the Pacific sheath-tailed bat, Emballonura semicaudata semicaudata. This subspecies is found in southern Polynesia, eastern Melanesia, and Micronesia. Three additional subspecies of E. semicaudata (E.s. rotensis, E.s. palauensis, and E.s. sulcata) are not discussed here unless they are used to support assumptions about E.s. semicaudata, or to fill in data gaps in this analysis. The Pacific sheath-tailed bat is an Old-World bat in the family Emballonuridae, and is found in parts of Polynesia, eastern Melanesia, and Micronesia. It is the only insectivorous bat recorded from much of this area.
  • Wave Climate of Tuvalu

    Wave Climate of Tuvalu

    WAVE CLIMATE OF TUVALU Stephen F. Barstow and Ola Haug OCEANOR' November 1994 SOPAC Technical Report 203 'OCEANOR Oceanographic Company of Norway AS Pir-Senteret N-7005 Trondheim Norway The Wave Climate of Tuvalu Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 2. SOME BASICS ....................................................................................................... 2 3 . OCEANIC WINDS ................................................................................................... 3 3.1 General Description ............................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Representativity of the measurement period ........................................................................ 5 3.3 Winds in the source region for swell ..................................................................................... 5 4 . OCEAN WAVES ..................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Buoy Measurements .............................................................................................................. 7 4.2 Ocean Wave Statistics .......................................................................................................... 8 5 . SPECIAL EVENTS ................................................................................................ 13 5.1 Tropical Cyclone Uma ........................................................................................................
  • When Risk Management of Natural Hazards

    When Risk Management of Natural Hazards

    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Not if but when Adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands Region A policy note Public Disclosure Authorized 2006 Sofia Bettencourt | Richard Croad | Paul Freeman | John Hay | Roger Jones Peter King | Padma Lal | Alan Mearns | Geoff Miller | Idah Pswarayi-Riddihough Alf Simpson | Nakibae Teuatabo | Ulric Trotz | Maarten Van Aalst The World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region Pacific Islands Country Management Unit Adapting to Natural Hazards in the Pacific Islands Region 1 This Policy Note is dedicated to the memory of Savenaca Siwatibau for his efforts and vision in mainstreaming hazard risk management into economic planning in the Pacific. Note: The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this Policy Note are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent nor to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, SOPAC or AusAID. Contents List of Acronyms iii Prologue iv Contributors vi Executive summary viii 1 High vulnerability 1 1.1 Fifty years of disasters 1 1.2 Recent trends 4 1.3 The future climate 6 2 Key lessons learned 9 2.1 Early action pays 9 2.2 Some action but too little impact 11 3. Future directions 17 3. 1 Strengthening the enabling national environment 18 3.2 Supporting decision-making 20 3.3 Mainstreaming 24 3.4 Implementation 28 3.5 Monitoring and evaluation 30 3.6
  • Reducing the Risks of Cyclone Storm Surge Inundation on the Atolls of Tokelau Atafu

    Reducing the Risks of Cyclone Storm Surge Inundation on the Atolls of Tokelau Atafu

    Reducing the risks of cyclone storm surge inundation on the atolls of Tokelau Atafu NIWA Client Report: HAM2005-119 July 2005 NIWA Project: UNS05201 Reducing the risks of cyclone storm surge inundation on the atolls of Tokelau Atafu Doug Ramsay With assistance from: Heto Puka, Finance Manager, Tokelau Apia Liaison Office Prepared for United Nations Development Programme NIWA Client Report: HAM2005-119 July 2005 NIWA Project: UNS05201 National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Gate 10, Silverdale Road, Hamilton P O Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand Phone +64-7-856 7026, Fax +64-7-856 0151 www.niwa.co.nz All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the client. Such permission is to be given only in accordance with the terms of the client's contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Contents Executive Summary iv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview of the outputs of the study 3 1.3 Previous studies and ongoing activities 3 1.4 Scope of this report 6 2. Natural coastal change on Atafu 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 An overview of key natural physical processes on Atafu 8 3. The present day situation 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Natural coastal defences 14 3.3 Built coastal defences (seawalls) 15 3.4 Community buildings 20 3.5 Housing 23 3.6 Extent of inundation during Cyclone Percy 25 3.7 Cyclone damage estimates 27 4.
  • Wave Data Collection, Funafuti, Tuvalu

    Wave Data Collection, Funafuti, Tuvalu

    WAVE DATA COLLECTION FUNAFUTI, TUVALU May 1990 - December 1991 S.F. Barstow and E. Olsen Oceanographic Company of Norway A.S /OCEANOR) January 1993 SOPAC Technical Report 155 This report was originally submitted to SOPAC by the Oceanographic Company of Norway AS (OCEANOR) as OCEANOR Report OCN R-92091 Prepared (or:South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPACj Coastal and Nearshore Program WI-::. WTE WI-::.11'1-::.C({J)ILJLIEC'ITII({J)]N 'JI'lUW &Jl.11J MA 1f 11WID Q WIEOEOOillIEffi. 11w)11 OCEAN0R/28400(fUV ALU/esk/92.11.02 Page i Contents I Introduction . .. I 2 Measurement Programme 3 2.1 Overview of Measurement Sites 3 2.2 Instrumentation System 4 2.2.1 Datawell Waverider Buoy . .. 4 3 Processing of Data . .. 6 3.1 Data Processing within the Waverider Buoy . .. 6 3.1.1 Data Processing - OCEANOR System 6 3.1.2 Data Processing - Datawetl System. .. 8 3.1.2.\ Standard Datawell ARGOS Message 8 3.1.2.2 Revised Datawell ARGOS Message . .. 12 3.2 Communication with ARGOS. .. 14 3.3 Inhouse Data Processing. 14 3.3.1 Routine Handling Procedure 14 3.3.2 General............................................. 15 3.3.3 Procedure 15 4 Accumulated Wave Statistics. .. 17 4.1 Data Recovery, Average Conditions and Maximum Values 17 5 Wave Statistics for 1991 21 5.1 Data Recovery, Average and Maximum Values 21 5.2 General Description of the Wave Conditions in the South Pacific during 1991 22 5.3 Events Effecting the Measurements (Log) 13 5.4 Special Events 33 5.4.1 Long Swells in January 1991 33 5.4.2 Cyclone Val; Effects Seen at Funafuti; December 1991 33 6 Conclusions.
  • Burkina Faso

    Burkina Faso

    [NAME] [FIRM] [ADDRESS] [PHONE NUMBER] [FAX NUMBER] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW IMMIGRATION COURT [CITY, STATE] __________________________________________ ) In the Matter of: ) ) File No.: A __________ __________ ) ) In removal proceedings ) __________________________________________) INDEX TO DOCUMENTATION OF COUNTRY CONDITIONS REGARDING PERSECUTION OF LGBTQ PERSONS IN BURKINA FASO TAB SUMMARY GOVERNMENTAL SOURCES 1. Overseas Security Advisory Council, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, U.S. Dep’t of State, Burkina Faso 2020 Crime & Safety Report (May 12, 2020), available at https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/81726191-31e9-4ceb-9adb-18aa5a5de155 • “Members of the LGBTI+ community find life in Burkina Faso extremely difficult and, at worst, dangerous. Societal discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity remains an issue; religious/traditional beliefs do not tolerate homosexuality.” (p. 4) • “There are regular reports of verbal and physical abuse against members of the LGBTI+ community. LGBTI+ employees have passed partners off as relatives, even within the Embassy community, to avoid the possibility of intolerant reactions.” (p. 4) 2. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Dep’t of State, 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burkina Faso (Mar. 2020), available at https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/burkina-faso/ • “The country has no hate crime laws or other criminal justice mechanisms to aid in the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of bias-motivated crimes against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) community. NGOs reported police TAB SUMMARY occasionally arrested gay men and transgender individuals and humiliated them in detention before releasing them.” (p.
  • Mixed Farming : Scope and Constraints in West African Savanna

    Mixed Farming : Scope and Constraints in West African Savanna

    Mixed Farming :Scop e and Constraints inWes tAfrica n Savanna Promotor: Dr. Ir. H.va nKeule n Hoogleraar bijd eleerstoelgroe p PlantaardigeProductiesysteme n y-f- 'i, Mixed Farming :Scop e and Constraints inWes tAfrica n Savanna Maja Slingerland Proefschrift Terverkrijgin gva nd egraa dva ndocto r opgeza gva nd erecto r magnificus vanWageninge nUniversiteit , dr. CM.Karssen , inhe topenbaa r te verdedigen opvrijda g2 Jun i 2000 desnamiddag st evie r uur ind eAul a ThesisWageninge n University, ISBN 90-5808-242-3 Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences Also published inTropica l Resource Management Papers, No. 34 (2000) ISSN0926-949 5 Thecompletio n ofthi sPh D thesis was financially supported byWageninge n University Cover design:Pie t Kostense &Maj a Slingerland Coverphotos : Maja Slingerland &Georg e Bazie RIB!!'.;': i il;,:K VVACFM\K:r\' 0 ,(JSI,« ° Propositions 1. Only wealthier farmers can and will become mixed farmers. This thesis 2. Resource-poor farmers and semi-nomadic pastoralists must be stimulated to participate in technology development, so that they can influence the research agenda and be co- responsible for development and extension of technologies adressing their specific needs. This thesis 3. You can not sell a cow and drink its milk. A proverb 4. Appropriate credit facilities at farm level are a prerequisite for optimal animal production and undisturbed integration of crop and livestock production on mixed farms. This thesis 5. A cart should be considered more important in mixed farming than a plough. This thesis 6. Mossi crop farmers and Fulani herdmen use different strategies to cope with uncertainties such as unreliable rainfall conditions: Mossi increase control over scarce resources whereas Fulani increase mobility to track changes and find the scarce resources.
  • Bilingual Education in Burkina Faso an Alternative Approach for Quality Basic Education

    Bilingual Education in Burkina Faso an Alternative Approach for Quality Basic Education

    Bilingual Education in Burkina Faso An Alternative Approach for Quality Basic Education The book This book presents the history, conceptual foundations, accomplishments and chal- lenges of an educational innovation in Burkina Faso: that of bilingual education. This bilingual education system is designed as a continuum comprised of three levels: early-learning centers for preschool-age children (3 to 6 years), bilingual primary schools for children aged 7 to 11 years and multilingual middle schools for children aged 12 to 16 years. The new system is in keeping with the spirit of Burkina Faso’s education reform law of 30 July 2007. Bilingual education seeks to enable children to acquire a minimum level of edu- cation that gives them the basic knowledge and the tools they need to understand and improve their immediate environment. It is characterized by the use of national languages as both a medium and subject of instruction, the introduction of practical and productive activities, citizenship education, close ties to the local community, study and appreciation of the national culture, involvement of the local population in the design, planning and execution of school programs, and shortening of the duration of schooling by one to two years. Education in Africa Bilingual education in Burkina Faso started with a pilot experiment at the primary level, which ran from 1994 to 1998. It has since been expanded and extended to other Bilingual Education levels of education. Eight national languages are used in complementarity with French. in Burkina Faso The author Paul Taryam Ilboudo was born in 1949 in Nomgana, Burkina Faso.
  • Seawalls in Samoa: a Look at Their Ne Vironmental, Social and Economic Implications Sawyer Lawson SIT Study Abroad

    Seawalls in Samoa: a Look at Their Ne Vironmental, Social and Economic Implications Sawyer Lawson SIT Study Abroad

    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2011 Seawalls in Samoa: A Look at Their nE vironmental, Social and Economic Implications Sawyer Lawson SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Lawson, Sawyer, "Seawalls in Samoa: A Look at Their nE vironmental, Social and Economic Implications" (2011). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1058. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1058 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Seawalls in Samoa: A Look at Their Environmental, Social and Economic Implications Sawyer Lawson Project Advisor: Espen Ronneberg Academic Director: Jackie Fa’asisila S.I.T. Samoa, Spring 2011 Abstract: This study concerns the environmental, economic and social implications of seawalls in Samoa. Information for this study was gathered using a combination of secondary sources and primary sources including interviews, surveys and participant observation. Given the cultural and economic importance of Samoa’s coastline and the fact that seawalls, which already occupy much of Samoa’s coast, are becoming more abundant, it is important to understand the implications of building them. The researcher found that partially due to climate change and sand mining, Samoa’s coastline has become increasingly threatened by erosion and coastal retreat.