STUDY DECEMBER 2013 | CLIMATE The State of International Organization for Migration (IOM) Environmental Migration 2013 A REVIEW OF 2012 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco Italy New York The New Towns of L’Aquila Hurricane Sandy Japan Louisiana Fukushima evacuees’ return Hurricane Issac India Bangladesh Haiti Recurrent Flooding Floods and Food Insurity Hurricane Sandy Burkina-Faso/Mali Desertification and drought Laos Dam-Induced Migration Nigeria Philippines Managing the displacement of 2012 Kenya Typhoon Bopha Drought and internal displacements Mozambique Samoa Mozambican floods Madagascar Cyclone Evan Cyclones Giovanna and Irina Australia Australia and its swift disaster With the support of Institut du développement durable et des relations internationales WITH SUPPORT OF 27, rue Saint-Guillaume www.iddri.org 75337 Paris cedex 07 France © Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) / International Organization for Migration (IOM) D – IDDRI As a foundation of public utility, IDDRI encour- ages reproduction and communication of its copy- righted materials to the public, with proper credit (bibliographical reference and/or corresponding URL), for personal, corporate or public policy research, or educational purposes. 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As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic develop- ment through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. www.iom.int All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. The State of Environmental Migration 2013 A REVIEW OF 2012 Edited by François Gemenne Pauline Brücker Dina Ionesco INTRODUCTION 5 In Focus METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 MIGRATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PART 1 THE CASE OF HURRICANE SANDY IN HAITI 32 FLIGHTS AND EVACUATIONS CYCLONES GIOVANNA AND IRINA HURRICANE SANDY IN NEW YORK MAKE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE HOMELESS 47 AND NEW JERSEY: EVACUATION, DISPLACEMENT RESPONDING TO HURRICANE ISAAC: AND ADAPTATION 15 ASSESSING EVACUATIONS AND FEDERAL LEVEE TYPHOON BOPHA AND PEOPLE SEVEN YEARS AFTER KATRINA 61 DISPLACEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 33 AUSTRALIA AND ITS SWIFT DISASTER CYCLONE EVAN IN SAMOA 49 RESPONSE MANAGEMENT 74 ASSAM AND THE BRAHMAPUTRA: RECURRENT MOZAMBICAN FLOODS AND RESETTLEMENT FLOODING AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 63 PROCESSES 75 DISASTER RESPONSE IN NIGERIA: MANAGING PART 2 THE LARGEST DISPLACEMENT OF 2012 76 MOBILITY, RESETTLEMENT 2012 FLOODS IN BANGLADESH AND FOOD DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT RELATED INSECURITY 99 MIGRATIONS IN THE SAHEL – THE CASES OF MALI AND BURKINA FASO 79 THE NEW TOWNS OF L’AQUILA: A SUCCESSFUL POST-QUAKE REHOUSING DROUGHT AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENTS PROJECT OR A WRONG LONG-TERM OF PASTORALISTS IN NORTHERN KENYA RECONSTRUCTION POLICY? 126 IN 2012: AN ASSESSMENT 101 THE FUKUSHIMA EVACUEES’ RETURN 117 DAM-INDUCED MIGRATION IN THE MEKONG REGION 127 3 with support of COST Action COST Action IS1101 on Climate change and Migration COST IS1101 Climate change and migration: knowledge, law and policy and theory is a pan-European network of social scientists that aims to build a broad body of social science research on all aspects of climate change and migration. Our objectives are: sto enhance and improve understanding of climate change and migration; sto furnish state and non-state actors with state-of-the-art empirical, theoreti- cal, legal and policy research on climate change and migration; sto inform national and international policy dialogue, such as the IPCC and other policy initiatives; sto expand research capacity in the area of climate change and migration; and sto establish a network of Europe-based social science researchers working on climate change and migration. Our work is subdivided into three working groups: Working Group I (WGI) - Knowl- edge; Working Group II (WGII) - Law and Policy; and Working Group III (WGIII) - Theory. The focus of WGI is empirical research, including method and data collec- tion, quantification, remote sensing and geographical information systems, and modelling. The focus of WGII is normative research, including research leading to the development of policy and law. And the focus of WGIII is theoretical research, including political, cultural and social theory, postcolonial theory and critical race theory. In order to achieve our objectives, we fund a range of activities including work- shops, knowledge exchange, and research dissemination, such as the annual publication of the State of Environmental Migration report. Our Action began in October 2011 and will run for 4 years, winding down in Octo- ber 2015. Dr Andrew Baldwin, Institute for Hazard, Risk, and Resilience, Durham University Chair, COST Action IS1101. The State of Environmental Migration 2011 INTRODUCTION FRANÇOIS GEMENNE, PAULINE BRÜCKER AND DINA IONESCO For the third consecutive year, the State of Environ- climate change takes many forms, hence, requires mental Migration is geared at bringing visibility to wide-ranging partnerships as it is as the cross and new evidence on the migration-environment roads of migration, development, urban and rural nexus. This third edition follows the same rationale planning, disaster risk reduction, humanitarian, as the two previous ones, giving space to young environment and adaptation policies. researchers to present a variety of case-studies on migration, environment and climate change. The State of Environmental Migration is an opportunity THE YEAR 2012: MIGRATION for young researchers to explore research on the AND DISPLACEMENT DUE matter and to propose policy recommendations. As in the previous year, the publication has TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND benefitted from the support of the COST Action CLIMATIC FACTORS IS on Climate Change and Migration, a Eu- ropean-wide network of researchers working on The year was again marred by a series of the themes explored in the different chapters that natural disasters, affecting both developing and follow. The Action puts a particular emphasis on developed countries. Though hurricane Sandy the support to young researchers, and we are very was clearly the disaster that attracted the most grateful for the support offered this year again. attention, this year’s edition of the State of Environ- The publication also owes a lot to Mark Koski, a mental Migration sheds light on a number of envi- graduate student from the University of Michigan. ronmental changes, both sudden and slow-onset, Mark did a fantastic editorial job on the different which were often little covered by the media. chapters, and we would like to use this opportu- Those include of course cyclones Bopha and nity to thank him for the energy and attention he Evan, which affected the Philippines and Samoa put into this report. respectively, but also recurrent floods in Nigeria The publication gathers a variety of cases stud- and India, for example. In , according to the ies, from drought in some of the poorest areas of Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC), Sub-Saharan Africa, to Hurricane Sandy devas- . million people were displaced because of tating the North-East United States. It documents natural disasters, a number that has doubled from sudden crises such as Typhoon Bopha, planned . The two largest disasters in are both due development-induced migration from hydroelec- to flooding, leading to the massive displacement tric dams in China and the Lower Mekong Delta of . million people in Nigeria and . million in and slow-onset droughts displacing pastoralists in India. Both disasters are presented in this edition. Kenya. The edition also analysis short-term As important as it may seem, this number does evacuations and people quickly rebuilding from not account for those who were displaced as a re- floods in Australia, while also presenting the sult of slower, gradual environmental changes, or situation of people still displaced in Japan, Italy as a result of resettlement processes. And indeed, and Haiti. The structure of the volume that pres- behind the generic term of ‘environmental migra- ents first emerging catastrophes and second ongo- tion’, this report highlights a wide range of mobil- ing crises gives us an opportunity to examine cases ity patterns. Included are situations of flights and that made headlines in , and revisit cases that evacuations, but also situations of mobility as a have long been out