UMA PEQUENA AMÉRICA NO ORIENTE: Fundamentos Culturais Do Apoio Ao Sionismo Nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948)

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UMA PEQUENA AMÉRICA NO ORIENTE: Fundamentos Culturais Do Apoio Ao Sionismo Nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA LUIZ SALGADO NETO UMA PEQUENA AMÉRICA NO ORIENTE: fundamentos culturais do apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948) Niterói 2013 LUIZ SALGADO NETO UMA PEQUENA AMÉRICA NO ORIENTE: fundamentos culturais do apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de concentração: História Social. Orientadora: Professora Doutora Cecília da Silva Azevedo Niterói, 2013 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá S164 Salgado Neto, Luiz. Uma pequena América no Oriente: fundamentos culturais do apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948) / Luiz Salgado Neto. – 2013. 289 f. ; il. Orientador: Cecília da Silva Azevedo. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2013. Bibliografia: f. 281-289. 1. Palestina. 2. Estados Unidos. 3. Israel. 4. Oriente Médio. I. Azevedo, Cecília da Silva. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 956.9404 LUIZ SALGADO NETO Uma pequena América no Oriente: fundamentos culturais do apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos (1936-1948) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de concentração: História Social. Aprovada em ______/______/_________ BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Cecília da Silva Azevedo – Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF ______________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Flávio Limoncic – Arguidor Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO ______________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Leopoldo Osório Carvalho de Oliveira - Arguidor Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Agradecimentos A Deus, por ter tornado possível que eu chegasse até aqui, por ter me dado saúde e disposição para o trabalho e para o estudo. À minha Orientadora, Cecília Azevedo, por toda sua atenção, apoio e valiosíssimas sugestões, que foram extremamente importantes para o resultado desta pesquisa. Ao Professor Flávio Limoncic, por aceitar fazer parte da banca de qualificação e defesa, por sua leitura atenciosa do meu texto e pelas sugestões que contribuíram sobremaneira para a minha pesquisa. Ao Professor Leopoldo Osório de Oliveira, por aceitar fazer parte da banca de qualificação e defesa, por sua leitura atenta, por contribuições à minha pesquisa e pelas ricas discussões durante a disciplina “Narrativa Sionista Clássica” na UFRJ. Ao meu colega de Mestrado Gabriel Trigueiro, pela parceria intelectual, sugestões e ângulos de observação que trouxeram contribuições importantes para minhas análises. À minha amiga Glaucia Pessoa, por compartilhar diversas experiências e leituras e pelos sempre interessantes “papos historiográficos” que sempre me ajudaram a pensar meus caminhos de pesquisa. Aos meus pais, que sempre me mostraram o valor da educação, e a todos meus familiares, irmã, irmão e sobrinhas, pelo apoio e por compreenderem minhas ausências. À minha esposa, Danielle Salgado, pelo amor, carinho, amizade, apoio em todos os momentos da minha vida e por ter sido minha grande incentivadora desde quando pensei em voltar aos estudos. Observações As referências bibliográficas estão indicadas no modo de citação autor-data, por exemplo, (BENSON, 1997, p. 40). Já as citações da documentação estão contidas em notas de rodapé. Todos os documentos citados foram traduzidos livremente. Assim, todo o conteúdo traduzido é de minha responsabilidade. RESUMO A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar os fundamentos culturais do apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos. Por meio da análise de cinco periódicos de amplitude nacional, buscou- se apreender os elementos culturais presentes em avaliações sobre a Questão da Palestina e em discursos pró-sionistas no período de 1936 e 1948. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como essas avaliações e esses discursos mobilizaram representações, valores, percepções, crenças e imagens na análise do conflito entre árabes e sionistas, bem como na defesa da criação de um Estado judeu na Palestina. Esta pesquisa propôs uma articulação entre política e cultura. Dessa forma, buscou-se avaliar, ao fim do estudo, como fundamentos culturais influenciaram a postura política de uma parcela significativa da sociedade norte-americana, que pressionava o governo dos Estados Unidos a apoiar a criação de um Estado judeu na Palestina. Palavras-chave: Palestina – Estados Unidos – Israel – Oriente Médio ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to analyze the cultural grounds of the support to Zionism in the United States. Through an analysis of five periodicals of national amplitude, this study seeks to apprehend the cultural elements present in evaluations of the Palestine Question and in pro- Zionists discourses in the period between 1936 and 1948. The objective of this study was analyze how these evaluations and discourses mobilized representations, values, perceptions, beliefs and images in the views of the conflict between Arabs and Zionists, as well as in the defense of the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine. This research propounded an articulation between politics and culture. Therefore, it sought to evaluate, at the end of the study, how cultural grounds affected the political behavior of an important segment of the American society, which pressed the United States government to support the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine. Keywords: Palestine – United States – Israel – Middle East SUMÁRIO Introdução .............................................................................................................................. 11 PRIMEIRA PARTE: Representações culturais .................................................................. 39 Capítulo 1: representações de sionistas e árabes nos Estados Unidos ............................... 40 1.1 A analogia Sionismo-Americanismo e o Orientalismo norte-americano ....................... 40 1.2 Sionismo e judaísmo ....................................................................................................... 60 1.3 Palestina simbólica .......................................................................................................... 73 Capítulo 2: Sionismo, progresso e modernidade ................................................................. 87 2.1 Progresso versus atraso ................................................................................................... 87 2.2 Progresso sionista e modernidade ................................................................................... 98 2.3 A noção de Progresso e a relação sionismo-New Deal ................................................. 121 Capítulo 3: A Questão dos refugiados e o Holocausto ..................................................... 136 3.1 Respostas ao problema dos refugiados judeus: a defesa dos oprimidos ....................... 136 3.2 Ações para salvar os judeus .......................................................................................... 148 3.3 O White Paper ............................................................................................................... 156 3.4 O choque do Holocausto ............................................................................................... 161 3.5 A situação no pós-guerra .............................................................................................. 172 SEGUNDA PARTE: Representações, valores e ação política .......................................... 178 Capítulo 4: O sionismo nos Estados Unidos: a difícil decisão sobre o Estado judeu na Palestina ................................................................................................................................. 179 4.1 Os judeus norte-americanos e o apoio ao sionismo nos Estados Unidos ..................... 180 4.2 O apoio ao sionismo entre organizações não-judaicas ................................................. 191 4.3 A oposição entre estrategistas de política externa e a opinião pública ......................... 197 4.4 A política de Truman para a Palestina .......................................................................... 202 Capítulo 5: Fundamentos culturais do debate político .................................................... 221 5.1 O drama dos sobreviventes judeus no pós-guerra ......................................................... 221 5.2 Moralidade norte-americana e a desumana política britânica ....................................... 226 5.3 A ONU e a Questão da Palestina .................................................................................. 243 5.4 Orientalismo na prática – os árabes como “obstáculo superável”. ............................... 253 Considerações finais ............................................................................................................ 269 Referências documentais e bibliográficas .......................................................................... 281 ÍNDICE DE IMAGENS Figura 1. Palestine. Life Magazine . 4 de novembro de 1946 .............................................. 54 Figura 2 . Palestine. Life Magazine . 4 de novembro
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