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Home , George Catlin, John Mix Stanley, Tawakoni, Wichita people

THE STORY OF THE TAOVAYA [WICHITA]

Home Page (Images Sources): • “;” painting from The University of at Austin, College of Liberal Arts; www.texasbeyondhistory.net/st-plains/peoples/coahuiltecans.html • “Wichita Lodge, Thatched with Prairie Grass;” oil painting on canvas by , 1834-1835; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.492. • “Buffalo Hunt on the Southwestern Plains;” oil painting by , 1845; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.248,932. • “Peeling Pumpkins;” Photogravure by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; The North American Indian (1907-1930); v. 19; The University Press, Cambridge, Mass; 1930; facing page 50.

1-7: Before the Taovaya (Image Sources): • “Coahuiltecans;” painting from The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts; www.texasbeyondhistory.net/st-plains/peoples/coahuiltecans.html • “Central Texas Chronology;” Gault School of Archaeology website: www.gaultschool.org/history/peopling-americas-timeline. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • Terminology Charts from Lithics-Net website: www.lithicsnet.com/lithinfo.html. Retrieved January 17, 2018. • “Hunting the Woolly Mammoth;” Wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunting_Woolly_Mammoth.jpg. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • “Atlatl;” Encyclopedia Britannica; Native Languages of the Americase website: www.native-languages.org/weapons.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2018. • “A mano and metate in use;” Texas Beyond History website: https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/kitchen.html. Retrieved January 18, 2018. • “Rock Art in Canyon State Park & Historic Site;” Texas Parks & Wildlife website: https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/seminole-canyon. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • “Buffalo Herd;” photograph in the Tales ‘N’ Trails Museum photo; Joe Benton Collection.

A1-A6: History of the Taovaya (Image Sources): • “Wichita Village on Rush Creek;” Lithograph by James Ackerman; 1854. The Public Library Digital Collections; Mid-Manhattan Picture Collection; PC INDIA-Nor-P 18. • Map (partial) of Wichita Tribe location; Athanase de Mézières and the Louisiana- Texas Frontier 1768-1780 by Herbert Eugene Bolton, PhD; Professor of American History, University of California; Volume I insert; The Arthur H. Clark Company; Cleveland: 1914. • “Tahuaiases (Taovayas or Tawahash);” painting by Lino Sánchez y Tapìa; c 1838; Published in The Indians of Texas in 1830 by John-Louis Berlandier; Smithsonian Publication 4745; Courtesy of . • “Wichita Lodge, Thatched with Prairie Grass;” oil painting on canvas by George Catlin, 1834-1835; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.492. • “The Wichita Mountains from Medicine Bluff, ; 1867; oil painting by Hermann Stieffel; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.384,188. • “Ah’-sho-cole, Rotten Foot, a Noted Warrior;” oil painting on canvas by George Catlin, 1834; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985-66-60.

B1-B10: The Taovaya Way of Life (Image Sources): • “A Typical Wichita Village;” National Anthropological Archives; 55,928. • “Wichita Village;” watercolor painting by George Catlin, 1834; California State Library; 001485418. • “Wichita Village;” sketch by George Catlin, 1834; Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives; BAE GN 1352 A. • “Wichita Grass-House Exterior;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-118773. • “Wichita Grass-House Interior;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-118599. • “Wichita Indians Building Their Typical Grass Lodge;” photo by William H. Rau; St. Louis World’s Fair; 1904; 23399. • “Group Photo in Front of Wichita Lodge;” photo by William H. Rau; St. Louis World’s Fair; 1904. • “Wichita Lodge Frame;” photo by William H. Rau; St. Louis World’s Fair; 1904. • “Ká-kée-tsee, Thighs, a Wichita Woman;” oil painting by George Catlin; 1834. Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.58. • “Kid-á-day, A Distinguished Brave;” painting by George Catlin; 1834. Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.57. • “Portrait of Man in Partial Native Dress 1898;” photo by Frank A. Rinehart; Omaha Exposition, 1898; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; BAE GN 01336A 06255600. • “Portrait of Woman in Partial Native Dress With Ornaments 1898;” photo by Frank A. Rinehart; Omaha Exposition, 1898; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; NAA INV 02893603 OPPS NEG 1334A. • “Portrait of Mrs. Jim in Partial Native Dress With Ornaments 1898; photo by Frank A. Rinehart; Omaha Exposition, 1898; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; NAA INV 02893602 OPPS NEG 1319B. • “A Wichita;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-136578. • “Black Horse, Wichita;” photo by Alexander Gardner; 1872; DeGolyer Library, SMU Digital Collection; 10143422734. • “Buffalo Hunt;” painting by George Catlin; 1844; Whitney Gallery of Western Art Collection; Buffalo Bill Center of the West. 21.74.7. • “Wichita Brave;” photo by Charles Carpenter; 1904; St. Louis World’s Fair. • “Buffalo Hunt on the Southwestern Plains;” painting by John Mix Stanley; 1845; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.248,932. • “View of Wichita Camp;” photo by William S. Soule, 1867; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; Lot 24 SPC BAE 3912-B Vol 1 01161900. • “Wichita Camp;” photo by William S. Soule; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; Lot 24 SPC BAE 3912-B Vol 1 01162000. • “Lodge Under Construction, Four Women Placing Covering 1898,” photo by James Mooney; Omaha Exposition, 1898; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; BAE GN 01348a 06256400. • “Wichita Mortar;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-225824. • “Wichita Matron;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-115822. • “Braided Squash;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1930; USC Digital Library; The North American Indian, Vol XIX; The Plimpton Press. • “Wichita Woman and Baby;” photo by Frank A. Rinehart; 1899; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; 2007684707. • “Portrait of Woman in Partial Native Dress 1898;” photo by Frank A. Rinehart; Omaha Exposition, 1898; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives; NAA INV 02893604 OPPS NEG 1334B. • “Peeled Pumpkins;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1930; USC Digital Library; RBM-E-77-C97-V19-091. • “Peeling Pumpkins;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Northwestern University Digital Library Collection.

C1-C14: Taovaya Culture & Beliefs: • “Pawnee Pict Chief, Two Daughters, and a Warrior;” watercolor painting by George Catlin, 1834; Paul Mellon Collection; . • “Wee-tá-ra-shá-ro, Head Chief of the Tribe;” oil painting by George Catlin; 1834; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.55. • “Sky-se-ró-ka, Second Chief of the Tribe;” oil painting by George Catlin; 1934; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.56. • “Wichita Ceremonial House;” photo by Edward S. Curtis, 1930; University of Southern California Librairies; Volume 15, E-77-C97-V19-079. • “Wichita Man and wife;” photo by William E. Irwin; c1910; North Texas Society of History and Culture dba Tales ‘N’ Trails Museum; Benton Collection; 2007.001.1003. • “Sketches of ;” made by George Catlin; 1934; Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians by George Catlin. Written During Eight Years’ Travel Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America in 1832 – 1839; Vol. II; Tilt and Bogue, Fleet Street, London; 1842. • “Nasutoeas, Kichai Woman, Akahedik (Wichita);” photo by Frank A. Rinehart; 1898; Omaha Exposition; Smithsonian Institution National Anthropoligical Archives. • “The Green Corn Dance;” watercolor painting by George Catlin; 1848; University of California, California State Library; 2010-6636GEN. • “Skidi and Wichita Dancers;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress Edward S. Curtis Collection; LC-USZ62-106281. • “Peyote Drummer;” photo by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; Library of Congress; published in The Indians of ; the Wichita; the Southern ; the Oto; the ; The Peyote Cult; 1930. • “Ceremony, Corn Dance;” photo by James Mooney; c1911; Smithsonian Institution National Archaeological Archives; NAA INV 06256600 OPPS NEG 1353 C. • “Calumet Pipe and Beaded Pouch;” Google image. • “Indian Burial Pen;” Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology; A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians by Dr. H.C. Yarrow; 1880; https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32938/32938-h/mortuary.html. • Painting: “The Ninth Wave” by Ivan Aivazovsky; 1850; State Russian Museum. • Painting: “The Deluge” by J.M.W. Turner; 1856. New Art Gallery Walsall UK. • Painting: “The Oxbow” by Thomas Cole; 1836; Metropolitan Museum of Art. • Photograph: “Lonely Mountain and the Desolation of Smaug” by VasyapoupWarner Bros. Pictures.

Selected Bibliography: • “A Case Study in the Interdependence of Archeology and History: The Spanish Fort Sites on the Red River;” by Elizabeth A.H. John; Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society; Volume 63/1992; Published by The Society at Austin; 1992. • “A Journal of Marches by the First Dragoons 1834-1835;” The Iowa Journal of History and Politicss edited by Benjamim F. Shambaugh, Professor of Political Science in the University of Iowa; Volume VII; No. 3 (July 1909); published quarterly by The State Historical Society of Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa; 1909 (pages 331-378). • “American Indians: A story told for thousands of years;” Bullock Texas State History Museum website: https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire- stories/native-americans; Retrieved January 16, 2018. • Athanase de Mézières and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier 1768-1780; by Herbert Eugene Bolton, PhD; Professor of American History, University of California; Volume 1; The Arthur H. Clark Company; Cleveland: 1914. • Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico; Edited by Frederick Webb Hodge in Two Parts (Vol. 1 & 2); Government Printing Office, Washington; 1912. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. • Handbook of North American Indians; Vol. 13, Plains, Pt 1-2; Edited by William C. Sturtevant, Raymond J. DeMallie; Published by the Smithsonian Institution; 2001; ISBN: 978-0874741933. • Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide by Blue Clark; The Civilization of the American Indian Series, Book 261; University of Oklahoma Press; 2009, 2012. • Kitikiti’sh, The Wichita Indians and Associated Tribes in Texas 1757-1859 by Earl H. Elam; Hill College Press; Hillsboro, Texas; 2008. ISBN: 978-0-912172- 44-6. • Learn about …Texas Indians by Georg Zapppler, Elena T. Ivy, and Juliann Pool. Published by the University of Texas Press; Austin, Tx and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Press.; 1996. ISBN: 885696-02-7. • Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians by George Catlin. Written During Eight Years’ Travel Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America in 1832 – 1839; Vol. II; Tilt and Bogue, Fleet Street, London; 1842. • “Peopling of the Americas;” Gault School of Archaeological Research website; www.gaultschool.org/history/peopling-americas. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • “Prehistory;” Texas State Historical Association website: https://tshaonline.org/hadbook/online/articles/bfp02. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • The Mythology of the Wichita; Collected under the Auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by George Amos Dorsey, Curator of Anthropology, Field Columbian Museum; Washington, D.C.; Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1904. Publication No. 21. • The Taovayas Indians in Frontier Trade and Diplomacy, 1719-1768 by Elizabeth Ann Harper; Reprinted from The Chronicles of Oklahoma; Published by the Oklahoma Historical Society; Volume XXXI, No. 3. • The Taovayas Indians in Frontier Trade and Diplomacy, 1769-1779 by Elizabeth Ann Harper; Reprinted from The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. LVII, No. 2, October, 1953; pages 181-201. • The Taovayas Indians in Frontier Trade and Diplomacy, 1779-1835 by Elizabeth Ann Harper; Reprinted from The Panhandle-Plains Historical Review; 1953. • “Wichita and Affiliated Tribes: Wichita, Waco, Keechi, and Tawakoni;” Official Website of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes: www.wichitatribe.com. • “Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Keechi, Waco and Tawakonic), Oklahoma;” Oklahoma State Department of Education; Oklahoma Indian Tribe Education Guide; July 2014.