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Artículo a Texto Completo En Formato Ciencia y Técnica de la Ingeniería Civil Aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico Angara en Siberia Influencia de los atascos y barreras de hielo en la Central Hidroeléctrica de Motyginskaya Angara hydropower development scheme in Siberia. Influence of ice jams in the Motyginskaya Hydropower Plant César Adolfo Alvarado-Ancieta. Ingeniero Civil, M.Sc. ILF Beratende Ingenieure ZT Gesellschaft mbH, Austria Departamento de Centrales Hidroeléctricas, Presas e Ingeniería de Ríos Feldkreuzstrasse 3, A-6063 Rum bei Innsbruck, www.ilf.com. [email protected] Resumen: Se hace una breve descripción del aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico del río Angara en Siberia, y se analiza la influencia de la ola producida por los atascos / barreras de hielo, y como ésta impacta en la avenida de diseño del proyecto hidroeléctrico Motyginskaya. La estimación del caudal de la máxima avenida para un determinado período de retorno es un factor elemental a fin de brindar seguridad y adecuado diseño al proyecto hidroeléctrico. Palabras Clave: Río Angara; Ro Yenisey; Siberia; Rusia; Aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico; Esquema en cascada; Inundaciones-avenidas; Avenida de diseño; Atascos de hielo; Barrera de hielo; Presas de hielo Abstract: A brief resume on the hydropower development at river Angara in Siberia is presented, together with the analysis of how the break-up of ice jam can impact on the design flood of the Motyginskaya hydropower project. The maximum flood flow estimates for a return period is a vital element in ensuring the safety and design of the HPP. Keywords: River Angara; River Yenisey; Siberia; Rusia; Hydropower development; Cascade scheme; Flooding-floods; Design flood; Ice jams; Ice barriers; Ice dams 1. Introducción nómeno de los atascos o barreras de hielo sobre la avenida de diseño de la futura central hidroeléctrica La última década (1998-2008) ha registrado un Motyginskaya. crecimiento sostenido en el consumo eléctrico debido al desarrollo económico de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes de la antigua Unión Soviética. El incre- 2. El esquema en cascada del aprovechamiento mento de la demanda de energía necesita ser satisfe- hidroeléctrico Angara cha. En Siberia el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico empieza hacia 1950. El río Angara, de 1,850 km de El mayor aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico en Sibe- longitud hasta su confluencia con el río Yenisey con ria pertenece al esquema en cascada del río Angara, una cuenca de 1,039,000 km2 de área es uno de los rí- el cual básicamente consiste de 5 centrales hidroeléc- os más importantes en Siberia y ha sido aprovechado tricas, ver Figura 1 –sin considerar la propuesta de la considerando un esquema hidroeléctrico en casca- central hidroeléctrica Nizhme-Boguchanskaya–, el da. La construcción de la central hidroeléctrica Moty- cual después de su completa ejecución aprovechará ginskaya se tiene previsto iniciar para el año 2010. Un prácticamente todo el potencial energético del río. tema importante en el proyecto se encuentra deter- El potencial energético anual ha sido estimado en minado por el impacto de la ola producida por el fe- aproximadamente 163 TWh. El actual potencial ener- Se admiten comentarios a este artículo, que deberán ser remitidos a la Redacción de la ROP antes del 28 de febrero de 2009. Recibido: septiembre/2008. Aprobado: noviembre/2008 7 a 22 Revista de Obras Públicas/Diciembre 2008/Nº 3.494 7 César Adolfo Alvarado-Ancieta abastecimiento de energía para la industria en el Lago Embalse Baikal Irkutskaya 457 m snm área del proyecto. En la actualidad operan en el esquema 3 centrales 63,000 M m3 hidroeléctricas, ver Figuras 1 y 2. Estas son las centrales de Irkutsk, Bratsk y Ust-Ilimsk, las cuales ingresaron en Embalse Bratskaya 401,73 m snm CH Irkutskaya operación en 1959, 1967 y 1977 respectivamente. Estas centrales hdiroeléctricas disponen de una capacidad 169,300 M m3 instalada totalizada en 9,002 MW. Brastk y Ust-Ilimsk son Embalse aproximadamente de similar capacidad y son las ma- Ust-llimskaya 496 m snm CH Bratskaya yores plantas hidroeléctricas con una capacidad ins- 58,930 M m3 talada de 8,820 MW, que en su conjunto producen el Embalse 93% de la energía existente. La planta de Ust-Ilimsk ha Boguchanskaya 208,5 m snm CH Ust-llimskaya visto reducida su potencial instalada de 4,320 MW a 58,200 M m3 3,840 MW. Embalse 127 m snm En la Tabla 2 se presentan los principales paráme- CH Boguchanskaya Motyginskaya (en construcción) tros de los embalses en el esquema del río Angara. 4,800 M m3 CH Motyginskaya (proyectada) 3. La Central Hidroeléctrica Motyginskaya Fig. 1. Esquema del gético anual aprovechable es de 72.70 TWh con una aprovechamiento El proyecto hidroeléctrico Motyginskaya, tipo run-of- hidroeléctrico en capacidad de potencia instalada de 14,252 MW, ver cascada del río river, comprende el aprovechamiento de las descargas Tabla 1. Dicha capacidad instalada ha sido cuantifi- Angara. provenientes de la central hidroeléctrica Boguchanska- cada para las centrales hidroeléctricas existentes y en ya (en construcción) y de seis ríos tributarios (Chadobez, actual construcción teniendo como base información Mura, Karabula, Irkiniyeva, Manzya y Kamenka) en el río disponible. La justificación económica para la imple- Angara, en el tramo comprendido entre los sitios de pro- mentación y producción energética se apoya en el yecto Boguchanskaya y Motyginskaya. Tabla 1. Principales parámetros de las centrales hidroeléctricas en el esquema del río Angara Centrales Caída bruta Caudal Número de Potencia Potencia P [MW] Energía Hidroeléctricas H [m] Q [m3/s] unidades unitaria E [TWh] Pu [MW] Existente Proyectado Total Irkutsk 35 3,200 8 82.8 662.4 0 4 Bratsk 108 5,300 18 250 4,500 0 22.5 Ust-Ilimsk 108 5,040 16* 240 3,840* 0 21.2 Boguchanskaya 70 5,175 9 333.3 0 3,000 13.3 - Fase 1 Boguchanskaya 70 5,175 + 1,725 9 + 3 333.3 0 3,000 + 1,000 13.3 + 4.5 - Fase 2 = 6,900 = 12 = 4,000 = 17.8 Motyginskaya 26.5 4,200 8 125 0 1,000 6.95 -Fase 1 Motyginskaya 26.5 4,200 + 1,050 8 + 2 125 0 1,000 + 250 6.95 + 0.25 - Fase 2 = 5,250 = 10 = 1,250 = 7.2 Total 9,002 5,250 14,252 72.70 (*) Inicialmente fueron 18 unidades con una potencia total instalada de 4,320 MW. 8 Revista de Obras Públicas/Diciembre 2008/Nº 3.494 Aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico Angara en Siberia. Influencia de los atascos y barreras de hielo en la Central Hidroeléctrica de Motyginskaya Fig. 2. Esquema hidráulico proyectado del río Angara. CH Irkutsk Puesta en operación 1959 CH Irkutsk Q = 3,200 m3/s CH Bratsk Río Angara Puesta en operación 1967 CH Bratsk Q = 5,300 m3/s CH Ust-llimsk Puesta en operación 1977 CH Ust-llimsk 3 Q = 5,400 m /s CH Boyuchanskaya Río Angara CH Boguchanskaya En construcción 3 A ser puesta en operación 2009 QFase 1 = 5,175 m /s 3 QFase 2 = 1,725 m /s CH Motyginskaya 3 QTotal = 6,900 m /s Proyectada CH Motyginskaya 3 QFase 1 = 4,200 m /s 3 QFase 2 = 1,050 m /s 3 QTotal = 5,250 m /s Río Angara Revista de Obras Públicas/Diciembre 2008/Nº 3.494 9 César Adolfo Alvarado-Ancieta Tabla 2. Principales parámetros de los embalses en el esquema del río Angara Embalse Nivel Máximo Volumen Total Volumen Útil Capacidad Hidráulica en el Embalse [106 m3] [106 m3] del Aliviadero de Compuertas [m snm] (Avenida de Diseño) [m3/s] Irkutsk 457.00 63,000 46,000 4,300 Bratsk 401.73 169,300 47,080 4,680 Ust-Ilimsk 296.00 58,930 2,740 13,900 Boguchanskaya 208.50 58,200 2,310 16,700 Motyginsklaya 127.00 4,800 400 a ser definido El planteamiento de la central hidroeléctrica Moty- proyecto Motyginskaya en dos fases. La primera fase Fig. 3. Esquema hidráulico del río ginskaya en el río Angara se ubica en la progresiva km comprenderá una potencia instalada de 1,000 MW y Angara entre los 151+600, aguas arriba de la confluencia del río Anga- la casa de máquinas sera equipada con 8 unidades sitios de la CH Boguchanskaya ra con el río Yenisey. El proyecto creará un embalse de turbinas tipo Kaplan para un caudal de diseño de (en construcción) 6 3 3 y la CH de aproximadamente 4800 x 10 m y proveerá un vo- 4,200 m /s. Durante una segunda fase se incrementa- Motyginskaya lumen útil de 400 x 106 m3. Se propone implementar el rá la potencia instalada en 250 MW mediante dos uni- (proyectada). dades adicionales para un caudal de diseño de 1,050 m3/s, totalizando 5,250 m3/s. 4. El esquema hidráulico Motyginskaya CH-Embalse Boguchanskaya (en construcción) La Figura 3 presenta el esquema hidráulico para el Syromolotovo Río Chadobez aprovechamiento del proyecto hidroeléctrico Moty- Zaladayevo Yarkino ginskaya. En ésta muestra la ubicación de las estacio- nes de aforo en el río Angara localizadas en Symorolo- Río Mura Irba tovo (C.H. Boguchanskaya), Boguchany y en los prin- Río Angara Chunoyar cipales ríos tributarios: Chadobez, Mura, Karabula, Irki- Boguchany niyeva, Manzya y Kamenka. Información evaluada de Ust Karabula estas 8 estaciones de aforo de caudales fue conside- Río Karabula Karabula Ust´- Karabula rado en el correspondiente análisis. Pinchunga Río Pinchunga Río Irkiniyevo Irkiniyevo 5. Cuencas aforadas en los alrededores Manzya Río Manzya del área del proyecto Río Uda (Chuna) Río Kamenka Kamenka CH-Embalse Motyginskaya Se compiló la información de 6 estaciones de aforo (proyectado) correspondientes a 6 sub-cuencas, y 2 estaciones de Río Motygino Motygino aforo ubicadas en el área principal de la cuenca en di- Río Uda (Chuna) ferentes locaciones. El área de la cuenca del proyecto comprendida entre las centrales hidroeléctricas de Bo- Río Tatarka Río Tatarka gunschanskaya y Motyginskaya es de 69,330 km2.
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