Manuscript prepared for Geosci. Model Dev. with version 2015/04/24 7.83 Copernicus papers of the LATEX class copernicus.cls. Date: 21 June 2017 Supplement of LPJmL4 - a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land: Part II – Model evaluation S. Schaphoff et al. Correspondence to: [email protected]
1 Supplementary informations to the evaluation of the LPJmL4 model
The here provided supplementary informations give more details to the evaluations given in Schaphoff et al.(submitted). All sources and data used are described in detail there. Here we present additional figures for evaluating the LPJmL4 model on a plot scale for water and carbon fluxes Fig.1- 16. We 5 use gauging station to evaluate the river discharge as an integrated measure (Fig. 17- 64). Fig. 65 and Fig. 66a give a comparison with the global estimation of Carvalhais et al.(2014) for soil organic car- bon resp. biomass. Additionally we have compared aboveground biomass in Fig. 66b with estimates by Liu et al.(2015). A spatial comparsion of ecosystem respiration is shown in Fig. 67. Sowing dates have been proved to be important to simulate crop variability (Fig. 72- 80), a com- 10 parison with MIRCA sowing dates we show in Fig. 81- 90. Table1 gives an overview of estimates for regional field application efficiencies, showing that LPJmL4 are in a similar range as other estimates.
1 Kaamanen_wetland 69.14 N / 27.3 E
NEE 100 r2 = 0.092, W = 0.67 50 LPJmL4 fluxes 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data gC/m2/month −100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AK−Ivotuk 68.49 N / 155.75 W Sodankyla 67.36 N / 26.64 E
60 r2 = 0.00083, W = 0.65 r2 = 0.51, W = 0.87 100 50 20 0 −20 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −60 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Flakaliden 64.11 N / 19.46 E Hyytiala 61.85 N / 24.29 E
2 = = 100 2 = = 100 r 0.27, W 0.84 r 0.59, W 0.94 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100
−150 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1998 2000 2002 2004 Norunda 60.09 N / 17.48 E Griffin−Aberfeldy−Scotland 56.61 N / 3.8 W
r2 = 0.15, W = 0.73 r2 = 0.34, W = 0.67 50 50 −50 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −150 −150
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 −250 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 UCI−1930_burn_site 55.91 N / 98.52 W UCI−1964_burn_site 55.91 N / 98.38 W
r2 = 0.061, W = 0.66 r2 = 0.16, W = 0.79 100 50 50 0 0 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −50 −100 −100 2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 East_Saltoun 55.91 N / 2.86 W UCI−1981_burn_site 55.86 N / 98.48 W
r2 = 0.36, W = 0.91 r2 = 0.14, W = 0.77 50 50 0 0 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −50 −100 −200 2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 1. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
2 Lille_Valby 55.68 N / 12.08 E
r2 = 0.086, W = 0.76 NEE 100
LPJmL4 fluxes 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data gC/m2/month −200
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Soroe−LilleBogeskov 55.49 N / 11.65 E Loobos 52.17 N / 5.74 E
2 2 r = 0.67, W = 0.95 100 r = 0.63, W = 0.91 50 50 0 0 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −100
−200 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Horstermeer 52.03 N / 5.07 E Cabauw 51.97 N / 4.93 E 100 100 r2 = 0.45, W = 0.92 r2 = 0.12, W = 0.72 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100
−150 2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Brasschaat 51.31 N / 4.52 E Mehrstedt 51.28 N / 10.66 E
r2 = 0.57, W = 0.92 r2 = 0.2, W = 0.84 100 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −150
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 Gebesee 51.1 N / 10.91 E Hainich 51.08 N / 10.45 E
2 2
r = 0.022, W = 0.69 100 r = 0.23, W = 0.73 100 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −200
−300 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Tharandt−old_spruce 50.96 N / 13.57 E Lonzee 50.55 N / 4.74 E
r2 = 0.64, W = 0.83 r2 = 0.011, W = 0.55 50 0 0 −200 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −400
−200 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Figure 2. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
3 Wetzstein 50.45 N / 11.46 E
r2 = 0.45, W = 0.88
NEE 100
LPJmL4 fluxes 50 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data gC/m2/month −100
2002 2004 2006 2008 Vielsalm 50.31 N / 6 E Bily_Kriz−_Beskidy_Mountains 49.5 N / 18.54 E
r2 = 0.67, W = 0.87 r2 = 0.34, W = 0.78 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −150
−200 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Bily_Kriz−_grassland 49.5 N / 18.54 E Hesse_Forest−Sarrebourg 48.67 N / 7.06 E
100 r2 = 0.42, W = 0.84 r2 = 0.35, W = 0.78 50 100 0 0 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −200
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Neustift/Stubai 47.12 N / 11.32 E WI−Mature_red_pine 46.74 N / 91.17 W
r2 = 0.034, W = 0.67 r2 = 0.12, W = 0.44 50 50 −50 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −150 −150
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 −250 2003 2004 2005 2006 Bugacpuszta 46.69 N / 19.6 E Renon/Ritten 46.59 N / 11.43 E
r2 = 0.091, W = 0.77 r2 = 0.27, W = 0.72 100 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −150
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 WI−Lost_Creek 46.08 N / 89.98 W WI−Willow_Creek 45.81 N / 90.08 W
100 2 = = 2 = =
r 0.022, W 0.6 100 r 0.073, W 0.52 50 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −300 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2000 2002 2004 2006
Figure 3. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
4 La_Mandria 45.58 N / 7.15 E
NEE r2 = 0.16, W = 0.68 50
LPJmL4 fluxes 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data gC/m2/month −100
−200 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 MI−Univ._of_Mich._Biological_Station 45.56 N / 84.71 W Zerbolo−Parco_Ticino−_Canarazzo 45.2 N / 9.06 E
r2 = 0.0079, W = 0.41 r2 = 0.73, W = 0.85 50 50 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −200
−200 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 Le_Bray 44.72 N / 0.77 W Nonantola 44.69 N / 11.09 E
150 r2 = 0.16, W = 0.7 r2 = 0.31, W = 0.78 50 0 50 0 −100 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −200 −150 1998 2000 2002 2004 2001 2002 2003 2004 OR−Metolius−old_aged_ponderosa_pine 44.5 N / 121.62 W OR−Metolius−first_young_aged_pine 44.44 N / 121.57 W
2 2 100 r = 0.054, W = 0.41 100 r = 0.044, W = 0.61 50 50 0 0 −50 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month
−150 1997 1998 1999 2000 −150 2004 2005 2006 OR−Metolius−intermediate_aged_ponderosa_pine 44.45 N / 121.56 W OR−Metolius−second_young_aged_pine 44.32 N / 121.61 W
2 2 100 r = 0.21, W = 0.68 100 r = 0.044, W = 0.61 50 50 0 0 −50 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month
−150 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 −150 2004 2005 2006 NH−Bartlett_Experimental_Forest 44.06 N / 71.29 W Avignon 43.92 N / 4.88 E
r2 = 0.4, W = 0.8 r2 = 0.049, W = 0.54 100 50 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −300 −200 2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 4. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
5 Puechabon 43.74 N / 3.6 E
NEE 150 r2 = 0.036, W = 0.62
LPJmL4 fluxes 50 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data −50 gC/m2/month −150 2002 2004 2006 2008 San_Rossore 43.73 N / 10.28 E Aurade 43.55 N / 1.11 E
150 r2 = 0.033, W = 0.61 r2 = 0.051, W = 0.66 50 0 50 −50 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −200 −150 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Lamasquere 43.49 N / 1.24 E Lecceto 43.3 N / 11.27 E 150 r2 = 0.0033, W = 0.59 r2 = 0.042, W = 0.56 50 50 0 0 −50 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −200 −150 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 MA−Little_Prospect_Hill 42.54 N / 72.19 W MA−Harvard_Forest_EMS_Tower 42.54 N / 72.17 W
100 r2 = 0.03, W = 0.52 r2 = 0.069, W = 0.5 100 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −200
2003 2004 2005 −300 1995 2000 2005 Roccarespampani_1 42.41 N / 11.93 E Roccarespampani_2 42.39 N / 11.92 E
r2 = 2.3e−07, W = 0.36 r2 = 0.0034, W = 0.33 100 100 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −300 −200 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Vall_d'Alinya 42.15 N / 1.45 E Amplero 41.9 N / 13.61 E
r2 = 0.045, W = 0.65 r2 = 0.049, W = 0.75 100 100 50 0 0 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −100 −200 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 5. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
6 Castelporziano 41.71 N / 12.38 E 150 NEE r2 = 0.00028, W = 0.4
LPJmL4 fluxes 50 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 0 gC/m2/month −100
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Borgo_Cioffi 40.52 N / 14.96 E El_Saler 39.35 N / 0.32 W
r2 = 0.081, W = 0.087 r2 = 0.003, W = 0.58 100 50 0 0 −100 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −300 −150 2005 2006 2007 2008 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 CA−Blodgett_Forest 38.9 N / 120.63 W MO−Missouri_Ozark_Site 38.74 N / 92.2 W
r2 = 0.016, W = 0.3 r2 = 0.0041, W = 0.59 50 50 0 0 −100 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −200 −200 2000 2002 2004 2006 2005 2006 2007 2008 Espirra 38.64 N / 8.6 W Mitra 38.54 N / 8 W
2 = = 2 = = r 0.0019, W 0.47 100 r 0.0058, W 0.63 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −150 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 CA−Tonzi_Ranch 38.43 N / 120.97 W TN−Walker_Branch_Watershed 35.96 N / 84.29 W
r2 = 0.00069, W = 0.33 r2 = 0.0083, W = 0.48 100 50 0 −100 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −300 −150 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 NC−NC_Loblolly_Plantation 35.8 N / 76.67 W AZ−Santa_Rita_Mesquite 31.82 N / 110.87 W
2 2 r = 0.26, W = 0.49 100 r = 0.0043, W = 0.39 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −100 −150 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007
Figure 6. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
7 Yatir 31.34 N / 35.05 E
r2 = 0.36, W = 0.73
NEE 50
LPJmL4 fluxes 0 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data gC/m2/month −50 −100 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TX−Freeman_Ranch−Mesquite_Juniper 29.95 N / 98 W Santarem−Km67−Primary_Forest 2.86 S / 54.96 W 150 r2 = 0.037, W = 0.23 r2 = 0.18, W = 0.1 100 50 50 0 0 −50 gC/m2/month gC/m2/month −50
−150 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 Santarem−Km83−Logged_Forest 3.02 S / 54.97 W
r2 = 0.054, W = 0.11 100 50 0 gC/m2/month −100 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 7. Comparison of NEE fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
8 AK−Barrow 71.32 N / 156.63 W
Evapotranspiration 80 r2 = 0.081, W = 0.71 60 LPJmL4 fluxes 40 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 20 mm/month 0 −20 2000 2001 AK−Atqasuk 70.47 N / 157.41 W Kaamanen_wetland 69.14 N / 27.3 E
2 2
= = 100 = =
100 r 0.1, W 0.59 r 0.68, W 0.94 60 50 mm/month mm/month 20 0 −20 2000 2002 2004 2006 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AK−Ivotuk 68.49 N / 155.75 W Sodankyla 67.36 N / 26.64 E 100 r2 = 0.058, W = 0.82 r2 = 0.21, W = 0.81 100 60 50 mm/month mm/month 20 0 −20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Flakaliden 64.11 N / 19.46 E Hyytiala 61.85 N / 24.29 E
r2 = 0.54, W = 0.87 r2 = 0.7, W = 0.97 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Skyttorp 60.13 N / 17.84 E Norunda 60.09 N / 17.48 E 150
r2 = 0.15, W = 0.75 r2 = 0.37, W = 0.89 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 UCI−1998_burn_site 56.64 N / 99.95 W Griffin−Aberfeldy−Scotland 56.61 N / 3.8 W 250
r2 = 0.42, W = 0.92 r2 = 0.3, W = 0.68 100 150 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Figure 8. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
9 UCI−1989_burn_site 55.92 N / 98.96 W
Evapotranspiration r2 = 0.37, W = 0.83 100 LPJmL4 fluxes
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 UCI−1964_burn_site 55.91 N / 98.38 W UCI−1930_burn_site 55.91 N / 98.52 W
r2 = 0.52, W = 0.92 r2 = 0.43, W = 0.9 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 East_Saltoun 55.91 N / 2.86 W UCI−1981_burn_site 55.86 N / 98.48 W
r2 = 0.41, W = 0.81 r2 = 0.56, W = 0.93 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Lille_Valby 55.68 N / 12.08 E Soroe−_LilleBogeskov 55.49 N / 11.65 E 150 r2 = 0.48, W = 0.89 150 r2 = 0.67, W = 0.91 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Lutjewad 53.4 N / 6.36 E Loobos 52.17 N / 5.74 E 150 150 r2 = 0.16, W = 0.72 r2 = 0.61, W = 0.9 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2007 2008 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Horstermeer 52.03 N / 5.07 E Cabauw 51.97 N / 4.93 E 150 2 2 150 r = 0.58, W = 0.94 r = 0.76, W = 0.96 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Figure 9. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
10 Vredepeel 51.53 N / 5.84 E
Evapotranspiration 150 r2 = 0.18, W = 0.77
LPJmL4 fluxes 100
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
2006 2007 Brasschaat 51.31 N / 4.52 E Mehrstedt 51.28 N / 10.66 E 150 r2 = 0.6, W = 0.77 r2 = 0.61, W = 0.87 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 Hampshire 51.12 N / 0.86 W Gebesee 51.1 N / 10.91 E
r2 = 0.74, W = 0.81 r2 = 0.65, W = 0.87 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Hainich 51.08 N / 10.45 E Tharandt−old_spruce 50.96 N / 13.57 E 150 r2 = 0.73, W = 0.83 r2 = 0.44, W = 0.86 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 1998 2000 2002 2004 Lonzee 50.55 N / 4.74 E Wetzstein 50.45 N / 11.46 E 150 150 r2 = 0.71, W = 0.92 r2 = 0.72, W = 0.89 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002 2004 2006 2008 Vielsalm 50.31 N / 6 E Bily_Kriz−_Beskidy_Mountains 49.5 N / 18.54 E 150 150 r2 = 0.76, W = 0.79 r2 = 0.24, W = 0.56 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Figure 10. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
11 Bily_Kriz−_grassland 49.5 N / 18.54 E
Evapotranspiration 150 r2 = 0.35, W = 0.49
LPJmL4 fluxes 100
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Hesse_Forest−Sarrebourg 48.67 N / 7.06 E MT−Fort_Peck 48.31 N / 105.1 W 150 200 r2 = 0.69, W = 0.84 r2 = 0.3, W = 0.84 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 Laegeren 47.48 N / 8.37 E Oensingen1_grass 47.29 N / 7.73 E 150 150 r2 = 0.74, W = 0.96 r2 = 0.85, W = 0.99 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2007 2008 2009 2002 2003 2004 Oensingen2_crop 47.29 N / 7.73 E Neustift/Stubai 47.12 N / 11.32 E 150 2 2 150 r = 0.71, W = 0.96 r = 0.83, W = 0.97 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 WI−Mature_red_pine 46.74 N / 91.17 W Bugacpuszta 46.69 N / 19.6 E 150
r2 = 0.25, W = 0.76 150 r2 = 0.62, W = 0.92 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 WI−Young_Jack_pine 46.62 N / 91.08 W Renon/Ritten 46.59 N / 11.43 E
2 = = 2 = =
r 0.14, W 0.75 150 r 0.51, W 0.9 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2005 2006 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Figure 11. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
12 Malga_Arpaco 46.12 N / 11.7 E
Evapotranspiration 150 r2 = 0.64, W = 0.97
LPJmL4 fluxes 100
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
Mar May Jul Sep Nov WI−Lost_Creek 46.08 N / 89.98 W Monte_Bondone 46.02 N / 11.05 E 150 2 2 150 r = 0.63, W = 0.9 r = 0.58, W = 0.95 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mar May Jul Sep Nov WI−Willow_Creek 45.81 N / 90.08 W La_Mandria 45.58 N / 7.15 E 150 2 2 150 r = 0.57, W = 0.86 r = 0.6, W = 0.92 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 MI−Univ._of_Mich._Biological_Station 45.56 N / 84.71 W Zerbolo−Parco_Ticino−_Canarazzo 45.2 N / 9.06 E
r2 = 0.53, W = 0.74 150 r2 = 0.54, W = 0.9 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2002 2003 2004 Le_Bray 44.72 N / 0.77 W Nonantola 44.69 N / 11.09 E 150 r2 = 0.44, W = 0.88 150 r2 = 0.71, W = 0.88 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2001 2002 2003 2004 OR−Metolius−Eyerly_burn 44.58 N / 121.5 W OR−Metolius−intermediate_aged_ponderosa_pine 44.45 N / 121.56 W 150 150 r2 = 0.2, W = 0.75 r2 = 0.12, W = 0.75 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 12. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
13 OR−Metolius−first_young_aged_pine 44.44 N / 121.57 W
Evapotranspiration 150 r2 = 0.38, W = 0.8
LPJmL4 fluxes 100
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
2004 2005 2006 OR−Metolius−second_young_aged_pine 44.32 N / 121.61 W NH−Bartlett_Experimental_Forest 44.06 N / 71.29 W 150
r2 = 0.38, W = 0.8 150 r2 = 0.43, W = 0.79 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2007 Avignon 43.92 N / 4.88 E Puechabon 43.74 N / 3.6 E
r2 = 0.066, W = 0.65 150 r2 = 0.33, W = 0.76 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2004 2006 2008 San_Rossore 43.73 N / 10.28 E Aurade 43.55 N / 1.11 E 150
r2 = 0.18, W = 0.76 150 r2 = 0.49, W = 0.86 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 Lamasquere 43.49 N / 1.24 E Lecceto 43.3 N / 11.27 E 150
150 r2 = 0.68, W = 0.87 r2 = 0.33, W = 0.83 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 MA−Harvard_Forest_EMS_Tower 42.54 N / 72.17 W Island_of_Pianosa 42.58 N / 10.08 E
150 r2 = 0.52, W = 0.82 r2 = 0.0026, W = 0.52 100 100 60 50 mm/month mm/month 20 0 −20 1995 2000 2005 2002 2003 2004
Figure 13. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
14 MA−Little_Prospect_Hill 42.54 N / 72.19 W
Evapotranspiration 150 r2 = 0.42, W = 0.8
LPJmL4 fluxes 100 Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 50 mm/month 0
2003 2004 2005 Roccarespampani_1 42.41 N / 11.93 E Roccarespampani_2 42.39 N / 11.92 E 150
r2 = 0.097, W = 0.66 150 r2 = 0.077, W = 0.57 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Vall_d'Alinya 42.15 N / 1.45 E Amplero 41.9 N / 13.61 E 200 150 r2 = 0.47, W = 0.83 r2 = 0.29, W = 0.81 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Castelporziano 41.71 N / 12.38 E NE−Mead−rainfed_maize−soybean_rotation_site 41.18 N / 96.44 W 200
r2 = 0.038, W = 0.63 r2 = 0.53, W = 0.82 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NE−Mead−irrigated_continuous_maize_site 41.17 N / 96.48 W NE−Mead−irrigated_maize−soybean_rotation_site 41.16 N / 96.47 W 200 200 r2 = 0.43, W = 0.74 r2 = 0.47, W = 0.76 150 100 100 mm/month mm/month 50 50 0 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Borgo_Cioffi 40.52 N / 14.96 E CO−Niwot_Ridge_Forest 40.03 N / 105.55 W 150
150 r2 = 0.039, W = 0.56 r2 = 0.33, W = 0.68 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Figure 14. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
15 IL−Bondville 40.01 N / 88.29 W
Evapotranspiration 200 r2 = 0.58, W = 0.89 LPJmL4 fluxes 150
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 100 mm/month 50 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 NJ−Fort_Dix 39.97 N / 74.43 W El_Saler 39.35 N / 0.32 W
2 = = 150 2 = = 150 r 0.61, W 0.83 r 0.00047, W 0.5 100 100 mm/month mm/month 50 50 0 0
2006 2007 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 CA−Blodgett_Forest 38.9 N / 120.63 W MO−Missouri_Ozark_Site 38.74 N / 92.2 W 200
200 r2 = 0.00026, W = 0.41 r2 = 0.49, W = 0.84 150 150 100 100 mm/month mm/month 50 50 0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2005 2006 2007 2008 Espirra 38.64 N / 8.6 W Mitra_IV_Tojal 38.48 N / 8.02 W 150 150 r2 = 0.038, W = 0.63 r2 = 0.14, W = 0.82 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 CA−Tonzi_Ranch 38.43 N / 120.97 W OK−ARM_Southern_Great_Plains_site 36.61 N / 97.49 W 200 150 r2 = 0.28, W = 0.83 r2 = 0.46, W = 0.79 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TN−Walker_Branch_Watershed 35.96 N / 84.29 W NC−NC_Clearcut 35.81 N / 76.71 W
150 2 = = 2 = =
r 0.47, W 0.88 150 r 0.45, W 0.92 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2005 2006 2007
Figure 15. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
16 NC−NC_Loblolly_Plantation 35.8 N / 76.67 W
Evapotranspiration 200 r2 = 0.72, W = 0.94 LPJmL4 fluxes 150
Euroflux and Ameriflux Data 100 mm/month 50 0
2005 2006 2007 CA−Sky_Oaks−Young_Stand 33.38 N / 116.62 W CA−Sky_Oaks−Old_Stand 33.37 N / 116.62 W
r2 = 0.024, W = 0.52 150 r2 = 0.043, W = 0.54 100 100 50 50 mm/month mm/month 0 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 AZ−Santa_Rita_Mesquite 31.82 N / 110.87 W Yatir 31.34 N / 35.05 E 150
r2 = 0.32, W = 0.92 100 r2 = 0.13, W = 0.7 100 60 50 mm/month mm/month 20 0 −20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TX−Freeman_Ranch−Mesquite_Juniper 29.95 N / 98 W FL−Slashpine−Mize−clearcut−3yr 29.76 N / 82.24 W 200
150 r2 = 0.077, W = 0.65 r2 = 0.27, W = 0.83 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2005 2006 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 FL−Slashpine−Donaldson 29.75 N / 82.16 W FL−Slashpine−Austin_Cary 29.74 N / 82.22 W 200
2 = = 2 = = r 0.29, W 0.85 150 r 0.2, W 0.56 150 100 100 mm/month mm/month 50 50 0 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Santarem−Km67−Primary_Forest 2.86 S / 54.96 W Santarem−Km83−Logged_Forest 3.02 S / 54.97 W 150 r2 = 0.036, W = 0.12 r2 = 0.0034, W = 0.24 150 100 100 50 mm/month mm/month 50 0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 16. Comparison of Evapotranspiration fluxes with EDDY-flux measurements.
17 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Allakh−Yun' At Allakh NME: 0.54 W : 0.89 R2: 0.70 72.37 N / 126.8 E
200 Lena NMSE: 0.42 R2: 0.66 200 NME: 0.50 NMSE: 0.38 h t 150 150 n o m 3 100 100 m k 50 50 0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Uchur At Chulbu NME: 0.61 W : 0.75 R2: 0.53 71.97 N / 114.08 E Lena NMSE: 0.69 R2: 0.36 NME: 0.63 NMSE: 0.49 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
40 Maya At Chabda NME: 0.44 W : 0.91 40 R2: 0.84 71.85 N / 123.65 E Lena NMSE: 0.28 R2: 0.73 NME: 0.45 NMSE: 0.19 30 30 h t n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Udoma At Kurung−Targuyak NME: 0.50 W : 0.90 R2: 0.78 70.68 N / 127.39 E 250 Lena NMSE: 0.34 R2: 0.74 250 NME: 0.49 NMSE: 0.31 h t n o 150 150 m 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Malaya Kuonapka At Dzhalinda NME: 0.35 W : 0.93 R2: 0.93 70.13 N / 113.97 E Lena NMSE: 0.29 R2: 0.77 NME: 0.26 3 3 NMSE: 0.09 h t n o 2 2 m 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Tobol At Yalotorovsk NME: 1.10 W : 0.66 R2: 0.31 70.11 N / 28.08 E Ob NMSE: 1.41 R2: 0.21 NME: 1.17 3.0 3.0 NMSE: 1.52 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 17. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [1].
18 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Amga At Amga NME: 0.61 W : 0.78 R2: 0.42 69.77 N / 135.23 E Lena NMSE: 0.73 2 NME: 0.56 15 R : 0.39 15 NMSE: 0.69 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Amga At Terut NME: 0.59 W : 0.79 R2: 0.46 69.57 N / 147.53 E 30 Lena NMSE: 0.69 R2: 0.42 30 NME: 0.56 NMSE: 0.63 h t n 20 20 o m 3 m k 10 10 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 1.5 1.5 Amga At Buyaga NME: 0.73 W : 0.74 R2: 0.43 69.38 N / 132.12 E Lena NMSE: 1.16 R2: 0.34 NME: 0.72 NMSE: 0.96 h t 1.0 1.0 n o m 3 m 0.5 0.5 k 0.0 0.0
1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 80 80 Kolyma At Ust'−Srednekan NME: 0.54 W : 0.90 R2: 0.72 68.73 N / 158.72 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.40 R2: 0.67 NME: 0.50 NMSE: 0.36 60 60 h t n o m 40 40 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
4 Bytantay At Asar NME: 0.70 W : 0.75 4 R2: 0.43 68.62 N / 134.12 E Lena NMSE: 0.95 R2: 0.35 NME: 0.70 NMSE: 0.90 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 20 Namana At Myakinda NME: 0.55 W : 0.84 20 R : 0.60 68.62 N / 118.33 E Lena NMSE: 0.51 R2: 0.53 NME: 0.61 NMSE: 0.43 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 18. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [2].
19 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Kolyma At Orotuk NME: 0.48 W : 0.87 R2: 0.76 68.15 N / 161.16 E 5 5 Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.43 R2: 0.63 NME: 0.40 NMSE: 0.31 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 15 15 Aldan At Tommot NME: 0.64 W : 0.70 R2: 0.43 68.02 N / 135.27 E Lena NMSE: 0.78 R2: 0.33 NME: 0.64 NMSE: 0.69 h 10 10 t n o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 100 100 Kolyma At Duscania NME: 0.55 W : 0.87 R2: 0.69 67.47 N / 153.69 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.46 R2: 0.60 NME: 0.51 80 80 NMSE: 0.39 h t n 60 60 o m 3 40 40 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
140 Akhtaranda A 0.5 km nizhe Batur NME: 1.20 W : 0.62 140 R2: 0.24 67.45 N / 133.74 W Lena NMSE: 2.32 R2: 0.22 NME: 1.16 NMSE: 2.33 h t 100 100 n o m 3 60 60 m k 20 20 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Biryusa At Phedino NME: 0.93 W : 0.72 R2: 0.34 67.43 N / 86.48 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.83 R2: 0.34 NME: 0.95
250 250 NMSE: 0.84 h t n o m 150 150 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
PORCUPINE RIVER NEAR INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARYNME: 0.58 W : 0.85 R2: 0.63 67.42 N / 140.89 W 2
6 Yukon NMSE: 0.66 R : 0.56 6 NME: 0.59 NMSE: 0.67 h t n o 4 4 m 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 19. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [3].
20 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
2.5 Kureika At Ozernaya NME: 0.43 W : 0.90 2.5 R2: 0.91 67.13 N / 156.58 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.45 R2: 0.69 NME: 0.32
2.0 2.0 NMSE: 0.21 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Aldan At Suon−Tiit NME: 0.71 W : 0.66 R2: 0.21 67.12 N / 132.13 E Lena NMSE: 0.92 R2: 0.22 NME: 0.68 2.0 2.0 NMSE: 0.94 h t n 1.5 1.5 o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Sinyaya At Tongulakh NME: 0.87 W : 0.61 R2: 0.18 67.1 N / 133.91 E Lena NMSE: 1.77 R2: 0.19 NME: 0.80
1.5 1.5 NMSE: 1.99 h t n o 1.0 1.0 m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
6 KOBUK R NR KIANA AK NME: 0.73 W : 0.78 6 R2: 0.70 66.97 N / 160.13 W Yukon NMSE: 0.71 R2: 0.57 NME: 0.74 5 5 NMSE: 0.74 h t 4 4 n o m 3 3 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Aldan At Ust'−Mil' NME: 0.55 W : 0.81 R2: 0.66 66.67 N / 137.42 E Lena NMSE: 0.66 R2: 0.46 NME: 0.50 NMSE: 0.46 1.5 1.5 h t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Sukhona At Kam−Uga NME: 2.04 W : 0.24 R2: 0.08 66.66 N / 32.83 E 5 North European Russia NMSE: 5.37 R2: 0.04 5 NME: 2.40 NMSE: 4.88 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 20. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [4].
21 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
NME: 1.77 2 4 Bol'shoy Anuy At Konstantinovo W : 0.39 4 R : 0.09 66.65 N / 31.35 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 4.22 R2: 0.02 NME: 2.69 NMSE: 7.32 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vasyugan At Naunak NME: 1.50 W : 0.30 R2: 0.05 66.63 N / 66.6 E Ob NMSE: 5.95 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.52 NMSE: 5.96 300 300 h t n o m 200 200 3 m k 100 100 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
20 Susola At Pervomaisky NME: 0.77 W : 0.73 20 R2: 0.34 66.55 N / 59.42 E North European Russia NMSE: 0.84 R2: 0.33 NME: 0.80 NMSE: 0.81 15 15 h t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Bokhalcha At 5.4 km from ust'ya NME: 0.61 W : 0.74 2 3.0 3.0 R : 0.58 66.38 N / 173.33 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.72 R2: 0.35 NME: 0.58 NMSE: 0.44 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 25 25 Pechora At Troitsko−Pechorsk NME: 1.17 W : 0.36 R2: 0.02 66.16 N / 58.33 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.02 R2: 0.00 NME: 1.16 20 20 NMSE: 1.65 h t n 15 15 o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
KOYUKUK R AT HUGHES AK NME: 0.78 W : 0.71 R2: 0.33 66.04 N / 154.26 W 8 Yukon NMSE: 1.08 R2: 0.30 8 NME: 0.83 NMSE: 1.17 h t 6 6 n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 21. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [5].
22 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Poluy At Poluy NME: 1.43 W : 0.43 2 4 4 R : 0.18 66.03 N / 68.73 E Ob NMSE: 3.65 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.52 NMSE: 3.71 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Poluy At Poluy NME: 1.21 W : 0.65 R2: 0.55 66 N / 68.5 E Ob NMSE: 2.29 R2: 0.29 NME: 1.19 NMSE: 1.72 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 3.0 3.0 Peza At Igumnovo NME: 0.87 W : 0.72 R2: 0.62 65.82 N / 45.1 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.07 R2: 0.30 NME: 0.79 NMSE: 0.50 h t 2.0 2.0 n o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nadym At Nadym NME: 1.47 W : 0.41 R2: 0.11 65.62 N / 72.67 E Ob NMSE: 3.44 R2: 0.06 NME: 1.56 NMSE: 3.95 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 6 6 Vaga At Philyaevskaya NME: 0.87 W : 0.69 R2: 0.57 65.47 N / 51.37 E 2
5 North European Russia NMSE: 1.30 R : 0.25 5 NME: 0.71 NMSE: 0.60 h t 4 4 n o m 3 3 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vel'mo At Vel'mo NME: 0.65 W : 0.78 R2: 0.55 65.45 N / 172.97 E 20 Yenisei NMSE: 0.76 R2: 0.39 20 NME: 0.57 NMSE: 0.51 h t 15 15 n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 22. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [6].
23 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Pinega At Kulogory NME: 0.89 W : 0.69 R2: 0.38 65.42 N / 52.28 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.14 R2: 0.26 NME: 0.87 NMSE: 0.88 50 50 h t n o m 3 30 30 m k 10 10 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
1.2 LESSER SLAVE RIVER AT HIGHWAY NO. 2A NME: 1.46 W : 0.41 1.2 R2: 0.06 65.41 N / 114 W Mackenzie NMSE: 2.30 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.53 NMSE: 2.71 h t n 0.8 0.8 o m 3 m k 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Chona At Tuoy−Khaya NME: 1.05 W : 0.49 R2: 0.03 65.22 N / 128.55 W Lena NMSE: 1.83 R2: 0.02 NME: 1.06
1.5 1.5 NMSE: 1.88 h t n o 1.0 1.0 m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kolyma At Kolymskoye NME: 1.02 W : 0.64 2 65.1 N / 33.15 E
3.0 3.0 R : 0.24 Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 1.42 R2: 0.18 NME: 1.06 NMSE: 1.28 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Pinega At Zasur'e NME: 1.09 W : 0.64 2 15 15 R : 0.39 65 N / 45.62 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.67 R2: 0.20 NME: 0.96 NMSE: 0.89 h t n 10 10 o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kem At Putkinskaya GES NME: 2.27 W : 0.35 R2: 0.03 64.93 N / 34.48 E 5 North European Russia NMSE: 7.46 R2: 0.03 5 NME: 2.45 NMSE: 6.66 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 23. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [7].
24 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 12 12 Podkamennaya Tunguska At Akt−Yerny Ostrov NME: 0.47 W : 0.89 R2: 0.86 64.83 N / 168.75 E 2 10 Yenisei NMSE: 0.35 R : 0.72 10 NME: 0.48 NMSE: 0.25 h 8 8 t n o 6 6 m 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
YUKON R AT EAGLE AK NME: 1.24 W : 0.55 2 64.78 N / 141.2 W
40 40 R : 0.13 Yukon NMSE: 2.27 R2: 0.13 NME: 1.24 NMSE: 2.35 h t 30 30 n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
YUKON R AT RUBY AK NME: 0.86 W : 0.79 R2: 0.44 64.74 N / 155.49 W Yukon NMSE: 0.97 R2: 0.45 NME: 0.82
50 50 NMSE: 1.00 h t n o m 30 30 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Pinega At Kulogory NME: 1.16 W : 0.57 R2: 0.22 64.72 N / 43.48 E 8 North European Russia NMSE: 1.96 R2: 0.13 8 NME: 1.17 NMSE: 1.33 h t 6 6 n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
350 FINLAY RIVER ABOVE AKIE RIVER NME: 1.49 W : 0.32 350 R2: 0.06 64.67 N / 65.63 E Mackenzie NMSE: 5.46 R2: 0.05 NME: 1.54 NMSE: 6.02 h t 250 250 n o m 3 150 150 m k 50 50 0 0
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vuchegda At Malaya Kuzhba NME: 1.16 W : 0.51 2 5 5 R : 0.14 64.58 N / 46.17 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.27 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.09 NMSE: 1.55 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 24. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [8].
25 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Chara At Tokko NME: 0.95 W : 0.46 2
4 4 R : 0.07 64.58 N / 120.03 E Lena NMSE: 1.87 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.09 NMSE: 2.28 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 10 10 TANANA R AT NENANA AK NME: 1.20 W : 0.54 R2: 0.07 64.56 N / 149.09 W Yukon NMSE: 1.90 2 NME: 1.20
8 R : 0.08 8 NMSE: 1.81 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 7 7 Vim' At Ust'−Zada (Polovniky) NME: 1.25 W : 0.64 R2: 0.37 64.53 N / 53.33 E 6 North European Russia NMSE: 2.25 R2: 0.24 6 NME: 1.11 NMSE: 1.22 5 5 h t n 4 4 o m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Aldan At Verkhoyanskiy Perevoz NME: 0.62 W : 0.80 R2: 0.47 64.53 N / 143.12 E Lena NMSE: 0.74 R2: 0.44 NME: 0.61
10 10 NMSE: 0.69 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nera At Nerskaya Truda NME: 0.54 W : 0.86 R2: 0.63 64.43 N / 144.37 E Lena NMSE: 0.56 R2: 0.56 NME: 0.53 3 3 NMSE: 0.47 h t n o 2 2 m 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 2.29 2 4 Usa At Makarikha W : 0.32 4 R : 0.00 64.33 N / 34.33 E North European Russia NMSE: 6.91 R2: 0.00 NME: 2.61 NMSE: 7.16 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1915 1920 1925 1930 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 25. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [9].
26 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 5 5 Luza At Krasavino NME: 1.12 W : 0.64 R2: 0.41 64.17 N / 48.83 E NMSE: 1.87 2 NME: 0.93 4 North European Russia R : 0.21 4 NMSE: 0.94 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Pinega At Severny NME: 1.20 W : 0.57 R2: 0.17 64.13 N / 41.92 E 2 80 North European Russia NMSE: 2.26 R : 0.15 80 NME: 1.18 NMSE: 1.85 h t n 60 60 o m 3 40 40 m k 20 20 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 7 7 Aldan At Okhotskiy Perevoz NME: 0.75 W : 0.73 R2: 0.34 64.05 N / 141.88 E 2 6 Lena NMSE: 1.09 R : 0.33 6 NME: 0.76 NMSE: 1.03 5 5 h t n o 4 4 m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 40 40 Olekma At Kudu−Kel' NME: 0.80 W : 0.70 R2: 0.31 63.95 N / 124.83 E Lena NMSE: 1.32 R2: 0.31 NME: 0.80 NMSE: 1.48 30 30 h t n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
1.4 Re−Ora At Mitrophanovskaya (Mitrophanovo) NME: 2.28 W : 0.35 1.4 R2: 0.13 63.83 N / 34.33 E North European Russia NMSE: 4.21 R2: 0.02 NME: 2.95 NMSE: 6.21 h t 1.0 1.0 n o m 3 0.6 0.6 m k 0.2 0.2
1915 1920 1925 1930 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 1.07 2 20 Tom At Novokuznetsk W : 0.57 20 R : 0.27 63.65 N / 62.1 E Ob NMSE: 2.61 R2: 0.19 NME: 1.12 NMSE: 2.20 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 26. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [10].
27 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
5 Yug At Gavrino NME: 1.24 W : 0.51 5 R2: 0.10 63.58 N / 45.6 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.38 R2: 0.09 NME: 1.31
4 4 NMSE: 1.88 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Indigirka At Vorontsovo NME: 1.63 W : 0.33 R2: 0.07 63.51 N / 116 W Lena NMSE: 2.88 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.92 0.5 0.5 NMSE: 3.74 h t n o m 0.3 0.3 3 m k 0.1 0.1
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
STEWART RIVER ABOVE FRASER FALLS NME: 0.97 W : 0.54 2 6 6 R : 0.10 63.48 N / 135.13 W Yukon NMSE: 1.54 R2: 0.07 NME: 0.97
5 5 NMSE: 1.48 h t n 4 4 o m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 8 8 STEWART RIVER AT STEWART CROSSING NME: 1.17 W : 0.45 R2: 0.04 63.38 N / 136.68 W Yukon NMSE: 1.88 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.19 NMSE: 2.02 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
3.0 TANANA R NR TANACROSS AK NME: 1.17 W : 0.51 3.0 R2: 0.06 63.38 N / 143.74 W Yukon NMSE: 1.80 R2: 0.05 NME: 1.16 NMSE: 1.73 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Sartang At Bala NME: 0.59 W : 0.84 2
2.0 2.0 R : 0.81 63.35 N / 112.1 E Lena NMSE: 0.99 R2: 0.64 NME: 0.60 NMSE: 0.89 h 1.5 1.5 t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 27. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [11].
28 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Kalakan At Kalakan NME: 0.64 W : 0.83 R2: 0.51 63.32 N / 132.02 E 80 Lena NMSE: 0.64 R2: 0.51 80 NME: 0.65 NMSE: 0.66 h t 60 60 n o m 3 40 40 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
10 STEWART RIVER AT THE MOUTH NME: 1.19 W : 0.52 10 R2: 0.10 63.28 N / 139.24 W Yukon NMSE: 2.11 R2: 0.09 NME: 1.22 8 8 NMSE: 2.20 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kovda At Knyazhegubskaya GES NME: 1.20 W : 0.55 R2: 0.13 63.27 N / 42.03 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.35 R2: 0.12 NME: 1.18
60 60 NMSE: 2.11 h t n o 40 40 m 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 25 25 Tom' At Tomsk N M E : 1.15 skW : 0.53 R2: 0.24 63.18 N / 64.4 E Ob NMSE: 3.00 R2: 0.15 NME: 1.19 20 20 NMSE: 2.46 h t n 15 15 o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Peza At Igumnovo NME: 0.96 W : 0.66 2 10 10 R : 0.31 63.16 N / 56 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.37 R2: 0.20 NME: 0.84 NMSE: 0.99 8 8 h t n o 6 6 m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 0.6 0.6 Lena At Taura NME: 1.59 W : 0.35 R2: 0.01 63.1 N / 116.97 W Lena NMSE: 3.98 R2: 0.01 NME: 2.16 NMSE: 8.89 h t 0.4 0.4 n o m 3 m k 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 28. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [12].
29 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
2 3.0 Yug At Podosinovets NME: 1.29 W : 0.41 3.0 R : 0.03 63 N / 46.78 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.44 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.47 NMSE: 2.38 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
MACMILLAN RIVER NEAR THE MOUTH NME: 1.06 W : 0.60 R2: 0.18 62.89 N / 135.51 W 2.0 Yukon NMSE: 1.63 R2: 0.14 2.0 NME: 1.09 NMSE: 1.70 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 10 10 PELLY RIVER AT PELLY CROSSING NME: 1.26 W : 0.52 R2: 0.13 62.82 N / 136.58 W Yukon NMSE: 2.56 R2: 0.11 NME: 1.30 8 8 NMSE: 2.66 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 14 14 Vuchegda At Syktyvkar NME: 1.11 W : 0.61 R2: 0.27 62.72 N / 56.22 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.05 R2: 0.17 NME: 0.98 NMSE: 1.34 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kulu At Kulu NME: 0.46 W : 0.89 R2: 0.84 62.66 N / 146.5 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.46 R2: 0.65 NME: 0.41 2.0 2.0 NMSE: 0.26 h t n 1.5 1.5 o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 8 8 Iluch At Priural'sk NME: 1.01 W : 0.62 R2: 0.21 62.66 N / 56.16 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.24 R2: 0.16 NME: 1.11 NMSE: 1.10 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 29. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [13].
30 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
0.8 Lena At Ust'−Kut (Zakut'e) NME: 6.01 W : 0.02 0.8 R2: 0.01 62.66 N / 114.25 W Lena NMSE: 285.40 R2: 0.00 NME: 23.20 NMSE: 2453.18 0.6 0.6 h t n o m 0.4 0.4 3 m k 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1945 1950 1955 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kirenga At Kluchy NME: 1.04 W : 0.65 R2: 0.63 62.65 N / 122.9 W Lena NMSE: 2.66 R2: 0.33 NME: 0.95 2.0 2.0 NMSE: 1.49 h t n 1.5 1.5 o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vuchegda At Phedyakovo NME: 1.16 W : 0.54 R2: 0.27 62.63 N / 57.47 E 4 North European Russia NMSE: 2.16 R2: 0.10 4 NME: 0.98 NMSE: 1.29 h t 3 3 n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kovda (Yova) At Yovskaya GES NME: 1.56 W : 0.31 R2: 0.01 62.57 N / 39.83 E North European Russia NMSE: 4.19 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.80
10 10 NMSE: 4.63 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 0.75 2 6 Olenek At Sukhona W : 0.80 6 R : 0.82 62.5 N / 111.18 E Lena NMSE: 1.53 R2: 0.65 NME: 0.73
5 5 NMSE: 1.29 h t n 4 4 o m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Severnaya Dvina At Zvoz NME: 1.15 W : 0.65 R2: 0.32 62.48 N / 50.78 E NMSE: 1.78 2 NME: 1.08 6 North European Russia R : 0.22 6 NMSE: 1.15 h t n o 4 4 m 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 30. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [14].
31 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
NME: 0.55 2 20 Yenisey At 7 km nizhe Bystraya W : 0.89 20 R : 0.74 62.43 N / 152.3 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.41 R2: 0.67 NME: 0.51 NMSE: 0.38 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 PELLY RIVER BELOW VANGORDA CREEK NME: 1.08 W : 0.57 R2: 0.16 62.22 N / 133.37 W Yukon NMSE: 2.00 R2: 0.12 NME: 1.12 4 4 NMSE: 1.97 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 10 10 Bol'shoy Patom At Patoma NME: 1.00 W : 0.72 R2: 0.70 62.22 N / 134.13 E Lena NMSE: 2.62 R2: 0.58 NME: 1.02 8 8 NMSE: 3.22 h t 6 6 n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kovda (Kuma) At Kumskaya GES NME: 1.60 W : 0.28 2 62.15 N / 39.37 E
8 8 R : 0.00 North European Russia NMSE: 4.29 R2: 0.00 NME: 1.86 NMSE: 4.50 h 6 6 t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 25 Olekma At Srednyaya Olekma NME: 0.84 W : 0.72 25 R : 0.43 62.15 N / 117.65 E Lena NMSE: 1.43 R2: 0.36 NME: 0.76 NMSE: 1.79 20 20 h t n o 15 15 m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
8 Kolyma At Orotuk NME: 0.53 W : 0.88 8 R2: 0.72 62.12 N / 148.47 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.53 R2: 0.64 NME: 0.51 NMSE: 0.46 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 31. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [15].
32 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 4 4 Bokhalcha At 5.4 km from ust'ya NME: 0.64 W : 0.73 R2: 0.50 62.1 N / 150.67 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.67 R2: 0.45 NME: 0.65
3 3 NMSE: 0.69 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
YUKON RIVER AT CARMACKS NME: 1.91 W : 0.26 R2: 0.01 62.09 N / 136.27 W 15 Yukon NMSE: 5.41 R2: 0.01 15 NME: 1.93 NMSE: 5.46 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
4 Berezovka At Berezovka NME: 0.61 W : 0.81 4 R2: 0.91 62.06 N / 160.48 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.50 R2: 0.70 NME: 0.64 NMSE: 0.43 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vitim At Romanovka NME: 1.08 W : 0.72 R2: 0.94 61.92 N / 124.55 E 1.5 Lena NMSE: 2.14 R2: 0.50 1.5 NME: 1.05 NMSE: 3.26 h t n o 1.0 1.0 m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kulu At Kulu NME: 0.62 W : 0.81 R2: 0.61 61.9 N / 147.42 E Anadyr Kolyma NMSE: 0.58 R2: 0.54 NME: 0.63 NMSE: 0.57 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
KUSKOKWIM R AT CROOKED CREEK AK NME: 1.20 W : 0.61 R2: 0.27 61.87 N / 158.1 W Yukon NMSE: 1.74 R2: 0.17 NME: 1.12
15 15 NMSE: 1.52 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 32. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [16].
33 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Vitim At Spitsino NME: 0.70 W : 0.78 R2: 0.43 61.87 N / 135.5 E Lena NMSE: 0.78 R2: 0.43 NME: 0.71 60 60 NMSE: 0.82 h t n o 40 40 m 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Niva At Niva GES 1 NME: 0.78 W : 0.76 R2: 0.43 61.83 N / 129.6 E 2 80 North European Russia NMSE: 0.79 R : 0.43 80 NME: 0.79 NMSE: 0.82 h t 60 60 n o m 3 40 40 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
3.0 BUFFALO RIVER AT HIGHWAY NO. 5 NME: 1.43 W : 0.39 3.0 R2: 0.08 61.8 N / 74.05 E Mackenzie NMSE: 3.70 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.51 NMSE: 3.38 h t 2.0 2.0 n o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 8 8 Nyzhny Vig (Soroka) At Vigostrov NME: 1.40 W : 0.42 R2: 0.05 61.77 N / 53.67 E North European Russia NMSE: 3.03 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.41
6 6 NMSE: 2.63 h t n o 4 4 m 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Makarovo NME: 1.23 W : 0.55 R2: 0.10 61.74 N / 121.22 W 40 Lena NMSE: 2.02 R2: 0.10 40 NME: 1.26 NMSE: 2.13 h t 30 30 n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 20 20 Nyzhny Vig (Soroka) At Belomorskaya NME: 1.43 W : 0.39 R2: 0.04 61.72 N / 50.82 E North European Russia NMSE: 3.41 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.43 NMSE: 3.03 15 15 h t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 33. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [17].
34 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Yenisey At Poilovo NME: 0.50 W : 0.91 R2: 0.77 61.65 N / 148.83 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.43 R2: 0.71 NME: 0.49 10 10 NMSE: 0.41 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
50 Yenisey At Aa−khol' NME: 1.13 W : 0.68 50 R2: 0.52 61.5 N / 91.16 E Yenisei NMSE: 2.54 R2: 0.37 NME: 1.15
40 40 NMSE: 2.52 h t n o 30 30 m 3 20 20 m k 10 10 0 0
1940 1945 1950 1955 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
8 YUKON RIVER ABOVE FRANK CREEK NME: 2.41 W : 0.18 8 R2: 0.09 61.43 N / 135.18 W Yukon NMSE: 9.38 R2: 0.05 NME: 2.50 NMSE: 8.45 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 30 30 Onega At Cherepovskaya NME: 1.38 W : 0.46 R2: 0.08 61.43 N / 47.65 E 2 25 North European Russia NMSE: 3.09 R : 0.06 25 NME: 1.34 NMSE: 2.68 h t 20 20 n o m 15 15 3 m 10 10 k 5 5 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Onega At Kazakovo NME: 1.68 W : 0.28 R2: 0.02 61.12 N / 50.3 E 3.0 North European Russia NMSE: 4.31 R2: 0.01 3.0 NME: 1.74 NMSE: 4.48 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
5 Sukhona At Tot'ma NME: 1.26 W : 0.45 5 R2: 0.12 61.12 N / 42.18 E North European Russia NMSE: 3.17 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.34
4 4 NMSE: 3.65 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 34. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [18].
35 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Yenisey At Krutoy Povorot NME: 1.22 W : 0.68 R2: 0.58 61.01 N / 93.25 E Yenisei NMSE: 2.55 R2: 0.36 NME: 1.20 3.0 3.0 NMSE: 1.36 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2.0 Namana At Myakinda NME: 0.84 W : 0.79 2.0 R2: 0.91 60.9 N / 120.8 E Lena NMSE: 1.61 R2: 0.61 NME: 0.80 NMSE: 1.60 1.5 1.5 h t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nuya At Kurum NME: 0.92 W : 0.77 R2: 0.79 60.9 N / 131.98 E 8 Lena NMSE: 2.20 R2: 0.67 8 NME: 0.95 NMSE: 2.52 h t 6 6 n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Belomorkanal At Matkozh NME: 1.45 W : 0.28 R2: 0.01 60.72 N / 47.6 E 4 North European Russia NMSE: 3.33 R2: 0.01 4 NME: 1.53 NMSE: 3.58 h t 3 3 n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 4 4 YUKON RIVER AT WHITEHORSE NME: 1.89 W : 0.28 R2: 0.03 60.71 N / 135.04 W Yukon NMSE: 5.10 R2: 0.02 NME: 1.84 NMSE: 5.13 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Yana At Dzhangky NME: 1.54 W : 0.30 2 2.0 2.0 R : 0.03 60.71 N / 114.9 W Lena NMSE: 6.16 R2: 0.02 NME: 1.59 NMSE: 4.69 h 1.5 1.5 t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 35. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [19].
36 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Allakh−Yun' At Allakh NME: 0.57 W : 0.79 R2: 0.54 60.68 N / 135.03 E 3.0 3.0 Lena NMSE: 0.59 R2: 0.50 NME: 0.55 NMSE: 0.59 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
10 Belomorkanal At Palakorgskaya GES NME: 1.29 W : 0.40 10 R2: 0.05 60.57 N / 46.45 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.77 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.33 8 8 NMSE: 3.11 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Bol'shoy Yugan At Ugut NME: 1.56 W : 0.32 R2: 0.04 60.5 N / 74.02 E 5 Ob NMSE: 5.42 R2: 0.02 5 NME: 1.26 NMSE: 4.12 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 80 Tuloma At GES Nizhne−Tulomskaya NME: 0.87 W : 0.68 80 R : 0.27 60.48 N / 120.7 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.09 R2: 0.28 NME: 0.87 NMSE: 1.15 h 60 60 t n o m 40 40 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
LITTLE SMOKY RIVER NEAR GUY NME: 1.41 W : 0.35 R2: 0.01 60.47 N / 129.11 W Mackenzie NMSE: 2.91 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.46 3.0 3.0 NMSE: 2.95 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
3.0 Biya At Biysk NME: 1.97 W : 0.24 3.0 R2: 0.01 60.32 N / 64.22 E Ob NMSE: 8.63 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.79 NMSE: 8.93 h t 2.0 2.0 n o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 36. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [20].
37 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
6 Nuya At Kurum NME: 0.76 W : 0.82 6 R2: 0.87 60.27 N / 114.73 E Lena NMSE: 1.46 R2: 0.70 NME: 0.72
5 5 NMSE: 1.27 h t 4 4 n o m 3 3 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
4 Kem At Putkinskaya GES NME: 1.18 W : 0.54 4 R2: 0.23 60.27 N / 47.07 E North European Russia NMSE: 2.52 R2: 0.14 NME: 1.20 NMSE: 2.76 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kuta At Ruchey NME: 0.52 W : 0.89 R2: 0.89 60.27 N / 114.73 E 2.0 Lena NMSE: 0.62 R2: 0.75 2.0 NME: 0.48 NMSE: 0.47 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
SNARE RIVER AT BIGSPRUCE LAKE NME: 1.52 W : 0.31 2 4 4 R : 0.02 60.27 N / 73.82 E Mackenzie NMSE: 5.13 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.35 NMSE: 4.58 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 6 6 Bol'shoy Patom At Patoma NME: 0.94 W : 0.57 R2: 0.25 60.17 N / 116.8 E NMSE: 1.19 2 NME: 0.89 5 Lena R : 0.18 5 NMSE: 1.19 h t 4 4 n o m 3 3 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
ATHABASCA RIVER BELOW MCMURRAY NME: 1.72 W : 0.30 R2: 0.03 60.05 N / 128.9 W Mackenzie NMSE: 5.21 R2: 0.02 NME: 1.80 NMSE: 5.15 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 37. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [21].
38 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Vashka At Reshel'skaya NME: 1.46 W : 0.42 R2: 0.06 60 N / 43.16 E North European Russia NMSE: 4.74 R2: 0.09 NME: 1.59
10 10 NMSE: 5.31 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1900 1910 1920 1930 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
10 Vitim At Ust'−Zaza NME: 0.83 W : 0.57 10 R2: 0.16 60 N / 119.88 E Lena NMSE: 1.14 R2: 0.15 NME: 0.82 8 8 NMSE: 1.17 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kem At Shomba NME: 1.49 W : 0.42 R2: 0.13 59.97 N / 42.77 E North European Russia NMSE: 4.83 R2: 0.10 NME: 1.63 10 10 NMSE: 5.54 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Anabar At Saskulakh NME: 1.51 W : 0.38 R2: 0.05 59.85 N / 128.59 W 2 4 Lena NMSE: 3.65 R : 0.03 4 NME: 1.63 NMSE: 3.73 h t 3 3 n o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 3.0 Lena At Tabaga NME: 1.37 W : 0.69 3.0 R : 0.88 59.83 N / 112.4 E Lena NMSE: 4.46 R2: 0.75 NME: 1.31 NMSE: 4.32 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Peleduy At Sol'zavod NME: 0.57 W : 0.87 R2: 0.68 59.78 N / 134.75 E 2 30 Lena NMSE: 0.64 R : 0.63 30 NME: 0.55 NMSE: 0.63 h t n o 20 20 m 3 m k 10 10 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 38. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [22].
39 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Patso−Ioky At Borisoglebskaya GES NME: 0.99 W : 0.61 R2: 0.17 59.73 N / 113.17 E 50 North European Russia NMSE: 1.37 R2: 0.16 50 NME: 0.97 NMSE: 1.41 h 40 40 t n o 30 30 m 3 m 20 20 k 10 10 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Kusur NME: 1.61 W : 0.34 2 59.7 N / 127.22 W 20 20 R : 0.02 Lena NMSE: 4.07 R2: 0.02 NME: 1.67 NMSE: 3.67 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
5 Amga At Buyaga NME: 0.83 W : 0.80 5 R2: 0.84 59.67 N / 127.05 E Lena NMSE: 1.58 R2: 0.68 NME: 0.84
4 4 NMSE: 1.44 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vitim At Kalakan NME: 0.77 W : 0.71 R2: 0.32 59.63 N / 133.03 E 2 40 Lena NMSE: 1.07 R : 0.30 40 NME: 0.78 NMSE: 1.14 h t 30 30 n o m 3 20 20 m k 10 10 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 2.0 Irtish At Ekaterininskoe NME: 1.19 W : 0.53 2.0 R : 0.14 59.5 N / 60.66 E Ob NMSE: 2.50 R2: 0.13 NME: 1.23 NMSE: 3.22 h 1.5 1.5 t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kirenga At Shorokhovo NME: 0.65 W : 0.77 R2: 0.44 59.37 N / 121.32 E Lena NMSE: 0.74 2 NME: 0.65
15 R : 0.42 15 NMSE: 0.79 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 39. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [23].
40 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
5 KVICHAK R AT IGIUGIG AK NME: 2.96 W : 0.28 5 R2: 0.09 59.32 N / 155.9 W Yukon NMSE: 6.75 R2: 0.02 NME: 3.27 NMSE: 9.67 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 8 8 Nuya At Komaka NME: 0.59 W : 0.81 R2: 0.47 59.23 N / 135.28 E Lena NMSE: 0.61 R2: 0.48 NME: 0.58 NMSE: 0.68 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Oka At Saram NME: 0.68 W : 0.82 R2: 0.67 59.13 N / 99.38 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.73 2 NME: 0.54
2.0 R : 0.46 2.0 NMSE: 0.35 h t n 1.5 1.5 o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 40 40 Indigirka At Yurty NME: 1.60 W : 0.46 R2: 0.07 59.11 N / 112.42 W Lena NMSE: 3.25 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.71 NMSE: 4.38 30 30 h t n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Olenek At 7.5 km down of Buur's mouth NME: 1.37 W : 0.36 R2: 0.00 59.09 N / 127.53 W Lena NMSE: 2.72 R2: 0.00 NME: 1.42 NMSE: 2.23 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 12 12 Aldan At Tommot NME: 0.71 W : 0.82 R2: 0.61 58.97 N / 126.27 E 2 10 Lena NMSE: 0.83 R : 0.51 10 NME: 0.70 NMSE: 0.75 h 8 8 t n o 6 6 m 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 40. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [24].
41 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 10 10 HAY RIVER NEAR HAY RIVER NME: 1.64 W : 0.27 R2: 0.01 58.95 N / 80.12 E Mackenzie NMSE: 6.82 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.56 8 8 NMSE: 6.25 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1965 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Stolb NME: 1.12 W : 0.41 R2: 0.03 58.67 N / 122.63 W 2 3.0 Lena NMSE: 2.44 R : 0.04 3.0 NME: 1.17 NMSE: 3.74 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Tsipa At Z.Uzhu NME: 0.68 W : 0.75 2
10 10 R : 0.42 58.65 N / 127.05 E Lena NMSE: 0.91 R2: 0.36 NME: 0.68 NMSE: 0.91 8 8 h t n o 6 6 m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
1.5 Indigirka At Indigirskiy NME: 1.31 W : 0.39 1.5 R2: 0.05 58.59 N / 118.33 W Lena NMSE: 4.05 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.40 NMSE: 7.37 h t n 1.0 1.0 o m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Ishim At Ges Sergeevka NME: 1.31 W : 0.36 R2: 0.02 58.52 N / 64.53 E Ob NMSE: 3.95 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.30
10 10 NMSE: 4.99 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Khilok At Khailastuy NME: 1.86 W : 0.64 R2: 0.71 58.38 N / 97.45 E Yenisei NMSE: 2.48 R2: 0.43 NME: 1.94
30 30 NMSE: 3.11 h t n o 20 20 m 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 41. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [25].
42 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
50 Angara At Irkutskaya GES NME: 1.74 W : 0.69 50 R2: 0.52 58.35 N / 93.55 E Yenisei NMSE: 2.04 R2: 0.39 NME: 1.67
40 40 NMSE: 1.85 h t n o 30 30 m 3 20 20 m k 10 10 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Timpton At Ust'−Baralas NME: 0.97 W : 0.45 R2: 0.03 58.32 N / 112.87 E Lena NMSE: 1.59 2 NME: 0.99
150 R : 0.04 150 NMSE: 1.64 h t n o 100 100 m 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 80 80 CHINCHAGA RIVER NEAR HIGH LEVEL NME: 1.20 W : 0.55 R2: 0.16 58.3 N / 82.88 E Mackenzie NMSE: 2.22 R2: 0.14 NME: 1.15 NMSE: 2.03 60 60 h t n o m 40 40 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
5 Lena At Solyanka NME: 1.13 W : 0.45 5 R2: 0.01 58.07 N / 112.88 E Lena NMSE: 1.76 R2: 0.01 NME: 1.14
4 4 NMSE: 1.85 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vitim At Khulugli NME: 0.83 W : 0.76 2 58.07 N / 123.72 E
4 4 R : 0.53 Lena NMSE: 1.11 R2: 0.39 NME: 0.82 NMSE: 0.96 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
6 Bukhtarma At Lesnaya Pristan' NME: 1.55 W : 0.30 6 R2: 0.04 58.07 N / 63.7 E Ob NMSE: 5.94 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.81 5 5 NMSE: 8.15 h t 4 4 n o m 3 3 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 42. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [26].
43 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Belaya At Mal'ta NME: 3.08 W : 0.33 R2: 0.10 57.97 N / 102.7 E Yenisei NMSE: 6.32 R2: 0.00 NME: 7.13 NMSE: 31.05 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
ATTAWAPISKAT RIVER BELOW ATTAWAPISKATNME LAKE: 0.88 W : 0.63 R2: 0.19 57.88 N / 67.58 W 2 8 South and East Hudson Bay NMSE: 1.15 R : 0.18 8 NME: 0.97 NMSE: 1.13 h t 6 6 n o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 Bytantay At Asar NME: 1.43 W : 0.35 R2: 0.04 57.87 N / 115.38 W Lena NMSE: 5.30 R2: 0.06 NME: 1.67 4 4 NMSE: 11.35 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Oka At Ukhtuy NME: 1.03 W : 0.61 R2: 0.16 57.82 N / 94.32 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.95 R2: 0.16 NME: 0.97 15 15 NMSE: 1.76 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Patso−Ioky At GES Kaitakosky NME: 1.04 W : 0.69 R2: 0.35 57.78 N / 108.32 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.32 R2: 0.26 NME: 0.99 15 15 NMSE: 1.12 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Mama At Lugovskoy NME: 0.80 W : 0.67 R2: 0.26 57.77 N / 130.9 E
20 Lena NMSE: 1.29 R2: 0.23 20 NME: 0.82 NMSE: 1.40 h t 15 15 n o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 43. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [27].
44 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 10 10 Kirenga At Shorokhovo NME: 1.05 W : 0.53 R2: 0.11 57.63 N / 108.12 E Lena NMSE: 1.43 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.01 8 8 NMSE: 1.42 h t n 6 6 o m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Tung At Ugulyatsy NME: 0.98 W : 0.76 R2: 0.59 57.48 N / 107.85 E 8 Lena NMSE: 1.11 R2: 0.37 8 NME: 0.91 NMSE: 0.65 h t 6 6 n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 70 70 Timpton At Ust'−Timpton NME: 0.94 W : 0.44 R2: 0.07 57.47 N / 115.35 E Lena NMSE: 1.40 R2: 0.06 NME: 0.96 NMSE: 1.45 h 50 50 t n o m 3 30 30 m k 10 10 0 0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
WINISK RIVER AT KANUCHUAN RAPIDS NME: 1.06 W : 0.60 R2: 0.17 57.42 N / 69.25 W 30 South and East Hudson Bay NMSE: 1.71 R2: 0.17 30 NME: 1.08 NMSE: 1.72 h t n o 20 20 m 3 m k 10 10 5 5 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Uda At Ukar NME: 1.00 W : 0.64 R2: 0.18 57.37 N / 96.63 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.48 R2: 0.18 NME: 0.99 6 6 NMSE: 1.48 h t n o 4 4 m 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 25 FORT NELSON RIVER ABOVE MUSKWA RIVERNME: 1.42 W : 0.47 25 R : 0.16 57.25 N / 86.13 E Mackenzie NMSE: 4.71 R2: 0.14 NME: 1.33 NMSE: 4.09 20 20 h t n o 15 15 m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 44. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [28].
45 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Om' At Kalachinsk NME: 1.58 W : 0.26 R2: 0.03 57.17 N / 65.53 E NMSE: 4.47 2 NME: 1.84 15 Ob R : 0.02 15 NMSE: 8.43 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nera At Nerskaya Truda NME: 1.16 W : 0.45 R2: 0.02 57.12 N / 125.25 W 2 3.0 Lena NMSE: 1.66 R : 0.01 3.0 NME: 1.14 NMSE: 1.62 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kalar At Sredniy Kalar NME: 0.57 W : 0.79 R2: 0.65 56.95 N / 125.45 E Lena NMSE: 0.63 R2: 0.57 NME: 0.54 NMSE: 0.61 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
8 Vilyuy At Khatyrik−Khomo NME: 1.03 W : 0.75 8 R2: 0.55 56.92 N / 106.42 E Lena NMSE: 1.28 R2: 0.37 NME: 0.91 NMSE: 0.72 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Severnaya Sosva At Sosva NME: 1.03 W : 0.63 R2: 0.38 56.88 N / 86.26 E Ob NMSE: 1.90 R2: 0.24 NME: 0.82 NMSE: 1.14 h 2.0 2.0 t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 1.5 Niva At Niva GES 3 NME: 1.10 W : 0.53 1.5 R : 0.11 56.85 N / 105.07 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.47 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.05 NMSE: 1.17 h t n 1.0 1.0 o m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 45. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [29].
46 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 5 5 Vilyuy At Suntar NME: 1.07 W : 0.69 R2: 0.46 56.8 N / 105.8 E NMSE: 1.36 2 NME: 1.03
4 Lena R : 0.26 4 NMSE: 0.85 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Adycha At Yurduk−Kumakh NME: 1.35 W : 0.37 R2: 0.04 56.78 N / 111.4 W 20 Lena NMSE: 5.05 R2: 0.06 20 NME: 1.41 NMSE: 5.52 h t 15 15 n o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 15 15 STIKINE R NR WRANGELL AK NME: 1.15 W : 0.47 R2: 0.00 56.7 N / 132.13 W Yukon NMSE: 1.85 R2: 0.00 NME: 1.14 NMSE: 1.79 h t 10 10 n o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 0.82 2 20 LIARD RIVER ABOVE KECHIKA RIVER W : 0.69 20 R : 0.27 56.5 N / 84.92 E Mackenzie NMSE: 0.93 R2: 0.28 NME: 0.84 NMSE: 0.97 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Biryusa At Shitkino NME: 1.10 W : 0.57 R2: 0.08 56.42 N / 93.95 E 4 Yenisei NMSE: 1.48 R2: 0.11 4 NME: 1.19 NMSE: 1.69 h t 3 3 n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Taseeva At Mashukovka NME: 0.67 W : 0.82 R2: 0.71 56.37 N / 98.37 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.57 R2: 0.59 NME: 0.64 3 3 NMSE: 0.50 h t n o 2 2 m 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 46. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [30].
47 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Khilok At Maly Kunaley NME: 2.88 W : 0.40 R2: 0.13 56.28 N / 101.73 E Yenisei NMSE: 6.07 R2: 0.08 NME: 10.33 NMSE: 74.34 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Kachug NME: 0.61 W : 0.75 R2: 0.37 56.22 N / 115.73 E 2 15 Lena NMSE: 0.64 R : 0.42 15 NME: 0.65 NMSE: 0.73 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Malaya Kuonapka At Dzhalinda NME: 1.13 W : 0.52 2 56.17 N / 107.2 E
4 4 R : 0.08 Lena NMSE: 1.52 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.06 NMSE: 1.50 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vitim At Nerpo NME: 2.08 W : 0.39 R2: 0.01 56.12 N / 120.05 W 15 15 Lena NMSE: 2.53 R2: 0.01 NME: 4.74 NMSE: 17.92 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Biryusa At Biryusinsk NME: 1.10 W : 0.63 R2: 0.27 55.98 N / 92.8 E 40 Yenisei NMSE: 1.28 R2: 0.23 40 NME: 1.01 NMSE: 1.42 h t 30 30 n o m 3 20 20 m k 10 10 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 4 4 Biryusa At Biryusinsk NME: 0.83 W : 0.75 R2: 0.43 55.97 N / 97.78 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.85 R2: 0.38 NME: 0.82
3 3 NMSE: 0.84 h t n o 2 2 m 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 47. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [31].
48 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
2.5 Belaya At Mishelevka NME: 1.46 W : 0.54 2.5 R2: 0.12 55.92 N / 104.1 E Yenisei NMSE: 2.74 R2: 0.12 NME: 1.48
2.0 2.0 NMSE: 1.96 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Zmeinovo NME: 0.72 W : 0.56 R2: 0.19 55.92 N / 117.53 E 2 3.0 Lena NMSE: 0.96 R : 0.20 3.0 NME: 0.74 NMSE: 1.03 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Verkhnyaya Angara At Verkhnyaya Zaimka NME: 1.22 W : 0.48 R2: 0.03 55.85 N / 110.15 E 3.0 Yenisei NMSE: 1.75 R2: 0.04 3.0 NME: 1.26 NMSE: 1.90 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vitim At Mama NME: 1.18 W : 0.39 R2: 0.00 55.72 N / 121.2 W 2 3.0 Lena NMSE: 1.76 R : 0.00 3.0 NME: 1.23 NMSE: 1.85 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2.5 WINDIGO RIVER ABOVE MUSKRAT DAM LAKENME: 1.81 W : 0.23 2.5 R2: 0.00 55.68 N / 74.33 W South and East Hudson Bay NMSE: 8.98 R2: 0.00 NME: 1.53
2.0 2.0 NMSE: 8.44 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2.0 Lena at Krestovskoe NME: 0.73 W : 0.67 2.0 R2: 0.34 55.58 N / 114.5 E Lena NMSE: 0.85 R2: 0.29 NME: 0.74 NMSE: 0.86 1.5 1.5 h t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 48. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [32].
49 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Chadobets At Yarkino NME: 0.72 W : 0.77 R2: 0.76 55.53 N / 97.83 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.73 R2: 0.54 NME: 0.63 0.8 0.8 NMSE: 0.59 h t n 0.6 0.6 o m 3 0.4 0.4 m k 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 40 Biryusa At Solyanaya NME: 1.29 W : 0.61 40 R : 0.24 55.47 N / 92.35 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.49 R2: 0.18 NME: 1.29 NMSE: 1.73 h 30 30 t n o m 20 20 3 m k 10 10 0 0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nalgekhe At Nelgekhe NME: 1.19 W : 0.49 R2: 0.16 55.45 N / 117.16 W 2 2.0 Lena NMSE: 3.68 R : 0.13 2.0 NME: 1.19 NMSE: 4.17 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Ilim At Kochenga NME: 0.67 W : 0.83 R2: 0.54 55.43 N / 99.42 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.69 R2: 0.51 NME: 0.65 NMSE: 0.64 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kirenga At Karam NME: 0.58 W : 0.78 R2: 0.49 55.42 N / 120.55 E 10 Lena NMSE: 0.63 R2: 0.43 10 NME: 0.59 NMSE: 0.64 8 8 h t n o 6 6 m 3 4 4 m k 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Konda At Bol'chary NME: 0.84 W : 0.68 R2: 0.27 55.38 N / 86.08 E Ob NMSE: 0.99 R2: 0.27 NME: 0.84
10 10 NMSE: 1.03 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 49. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [33].
50 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
2.0 Konda At Chantir'ya NME: 1.82 W : 0.44 2.0 R2: 0.36 55.21 N / 84.98 E Ob NMSE: 8.32 R2: 0.25 NME: 1.87 NMSE: 7.85 1.5 1.5 h t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 1.5 1.5 Kovda (Kuma) At Istok iz ozera Kundozero NME: 0.99 W : 0.71 R2: 0.47 55.15 N / 107.62 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.09 R2: 0.31 NME: 0.94 NMSE: 0.95 h t 1.0 1.0 n o m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Lena At Zhigalovo NME: 0.66 W : 0.72 2 55.15 N / 116.77 E
2.0 2.0 R : 0.29 Lena NMSE: 0.89 R2: 0.30 NME: 0.68 NMSE: 1.17 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 7 7 Kem' At Ushkozerskaya GES NME: 0.61 W : 0.77 R2: 0.42 55.12 N / 116.77 E 6 North European Russia NMSE: 0.64 R2: 0.40 6 NME: 0.62 NMSE: 0.70 5 5 h t n o 4 4 m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 1.75 2 25 WILLOWLAKE RIVER BELOW METAHDALI CREEK W : 0.33 25 R : 0.08 55.02 N / 73.3 E Mackenzie NMSE: 8.12 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.67 NMSE: 9.29 20 20 h t n o 15 15 m 3 m 10 10 k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
1.2 Kubena At Istominsky NME: 1.17 W : 0.54 1.2 R2: 0.09 54.82 N / 105.13 E North European Russia NMSE: 1.56 R2: 0.10 NME: 1.23 NMSE: 1.64 h t n 0.8 0.8 o m 3 m k 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 50. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [34].
51 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Irkut At Irkutsk NME: 0.93 W : 0.58 R2: 0.13 54.5 N / 102.02 E 2
3.0 Yenisei NMSE: 1.17 R : 0.16 3.0 NME: 0.93 NMSE: 1.26 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
LIARD RIVER NEAR THE MOUTH NME: 1.49 W : 0.47 2 20 20 R : 0.19 54.15 N / 74.8 E Mackenzie NMSE: 5.12 R2: 0.16 NME: 1.65 NMSE: 5.32 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1945 1950 1955 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 15 Tczew NME: 0.82 W : 0.84 15 R : 0.73 54.09 N / 18.8 E Wisla NMSE: 0.79 R2: 0.56 NME: 0.81 NMSE: 0.69 h t n 10 10 o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2.5 Oka At Ust'−Kada NME: 1.01 W : 0.51 2.5 R2: 0.05 54.07 N / 99.25 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.34 R2: 0.07 NME: 1.01
2.0 2.0 NMSE: 1.47 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kanal Belomorsko−Baltiiskiy (Nizhniy Vyg) At MatkozhnyaNME: 0.64 W : 0.75 R2: 0.35 54.03 N / 115 E 2 4 North European Russia NMSE: 0.68 R : 0.36 4 NME: 0.66 NMSE: 0.82 h t 3 3 n o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2.5 Nadym At Nadym NME: 3.00 W : 0.55 2.5 R2: 0.94 54 N / 61.51 E Ob NMSE: 9.23 R2: 0.63 NME: 3.09
2.0 2.0 NMSE: 17.84 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1945 1950 1955 1960 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 51. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [35].
52 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Lena At Kachug NME: 1.12 W : 0.56 R2: 0.28 53.97 N / 105.88 E 2 1.2 Lena NMSE: 1.45 R : 0.22 1.2 NME: 1.20 NMSE: 1.76 h t n o 0.8 0.8 m 3 m k 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Irkut At Tibel'ty NME: 0.81 W : 0.57 R2: 0.20 53.95 N / 102.1 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.02 R2: 0.20 NME: 0.80 NMSE: 1.05 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 DEASE RIVER NEAR THE MOUTH NME: 1.00 W : 0.64 R2: 0.41 53.8 N / 83.57 E Mackenzie NMSE: 1.93 R2: 0.25 NME: 0.95 4 4 NMSE: 1.86 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 4 4 Chernoye At Chernoye NME: 1.17 W : 0.47 R2: 0.12 53.8 N / 83.56 E Ob NMSE: 2.22 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.22 NMSE: 2.53 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1936 1938 1940 1942 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
KECHIKA RIVER ABOVE BOYA CREEK NME: 0.78 W : 0.59 R2: 0.64 53.78 N / 87.15 E Mackenzie NMSE: 0.91 R2: 0.55 NME: 0.82 NMSE: 0.94 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Norway Tana At Polmak NME: 1.47 W : 0.54 R2: 0.10 53.73 N / 78.57 W 2 20 Scandinavia NMSE: 2.87 R : 0.12 20 NME: 1.59 NMSE: 3.39 h t n 15 15 o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 52. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [36].
53 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Angara At Ust'−Ilimskaya GES NME: 0.98 W : 0.59 R2: 0.17 53.66 N / 91.5 E 2 15 Yenisei NMSE: 1.35 R : 0.15 15 NME: 0.91 NMSE: 1.30 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1956 1958 1960 1962 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Inya At Kusmen' NME: 1.67 W : 0.39 R2: 0.04 53.65 N / 76.64 W 3.0 3.0 Ob NMSE: 4.60 R2: 0.04 NME: 1.91 NMSE: 6.11 h t n 2.0 2.0 o m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Barguzin At Barguzin NME: 1.06 W : 0.56 R2: 0.21 53.6 N / 109.6 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.35 R2: 0.15 NME: 1.07
1.5 1.5 NMSE: 1.51 h t n o 1.0 1.0 m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Ubagan At 5 km nizhe Karangala NME: 2.01 W : 0.30 R2: 0.00 53.59 N / 71.19 W 5 5 Ob NMSE: 6.66 R2: 0.01 NME: 2.29 NMSE: 8.21 4 4 h t n o 3 3 m 3 m 2 2 k 1 1 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
PEACE RIVER AT PEACE POINT NME: 1.08 W : 0.64 R2: 0.22 53.4 N / 83.82 E 2 20 Mackenzie NMSE: 1.64 R : 0.22 20 NME: 1.09 NMSE: 1.70 h t 15 15 n o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Angara At Tatarka NME: 0.89 W : 0.55 R2: 0.12 53.35 N / 102.2 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.15 R2: 0.13 NME: 0.87 NMSE: 1.20 h t 2.0 2.0 n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 53. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [37].
54 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Uy At Krutoyarskiy NME: 2.12 W : 0.24 R2: 0.05 53.34 N / 91.79 W NMSE: 6.14 2 NME: 2.78
2.0 Ob R : 0.01 2.0 NMSE: 11.86 h t n 1.5 1.5 o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kovda At Mezhdu Kuz'min i Semezh'e NME: 0.62 W : 0.70 R2: 0.37 53.22 N / 111.68 E 2 2.0 North European Russia NMSE: 0.65 R : 0.43 2.0 NME: 0.68 NMSE: 0.77 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Kanal Belomorsko−Baltiiskiy (Nizhniy Vyg) At Nadvoy−TyNME: 0.70 W : 0.54 R2: 0.41 53.2 N / 112.77 E North European Russia NMSE: 0.83 R2: 0.24 NME: 0.67 NMSE: 0.76 2.0 2.0 h t n o m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.0 0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Iset' At Kataisk NME: 1.77 W : 0.23 R2: 0.14 52.95 N / 87.7 W 3.0 Ob NMSE: 4.83 R2: 0.06 3.0 NME: 2.01 NMSE: 6.71 h t n o 2.0 2.0 m 3 m k 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Angara At Boguchany NME: 1.07 W : 0.61 R2: 0.20 52.85 N / 103.17 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.32 R2: 0.19 NME: 1.05 1.5 1.5 NMSE: 1.36 h t n o 1.0 1.0 m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 12 12 Ilim At Sotnikova NME: 1.00 W : 0.57 R2: 0.12 52.66 N / 91.33 E 2 10 Yenisei NMSE: 1.41 R : 0.11 10 NME: 0.96 NMSE: 1.37 h 8 8 t n o 6 6 m 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 54. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [38].
55 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
20 Kova At Prokop'evo NME: 1.09 W : 0.57 20 R2: 0.15 52.66 N / 91.35 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.50 R2: 0.11 NME: 1.05 NMSE: 1.47 15 15 h t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 7 7 PINE RIVER AT EAST PINE NME: 0.92 W : 0.70 R2: 0.30 52.55 N / 85.28 E 6 Mackenzie NMSE: 1.08 R2: 0.30 6 NME: 0.98 NMSE: 1.18 5 5 h t n 4 4 o m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
WABASCA RIVER AT WADLIN LAKE ROADNME: 1.03 W : 0.66 R2: 0.25 52.45 N / 84.92 E NMSE: 1.26 2 NME: 1.05 12 Mackenzie R : 0.25 12 NMSE: 1.33 h t n o 8 8 m 3 6 6 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 0.89 2 2.0 Angara At Bratskaya GES (n/b) W : 0.68 2.0 R : 0.37 52.28 N / 104.28 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.94 R2: 0.36 NME: 0.88 NMSE: 1.01 h 1.5 1.5 t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 15 15 Khilok At Maleta NME: 3.47 W : 0.29 R2: 0.02 52.27 N / 104.32 E Yenisei NMSE: 9.64 R2: 0.01 NME: 6.91 NMSE: 53.98 h t 10 10 n o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Uy At Troitsk (Pugaevskaya Sopka) NME: 1.42 W : 0.56 R2: 0.28 52.24 N / 78.07 W 15 Ob NMSE: 3.11 R2: 0.16 15 NME: 1.52 NMSE: 2.88 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 55. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [39].
56 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 15 15 Khilok At Khilok NME: 3.69 W : 0.27 R2: 0.19 52.23 N / 104.3 E Yenisei NMSE: 11.42 R2: 0.00 NME: 12.25 NMSE: 137.35 h t 10 10 n o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 PEACE RIVER ABOVE ALCES RIVER NME: 1.03 W : 0.68 R2: 0.34 52.13 N / 83.28 E Mackenzie NMSE: 1.84 2 NME: 1.01 4 R : 0.29 4 NMSE: 1.79 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Uda At Shirokovo NME: 1.02 W : 0.58 R2: 0.15 52.12 N / 92.28 E 2
20 Yenisei NMSE: 1.46 R : 0.12 20 NME: 0.98 NMSE: 1.33 h t n 15 15 o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 Iset' At Isetskoye NME: 1.41 W : 0.45 R2: 0.01 52.08 N / 87.07 W Ob NMSE: 3.30 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.52 4 4 NMSE: 3.67 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 12 12 Selenga At Novoselenginsk NME: 0.63 W : 0.87 R2: 0.68 52.07 N / 106.65 E NMSE: 0.49 2 10 Yenisei R : 0.60 10 NME: 0.51 NMSE: 0.42 h 8 8 t n o 6 6 m 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Barguzin At Barguzin NME: 0.63 W : 0.87 R2: 0.68 52.03 N / 107.48 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.54 R2: 0.58 NME: 0.49 10 10 NMSE: 0.42 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 56. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [40].
57 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
Angara At Ostrov Yunost' NME: 0.90 W : 0.62 R2: 0.38 51.78 N / 103.27 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.08 2 NME: 0.87
1.2 R : 0.37 1.2 NMSE: 1.15 h t n o 0.8 0.8 m 3 m k 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 14 14 Ilim At Ilimsk NME: 1.01 W : 0.58 R2: 0.27 51.66 N / 92.33 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.37 R2: 0.18 NME: 0.96 NMSE: 1.35 10 10 h t n 8 8 o m 6 6 3 m k 4 4 2 2 0 0
1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Suery At Volosnikovo NME: 2.22 W : 0.41 R2: 0.16 51.44 N / 76.87 W Ob NMSE: 6.96 R2: 0.08 NME: 2.31 10 10 NMSE: 5.54 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Selenga At Raz'ezd Mostovoy NME: 0.77 W : 0.66 R2: 0.26 51.35 N / 110.47 E 2 0.8 Yenisei NMSE: 0.96 R : 0.22 0.8 NME: 0.76 NMSE: 1.00 h t 0.6 0.6 n o m 3 0.4 0.4 m k 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Khilok At Khailastuy NME: 0.84 W : 0.69 R2: 0.27 51.2 N / 106.97 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.09 R2: 0.24 NME: 0.78
1.5 1.5 NMSE: 1.17 h t n o m 1.0 1.0 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Verkhnyaya Angara At Verkhnyaya Zaimka NME: 0.68 W : 0.85 R2: 0.69 51.1 N / 106.67 E NMSE: 0.68 2 NME: 0.55 15 Yenisei R : 0.57 15 NMSE: 0.45 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 57. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [41].
58 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 15 15 LA MARTRE RIVER BELOW OUTLET OF LACN LAME :MARTRE 1.28 W : 0.67 R2: 0.38 50.88 N / 78.32 E Mackenzie NMSE: 2.17 R2: 0.34 NME: 1.31 NMSE: 2.47 h t 10 10 n o m 3 m 5 5 k 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Selenga At Kabansk NME: 0.68 W : 0.76 R2: 0.58 50.83 N / 108.4 E 1.2 Yenisei NMSE: 0.71 R2: 0.38 1.2 NME: 0.57 NMSE: 0.53 h t n o 0.8 0.8 m 3 m k 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Tavda At Tabory NME: 1.45 W : 0.46 2 20 20 R : 0.10 50.81 N / 81.29 W Ob NMSE: 3.95 R2: 0.12 NME: 1.66 NMSE: 4.56 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 25 25 Nura At Sergiopolskoye NME: 1.62 W : 0.47 R2: 0.12 50.74 N / 81.45 W Ob NMSE: 4.65 R2: 0.16 NME: 1.75 20 20 NMSE: 5.63 h t n 15 15 o m 3 10 10 m k 5 5 0 0
1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 1.5 1.5 Chikoy At Gremyachka NME: 0.68 W : 0.80 R2: 0.53 50.62 N / 107.82 E Yenisei NMSE: 0.71 R2: 0.43 NME: 0.66 NMSE: 0.64 h t 1.0 1.0 n o m 3 m 0.5 0.5 k 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 7 7 Tom' At Kemerovo, St.metalploschadka NME: 1.80 W : 0.53 R2: 0.18 50.6 N / 81.41 W 2 6 Ob NMSE: 3.65 R : 0.18 6 NME: 2.15 NMSE: 5.08 5 5 h t n o 4 4 m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 58. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [42].
59 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
7 Aley At Khabazino NME: 1.35 W : 0.45 7 R2: 0.07 50.58 N / 82.11 W 2 6 Ob NMSE: 3.41 R : 0.09 6 NME: 1.54 NMSE: 4.31 h 5 5 t n o 4 4 m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Chikoy At Gremyachka NME: 0.95 W : 0.61 R2: 0.19 50.3 N / 108.63 E 1.5 Yenisei NMSE: 1.11 R2: 0.20 1.5 NME: 0.98 NMSE: 1.28 h t n 1.0 1.0 o m 3 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 20 20 Sos'va (B.Sos'va) At Novaya Pristan' NME: 1.53 W : 0.59 R2: 0.32 50.13 N / 77.42 W Ob NMSE: 3.66 R2: 0.24 NME: 1.75 NMSE: 3.70 15 15 h t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Ishim At Vikulovo NME: 2.52 W : 0.39 R2: 0.87 50.06 N / 73.35 E Ob NMSE: 9.36 R2: 0.20 NME: 3.61 NMSE: 53.09 h 0.8 0.8 t n o m 3 m 0.4 0.4 k 0.0 0.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Nitsa At Irbit NME: 1.22 W : 0.67 R2: 0.52 50.06 N / 82.15 W Ob NMSE: 2.67 R2: 0.38 NME: 1.11 10 10 NMSE: 1.67 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1930 1940 1950 1960 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Tobol At Korkino NME: 1.80 W : 0.39 R2: 0.09 50 N / 82.16 W Ob NMSE: 6.13 R2: 0.09 NME: 2.08
10 10 NMSE: 8.10 h t 8 8 n o m 6 6 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 59. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [43].
60 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 8 8 Inya (Nizhnyaya) At Ust'−Sosnovka NME: 2.66 W : 0.41 R2: 0.19 49.88 N / 81.56 W Ob NMSE: 8.72 R2: 0.16 NME: 3.35
6 6 NMSE: 15.33 h t n o 4 4 m 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Yaya At Semenovsk NME: 1.86 W : 0.34 R2: 0.00 49.85 N / 77.18 W 10 Ob NMSE: 5.01 R2: 0.00 10 NME: 1.80 NMSE: 4.41 8 8 h t n o 6 6 m 3 m 4 4 k 2 2 0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 2.5 MACKENZIE RIVER AT ARCTIC RED RIVER NME: 0.88 W : 0.69 2.5 R : 0.55 49.82 N / 84.33 E Mackenzie NMSE: 0.99 R2: 0.46 NME: 0.93 NMSE: 1.02 2.0 2.0 h t n o 1.5 1.5 m 3 m 1.0 1.0 k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 8 8 Poluy At Yangy−Ugan NME: 1.59 W : 0.46 R2: 0.06 49.75 N / 77.61 W Ob NMSE: 4.19 R2: 0.08 NME: 1.92 NMSE: 4.66 6 6 h t n o m 4 4 3 m k 2 2 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 1.56 2 6 Parabel' At Soisraeva W : 0.44 6 R : 0.02 49.69 N / 75.98 W Ob NMSE: 3.40 R2: 0.03 NME: 1.71
5 5 NMSE: 3.28 h t n 4 4 o m 3 3 3 m k 2 2 1 1 0 0
1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
2 4 Tura At Tumen' NME: 1.12 W : 0.66 4 R : 0.37 49.31 N / 82.04 W Ob NMSE: 1.99 R2: 0.28 NME: 1.08 NMSE: 1.50 3 3 h t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 60. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [44].
61 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
NME: 2.03 2 4 Tura At Turinsk W : 0.38 4 R : 0.11 49.26 N / 81.64 W Ob NMSE: 7.58 R2: 0.11 NME: 2.41 NMSE: 11.55 h 3 3 t n o m 2 2 3 m k 1 1 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Yenisey At Ust'−Usa NME: 1.09 W : 0.80 R2: 0.76 49.22 N / 102.5 E 2.0 Yenisei NMSE: 1.33 R2: 0.59 2.0 NME: 1.02 NMSE: 1.19 h t 1.5 1.5 n o m 3 1.0 1.0 m k 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 0.8 0.8 Yenisey At Divnogorsk NME: 0.85 W : 0.64 R2: 0.70 48.65 N / 103.6 E Yenisei NMSE: 1.01 R2: 0.23 NME: 0.72 NMSE: 0.62 0.6 0.6 h t n o m 0.4 0.4 3 m k 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Bratislava NME: 1.12 W : 0.76 R2: 0.35 48.12 N / 17.1 E Danube NMSE: 1.21 R2: 0.44 NME: 1.43
15 15 NMSE: 2.11 h t n o 10 10 m 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month 5 5 YELLOWKNIFE RIVER POWER DIVERSION ATNM SITEE: 1.10 Y2 W : 0.46 R2: 0.01 48 N / 85.22 E Mackenzie NMSE: 1.60 2 NME: 1.10
4 R : 0.01 4 NMSE: 1.72 h t n 3 3 o m 3 2 2 m k 1 1 0 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Ceatal Izmail NME: 0.88 W : 0.80 R2: 0.52 45.18 N / 28.8 E Danube NMSE: 1.03 R2: 0.50 NME: 1.05 60 60 NMSE: 1.36 h t n o 40 40 m 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 61. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [45].
62 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 70 70 Hermann NME: 2.03 W : 0.58 R2: 0.75 38.71 N / 91.43 W Missouri NMSE: 4.81 R2: 0.47 NME: 2.76 NMSE: 10.67 h 50 50 t n o m 3 30 30 m k 10 10 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Vicksburg NME: 0.70 W : 0.86 2 32.31 N / 90.9 W 150 150 R : 0.57 Mississippi NMSE: 0.47 R2: 0.57 NME: 0.77 NMSE: 0.56 h t n o 100 100 m 3 m k 50 50
1965 1970 1975 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
140 Datong NME: 0.60 W : 0.90 140 R2: 0.98 30.76 N / 117.61 E Changjiang NMSE: 0.33 R2: 0.97 NME: 0.62 NMSE: 0.37 h t 100 100 n o m 3 60 60 m k 20 20
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Bahadurabad NME: 0.33 W : 0.97 R2: 0.97 25.18 N / 89.66 E Brahmaputra NMSE: 0.14 R2: 0.90 NME: 0.23 150 150 NMSE: 0.06 h t n o 100 100 m 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1970 1972 1974 1976 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Farakka NME: 0.42 W : 0.95 R2: 0.99 24.83 N / 87.92 E 200 Ganges NMSE: 0.27 R2: 0.95 200 NME: 0.43 NMSE: 0.27 h t 150 150 n o m 3 100 100 m k 50 50 0 0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
NME: 0.34 2 50 Wuzhou 3 W : 0.95 50 R : 0.97 23.48 N / 111.3 E Xijiang NMSE: 0.20 R2: 0.82 NME: 0.20 NMSE: 0.06 40 40 h t n o 30 30 m 3 m 20 20 k 10 10 0 0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 62. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [46].
63 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data
NME: 0.58 2 20 Ashti W : 0.90 20 R : 0.97 19.78 N / 79.78 E Wainganga NMSE: 0.66 R2: 0.87 NME: 0.64 NMSE: 0.78 h 15 15 t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Mukdahan NME: 0.45 W : 0.94 R2: 0.92 16.33 N / 104.89 E Mekong NMSE: 0.29 R2: 0.84 NME: 0.38 NMSE: 0.19 h 80 80 t n o 60 60 m 3 m 40 40 k 20 20 0 0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Khartoum NME: 1.79 W : 0.67 R2: 0.93 15.61 N / 32.55 E 50 Blue Nile NMSE: 4.77 R2: 0.87 50 NME: 1.81 NMSE: 5.01 h 40 40 t n o 30 30 m 3 m 20 20 k 10 10 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Bakel NME: 1.94 W : 0.62 R2: 0.79 14.9 N / 12.45 W 50 Senegal NMSE: 6.04 R2: 0.70 50 NME: 1.89 NMSE: 6.43 h 40 40 t n o 30 30 m 3 m 20 20 k 10 10 0 0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
20 Langa Tabbetje NME: 0.86 W : 0.87 20 R2: 0.90 5 N / 54.4 W Langa Tabbetje NMSE: 0.90 R2: 0.84 NME: 0.89 NMSE: 0.94 15 15 h t n o m 10 10 3 m k 5 5 0 0
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Obidos NME: 1.09 W : 0.75 R2: 0.41 1.91 S / 55.55 W 2 800 Amazonas NMSE: 1.31 R : 0.37 800 NME: 1.09 NMSE: 1.23 h t n o 600 600 m 3 m k 400 400 200 200
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 63. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [47].
64 Discharge LPJmL4 gauge data 350 350 Kinshasa NME: 3.05 W : 0.46 R2: 0.41 4.3 S / 15.3 E Zaire NMSE: 9.19 R2: 0.36 NME: 3.49 NMSE: 12.22 h 250 250 t n o m 3 150 150 m k 50 50 0 0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Porto Velho NME: 0.93 W : 0.83 R2: 0.67 8.76 S / 63.91 W Rio Madeira NMSE: 1.12 R2: 0.65 NME: 0.95 150 150 NMSE: 1.13 h t n o 100 100 m 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Guaira NME: 1.56 W : 0.73 R2: 0.82 24.06 S / 54.26 W Parana NMSE: 2.77 R2: 0.62 NME: 1.85
100 100 NMSE: 3.95 h t n o m 60 60 3 m k 20 20 0 0
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Corrientes NME: 3.27 W : 0.44 R2: 0.79 27.46 S / 58.85 W Parana NMSE: 11.80 R2: 0.35 NME: 6.86 NMSE: 51.63 150 150 h t n o m 100 100 3 m k 50 50 0 0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 2 4 6 8 10 12
years month
Figure 64. Evaluation of river discharge at gauging stations [48].
65 Soil organic carbon Carvalhais et al. 2014
Carvalhais et al. 2014 LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−NOPERM−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM−PNV 30000 10000 0
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM
gC m−2
0 10000 25000 40000 55000 70000 85000
Figure 65. The maps (left side) show the spatial pattern of soil organic carbon [gC m−2] distribution from the standard LPJmL4 simulation against data from Carvalhais et al.(2014). The graph on the right side shows the latitudinal pattern of vegetation biomass distribution simulated by the different versions of LPJmL4 against data from Carvalhais et al.(2014).
66 (a) (a) Biomass Carvalhais et al. 2014
Carvalhais et al. 2014
25000 LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−NOPERM−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM−PNV 15000 5000 0
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM
gC m−2
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
(b) (b) above ground biomass Liu et al. 2015
Liu et al. 2015 LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM 20000 LPJmL4−NOGSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−NOPERM−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM−PNV 15000 10000 5000 0
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM
gC m−2
0 2000 5000 8000 11000 14000 17000
Figure 66. (a) The maps (left side) show the spatial pattern of vegetation biomass [gC m−2] distribution from the standard LPJmL4 simulation against data from Carvalhais et al.(2014). The graph on the right side shows the latitudinal pattern of vegetation biomass distribution simulated by the different versions of LPJmL4 against data from Carvalhais et al.(2014). (b) Similar as above but for aboveground biomass [gC m −2] from Liu et al. (2015).
67 Figure 67. Evaluation of ecosystem respiration [gC m−2 a−1] comparing LPJml4 with satellite-derived ecosys- tem respiration (Jägermeyr et al., 2014).
68 Evapotranspiration MTE
MTE LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE 1200 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−NOPERM−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM−PNV 800 600 400 200 0
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM
mm a−1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Figure 68. The maps (left side) show the spatial pattern of evapotranspiration [mm a−1] distribution from the standard LPJmL4 simulation against the MTE data (Jung et al., 2011). The graph on the right side shows the latitudinal pattern of evapotranspiration distribution simulated by the different versions of LPJmL4 against data from Jung et al.(2011).
Fractional burnt area GFED4 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM
0.30 GFED4 CCI LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE 0.25 LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−NOGSI−GlobFIRM
0.20 LPJmL4−NOGSI−NOPERM−GlobFIRM LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM−PNV 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 CCI LPJmL4−GSI−SPITFIRE
fractional burnt area
0 0.2 0.5 0.8 1
Figure 69. Observed and simulated estimations of fractional area burnt. Observed estimation both are based on remote sensing data (GFED4: http://www.globalfiredata.org/ and CCI Fire Version 4.1: http://cci.esa.int/data).
69 Af Am As Aw
0.18*** −0.29*** 0.00029 0.27*** 0.55*** 0.75*** 0.43*** 0.75*** 0.47*** 0.64*** 0.7*** 0.59*** FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 BSh BSk Cw Cs
0.56*** 0.77*** 0.8*** 0.52*** 0.54*** 0.59*** −0.085 0.069 0.22* 0.3*** 0.56*** 0.56*** FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 Cf Ds Dw Df
0.93*** 0.91*** 0.86*** 0.81*** 0.94*** 0.93*** 0.71*** 0.98*** 0.98*** 0.93*** 0.96*** 0.96*** FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR (−) FAPAR 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.8 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 1985 1995 2005 GIMMS3g FAPAR VGT2 FAPAR MODIS FAPAR LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM FAPAR
Figure 70. FAPAR comparison of seasonal dynamic for Koeppen-Geiger classification against 3 different re- mote sensing products: MODIS FAPAR, GIMMS3g FAPAR, and VGT2 FAPAR. A map of the Köppen classification can be found here [http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at].
Af Am As Aw
0.27** −0.23** −0.046 0.019 Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6
2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 BSh BSk Cw Cs
0.26** 0.79*** −0.46*** −0.17. Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6
2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 Cf Ds Dw Df
−0.094 0.92*** 0.72*** 0.83*** Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) Albedo (−) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6
2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008 2000 2004 2008
MODIS Albedo LPJmL4−GSI−GlobFIRM Albedo
Figure 71. Albedo comparison for Koeppen-Geiger classification with MODIS remote sensing data. A map of the Köppen classification can be found here [http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at].
70 China India Indonesia Bangladesh 5 8 0.0928 n.s. 0.0027 n.s. 0.238 n.s. 0.0227 n.s. 5 4 3 6 4 1 − 3 2 3 4 2 2 tFM ha 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Vietnam Thailand Myanmar Philippines 6
0.440 * −0.275 n.s. −0.194 n.s. 4 0.391 * 3 4 5 3 1 4 3 − 2 3 2 2 2 tFM ha 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Brazil Japan 8 5 0.314 n.s. 0.783 *** 4 6 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 −
3 LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 4 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 2 2 tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 1 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 72. Evaluation of crop variability comparing rice yields computed by LPJml4 with FAO yield data.
71 USA Brazil Argentina China
0.438 * 3 0.625 *** 0.298 n.s. 0.172 n.s. 4 2.0 3 3 1 2 − 2 2 1.0 1 1 1 tFM ha 0 0 0.0 −1
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 India Paraguay Canada Uruguay 4
0.00836 n.s. 0.226 n.s. 4 0.234 n.s. 0.101 n.s. 3 1.5 3 3 1 − 2 2 1.0 2 1 1 1 0.5 tFM ha 0 0 0 0.0 −1 −1 −1
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Ukraine Bolivia 3 2.0 0.321 n.s. −0.487 **
2 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 − LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 1.0
1 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05
tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 0 0.0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 73. As Fig. 72 for soy.
72 Brazil India China Thailand
0.313 n.s. 0.073 n.s. 0.488 ** 80 0.303 n.s. 80 80 80 60 60 1 60 − 40 40 40 40 tFM ha 20 20 20 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Pakistan Mexico Colombia Philippines −0.0516 n.s. 0.0457 n.s. 0.307 n.s. −0.00155 n.s. 150 80 60 80 1 60 − 100 40 40 40 tFM ha 50 20 20 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Australia USA 0.0802 n.s. 0.0616 n.s. 100
80 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 − LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 60 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 40
tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 20 0 −20 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 74. As Fig. 72 for sugarcane.
73 Canada China India Germany 5 0.303 n.s. 0.294 n.s. 0.176 n.s. 0.304 n.s. 2.0 2.0 4 1.0 1 − 3 1.0 2 1.0 0.5 tFM ha 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 France Australia United Kingdom Poland 4
4 0.296 n.s. 0.791 *** 0.0586 n.s. 0.302 n.s. 3 2.0 3 3 1 − 2 2 2 1.0 1 tFM ha 1 1 0.0 0 0 0 −1.0 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Ukraine Czech Republic 2.5 0.354 n.s. 4 0.514 **
3 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 − 1.5 LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 2 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 1 tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 0.5 0 −0.5 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 75. As Fig. 72 for rapeseed.
74 Ukraine Argentina China 3 2.5 2.0 0.218 n.s. 0.295 n.s. 0.266 n.s. 2 1 − No data supply 1.5 1.0
for Russia. 1 tFM ha 0.5 0 0.0 −0.5 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 France Romania Bulgaria Turkey
0.385 * 0.648 *** 0.716 *** 3 0.745 *** 3 2.0 2 1.5 1 − 2 1.0 1 1 tFM ha 0.5 0.0 0 0 −1 −1.0 −0.5 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Hungary USA
0.474 ** 3 0.485 ** 3
2 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 − 2 LPJmL4 ** p<0.01
1 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 1
tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 0 0 −1 −1
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 76. As Fig. 72 for sunflower.
75 India Niger Nigeria China
0.441 * 0.6 0.616 *** 0.0302 n.s. 0.394 * 2.0 2.5 1.0 1 0.4 − 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 tFM ha 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 −0.5 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Mali Burkina Faso Ethiopia Senegal 0.263 n.s. 0.0908 n.s. −0.0382 n.s. 0.589 *** 1.5 1.0 0.8 1 0.6 − 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 tFM ha 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 −0.2 −0.2 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Sudan 0.521 ** 0.5 FAOstat *** p<0.001
No data supply 0.3 LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 for Chad. FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 0.1 −0.1 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 77. As Fig. 72 for millet.
76 China India Nigeria USA 4
0.348 n.s. −0.0157 n.s. 2.0 0.302 n.s. 0.734 *** 4 1.5 3 3 1 − 1.0 2 2 1.0 0.5 tFM ha 1 1 0 0.0 0 0.0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Indonesia Myanmar Sudan Senegal
0.0829 n.s. 2.0 0.139 n.s. 0.249 n.s. 0.670 *** 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1 − 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.5 tFM ha 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 −0.5 −0.2 −0.5 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Argentina Tanzania
3 0.197 n.s. −0.217 n.s.
0.8 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 2 − LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 1 0.4
tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 0 0.0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 78. As Fig. 72 for peanut.
77 Nigeria Thailand Brazil Indonesia
0.0989 n.s. 25 0.0199 n.s. 0.634 *** 0.127 n.s. 20 15 10 1 15 − 15 10 10 5 tFM ha 5 5 5 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ghana Angola Vietnam 20
0.0979 n.s. 15 0.310 n.s. 0.0147 n.s. 0.00931 n.s. 8 15 15 1 − 6 10 10 10 4 5 tFM ha 5 5 2 0 0 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 India Mozambique 40 0.313 n.s. 8 0.181 n.s. 6 30 FAOstat *** p<0.001 1 − LPJmL4 ** p<0.01 4 20 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 2 tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 10 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 79. As Fig. 72 for cassava.
78 Russia France USA Germany 80
40 0.482 ** −0.0878 n.s. 0.442 * −0.206 n.s. 100 60 60 30 1 − 60 40 40 20 20 tFM ha 20 20 10 0 0 0 −20
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Turkey Ukraine Poland China 50 40 0.585 *** 0.214 n.s. 60 −0.176 n.s. −0.174 n.s. 50 30 1 − 40 30 30 20 20 tFM ha 10 10 10 0 0 0 −10 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010 Egypt United Kingdom 60
−0.0258 n.s. 80 −0.178 n.s.
FAOstat *** p<0.001 60 1 − 40 LPJmL4 ** p<0.01
40 FAOstat residuals * p<0.05 20 tFM ha LPJmL4 residuals n.s. not significant 20 0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010
Figure 80. As Fig. 72 for sugar beet.
79 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 81. Evaluation of sowing dates of rice: (from top to bottom panel) simulated (LPJmL4) sowing date, ob- served (MIRCA2000) sowing date and difference between simulated and observed sowing date. Green colours (red colours) in the difference map indicate that simulated sowing dates are too late (too early) compared to observations. White colours indicate crop area smaller than 0.001% of grid cell area. Sowing dates in regions without seasonality are not shown.
80 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 82. Evaluation of sowing dates of maize: Caption as for Fig.81.
81 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 83. Evaluation of sowing dates of millet: Caption as for Fig.81.
82 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 84. Evaluation of sowing dates of pulses: Caption as for Fig.81.
83 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 85. Evaluation of sowing dates of sugarbeet: Caption as for Fig.81.
84 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 86. Evaluation of sowing dates of cassava: Caption as for Fig.81.
85 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 87. Evaluation of sowing dates of sunflower: Caption as for Fig.81.
86 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 88. Evaluation of sowing dates of soybean: Caption as for Fig.81.
87 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 89. Evaluation of sowing dates of groundnut: Caption as for Fig.81.
88 LPJmL4 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
MIRCA2000 351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Difference 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Months −2 −3 −4 −5 −6
Figure 90. Evaluation of sowing dates of rapeseed: Caption as for Fig.81.
89 ]
351
301
251
201
151 Days
101
51
1
Figure 91. Simulated sowing dates of rainfed sugar cane.
Table 1. Comparison of field application efficiencies
World region Surface Sprinkler Drip Surface Sprinkler Drip Surface Sprinkler Drip (this study) (Rohwer et al., 2007) (Sauer et al., 2010)
North America 52 78 88 48 68 90 50 85 93 South America 50 77 87 51 68 90 38 75 88 Europe and Russia 52 80 90 53 73 90 52 86 93 Mena 62 89 95 49 69 90 22 60 80 SSA 51 70 90 54 75 90 28 64 82 Central and East Asia 50 79 82 48 68 90 42 79 89 South Asia 47 85 92 48 68 90 32 68 84 SE Asia and Oceania 48 67 85 48 71 90 38 75 88 World 50 79 89 49 70 90 42 78 89
For reasons of comparison, we employ here the traditional definition: consumed per applied irrigation water for major world regions compared with literature values in %. This study’s results are area-weighted averages, based on current distribution of irrigation systems (source: Jägermeyr et al.(2015)). MENA – Middle East and North Africa; SSA – sub-Saharan Africa.
90 References
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