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Biosynthesis, Characterization and Anti-Microbial Activity of Silver

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Biosynthesis, Characterization and Anti-Microbial Activity of Silver Spec. Matrices 2019; 7:1–19 Research Article Open Access Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger Green Process Synth 2019; 8: 577–583 Self-dual Leonard pairs Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed1,*, Farhat Fatima1, Md. Khalid Anwer1,*, Saad M. Alshahrani1, Ahmed Alalaiwe1 and Prakash Katakamhttps://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-00012 Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018 Biosynthesis, characterizationAbstract: Let F denote a eld and and let Vanti-microbialdenote a vector space over F with nite positive dimension. Consider a pair A, A∗ of diagonalizable F-linear maps on V, each of which acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an activity of silver nanoparticleirreducible tridiagonal fashion. based Such a pairgel is calledhand a Leonard wash pair. We consider the self-dual case in which there exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A∗. Such an automorphism https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0027 is unique, and calledhygiene the duality[1,2]. HeA noticedA∗. Inthe the spread present of paperinfection we giveand a comprehensive description of this Received November 8, 2018; accepted March 26, 2019. ↔ duality. In particular,mortality we display of new an born invertible given Fbirth-linear in his map hospital,T on V suchwhich that the map X TXT− is the duality → Abstract: In the current study, silverA nanoparticlesA∗. We express wasT asrelatively a polynomial higher inthanA and the Aadjacent∗. We describe midwife-run how T acts on ags, decompositions, ↔ (AgNPs) were biosynthesised by microwaveand 24 irradiation bases for Vmaternity. hospital. In his investigation, he concluded using Azadirachta indica. The formation of AgNPs was that doctors with bare hands after performing surgery confirmed by surface plasmon resonanceKeywords: (SPR) bandLeonard or pair, autopsy tridiagonal visited the matrix, maternity self-dual ward were the cause to at 408 nm at UV-visible spectroscopy due to reduction transmit the infection in new-borns and causes death of silver metal into (AgNPs) and furtherClassication: confirmed its17B37,15A21 [3]. In the present scenario challenges of the 21st century particles in nano range. Nine different smart-gel hand include infectious diseases; the second leading cause wash were prepared by dispersing (AgNPs) in the HPMC of death that kills 17 million people in a year worldwide and/or Pluronic F-127 polymers. The prepared smart [4]. Majorly transmission of infection takes place by gel hand wash was optimized based on pH,Introduction viscosity, contaminated hands, therefore hand plays a vital role in spreadability, foamability, clarity. The optimized hand the spread of infectious diseases in the healthcare setups, wash (NH5) had pH (6.6 ± 0.33), viscosityLet (66F denote± 0.77, cp), a eld industrial and let settingV denote related a vector to the spacefood manufacturing over F with niteand positive dimension. We consider a spreadability (24.34 g-cm/s), foamabilitypair (100A, mL).A∗ of The diagonalizable also in the communityF-linear maps to larger on V extent, each [5,6]. of which Hand hygiene acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an optimized hand wash (NH5) showed a irreduciblesuperior efficacy tridiagonal as an fashion. intervention Such to a pairprevent is called the spread a Leonard of infections, pair (see [13, Denition 1.1]). The Leonard pair against pathogenic organisms in comparisonA, A ∗tois germ said pro to- bethe self-dual term hygiene whenever was there derived exists from an automorphismthe Greek healing of the endomorphism algebra of V that tection based marketed hand wash. swaps A and A∗. Ingoddess this case Hygeia. such anIn 1961 automorphism the Centre isfor unique, disease andcontrol called the duality A A∗. ↔ The literature containsand prevention many examples (CDC) recommended of self-dual Leonard hand wash pairs. for For instance (i) the Leonard pair associ- Keywords: silver nanoparticles; smart-gelated hand with anwash; irreducible health module care workers. for the The Terwilliger recent guideline algebra ofrecommends, the hypercube (see [4, Corollaries 6.8, 8.5]); (ii) a anti-microbial efficacy; stability Leonard pair of Krawtchoukuse of waterless type (see antiseptic [10, Denition agents instead 6.1]); (iii) of thesoap Leonard and pair associated with an irreducible water for hand wash [7,8]. Hand hygiene preparation module for the Terwilliger algebra of a distance-regular graph that has a spin model in the Bose-Mesner alge- with soap may damage the skin and increases microbial bra (see [1, Theorem], [3, Theorems 4.1, 5.5]); (iv) an appropriately normalized totally bipartite Leonard pair growth over the time. Usage of soap in hand wash may 1 Introduction (see [11, Lemma 14.8]);damage (v) the skin Leonard which pair could consisting be more prone of any to two microbial of a modular Leonard triple A, B, C (see [2, Denition 1.4]); (vi)colonization the Leonard [9,10]. pair consisting of a pair of opposite generators for the q-tetrahedron alge- Hand washing is a religious and cultural habit, the bra, acting on an evaluationReports module on Triclosan (see [5, an Proposition active antiseptic 9.2]). Theingredient example (i) is a special case of (ii), and the relation between handwashing and infectious disease examples (iii), (iv)commonly are special used cases in hand of (v). wash proved ineffective than using was recognized only two centuries ago by a Hungarian Let A, A∗ denoteplain a Leonardsoap [11]. pair Nowadays on V. Weresearchers can determine pay more whether attentionA , A∗ is self-dual in the following way. doctor Ignaz Semmelweis, known as the father of hand d By [13, Lemma 1.3]in each natural eigenspace medicine of dueA, toA ∗itshas safety dimension and dependability one. Let asθ denote an ordering of the eigen- { i}i= compared with synthetic medicine that causes deleterious d values of A. For ≤ i ≤ d let vi denote a θi-eigenvector for A. The ordering θi i= is said to be standard effects. Nature is thed reliance of remedies for all ailments { } d whenever A∗ acts on the basis vi i= in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. If the ordering θi i= is standard of mankind.d {Until} now, 1340 plants and over 30,000 { } * Corresponding authors: Mohammed Muqtader Ahmedthen theand ordering θ is also standard, and no further ordering is standard. Similar comments apply to {antimicrobiald−i}i= constituents have been isolated from plant Md. Khalid Anwer, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacyd d A∗. Let θi i= denote a standard ordering of the eigenvalues of A. Then A, A∗ is self-dual if and only if θi i= Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of{ Saudi} sources [12,13]. Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf showed { } is a standard ordering of the eigenvalues of A∗ (see [7, Proposition 8.7]). Arabia, Tel.: 00966-0506735642, Office: 0115886076, antimicrobial and antifungal activity due to quercetin, e-mail: [email protected] (Muqtader Mohammad); beta-sitosterol, polyphenolic flavonoids [14]. Azadirachta [email protected] (Md. Khalid Anwer) indica is an evergreen plant native of India and found in Farhat Fatima, Saad M. Alshahrani and Ahmed Alalaiwe, most tropical countries belongs to the family Meliaceae Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam *Corresponding Author:[15]. KazumasaMetallic nanoparticles Nomura: Tokyo areMedical emerging and as Dental novel University, class of Ichikawa, 272-0827,Japan, Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of SaudiE-mail: Arabia [email protected] Prakash Katakam, Department of Pharmaceutics, Sahyog Sevabhavi biomedical material applied for hygiene in daily to day life. Paul Terwilliger: Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA, E-mail: Sanstha’s India, College of Pharmacy, Nanded Maharastra, India Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were the clusters of silver (Ag) [email protected] Open Access. © 2019 Ahmed et al., published byOpen De Gruyter. Access. ©This2019 work Kazumasa is licensed Nomura under and the Paul Creative Terwilliger, Commons published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution alone 4.0 License. Attribution alone 4.0 License. 578 M. M. Ahmed et al.: Silver nanoparticle based smart-gel hand wash atoms ranged from 1-100 nm showed predominant robust filtrate as reducing agent was added in 100 mL of 1 mM of cytotoxicity to different bacterial cells by interacting with silver nitrate. Then the solution was taken in a closed round functional group on the bacterial cell membrane and bottom flask and mounted on a ring placed in microwave inactivate bacteria. Silver in the presence of water converts oven “(Samsung Model ME0113M1)” operated at power to level 1 (Ag+) which could be reactive and binds to protein output 900 W, irradiated by microwave heat until the of the bacteria act as bactericidal [16-19]. solution turned to colloidal dispersion of yellowish brown Thus the present study aims to biosynthesis AgNPs colour indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. The by microwave irradiation using silver nitrate and neem formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible absorption leaf extract solution. The AgNPs synthesis was confirmed Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectrum [20,21]. by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band and formed AgNPs was incorporated in smart-gel hand wash by using different polymers. 2.3 Formulation of smart hand wash entrapped with bio silver nanoparticles The microwave irradiation assisted biosynthesised AgNPs, 2 Materials and methods subjected to ultracentrifugation at 10000 rpm for 4 h. The sediment was collected and dried at room temperature, 2.1 Materials and utilized for the preparation of smart hand wash, nine sets of gel hand wash (NH1-NH9) were prepared as per Silver nitrate, Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), the composition mentioned in the Table 1. The smart-gel Pluronic-F-127, Sodium lauryl sulphate were purchased hand wash were prepared by dispersing in hydrophilic from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
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